feat(python)!: Remove deprecated retries parameter

[BitWeaverDev]

Summary

• Removes the retries parameter (deprecated in 1.37.1 in favor of storage_options={"max_retries": n} via depr(python): Deprecate retries=n in favor of storage_options={"max_retries": n} #26155) from scan_parquet, read_parquet, read_parquet_metadata, scan_csv, scan_ipc, read_ipc, scan_ndjson, read_ndjson, Catalog.scan_table, and the corresponding write/sink functions (write_csv, write_ipc, write_parquet, sink_parquet, sink_csv, sink_ipc, sink_ndjson), which carried the identical deprecation.
• Cleans up now-stale references in tests/conftest.py and tests/unit/io/cloud/test_cloud.py.

Closes #27986

Test plan

• make lint (ruff, typos, mypy) passes
• make test passes (17802 passed, 22 skipped, 9 xfailed)
• Manually verified retries= now raises TypeError on all affected functions
• Manually verified storage_options={"max_retries": n} still works end-to-end for read/write/scan across csv/parquet/ipc/ndjson

[codecov]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 81.64%. Comparing base (36e414b) to head (e9de9ad).
⚠️ Report is 11 commits behind head on main.

Additional details and impacted files

@@            Coverage Diff             @@
##             main   #28466      +/-   ##
==========================================
- Coverage   81.71%   81.64%   -0.08%     
==========================================
  Files        1870     1870              
  Lines      262992   262901      -91     
  Branches     3217     3207      -10     
==========================================
- Hits       214917   214636     -281     
- Misses      47243    47442     +199     
+ Partials      832      823       -9     

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