RustAudio · roderickvd · May 29, 2026 · May 29, 2026 · May 29, 2026 · May 29, 2026
diff --git a/Cargo.toml b/Cargo.toml
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ repository = "https://github.com/RustAudio/cpal"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/cpal"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
 keywords = ["audio", "sound"]
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.85"
 
 [badges]
@@ -90,7 +90,7 @@ dasp_sample = "0.11"
 anyhow = "1.0"
 hound = "3.5"
 ringbuf = "0.4"
-clap = { version = ">=4.6, <5", features = ["derive"] }
+clap = { version = "4.6", features = ["derive"] }
 
 # Support a range of versions in order to avoid duplication of this crate. Make sure to test all
 # versions when bumping to a new release, and only increase the minimum when absolutely necessary.
@@ -114,7 +114,7 @@ windows = { version = ">=0.61, <=0.62", features = [
     "Win32_UI_Shell_PropertiesSystem",
 ] }
 audio_thread_priority = { version = "0.35", optional = true, default-features = false }
-asio-sys = { version = "0.3.0", path = "asio-sys", optional = true }
+asio-sys = { version = "0.4.0", path = "asio-sys", optional = true }
 num-traits = { version = "0.2", optional = true }
 jack = { version = "0.13", optional = true }
 

diff --git a/asio-sys/Cargo.toml b/asio-sys/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,14 +1,14 @@
 [package]
 name = "asio-sys"
-version = "0.3.0"
+version = "0.4.0"
 authors = ["Tom Gowan <tomrgowan@gmail.com>"]
-description = "Low-level interface and binding generation for the steinberg ASIO SDK."
+description = "Low-level interface and binding generation for the Steinberg ASIO SDK."
 repository = "https://github.com/RustAudio/cpal/"
 documentation = "https://docs.rs/asio-sys"
 license = "Apache-2.0"
 keywords = ["audio", "sound", "asio", "steinberg"]
-edition = "2021"
-rust-version = "1.82"
+edition = "2024"
+rust-version = "1.85"
 
 [build-dependencies]
 bindgen = "0.72"

diff --git a/asio-sys/build.rs b/asio-sys/build.rs
@@ -411,7 +411,7 @@ fn invoke_vcvars_if_not_set() {
         // Filters the output of vcvarsall.bat to only include lines of the form "VARNAME=VALUE"
         let parts: Vec<&str> = line.splitn(2, '=').collect();
         if parts.len() == 2 {
-            env::set_var(parts[0], parts[1]);
+            unsafe { env::set_var(parts[0], parts[1]) };
             println!("{}={}", parts[0], parts[1]);
         }
     }

diff --git a/asio-sys/src/bindings/asio_import.rs b/asio-sys/src/bindings/asio_import.rs
@@ -3,5 +3,6 @@
 #![allow(non_snake_case)]
 #![allow(dead_code)]
 #![allow(clippy::missing_safety_doc)]
+#![allow(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
 
 include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/asio_bindings.rs"));
diff --git a/asio-sys/src/bindings/mod.rs b/asio-sys/src/bindings/mod.rs
@@ -11,8 +11,8 @@ use std::{
     os::raw::{c_char, c_double, c_void},
     ptr::null_mut,
     sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU32, AtomicU64, Ordering},
         Arc, Mutex, MutexGuard, Weak,
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, AtomicU32, AtomicU64, Ordering},
     },
     time::Duration,
 };

diff --git a/examples/android/Cargo.toml b/examples/android/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,8 @@
 [package]
 name = "android"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
+version = "0.2.0"
+edition = "2024"
+rust-version = "1.85"
 
 [dependencies]
 cpal = { path = "../../" }

diff --git a/examples/audioworklet-beep/Cargo.toml b/examples/audioworklet-beep/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 [package]
 name = "audioworklet-beep"
 description = "cpal beep example for WebAssembly on an AudioWorklet"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
+version = "0.2.0"
+edition = "2024"
+rust-version = "1.85"
 authors = ["Ian Kettlewell <ian.kettlewell@gmail.com>"]
 
 [lib]

diff --git a/examples/beep.rs b/examples/beep.rs
@@ -13,9 +13,9 @@
 
 use clap::Parser;
 use cpal::{
+    Device, Error, ErrorKind, FromSample, HostId, I24, OutputCallbackInfo, Sample, SampleFormat,
+    SizedSample, StreamConfig,
     traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
-    Device, Error, ErrorKind, FromSample, HostId, OutputCallbackInfo, Sample, SampleFormat,
-    SizedSample, StreamConfig, I24,
 };
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]

diff --git a/examples/custom.rs b/examples/custom.rs
@@ -1,18 +1,18 @@
 use std::{
     fmt,
     sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
         Arc,
+        atomic::{AtomicBool, Ordering},
     },
     time::{Duration, Instant},
 };
 
 use cpal::{
-    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
     ChannelCount, Data, Device, DeviceDescription, DeviceDescriptionBuilder, DeviceId, Error,
     ErrorKind, FrameCount, FromSample, InputCallbackInfo, OutputCallbackInfo,
     OutputStreamTimestamp, Sample, SampleFormat, Stream, StreamConfig, StreamInstant,
     SupportedBufferSize, SupportedStreamConfig, SupportedStreamConfigRange,
+    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
 };
 
 #[allow(dead_code)]

diff --git a/examples/feedback.rs b/examples/feedback.rs
@@ -8,12 +8,12 @@
 
 use clap::Parser;
 use cpal::{
-    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
     Error, ErrorKind, HostId, InputCallbackInfo, OutputCallbackInfo, Sample, StreamConfig,
+    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
 };
 use ringbuf::{
-    traits::{Consumer, Producer, Split},
     HeapRb,
+    traits::{Consumer, Producer, Split},
 };
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]

diff --git a/examples/ios-feedback/Cargo.toml b/examples/ios-feedback/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,9 @@
 [package]
 name = "cpal-ios-example"
-version = "0.1.0"
+version = "0.2.0"
 authors = ["Michael Hills <mhills@gmail.com>"]
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
+rust-version = "1.85"
 
 [lib]
 name = "cpal_ios_example"

diff --git a/examples/ios-feedback/src/lib.rs b/examples/ios-feedback/src/lib.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 mod feedback;
 
-#[no_mangle]
+// Required for Xcode to link this entry point from Objective-C.
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
 pub extern "C" fn rust_ios_main() {
     feedback::run_example().unwrap();
 }
diff --git a/examples/record_wav.rs b/examples/record_wav.rs
@@ -10,8 +10,8 @@ use std::{
 
 use clap::Parser;
 use cpal::{
-    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
     Error, ErrorKind, FromSample, HostId, Sample, SampleFormat, SupportedStreamConfig,
+    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
 };
 
 #[derive(Parser, Debug)]
@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ fn main() -> Result<(), anyhow::Error> {
         sample_format => {
             return Err(anyhow::Error::msg(format!(
                 "Unsupported sample format '{sample_format}'"
-            )))
+            )));
         }
     };
 

diff --git a/examples/synth_tones.rs b/examples/synth_tones.rs
@@ -7,9 +7,9 @@ extern crate clap;
 extern crate cpal;
 
 use cpal::{
+    Device, Error, ErrorKind, FromSample, Host, I24, OutputCallbackInfo, Sample, SampleFormat,
+    SizedSample, Stream, StreamConfig, SupportedStreamConfig, U24,
     traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
-    Device, Error, ErrorKind, FromSample, Host, OutputCallbackInfo, Sample, SampleFormat,
-    SizedSample, Stream, StreamConfig, SupportedStreamConfig, I24, U24,
 };
 
 fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {

diff --git a/examples/wasm-beep/Cargo.toml b/examples/wasm-beep/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 [package]
 name = "wasm-beep"
 description = "cpal beep example for WebAssembly"
-version = "0.1.0"
-edition = "2021"
+version = "0.2.0"
+edition = "2024"
 rust-version = "1.85"
 
 [lib]

diff --git a/rustfmt.toml b/rustfmt.toml
@@ -1 +1 @@
-edition = "2021"
+edition = "2024"
diff --git a/src/host/aaudio/java_interface/audio_features.rs b/src/host/aaudio/java_interface/audio_features.rs
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 use super::{
+    PackageManager,
     utils::{
-        get_context, get_package_manager, has_system_feature, with_attached, Env, JObject, JResult,
+        Env, JObject, JResult, get_context, get_package_manager, has_system_feature, with_attached,
     },
-    PackageManager,
 };
 
 /**

diff --git a/src/host/aaudio/java_interface/audio_manager.rs b/src/host/aaudio/java_interface/audio_manager.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use super::{
-    utils::{get_context, get_system_property, with_attached, Env, JResult},
     AudioManager,
+    utils::{Env, JResult, get_context, get_system_property, with_attached},
 };
 
 impl AudioManager {

diff --git a/src/host/aaudio/java_interface/devices_info.rs b/src/host/aaudio/java_interface/devices_info.rs
@@ -1,14 +1,13 @@
 use num_traits::FromPrimitive;
 
 use super::{
-    android_device_flags,
+    AudioDeviceInfo, AudioDeviceType, Context, android_device_flags,
     utils::{
-        call_method_no_args_ret_bool, call_method_no_args_ret_char_sequence,
+        Env, JObject, JResult, call_method_no_args_ret_bool, call_method_no_args_ret_char_sequence,
         call_method_no_args_ret_int, call_method_no_args_ret_int_array,
         call_method_no_args_ret_string, get_context, get_devices, get_system_service,
-        with_attached, Env, JObject, JResult,
+        with_attached,
     },
-    AudioDeviceInfo, AudioDeviceType, Context,
 };
 use crate::{DeviceDirection, SampleFormat};
 

diff --git a/src/host/aaudio/java_interface/utils.rs b/src/host/aaudio/java_interface/utils.rs
@@ -1,9 +1,9 @@
 use jni::sys::jobject;
 pub use jni::{
+    Env, JavaVM,
     errors::Result as JResult,
     objects::{JIntArray, JObject, JObjectArray, JString},
     strings::JNIString,
-    Env, JavaVM,
 };
 use ndk_context::AndroidContext;
 

diff --git a/src/host/aaudio/mod.rs b/src/host/aaudio/mod.rs
@@ -6,21 +6,21 @@ use std::{
     fmt,
     hash::{Hash, Hasher},
     sync::{
-        atomic::{AtomicI32, Ordering},
         Arc, Mutex,
+        atomic::{AtomicI32, Ordering},
     },
     time::Duration,
     vec::IntoIter as VecIntoIter,
 };
 
 use crate::{
-    host::{emit_error, ErrorCallbackArc},
-    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
     BufferSize, ChannelCount, Data, DeviceDescription, DeviceDescriptionBuilder, DeviceDirection,
     DeviceId, DeviceType, Error, ErrorKind, FrameCount, InputCallbackInfo, InputStreamTimestamp,
     InterfaceType, OutputCallbackInfo, OutputStreamTimestamp, ResultExt, SampleFormat, SampleRate,
     StreamConfig, StreamInstant, SupportedBufferSize, SupportedStreamConfig,
     SupportedStreamConfigRange,
+    host::{ErrorCallbackArc, emit_error},
+    traits::{DeviceTrait, HostTrait, StreamTrait},
 };
 
 extern crate ndk;
@@ -378,7 +378,7 @@ where
     // SAFETY: Stream implements Send + Sync (see unsafe impl below). Arc<Mutex<AudioStream>>
     // is safe because the Mutex provides exclusive access and AudioStream's thread safety
     // is documented in the AAudio C API.
-    #[allow(clippy::arc_with_non_send_sync)]
+    #[expect(clippy::arc_with_non_send_sync)]
     Ok(Stream {
         inner: Arc::new(Mutex::new(stream)),
         direction: DeviceDirection::Input,
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ where
     // SAFETY: Stream implements Send + Sync (see unsafe impl below). Arc<Mutex<AudioStream>>
     // is safe because the Mutex provides exclusive access and AudioStream's thread safety
     // is documented in the AAudio C API.
-    #[allow(clippy::arc_with_non_send_sync)]
+    #[expect(clippy::arc_with_non_send_sync)]
     Ok(Stream {
         inner: Arc::new(Mutex::new(stream)),
         direction: DeviceDirection::Output,
@@ -665,7 +665,7 @@ impl DeviceTrait for Device {
                 return Err(Error::with_message(
                     ErrorKind::UnsupportedConfig,
                     format!("Sample format {sample_format} is not supported"),
-                ))
+                ));
             }
         };
         let builder = ndk::audio::AudioStreamBuilder::new()?
@@ -709,7 +709,7 @@ impl DeviceTrait for Device {
                 return Err(Error::with_message(
                     ErrorKind::UnsupportedConfig,
                     format!("Sample format {sample_format} is not supported"),
-                ))
+                ));
             }
         };
         let builder = ndk::audio::AudioStreamBuilder::new()?

diff --git a/src/host/alsa/enumerate.rs b/src/host/alsa/enumerate.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 use std::collections::HashSet;
 
-use super::{alsa, Device, Host};
+use super::{Device, Host, alsa};
 use crate::{DeviceDirection, Error};
 
 const HW_PREFIX: &str = "hw";