Various Code and Command Snippets.
Click to collapse/fold.
E.g. --> "exempli gratia (Latin)" --> "for example" or "for the sake of example"
-------> Usages: I'll drive a new car, e.g., Lamborghini or Ferrari.
I.e. --> "id est (Latin)" --> "in other words" or "that is (to say)"
-------> Usages: I'll drive that new car, i.e., Lamborghini.
CE - Community Edition
FE - Fan Edition
GUI ---> Graphical User Interface.
Output: Text, Window, Menu, Dialogue, Image, Audio, Video, Icon.
Input : Mouse, Keyboard, Voice, Gesture and other HW input.
--------------------------------
TUI ---> Text/Terminal User Interface.
Output: Text, Window, Menu, Dialogue.
Input : Mouse, Keyboard.
--------------------------------
CLI ---> Command Line Interface i.e. CUI (Console User Interface).
Output: Text.
Input : Keyboard.
IAS - In-App Subscription
IAP - In-App Purchase
BaaS - Backend as a service
BaaS - Banking-as-a-service
CaaS - Container as a service
SaaS - Software as a service
PaaS - Platform as a service
PUP (Potentially Unwanted Products)
MVP (Minimum Viable Product).
AMPPS = Apache, MySQL/MongoDB/SQLite, PHP/Perl/Python and Softaculous (auto-installer) + SQLite, FTP [Cross Platform][Freemium Open-Source]
XAMPP = Apache, MySQL/MariaDB/SQLite and PHP/Pearl + phpMyAdmin + OpenSSL + FTP [Cross Platform][Free Open-Source]
WAMP = Windows, Apache, MySQL, and PHP + phpMyAdmin + MariaDB + Adminer + PhpSysInfo [Windows][Free]
MAMP = macOS, Apache/Nginx, PHP, Python, Perl or Ruby [macOS and Windows][Freemium Open-Source]
LAMP = Linux, Apache, MySQL, and PHP, Pearl, Python [Linux OS][Free Open-Source]
PODO (Plain Old Dart Object).
EOS (End-of-Support): Marks the end of further technical support associated with a product or pointed version.
EOL (End-of-Life): Marks the end of further major/minor/patches development and production of a product or pointed version.
LGTM is a common acronym, particularly in software development, that stands for "looks good to me"
LWW - Last-Writer-Wins
FWW - First-Write-Wins
FIFO (First-In, First-Out)
LIFO (Last-In, First-Out)
FEFO (First-Expired, First-Out)
LIFO & FIFO in Computing
LIFO (Stack): Used for browser history, undo/redo functions, and function call management in memory.
FIFO (Queue): Used in OS process scheduling, disk management, and network packet handling for fairness and order.
CONTR (Controller)
CONTX/CTX (Context)
CTRL (Control)
MCU: Short for Microcontroller Unit. This is the standard term used by engineers when referring to the small "brain" chips inside electronics.
PLC: Short for Programmable Logic Controller, used specifically in industrial automation and manufacturing.
BMC: Short for Baseboard Management Controller, a specialized service processor that monitors the physical state of a computer or server.
## User Log state form conventions.
Default : "Sign up" == "Register" == "Create an account"
Process : "Signing up" == "Registering" == "Creating an account"
Complete: "Signed up" == "Registered" == "Account created"
Default : "Sign in" == "Log in" == "Sign/Log into app"
Process : "Signing" == "Logging" == "Signing/Logging into app"
Complete: "Signed in" == "Logged in" == "Signed/Logged into app"
Default : "Sign out" == "Log out" == "Sign/Log out from app"
Process : "Signing out" == "Logging out" == "Signing/Logging out from app"
Complete: "Signed out" == "Logged out" == "Signed/Logged out from app"
## User Log state information.
Login/Signin detected/recorded.
Click to collapse/fold.
# Execute a Remote script.
~$ curl -sL https://example.com/myscript.sh | bash -s
OR
~$ wget -qO- https://example.com/myscript.sh | bash -s
# Execute a Remote script with options/parameters/arguments.
~$ curl -sL https://example.com/myscript.sh | bash -s - <place the script's options/parameters/arguments here>
OR
~$ wget -qO- https://example.com/myscript.sh | bash -s - <place the script's options/parameters/arguments here>
Click to collapse/fold.
:: Prints list of semicolon separated paths.
echo %path:;=&echo.%
:: Prints list of semicolon separated paths.
echo %path:;=&echo.%
:: Set the JAVA_HOME variable via the command line
setx /m JAVA_HOME "C:\Program Files\Java\jdk11.0.17.8"
:: Find path of a command
where java
Click to collapse/fold.
+---------+----------CHARACTER-SETS-----------+
| special | !"#$%&'()*+,- ./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~ |
| upper | ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ |
| lower | abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz |
| number | 0123456789 |
+---------+-----------------------------------+
Click to collapse/fold.
* Type Systems Chart v0.2 *
=========================== © Metaspook
+--Annotations-+-------------------Details-------------------+
| void | Type omitted, value can't be used |
| Never | Throw exception/abort/expression never run |
| +-----------------Reset-Value-----------------+
| Null | No object, 'null' as value |
+ Object | Any T, no instance member and 'null' |
|_ String | String: UTF-16 code or text inside "" or '' |
|_ num | int/double, no instance member |
| |_ int | Numbers: 64-bit Integer |
| |_ double | Num.ers: 64-bit Floating point, int |
|_ bool | Booleans: 'true' and 'false' |
|_ Iterable<T> | List/Set, no instance member +----Element---+
| |_ List <T> | List of [val,ues] | List |
| |_ Set <T> | Set of {unique,values} | Set |
|_ Map <T,T> | Map of {key:value} pairs | Map |
+-Inferrers-+ | | |
| dynamic | | Any T, nonexistent instance | List/Set/Map |
+-----------+--+ member allowed. | |
| var | | Static T, same T | List/Set/Map |
| final T | | Static T, set once. | List/Set/Map |
| const T | | Static T, set once at +--------------+
+-----------+ | defining only, compile-time constant. |
| Future<T> | Future type (asynchronous expression) |
| Stream<T> | Stream type (asynchronous expression) |
+--------------+---------------------------------------------+
| Priority--> const T > final T > T > var > object > dynamic |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
| [T]ypes : Named T declaration of class/typedef/enum. |
| Return T: Future, Stream and all types in Annotations. |
| Nullable: Types in Annotations are nullable as T? |
| Fields : Variables declared in Class. |
| Methods : Class functions, getter and setter |
| Members : Class constructor/field/methods/operator |
| Property: Field-like Class member constructs |
+------------------------------------------------------------+
+-Class Members-+
| constructor |
| operator |
+-Property-+ |
| field | |
+-Methods--+-+ |
| getter | | |
| setter | | |
+----------+ | |
| function | |
+------------+--+
/// Variable Cheats /// © Metaspook
String name = 'Metaspook';
. | | | | |____________ Terminator.
. | | | |__________________ Value.
. | | |_________________________ Initializer.
. | |_____________________________ Variable name.
. |__________________________________ Data type.
// Naming conventions.
// Singular word represents single object plural word represents multiple objects as List/Set/Array of objects
// Example:
final String name;
final List<String> names;
/// Function Cheats /// © Metaspook
funcName(parameters) {expressions...}; // Defining (Block body)
funcName(parameters) => expression; // Defining (Expression body)
|______||__________| |_______________|
Name Head Body
______ _________
| || |
funcName(arguments); // Calling
funcName(function as argument); // Callback
funcName(parameters) { expressions... }; // Named
funcName(parameters) => expression; // Named Arrow
(parameters) { expressions... }; // Anonymous
(parameters) => expression; // Anonymous Arrow (Lambda)
funcName(parameters) { ... funcName(parameters) }; // Recursion
/// Parameter Cheats /// © Metaspook
({required parameter}) // Named Required
({required parameter?}) // Named Required Nullable
({parameter = defaultValue}) // Named Optional
({parameter?}) // Named Optional Nullable
(parameter) // Positional Required
(parameter?) // Positional Required Nullable
([parameter = defaultValue]) // Positional Optional
([parameter?]) // Positional Optional Nullable
(positionalParameters, {namedParameters}) // Hybrid Parameters
Built-in types. © Metaspook
---------------
Type Keyword Value demo Description
---- ------- ---------- -----------
String String "I'm Picard 2" utf-16 characters, in '' OR "" mark.
Boolean bool true either true OR false.
Numbers num 81 OR 5.10 parent of integer and double.
|_ Integer int 81 integer number.
|_ Double double 5.10 floating point number.
Collections (data structures).
------------------------------
Type Keyword Value demo Description
---- ------- ---------- -----------
Map Map {1: 'Picard', 'isMale': true} elements as key: value pairs.
Iterables Iterable ['Book', 1, 1] OR {'Book', 1, 2} parent of List and Set.
|_ List List ['Book', 1, 1] array of elements.
|_ Set Set {'Book', 1, 2} array of unique elements.
Convention Name of © Metaspook
-------------- ----------------------
lowerCamelCase variable | function
UpperCamelCase Class | Enum | Typedef
snake_case File | Folder
Variable name (must represents the object it identifies and no number on first character).
---------------------------------------------------------
Name demo Value type
-------------- -------------------------
user Built-in/custom/model
users/userList Iterables/List/Set
userMap Map
userMaps Iterables/List/Set of Map
userJson JSON object
userJsons array of JSON objects
# Install Very Good CLI.
dart pub global activate very_good_cli
# Create project by Very Good CLI (--desc/--org optional, 'very_good.bat' if git-bash windows).
very_good create flutter_app project_name --desc "An educational app." --org dev.metaspook
# Upgrade Flutter SDK
flutter upgrade
# Clean Flutter project build cache (Run from project directoy).
flutter clean
# Repair Flutter project pub cache (Run from project directoy).
flutter pub cache repair
# Clean Flutter project pub cache (Run from project directoy).
flutter pub cache clean
# Dart 3.11, we introduce the command pub cache gc that iterates over all “living” projects, marks all package versions they depend on, and deletes the rest. This can help you reclaim valuable disk space.
dart pub cache gc
## Get latest NDK version
https://developer.android.com/ndk/downloads#stable-downloads
## Lates proguard-android-optimize
https://android.googlesource.com/platform/sdk/%2B/master/files/proguard-android-optimize.txt
## Gradle commands
cd android
# Upgrade version (see more in gradle release notes).
#-- Also update in appDir/android/settings.gradle > com.android.application)
./gradlew wrapper --gradle-version=8.13 && ./gradlew wrapper
gradlew wrapper --gradle-version=7.6.1
gradlew wrapper --gradle-version=latest
./gradlew wrapper --gradle-version latest
# Get signing Report
./gradlew signingReport
# Fix Build Errors:
# - It is currently in use by another Gradle instance
./gradlew --stop
# - Timeout of X reached waiting for exclusive access to file: Gradle
# - delete %USERPROFILE%\.gradle (Windows) OR $HOME/.gradle/ (MacOS/Linux)
# - Just run the app OR Enter following command to redownload gralde dependencies.
./gradlew
// [go_router] PopScope not working on Android
// https://github.com/flutter/flutter/issues/138525#issuecomment-1815292384
// Error: Duplicate class kotlin.collections.jdk8.CollectionsJDK8Kt found in modules kotlin-stdlib-1.8.10
// Add these on build.gradle version can be updated
dependencies {
(...)
// Fix Duplicate class
implementation(platform("org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-bom:1.8.0"))
}
// HapticFeedback (light, medium, heavy)
HapticFeedback.lightImpact();
// 'padRight' filled with unicode 'Figure Space' character to
// maintain alignment see here: https://emptycharacter.com
final prefix = 'Chapter: ${(index + 1).toString().padRight(chapters.length.length, '\u2007')}';
// Get a file's name.
final file = File(path);
final fileName = file.uri.pathSegments.last;
// List | conversion duplicate elements to unique elements
List<int> ids = [1, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 6];
//^ using toSet(), toList() methods
List<int> uniqueIds = ids.toSet().toList();
//^ using spread operator (req. Dart v2.3+)
List<int> uniqueIds = [...{...ids}];
//^ result
[1, 4, 5, 6]
// Get file size in dart.
// 8 bit = 1 byte | 1024 byte 1 kb | 1024 kb 1 mb | 1024 mb 1 gb | 1024 gb 1 tb.
final bytes = image.readAsBytesSync().lengthInBytes;
final kb = bytes / 1024;
final mb = kb / 1024;
// Memory location of a variable/object.
// In Dart we can't access memory location directly, instead using 'identityHashCode()'
// method we can get an object's unique hasCode that can be used as its id.
identityHashCode(Object object);
// navigate to first route and remove all previous.
Navigator.of(context).popUntil((Route route) => route.isFirst),
// navigate to first route and remove all previous (named). (not tested)
Navigator.of(context).popUntil(ModalRoute.withName('/root'));
// resize widgets with no width/height property.
Transform.scale( scale: 2.0, child: <target widget here> )
// Support other language/special characters from network data.
jsonDecode(response.body);
jsonDecode(utf8.decode(response.bodyBytes)); // use this way instead of above.
await http.get(Uri.parse("<place uri here>"), // specify the headers (optional).
headers: {"content-type": "application/json; charset=utf-8"});
OR headers: {HttpHeaders.contentTypeHeader: "application/json; charset=utf-8"});
// override setState to check if widget is mounted.
@override
void setState(fn) {
if (mounted) super.setState(fn);
}
// Exit app on Back button press.
SystemNavigator.pop();
OR
SystemChannels.platform.invokeMethod<void>('SystemNavigator.pop');
// Resize an AlertDialog
AlertDialog(
insetPadding: const EdgeInsets.all(10),
content: SizedBox(
width: MediaQuery.of(context).size.width,
child: const Text("Content"),
),
);
// Build Error: 2 files found with path 'lib/arm64-v8a/libc++_shared.so' from inputs...
// Solution: Add this code in 'android/app/build.gradle'
android{
packagingOptions {
pickFirst 'lib/x86/libc++_shared.so'
pickFirst 'lib/x86_64/libc++_shared.so'
pickFirst 'lib/armeabi-v7a/libc++_shared.so'
pickFirst 'lib/arm64-v8a/libc++_shared.so'
}
}
void main() {
// var inNum = 3.5;
// var inNum = "3";
var inNum = 3;
// If conditional flow 1.
if (inNum is int) {
print('This is Integer');
} else if (inNum is double) {
print('This is double');
} else if (inNum is String) {
print('This is String');
} else {
print('This is another type or no number');
}
// If conditional flow 2.
if (inNum.runtimeType == int) {
print('This is Integer');
} else if (inNum.runtimeType == double) {
print('This is double');
} else if (inNum.runtimeType == String) {
print('This is String');
} else {
print('This is another type or no number');
}
// Ternary conditional flow 1.
inNum is int
? print('This is Integer')
: inNum is double
? print('This is double')
: inNum is String
? print('This is String')
: print('This is another type or no number');
// Ternary conditional flow 2.
inNum.runtimeType == int
? print('This is Integer')
: inNum.runtimeType == double
? print('This is double')
: inNum.runtimeType == String
? print('This is String')
: print('This is another type or no number');
// Switch conditional case.
switch (inNum.runtimeType) {
case int:
print('This is Integer');
break;
case double:
print('This is double');
break;
case String:
print('This is String');
break;
default:
print('This is another type or no number');
break;
}
}// Environment variables
** Add in system variable
* (windows) "FLUTTER_ROOT": "%SystemDrive%\flutter",
| add in 'Path' of user variable "%FLUTTER_ROOT%\bin"
* (windows) "JAVA_HOME": %ProgramFiles%\Android\Android Studio\jre
| add in 'Path' of user variable %JAVA_HOME%\bin
(optional) "PUB_ENVIRONMENT": "flutter_cli:get",
(optional) "PUB_CACHE": "%LocalAppData%\Pub\Cache"
(optional) "PUB_HOSTED_URL": "https://pub.dev"
// MacOS Add the following in ~/.zshrc (Catalina+) OR ~/.bash_profile
touch .zshrc
// Open it with the TextEditor
open -e .zshrc OR nano .zshrc
// Add Java in Path (Android Studio Hedgehog-Koala tested)
export JAVA_HOME="/Applications/Android Studio.app/Contents/jbr/Contents/Home/"
// Restart terminal OR enter `source ~/.zshrc` for changes to take effect.
// Add ADB + platform-tools in Path
export PATH=$PATH:/Users/username/Library/Android/sdk/platform-tools/
Click to collapse/fold.
Stack => LIFO (Last In First Out)
4
--- ^
3 |
--- pop
2 push
--- |
1 v
---
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4
<- dequeue <-enqueue
Queue => FIFO (First In First Out)
Click to collapse/fold.
std -> standard
err -> error
io -> input output
lib -> library
Standard streams
----------------
stdin -> standard input
stdout -> standard output
stderr -> standard error
+---------------+---------------+
| Text terminal | Process |
+---------------+---------------+
| Keyboard +--> stdin |
| | |
| Display <--+ stdout/stderr +
+---------------+---------------+
Click to collapse/fold.
# Vulkan (check runtime informations).
# In Windows latest NVIDIA driver excluded "Vulkan RT Library" from the "Programs and Features" and made built-in.
# Anyone can verify which Vulkan runtime is installed by entering following command.
vulkaninfo
Click to collapse/fold.
## Page margins
"Default" (1-inch), "Wide" (2-inch left and right, 1-inch top and bottom),
"Narrow" (0.5-inch) or "Custom" (1.5-inch) margins.
Click to collapse/fold.
Repository: Git is a repository, storage, or a location where every piece of code is stored.
Fork: It means copying the code from one’s repository to yours.
Upstream: The party which owns the code from where you have cop
origin
The default upstream repository
https://github.com/njnareshjoshi/articles/blob/master/useful-git-commands/UsefulGitCommands.md
https://dzone.com/articles/introduction-to-git-flow
https://dzone.com/refcardz/getting-started-git
git worktree list
repo = Short form of "Repository"
REPO_NAME = Name of a Repository like "30DaysOfFlutter"
REMOTE_URL = https://github.com/metaspook/30DaysOfFlutter.git
REMOTE_NAME = A named REMOTE_URL (Default REMOTE_NAME is "origin")
BRANCH = A branch name (Default BRANCH is "main")
Fetch = Get updated existing files
Merge = Get updated all files
COMMIT_ID = A identifier of commit's SHA hash like "4626de3"
TAG = Tag name of a commit like "v1.0"
MESSAGE = A message like "This is my first commit"
N = Number
DIRECTORY = A directory path
FILE = A file path
USER = An username like "metaspook"
EMAIL = An email address like "metaspook@gmail.com"
<> = Place Here
[] = Optional
# = Comments
REMOTE ---------------------- LOCAL ---------------------------------------------
Commits <- Upstream branch <- Remote-tracking branch <--> Commits <- Local branch
dev origin/dev dev
PROCESS: Initialization (once) -> Modification-> Staging -> Committing -> Pushing
working tree Staging tracked files
1. Create a working directory with a REPO_NAME
2. Make working directory as local repo by initializing git on it.
3. Create new files edit them or folder and edit them
4.
# Configuration
git config -l # list all config keys and values
git config --global user.name "<USER>" # set the username
git config --global user.email "<EMAIL>" # set the email
git config --global credential.helper cache # cache your login credentials
# Add, Clone, archive and Initialize repos
git remote add [<REMOTE_NAME>] <REMOTE_URL> # Add a remote repo.
git remote rename <OLD_REMOTE_NAME> <NEW_REMOTE_NAME> # Rename a remote repo.
git remote remove <REMOTE_NAME> # Remove a remote repo.
git remote -v # List added remote repos.
git clone [-b <BRANCH>] <REMOTE_URL> [DIRECTORY] # Clone a remote repo.
git clone <SOURCE_DIR> <TARGET_DIR> # Clone repo dir to dir.
git archive -o output[.zip|.tar|.tar.gz] <BRANCH> OR HEAD # Archive a repo
git bundle create --progress fullRepo.bundle --all
git clone [-l] <repo>
tar -czf <repo>.tar.gz <repo>
git init [-b <BRANCH>] [DIRECTORY] # Initialize a local repo
# Staging & Committing
git add <FILE[*].. AND/OR DIRECTORY[*]..> # staging Single or Multiple or wildcarded.
git add [-A] [.] [--dry-run] # staging All of current directory or test dry-run.
git reset # restore to last commit
git reset --hard # restore to last commit , new staged file gone.
git commit [--amend] [-a] [-m="<MESSAGE>"] # commit changes, '--amend' modify last commit, '-a' staging modified/deleted files.
git reset --hard HEAD~ # delete last commit, restore to previous.
git reset --hard <COMMIT_ID> # delete all before and restore to specific commit.
git push <REMOTE_NAME> +HEAD # push last commit deletion/modification to remote.
git push <REMOTE_NAME> +<BRANCH> # push all commit deletion/modification to remote.
# Banching
git branch <BRANCH> # Creat a new Branch, need commits
git checkout [-b] <BRANCH> # Switch to a Branch, new by '-b'
git branch -a # List local and remote branches
git branch -r # List remote-tracking branches
git branch -u [<REMOTE_NAME>/<BRANCH>] # Add current to remote-tracking branches
git branch -d <BRANCH> # Delete local branch use '-D' instead of '-d' to force.
git push <REMOTE_NAME> -d <BRANCH> # Delete remote branch
git branch -rd <BRANCH> # Delete local and remote-tracking branch
git fetch [<REMOTE_NAME> <BRANCH>] [-all] # Fetch remote repo changes to current/specific/all branches.
## Merge local/remote branch changes to current branch or test dry-run or abort merge conflict.
git merge [<BRANCH>] [<REMOTE_NAME>/<BRANCH>] [--dry-run] [--abort]
git pull [<REMOTE_NAME> <BRANCH>] [-all] # Fetch and merge remote repo changes to current/specific/all branches.
## Push current/specific/all branch to remote, upstream '-u' first time.
git push [-u] [<REMOTE_NAME>] [<BRANCH>] [-all]
## Branch renamig process
git branch -M [<OLD_BRANCH>] <NEW_BRANCH> # Rename an old or current to new
git push <REMOTE_NAME> :refs/heads/<OLD_BRANCH> # Delete old remote branch (safe)
git branch --unset-upstream <OLD_BRANCH> # Unset old from upstream
git push -u <REMOTE_NAME> <NEW_BRANCH> # Push new branch and set upstream
# Tagging
git tag # List all local tags
git tag show <TAG> # Details of a commit's tag
git tag <TAG> [<COMMIT_ID>] # Create a tag for historical mark point
git tag <TAG> [<COMMIT_ID>] -af [-m="<MESSAGE>"] # Create a tag for release mark point.
git tag –d <TAG> # Remove local tag
git push <REMOTE_NAME> :refs/tags/<TAG> # Remove remote tag (safe)
## Tag renaming process
git tag -d <OLD_TAG> # Get the OLD_COMMIT_ID from output
git tag <NEW_TAG> <OLD_COMMIT_ID> [-af] [-m="<MESSAGE>"] # Create a new tag with OLD_COMMIT_ID
git push --tags # Push all tags to remote
git push <REMOTE_NAME> :refs/tags/<OLD_TAG> # Remove remote tag (safe)
git ls-remote --tags <REMOTE_NAME> # List all remote tags
# Git Patch
### Email-formatted (with author, date and message) or unformatted patch file like
### "0001-commit-message.patch" from changes to reuse portability and share with other developer.
## Patch Generation.
git diff > <FILE>.patch # All unstaged file changes to a unformatted patch file.
git format-patch [-<N>] [<COMMIT_ID>] [-o <DIRECTORY>] # From All/Specific/Last N'th Commits to patch files per commit.
git format-patch [-<N>] [<COMMIT_ID>] --stdout > <FILE>.patch # From All/Specific/Last N'th Commit to a single patch file
## Patch Application.
git apply --stat file.patch # pre-application stats.
git apply --check file.patch # pre-application error check
git apply patch_file.patch # patch application
git diff # post-application review changes
git add -A # post-application staging changes
git commit -m="<MESSAGE>" # post-application commit changes
git am < file.patch # patch application, staging and commit.
git reset --hard HEAD~ # Restore the pre-application state.
# Status, Logs, & Misc.
git status # State of the working directory and the staging area.
git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all # Nice graph of all commit's log
git log -p [<COMMIT_ID>] # A commit's history and file changes
git log --stat [<COMMIT_ID>] # Number of Modified files and lines.
git restore <FILE> # Restore unstaged file modification.
git restore --staged # Restore to staged file unstaged state
git rm <FILE> # remove tracked files
git mv <OLD_FILE> <NEW_FILE> # rename/move tracked files
git diff # All unstaged file changes from last commit.
git diff [<FILE>] # All/Specific unstaged file changes from last commit.
git diff [<COMMIT_ID>] # Changes from specific commit to last commit or staged changes.
git diff [<OLD_COMMIT_ID>] [<NEW_COMMIT_ID>] # Changes from specific commit to specific commit.
Get latest commit hash
Full Hash: git log -1 --format="%H" OR git rev-parse HEAD OR git rev-parse <branch_name>
Short Hash: git log -1 --format="%h"
Full Hash:Short Hash (typically 7 characters): git rev-parse --short HEAD
Specific Branch: To get the last hash of a different branch, replace HEAD with the branch name (e.g., git rev-parse main).Remote Repositories: To see the last hash on a remote without downloading the full history, use git ls-remote origin HEAD
# Backup & Restore
## Backup repo from a old REMOTE_URL
git clone --mirror <REMOTE_URL> <REPO_NAME>/.git
cd <REPO_NAME>
git config --unset core.bare
git reset --hard
## Restore repo to a new REMOTE_URL
git push --mirror <REMOTE_URL>
Click to collapse/fold.
- Artisan Commands. Useful Artisan commands.
- Usages: Execute the commands below from Laravel application directory.
# [Re]create config cache. Useful after any changes in '.env' file. If unable to
# execute the command delete the "bootstrap/cache/config.php" file as fallback.
php artisan config:cache
# Clear Application Cache.
php artisan cache:clear
# Clear Route Cache.
php artisan route:clear
# Clear Configuration Cache.
php artisan config:clear
# Clear Compiled Views Cache.
php artisan view:clear- Clear Laravel Caches. Clear Application/Route/Configuration/Views caches.
- Usages: Add the snippets below to "routes/web.php" file and call the URL from browser.
// Clear Application Cache.
Route::get('/clear-cache', function() {
Artisan::call('cache:clear');
return "Application Cache is cleared!";
});// Clear Route Cache.
Route::get('/route-cache', function() {
Artisan::call('route:clear');
return "Route Cache is cleared!";
});// Clear Configuration Cache.
Route::get('/config-cache', function() {
Artisan::call('config:clear');
return "Configuration Cache is cleared!";
});// Clear Compiled Views Cache.
Route::get('/view-cache', function() {
Artisan::call('view:clear');
return "Compiled Views Cache is cleared!";
});- Application Debug Blacklist. Hide the specific informations from debug page.
- Usages: Add the snippet below to "config/app.php" file.
/*
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
| Application Debug Blacklist
|--------------------------------------------------------------------------
|
| When an exception is uncaught and the APP_DEBUG environment variable is
| true, the debug page will show all environment variables and their
| contents. In some cases you may want to obscure certain variables.
|
*/
'debug_blacklist' => [
'_ENV' => [
'APP_KEY',
'DB_PASSWORD',
'REDIS_PASSWORD',
'MAIL_PASSWORD',
],
'_SERVER' => [
'APP_KEY',
'DB_PASSWORD',
'REDIS_PASSWORD',
'MAIL_PASSWORD',
],
'_POST' => [
'password',
],
],Click to collapse/fold.
-
Debian-based
## Change language to English US. # First choose 'en_US.UTF-8' from supported locale list. sudo dpkg-reconfigure locales # Now change the current default locale. sudo update-locale LANG=en_US.UTF-8 # Remove and purge a package. sudo apt remove --purge <package-name> # Install a package if not exist, Reinstall if exists. sudo apt install --reinstall <package-name> # Reboot/Restart. "sudo shutdown -r now" OR "sudo reboot"
## Install "screenFetch" (Bash Screenshot Information Tool). sudo apt install screenfetch # Install "screenFetch" (Alternative) # Useful in error "awk: fatal: cannot open file `proc/fb' for reading". sudo -- sh -c 'wget -O /usr/bin/screenfetch https://git.io/vaHfR && chmod +x /usr/bin/screenfetch' ## Install "Midnight Commander". # A TUI based Visual File Manager. sudo apt install mc ## Install "ZSH shell". sudo apt install -y zsh zsh-syntax-highlighting zsh-autosuggestions # Default ZSH configuration. cp /etc/skel/.zshrc ~/ # Instant switch to ZSH. zsh # Set ZSH as default shell (a reboot may require to replace bash properly). chsh -s /bin/zsh
-
Kali Linux
# Post Installation. sudo apt clean sudo -- sh -c 'apt update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y full-upgrade && apt -y autoremove' # [Re]set my password for Root user. sudo passwd root # Restore legacy Kali Root User Policy in v2020.1+. sudo apt update && sudo apt install -y kali-grant-root # Install Kali Linux main menu. sudo apt install kali-menu -y # Main menu customization. # Get a new item 'Main Menu' in Usual applications >> Accessories sudo apt install alacarte -y # Fix broken Menu in Kali Linux. sudo -- sh -c 'apt remove --purge kali-menu -y && apt clean' sudo rm -rf .local/share/applications .config/menus sudo reboot sudo apt install kali-menu -y
Click to collapse/fold.
# Issue Update/Download Feed.
# - rsync: failed to connect to feed.openvas.org (89.146.224.58): Connection refused (111)
# - rsync: failed to connect to feed.openvas.org (2a01:130:2000:127::d1): Cannot assign requested address (99)
#
# Fixing Update/Download Feed.
apt update && apt install iputils-ping
greenbone-nvt-sync --curl --verboseClick to collapse/fold.
// Change browser's URL
// Usages: browser_url("Replace full url or like 'file.php' here")
function browser_url($url){ echo("<script>history.replaceState({},'','$url');</script>");}
// Escape string value for use in HTML.
// Usages: html_escape("Replace string/variable here")
function html_escape($str){ return '<pre>'.htmlspecialchars($str).'</pre>';}
// Escape string value for use in XML.
// Usages: xml_escape("Replace string/variable here")
function xml_escape($str){ return htmlspecialchars(preg_replace('#[\x00-\x08\x0B\x0C\x0E-\x1F]+#','',$str),ENT_QUOTES);}
// Escape string value for use in JavaScript.
// Usages: js_escape("Replace string/variable here")
function js_escape($str){ return str_replace("\n", '\n', str_replace('"', '\"', addcslashes(str_replace("\r", '', (string)$str), "\0..\37'\\")));}
// Escape the ANSI Escape Characters.
// Usages: ansi_escape("Replace string/variable here")
function ansi_escape($str){ return preg_replace('#\\x1b[[][^A-Za-z]*[A-Za-z]#', '', $str);}
// Returns 'true/false' if running under Windows OS or not.
// Usages: is_windows() == true
// : IS_WINDOWS == true // Optional
function is_windows(){ return ('\\' === DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) ? true : false; };
define('IS_WINDOWS', is_windows()); // Optional
// String sorting callback function for 'array_filter' function.
// Usages: array_filter($arr, 'string_sort')
function string_sort($var){ return (strlen($var) && is_string($var)); }
// Convert given path's separator '/' or '\' into the operating system's directory separator
// the server currently running on e.g., "\path\in\windows" >> "/path/in/linux".
// Usages: con_dirsep("/Replace/path/here")
function con_dirsep($str){ return str_replace(['\\', '/'], DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR, $str); }
// Convert given string's URLs to links.
// Usages: url2link("Here is an example url: http://example.com")
function url2link($str){
function u2l_callback($matches){ return '<a href="'.htmlspecialchars($matches[1]).'">'.$matches[1].'</a>';}
return preg_replace_callback("#(\bhttps?://\S+\b)#",'u2l_callback',$str);
}
// Convert given word or phrase into valid HTML ID.
// Usages: text2id("Replace Text for ID")
function text2id($text, $prepend = null, $delimiter = '-'){
$text = strtolower($text); $id = preg_replace('/\s/', $delimiter, $text);
$id = preg_replace('/[^\w\-]/', '', $id); $id = trim($id, $delimiter);
$prepend = (string) $prepend;
return !empty($prepend) ? join($delimiter, array($prepend, $id)) : $id;
}
// Extended stripping out of string from HTML tags.
// Usages: strip_tags_ext($str, $allowableTags = '', $fallbackStr = '')
// : $str (string) – The string to be stripped of HTML formatting.
// : $allowableTags (string) – The string of tags to allow when stripping tags.
// : $fallbackStr (string) – The string to be used as a fallback.
function strip_tags_ext($str, $allowableTags = '', $fallbackStr = ''){
$str = strip_tags($str, $allowableTags);
$str = str_replace(' ', '', $str);
if (preg_match('/^\s*$/', $str)) return $fallbackStr;
return $str;
}
// Replace newlines with paragraph tags in a block of text.
// Usages: text2paragraph("Replace text string/variable here")
function text2paragraph($str){return str_replace('<p></p>','','<p>'.preg_replace('#([\r\n]\s*?[\r\n]){2,}#','</p>$0<p>',$str).'</p>');}
// Returns current user's home directory of running system in obfuscated way.
// Usages: echo get_home_dir();
function get_home_dir(){
$rkrp = str_rot13('rkrp'); if (function_exists($rkrp)) {
return ('\\' === DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) ? $rkrp("echo %USERPROFILE%") : $rkrp("echo ~");
} else return ('\\' === DIRECTORY_SEPARATOR) ? getenv("USERPROFILE") : getenv("HOME");
}
// Returns 'true/false' if given string is a valid 'md5' hash.
// Usages: is_md5('fae8a9257e154175da4193dbf6552ef6') === true;
function is_md5($var =''){ return preg_match('/^[a-f0-9]{32}$/', $var) ? true : false ;}
// Returns 'true/false' if given string is a valid 'sha256' hash.
// Usages: is_sha256('a91069147f9bd9245cdacaef8ead4c3578ed44f179d7eb6bd4690e62ba4658f2') === true;
function is_sha256($var =''){ return preg_match('/^[a-f0-9]{64}$/', $var) ? true : false ;}
// Alternate command execution on system and returns output.
// Useful where functions exec, passthru, shell_exec and system aren't enabled but proc_open is.
// Usages: run_cmd('whoami');
// : run_cmd("echo $variable");
function run_cmd($cmd) {
$descriptors = [0 => ['pipe', 'r'],1 => ['pipe', 'w'],2 => ['pipe', 'w']];
$process = proc_open($cmd.' 2>&1', $descriptors, $pipes);
if (!is_resource($process)) die("Can't execute command.");
fclose($pipes[0]);$output = stream_get_contents($pipes[1]);
fclose($pipes[1]);$error = stream_get_contents($pipes[2]);
fclose($pipes[2]);$code = proc_close($process);
return '<pre>'.htmlspecialchars($output).'</pre>';
}Click to collapse/fold.
## Random secure key by openssl:
openssl rand -hex 32
Output: 1e846f3fcf103f64ca10fa4eac73bfae32ef10750bf4eae29132dc099526c561
OR
openssl rand -hex 16Click to collapse/fold.
##*Edit SSH server config file.
sudo nano /etc/ssh/sshd_config
#*Enable password authentication, uncomment.
#PasswordAuthentication yes
#*Enable root login, uncomment
#PermitRootLogin yes
#*Enable ssh key login, uncomment
#PubkeyAuthentication yes
#AuthorizedKeysFile .ssh/authorized_keys
# Restart the ssh service.
"sudo systemctl restart ssh" OR "sudo service --full-restart sshd"
Click to collapse/fold 👈## Enable SSH to Guest VM (Windows/Mac/Linux).
## Guest VM >> Settings >> Network >> Advanced >> Port Forwarding button. (Alternative).
VBoxManage modifyvm "Your VM Name" --natpf1 "SSH,tcp,127.0.0.1,2522,10.0.2.15,22"
# Verify the rule.
VBoxManage showvminfo "Your VM Name" | grep 'Rule'
# Connect using the following from Host.
ssh -p 2522 <login>@127.0.0.1
# Change the UUID of Virtual Disk
VBoxManage internalcommands sethduuid "/var/vdisks/myDisk1.vdi"
# Clone VDI Disk
VBoxManage clonevdi myDisk1.vdi cloneDisk.vdi
# Enable Nested VT-x/AMD-V for Intel VT-x supported CPU.
VBoxManage modifyvm "Your VM Name" --nested-hw-virt on
# Enable Unrestricted Guest Execution for Intel VT-x supported CPU.
VBoxManage modifyvm "Your VM Name" --vtxux on### VirtualBox Guest Additions.
#
## Pre-Installation.
# 1. Select VM >> Settings >> >> Storage >> If no CD-ROM device add a new.
# 2. Start VM >> In VM's window menu 'Devices' >> 'Insert Guest Additions CD Image'
# 3. Enter either of the following commands. (second one for legacy distros.)
sudo -- sh -c 'apt update && apt -y upgrade && apt -y full-upgrade && apt -y autoremove'
sudo -- sh -c 'apt-get update && apt-get upgrade -y && apt-get full-upgrade -y && apt-get autoremove -y'
## Installation on GUI/Normal Debian-like.
# Go to CD-ROM folder Enter the following command then reboot to take effect.
sudo ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run
## Installation on GUI/Normal Debian-like (Alternative).
# Enter first of the following commands, if VirtualBox-Guest-* package's version
# matches with VirtualBox's then enter the second. Once done, reboot to take effect.
apt search virtualbox-guest
for X in dkms utils x11; do sudo apt install -y virtualbox-guest-$X; done
## Installation on GUI-less/Terminal on Debian-like.
# Enter the following commands. Once done, reboot to take effect.
for X in build-essential dkms linux-headers-generic linux-headers-$(uname -r); do sudo apt install -y $X; done
sudo mkdir -p /mnt/cdrom
sudo mount /dev/cdrom /mnt/cdrom
cd /mnt/cdrom
sudo ./VBoxLinuxAdditions.run --nox11
## Installation on GUI-less/Terminal on Debian-like (Alternative).
# Enter first of the following commands, if VirtualBox-Guest-* package's version
# matches with VirtualBox's then enter the second. Once done, reboot to take effect.
apt search virtualbox-guest
for X in dkms utils; do sudo apt install -y virtualbox-guest-$X; done
## Get the Version on Debian-like.
/usr/sbin/VBoxService --version
## Get List of available VirtualBox-Guest packages.
apt search virtualbox-guest
## Get List of installed VirtualBox-Guest packages.
dpkg -l | grep virtualbox-guest:: Fix error "VERR_NEM_VM_CREATE_FAILED"
:: causing by WSL2, Memory integrity etc.
:: ! Restart PC to take effect after command.
bcdedit /set hypervisorlaunchtype off:: Use this command first or go to directory where
:: Virtualbox installed befor using 'VBoxManage' command.
pushd "%PROGRAMFILES%\Oracle\VirtualBox" |
Click to collapse/fold.
:: Clear DNS Cache on Windows
CMD: ipconfig /flushdns
:: Clear DNS Cache on Chrome
Address bar: chrome://net-internals/#dns
:: Clear DNS Cache on Opera
Address bar: opera://net-internals/#dns
:: Clear DNS Cache on Edge
Address bar: edge://net-internals/#dns
:: Clear DNS Cache on Firefox
Address bar: about:networking#dns
:: Clear DNS Cache on Safari
Safari menu > Preferences > Advanced tab > check 'Show Develop menu in menu bar'.Click to collapse/fold.
## Enable Hibernate mode
# 0 (traditional sleep mode): fast wake up and sleep, saves disk space
# 3 (default safe sleep mode): fast wake up and sleep, state is kept when losing power
# 25 (hibernation): saves energy, state is kept when losing power
You can see which mode your Mac uses with pmset -g | grep hibernatemode and change it with sudo pmset -a hibernatemode $mode.Click to collapse/fold.
:: Get a CMD prompt during Windows installation.
Press Shift + F10# Creates a virtual disk (VHD/VHDX) snapshot.
Checkpoint-IscsiVirtualDisk -OriginalPath "D:\VHDs\DB.vhdx"
Checkpoint-IscsiVirtualDisk -OriginalPath "D:\VHDs\DB.vhdx" -Description "Before database merge" -ComputerName "fssvr.contoso.com"# Test mode in windows 10+ let user test Microsoft unsigned applications.
# Run below commands in CMD/PowerShell as Administrator and reboot your system.
# Remove test mode watermark.
# Disable test mode.
# Enable Driver Signature Enforcement.
bcdedit -set TESTSIGNING OFF
# Enable test mode (adds a watermark).
# Disable Driver Signature Enforcement.
bcdedit -set TESTSIGNING ONClick to collapse/fold.
:: WSL 1
:: Requirements: Windows 10
:: Enable WSL 1
:: ! Restart PC to take effect after command.
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart
:: Set WSL 1 as default version next Linux will install on.
wsl --set-default-version 1:: WSL 2
:: Requirements: Windows 10 Version 2004+ Build 19041+
:: Enable WSL 2
:: ! Restart PC to take effect after command.
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:VirtualMachinePlatform /all /norestart
dism.exe /online /enable-feature /featurename:Microsoft-Windows-Subsystem-Linux /all /norestart
:: Set WSL 2 as default version next Linux will install on.
wsl --set-default-version 2:: Lists all 'Linux Distro Names', 'Status' and 'WSL versions'.
"wsl --list --verbose" OR "wsl -l -v"
:: Change the WSL versions of any Linux Installation.
:: <distribution name> = Desired distro's name.
:: <versionNumber> = Desired WSL version '1' or '2'.
wsl --set-version <distribution name> <versionNumber>## Windows Defender exclusion for WSL distros. (performance+)
# Download the script from here:
# https://gist.github.com/noelbundick/9c804a710eb76e1d6a234b14abf42a52
# Enter the following conmmands respectively from an
# administrative PowerShell prompt where the script exists.
$POLVAR = (Get-ExecutionPolicy)
Set-ExecutionPolicy RemoteSigned -force
./excludeWSL.ps1
Set-ExecutionPolicy $POLVAR -force