Feature/speculative execution

AGENTS.md

@@ -48,6 +48,10 @@ dotnet test tests/Spice86.Tests --filter 'FullyQualifiedName!~SingleStepTest'
 
 > **SingleStepTest exclusion rule**: `SingleStepTest` runs millions of CPU instruction test cases and take an extremely long time to complete. **Always exclude it** using `--filter 'FullyQualifiedName!~SingleStepTest'` unless the change being tested directly touches CPU instruction decoding, execution, or flag handling (e.g. changes to `CfgCpu`, instruction parsers, ALU operations, or flag computation). When in doubt, exclude it.
 
+> **Test output rule (agents only)**: no need to redirect `dotnet test` output to a file. On success the console summary is short (a single `Passed! - Failed: 0, Passed: N ...` line), so run it directly and read the summary. Only capture to a file when a run actually fails and you need the full failure detail.
+
+> **Long-running test rule (Kiro agents only)**: the foreground shell tool (`execute_bash`) enforces a hard wall-clock cap (roughly 25-60s in practice) that fires *before* the `timeout` argument. When it trips it force-returns exit 1 while the detached `dotnet` process keeps running and completes normally, which looks exactly like a crash (abrupt exit 1, no test summary, no dump) but is not one. Any test run expected to exceed ~25s (the full suite is ~2 min; `CfgGraphReloadTest` alone is ~55s) MUST be launched with the background-process tool (which has no such cap), writing a completion marker, then polled with short (<20s) foreground calls until the marker appears. Do not conclude a suite "crashed" from a bare exit 1 with no summary; re-run it in the background and check the real result first. Splitting `--filter` so each foreground run stays under the cap also works.
+
 ### Debugging Workflow
 - **GDB Integration**: Server runs on port 10000 by default (`--GdbPort 10000`)
   - Use `--Debug` to pause at startup for breakpoint setup
@@ -117,9 +121,10 @@ Variants: `MemoryBasedDataStructureWithCsBaseAddress`, `MemoryBasedDataStructure
 - **No scripts outside the project** - do NOT create temporary scripts (Python, Bash, PowerShell, Node, etc.) anywhere on the filesystem, including `/tmp`, the user's home directory, or any location outside the workspace. Do not create throwaway helper scripts inside the workspace either. Use the available tools (file editing, grep, search, terminal one-liners) directly. If a multi-step computation is truly needed, run it as an inline shell one-liner in the terminal without writing a file.
 - **Use `tmp/` for temporary files** - if a temporary file must be written (e.g., captured command output, intermediate data), place it inside the `tmp/` folder at the root of the repository. Never write to `/tmp` or any path outside the workspace.
 - **Avoid complexity** - keep cyclomatic complexity low, prefer simple, linear code over nested conditionals
-- **No optional parameters** - avoid nullable or optional parameters in new code
+- **No optional parameters** - avoid optional/defaulted method parameters in new code. Prefer non-nullable types; a field or dependency should be nullable only when its absence is a real, distinct state (e.g. a feature disabled by a flag). When a nullable feature-gate would otherwise force `?.`/`is not null` guards across many call sites, prefer a null-object (no-op) implementation or unconditional construction over a nullable reference.
 - **No complex ternary expressions** - avoid nested, chained, or multi-line ternaries; simple single-line ternaries with short operands are allowed (e.g. `int x = a > b ? a : b;`), but non-trivial conditions or non-trivial branches must use explicit `if/else`
 - **Minimal comments** - write self-documenting code with clear names; avoid obvious comments
+- **No references to plan/spec sections in code** - never point comments, XML docs, or test names at sections of a plan, spec, or implementation-tracking document (e.g. "Phase 5", "Gap D", "Rule 4", "section S6.1.1", "Test 18", "implementation plan"). Those documents are temporary or drift over time, leaving dangling pointers that mean nothing to a future reader. Describe the actual behavior, invariant, or scenario directly instead.
 - **Test before submit** - always run tests after code changes to verify functionality
 - **Rebuild and verify** - For any task that changes code or tests, rebuild the project and run the full test suite; do not stop until all tests are green.
 - **Concise documentation** - XML docs should be precise and complete but not verbose; avoid excessive remarks

src/Spice86.Core/CLI/Configuration.cs

@@ -357,4 +357,17 @@ public sealed class Configuration : CommandSettings {
     [CommandOption("--AllowIvtAddress0")]
     public bool AllowIvtAddress0 { get; init; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// When true (default), the speculative CFG explorer is enabled: after each newly-observed
+    /// instruction is parsed, the explorer performs a recursive-descent static decode of all
+    /// statically-reachable successors that have not yet been observed, marking the resulting nodes
+    /// as speculative. This allows the C# code generator to emit real branches for unobserved
+    /// conditional arms instead of always falling back to <c>FailAsUntested</c>.
+    /// When false, no speculative nodes, edges, or index entries are created; the graph content is
+    /// byte-identical to the pre-feature baseline.
+    /// </summary>
+    [CommandOption("--EnableSpeculativeCfgExploration <ENABLESPECULATIVECFGEXPLORATION>")]
+    [DefaultValue(true)]
+    public bool EnableSpeculativeCfgExploration { get; init; } = true;
+
 }

src/Spice86.Core/Emulator/CPU/CfgCpu/CfgCpu.cs

@@ -34,14 +34,14 @@ public CfgCpu(IMemory memory, State state, IOPortDispatcher ioPortDispatcher, Ca
         DualPic dualPic, EmulatorBreakpointsManager emulatorBreakpointsManager,
         IPauseHandler pauseHandler,
         FunctionCatalogue functionCatalogue,
-        bool useCodeOverride, bool failOnInvalidOpcode, bool allowIvtAddress0, ILoggerService loggerService, CfgNodeExecutionCompiler executionCompiler, SequentialIdAllocator idAllocator, CpuHeavyLogger? cpuHeavyLogger = null) {
+        bool useCodeOverride, bool failOnInvalidOpcode, bool allowIvtAddress0, bool enableSpeculativeExploration, ILoggerService loggerService, CfgNodeExecutionCompiler executionCompiler, SequentialIdAllocator idAllocator, CpuHeavyLogger? cpuHeavyLogger = null) {
         _loggerService = loggerService;
         _state = state;
         _dualPic = dualPic;
         _cpuHeavyLogger = cpuHeavyLogger;
         _emulatorBreakpointsManager = emulatorBreakpointsManager;
         _pauseHandler = pauseHandler;
-        CfgNodeFeeder = new(memory, state, emulatorBreakpointsManager, _replacerRegistry, executionCompiler, idAllocator);
+        CfgNodeFeeder = new(memory, state, emulatorBreakpointsManager, _replacerRegistry, executionCompiler, idAllocator, enableSpeculativeExploration);
         _executionContextManager = new(memory, state, CfgNodeFeeder, _replacerRegistry, functionCatalogue, useCodeOverride, loggerService, cpuHeavyLogger);
         _instructionExecutionHelper = new(state, memory, ioPortDispatcher, callbackHandler, emulatorBreakpointsManager, _executionContextManager, failOnInvalidOpcode, allowIvtAddress0, loggerService);
     }
@@ -61,6 +61,7 @@ public CfgCpu(IMemory memory, State state, IOPortDispatcher ioPortDispatcher, Ca
     public FunctionHandler FunctionHandlerInUse => ExecutionContextManager.CurrentExecutionContext.FunctionHandler;
     public bool IsInitialExecutionContext => ExecutionContextManager.CurrentExecutionContext.Depth == 0;
     private ExecutionContext CurrentExecutionContext => _executionContextManager.CurrentExecutionContext;
+
     public ICfgNode ToExecute() {
         return CfgNodeFeeder.GetLinkedCfgNodeToExecute(CurrentExecutionContext);
     }

src/Spice86.Core/Emulator/CPU/CfgCpu/ControlFlowGraph/CfgBlock.cs

@@ -23,6 +23,12 @@ public sealed class CfgBlock : CfgNode {
     /// </summary>
     private int _nonLiveCounter;
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Number of contained nodes whose <see cref="ICfgNode.IsSpeculative"/> is currently <c>true</c>.
+    /// <see cref="IsSpeculative"/> is <c>(_speculativeCounter &gt; 0)</c>.
+    /// </summary>
+    private int _speculativeCounter;
+
     private BlockNode? _cachedDisplayAst;
     private bool _isDisplayAstStale = true;
 
@@ -50,6 +56,13 @@ public CfgBlock(int id, ICfgNode entry)
     /// </remarks>
     public override bool IsLive => _nonLiveCounter == 0;
 
+    /// <inheritdoc />
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// O(1). The block is speculative iff at least one contained instruction is speculative;
+    /// computed from the maintained <see cref="_speculativeCounter"/> without iterating.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public override bool IsSpeculative => _speculativeCounter > 0;
+
     /// <inheritdoc />
     /// <remarks>
     /// Always <c>null</c>: a <see cref="CfgBlock"/> is itself the container, not contained in one.
@@ -140,19 +153,22 @@ public override IVisitableAstNode DisplayAst {
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Appends <paramref name="node"/> to the end of the block, making it the new
-    /// <see cref="Terminator"/>. Updates the non-live counter from the node's live state.
+    /// <see cref="Terminator"/>. Updates the non-live and speculative counters from the node's state.
     /// </summary>
     internal void Append(ICfgNode node) {
         _instructions.Add(node);
         if (!node.IsLive) {
             _nonLiveCounter++;
         }
+        if (node.IsSpeculative) {
+            _speculativeCounter++;
+        }
         _isDisplayAstStale = true;
     }
 
     /// <summary>
     /// Replaces the node at <paramref name="index"/> with <paramref name="newNode"/>, preserving
-    /// order. Adjusts the non-live counter to reflect the new node's live state.
+    /// order. Adjusts the non-live and speculative counters to reflect the new node's state.
     /// </summary>
     internal void ReplaceInPlace(int index, ICfgNode newNode) {
         ICfgNode old = _instructions[index];
@@ -163,18 +179,46 @@ internal void ReplaceInPlace(int index, ICfgNode newNode) {
         if (!newNode.IsLive) {
             _nonLiveCounter++;
         }
+        if (old.IsSpeculative) {
+            _speculativeCounter--;
+        }
+        if (newNode.IsSpeculative) {
+            _speculativeCounter++;
+        }
         _isDisplayAstStale = true;
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Removes <paramref name="node"/> from the block by value, maintaining the non-live and
+    /// speculative counters via O(1) incremental decrement (mirrors <see cref="ReplaceInPlace"/>).
+    /// Returns <c>false</c> when the node is not part of the block. Tolerates transient
+    /// non-contiguity: it is a batch-internal primitive for removing a contiguous suffix of
+    /// nodes one at a time.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal bool Remove(ICfgNode node) {
+        if (!_instructions.Remove(node)) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if (!node.IsLive) {
+            _nonLiveCounter--;
+        }
+        if (node.IsSpeculative) {
+            _speculativeCounter--;
+        }
+        _isDisplayAstStale = true;
+        return true;
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Removes nodes from <paramref name="splitIndex"/> through the end and returns them as a
-    /// new list. The non-live counter is recomputed for the surviving prefix.
+    /// new list. The non-live and speculative counters are recomputed for the surviving prefix.
     /// </summary>
     internal List<ICfgNode> SliceFrom(int splitIndex) {
         int tailLength = _instructions.Count - splitIndex;
         List<ICfgNode> tail = _instructions.GetRange(splitIndex, tailLength);
         _instructions.RemoveRange(splitIndex, tailLength);
         RecountNonLiveFromInstructions();
+        RecountSpeculativeFromInstructions();
         _isDisplayAstStale = true;
         return tail;
     }
@@ -191,6 +235,18 @@ internal void OnContainedInstructionLiveChanged(bool nowLive) {
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Counter choke-point invoked by <see cref="CfgInstruction.SetSpeculative"/> exactly once per
+    /// actual <see cref="ICfgNode.IsSpeculative"/> transition of a contained instruction.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal void OnContainedInstructionSpeculativeChanged(bool nowSpeculative) {
+        if (nowSpeculative) {
+            _speculativeCounter++;
+        } else {
+            _speculativeCounter--;
+        }
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Recomputes the non-live counter from scratch by iterating the contained instructions.
     /// Used after a split to re-base the counter on the new instruction set.
@@ -199,6 +255,14 @@ internal void RecountNonLiveFromInstructions() {
         _nonLiveCounter = _instructions.Count(node => !node.IsLive);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Recomputes the speculative counter from scratch by iterating the contained instructions.
+    /// Used after a split to re-base the counter on the new instruction set.
+    /// </summary>
+    internal void RecountSpeculativeFromInstructions() {
+        _speculativeCounter = _instructions.Count(node => node.IsSpeculative);
+    }
+
     /// <summary>
     /// Returns the index of <paramref name="node"/> in the contained list, or <c>-1</c> if
     /// the node is not part of this block.

src/Spice86.Core/Emulator/CPU/CfgCpu/ControlFlowGraph/CfgNode.cs

@@ -43,6 +43,21 @@ public CfgNodeExecutionAction<InstructionExecutionHelper> CompiledExecution {
     }
 
     public abstract bool IsLive { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Default is <c>false</c>. <see cref="ParsedInstruction.CfgInstruction"/> overrides this to
+    /// expose its stored speculative flag, maintained by <see cref="SetSpeculative"/> calls.
+    /// <see cref="SelectorNode"/> and <see cref="CfgBlock"/> keep the default <c>false</c>.
+    /// </summary>
+    public virtual bool IsSpeculative => false;
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// No-op default: <see cref="SelectorNode"/> and <see cref="CfgBlock"/> have no speculative
+    /// state. <see cref="ParsedInstruction.CfgInstruction"/> overrides this to maintain its stored
+    /// flag and notify its containing block.
+    /// </summary>
+    public virtual void SetSpeculative(bool isSpeculative) {
+    }
 
     public abstract void UpdateSuccessorCache();
     public abstract ICfgNode? GetNextSuccessor(InstructionExecutionHelper helper);

src/Spice86.Core/Emulator/CPU/CfgCpu/ControlFlowGraph/ICfgNode.cs

@@ -37,6 +37,24 @@ public interface ICfgNode : IEquatable<ICfgNode> {
     /// </summary>
     bool IsLive { get; }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Returns whether the node is speculative.
+    /// A speculative node was decoded by the static explorer from memory bytes but has never been
+    /// executed and confirmed. It is a separate axis from <see cref="IsLive"/>: a speculative node
+    /// is always non-live, but a non-live observed node (e.g. SMC-evicted) is not speculative.
+    /// Speculative nodes never enter <see cref="Feeder.CurrentInstructions"/>,
+    /// <see cref="Feeder.PreviousInstructions"/>, or a <see cref="ParsedInstruction.SelfModifying.SelectorNode"/>.
+    /// </summary>
+    bool IsSpeculative { get; }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Updates the speculative provenance of this node. On an actual transition, keeps the
+    /// containing <see cref="CfgBlock"/>'s speculative counter in sync. Setting speculative also
+    /// forces the node non-live. No-op for node kinds that have no speculative state
+    /// (<see cref="ParsedInstruction.SelfModifying.SelectorNode"/>, <see cref="CfgBlock"/>).
+    /// </summary>
+    void SetSpeculative(bool isSpeculative);
+
     /// <summary>
     /// True when the node execution can lead to going back to previous execution context if the next to execute is the correct address
     /// </summary>

src/Spice86.Core/Emulator/CPU/CfgCpu/ExecutionContextManager.cs

@@ -11,6 +11,9 @@
 using Spice86.Core.Emulator.Memory;
 using Spice86.Shared.Emulator.Memory;
 using Spice86.Shared.Interfaces;
+using Spice86.Shared.Utils;
+
+using System.Linq;
 
 public class ExecutionContextManager : InstructionReplacer, IClearable {
     private readonly ILoggerService _loggerService;
@@ -121,6 +124,39 @@
         nodes.Add(toExecute);
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Registers <paramref name="node"/> as a CFG entry point so it is treated as a generation root by
+    /// the graph exporter and the function partitioner. Used to seed emulator-installed hardware
+    /// interrupt handlers: these fire on external events with nondeterministic timing and may never be
+    /// reached from the program's observed entry points during discovery, yet must still become
+    /// generated overrides so generated code can service the interrupt.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="node">The handler entry instruction to register.</param>
+    public void RegisterEntryPoint(CfgInstruction node) {
+        if (!ExecutionContextEntryPoints.TryGetValue(node.Address, out ISet<CfgInstruction>? nodes)) {
+            nodes = new HashSet<CfgInstruction>();
+            ExecutionContextEntryPoints.Add(node.Address, nodes);
+        }
+        nodes.Add(node);
+    }
+
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Seeds the given known-safe handler entry addresses for speculative exploration and registers
+    /// each decoded handler entry node as a CFG entry point. No-op per handler when speculative
+    /// exploration is disabled (no seeded node is produced).
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <param name="handlerAddresses">Entry addresses of emulator-installed interrupt handlers.</param>
+    public void SeedKnownSafeHandlersAndRegisterEntryPoints(IReadOnlyList<SegmentedAddress> handlerAddresses) {
+        _cfgNodeFeeder.SeedKnownSafeHandlers(handlerAddresses);
+        foreach (SegmentedAddress handlerAddress in handlerAddresses) {
+            CfgInstruction? entryNode = _cfgNodeFeeder.NodeIndex.GetAtAddress(handlerAddress)
+                .FirstOrDefault(node => node.ContainingBlock is not null);
+            if (entryNode is not null) {
+                RegisterEntryPoint(entryNode);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
     public override void ReplaceInstruction(CfgInstruction oldInstruction, CfgInstruction newInstruction) {
         if (ExecutionContextEntryPoints.TryGetValue(newInstruction.Address, out ISet<CfgInstruction>? entriesAtAddress)
             && entriesAtAddress.Remove(oldInstruction)) {
@@ -132,6 +168,24 @@
         }
     }
 
+    /// <summary>
+    /// Handles removal fan-out: drops <paramref name="instruction"/> from the
+    /// entry-point set at its address so a removed generation root cannot linger as a
+    /// detached, de-indexed dead root. Removes the address key when its set empties.
+    /// </summary>
+    /// <remarks>
+    /// Deliberately does NOT clear a context's <see cref="ExecutionContext.NodeToExecuteNextAccordingToGraph"/>
+    /// that still points at the removed node, unlike <see cref="ReplaceInstruction"/> which repoints it.
+    /// Replacement has a live successor to point at; removal does not. The feeder's
+    /// reconcile-with-memory path relies on the stale pointer surviving the sweep: a non-live graph
+    /// node whose address still matches memory but is no longer indexed is how it detects a swept
+    /// speculative node and routes to the live memory node. Nulling it here makes that node null and
+    /// trips the address-mismatch guard instead.
+    /// </remarks>
+    public override void RemoveInstruction(CfgInstruction instruction) {
+        DictionaryUtils.RemoveFromCollection(ExecutionContextEntryPoints, instruction.Address, instruction);
+    }
+
     private static void UpdateNodeToExecuteIfStale(ExecutionContext context,
         CfgInstruction oldInstruction, CfgInstruction newInstruction) {
         if (oldInstruction.Equals(context.NodeToExecuteNextAccordingToGraph)) {