Changed most calls to pow(a, b) to a**b.

[moorepants]

If you test pow(a, b) versus a**2 you get:

In [1]: %timeit pow(0.5, 2)
195 ns ± 45.9 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 1,000,000 loops each)

In [2]: %timeit 0.5**2
26 ns ± 2.34 ns per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10,000,000 loops each)

which is a 7.5 times speed up.

pyinstrument seemed to report that much time was spent in pow() in the eval_linear() function, so I tried swapping (most) of the pow() calls. But with this script:

from bicycleparameters.parameter_dicts import mooreriderlean2012_browser_jason
from bicycleparameters.parameter_sets import MooreRiderLean2012ParameterSet
from bicycleparameters.models import MooreRiderLean2012Model
par_set = MooreRiderLean2012ParameterSet(mooreriderlean2012_browser_jason)
model = MooreRiderLean2012Model(par_set)
vs = np.linspace(0.0, 10.0, num=401)
A, B = model.form_state_space_matrices(v=vs)

I didn't get any speed up with:

(bicycleparameters-dev) moorepants@nandi:BicycleParameters(pow-exponent)$ ipython
Python 3.13.2 | packaged by conda-forge | (main, Feb 17 2025, 14:10:22) [GCC 13.3.0]
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 9.0.2 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
Tip: You can change the editing mode of IPython to behave more like vi, or emacs.

In [1]: run speed.py

In [2]: %timeit model.form_state_space_matrices()
22.7 ms ± 2.65 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)

In [3]:                                                                                                                                                                                       
Do you really want to exit ([y]/n)? 
(bicycleparameters-dev) moorepants@nandi:BicycleParameters(pow-exponent)$ git checkout master
Switched to branch 'master'
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/master'.
(bicycleparameters-dev) moorepants@nandi:BicycleParameters(master)$ ipython
Python 3.13.2 | packaged by conda-forge | (main, Feb 17 2025, 14:10:22) [GCC 13.3.0]
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 9.0.2 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' for help.
Tip: Put a ';' at the end of a line to suppress the printing of output.

In [1]: run speed.py

In [2]: %timeit model.form_state_space_matrices()
21.4 ms ± 1.97 ms per loop (mean ± std. dev. of 7 runs, 10 loops each)