diff --git a/apps/electron b/apps/electron
index 5851f72ec..8b1dd7e20 160000
--- a/apps/electron
+++ b/apps/electron
@@ -1 +1 @@
-Subproject commit 5851f72ec8ab024de498466e94bd24f1919d9a2c
+Subproject commit 8b1dd7e2016137cbbaec8c32f00f60d02619ad33
diff --git a/packages/printer/src/transport/ipc-print.electron.ts b/packages/printer/src/transport/ipc-print.electron.ts
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..746e23f02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/printer/src/transport/ipc-print.electron.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+interface ElectronIpc {
+	invoke: (channel: string, args: unknown) => Promise<unknown>;
+}
+
+function getIpc(): ElectronIpc {
+	const w = window as {
+		ipcRenderer?: ElectronIpc;
+		electronAPI?: { ipcRenderer?: ElectronIpc };
+	};
+	const ipc = w.ipcRenderer ?? w.electronAPI?.ipcRenderer;
+	if (!ipc) throw new Error('Electron ipcRenderer not available');
+	return ipc;
+}
+
+export const PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+
+export async function ipcPrintRaw(
+	channel: string,
+	args: Record<string, unknown>,
+	timeoutMessage: string
+): Promise<void> {
+	const ipc = getIpc();
+	const data = args.data;
+	if (!(data instanceof Uint8Array)) {
+		throw new Error('ipcPrintRaw expected args.data to be a Uint8Array');
+	}
+
+	let timeoutId: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
+	try {
+		await Promise.race([
+			ipc.invoke(channel, { ...args, data: Array.from(data) }),
+			new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
+				timeoutId = setTimeout(() => reject(new Error(timeoutMessage)), PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS);
+			}),
+		]);
+	} finally {
+		if (timeoutId !== undefined) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
+	}
+}
diff --git a/packages/printer/src/transport/network-adapter.electron.ts b/packages/printer/src/transport/network-adapter.electron.ts
index c0dc396d1..698bd6f95 100644
--- a/packages/printer/src/transport/network-adapter.electron.ts
+++ b/packages/printer/src/transport/network-adapter.electron.ts
@@ -1,57 +1,37 @@
-import type { PrinterTransport } from "../types";
+import { ipcPrintRaw, PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS } from './ipc-print.electron';
 
-interface ElectronIpc {
-  invoke: (channel: string, args: unknown) => Promise<unknown>;
-}
-
-function getIpc(): ElectronIpc {
-  const ipc = (window as any).ipcRenderer as ElectronIpc | undefined;
-  if (!ipc) throw new Error("Electron ipcRenderer not available");
-  return ipc;
-}
-
-const PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+import type { PrinterTransport } from '../types';
 
 /**
  * Electron network adapter.
  * Sends raw ESC/POS bytes to a printer via TCP through the main process.
  */
 export class NetworkAdapter implements PrinterTransport {
-  readonly name = "network-electron";
-
-  constructor(
-    private host: string,
-    private port: number = 9100,
-    _vendor?: string,
-  ) {}
-
-  async printRaw(data: Uint8Array): Promise<void> {
-    const ipc = getIpc();
-    // Send as regular array — Uint8Array doesn't serialize across IPC cleanly
-    const result = Promise.race([
-      ipc.invoke("print-raw-tcp", {
-        host: this.host,
-        port: this.port,
-        data: Array.from(data),
-      }),
-      new Promise<never>((_, reject) =>
-        setTimeout(
-          () =>
-            reject(new Error(`Print timed out after ${PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS}ms`)),
-          PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS,
-        ),
-      ),
-    ]);
-    await result;
-  }
-
-  async printHtml(_html: string): Promise<void> {
-    throw new Error(
-      "NetworkAdapter does not support HTML printing. Use printRaw instead.",
-    );
-  }
-
-  async disconnect(): Promise<void> {
-    // TCP connections are per-request; nothing to clean up
-  }
+	readonly name = 'network-electron';
+
+	constructor(
+		private host: string,
+		private port: number = 9100,
+		_vendor?: string
+	) {}
+
+	async printRaw(data: Uint8Array): Promise<void> {
+		await ipcPrintRaw(
+			'print-raw-tcp',
+			{
+				host: this.host,
+				port: this.port,
+				data,
+			},
+			`Print timed out after ${PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS}ms`
+		);
+	}
+
+	async printHtml(_html: string): Promise<void> {
+		throw new Error('NetworkAdapter does not support HTML printing. Use printRaw instead.');
+	}
+
+	async disconnect(): Promise<void> {
+		// TCP connections are per-request; nothing to clean up
+	}
 }
diff --git a/packages/printer/src/transport/serial-adapter.electron.ts b/packages/printer/src/transport/serial-adapter.electron.ts
index abe8ff1f7..4baf0b538 100644
--- a/packages/printer/src/transport/serial-adapter.electron.ts
+++ b/packages/printer/src/transport/serial-adapter.electron.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,6 @@
-import type { PrinterTransport } from '../types';
-
-interface ElectronIpc {
-	invoke: (channel: string, args: unknown) => Promise<unknown>;
-}
+import { ipcPrintRaw, PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS } from './ipc-print.electron';
 
-function getIpc(): ElectronIpc {
-	const w = window as {
-		ipcRenderer?: ElectronIpc;
-		electronAPI?: { ipcRenderer?: ElectronIpc };
-	};
-	const ipc = w.ipcRenderer ?? w.electronAPI?.ipcRenderer;
-	if (!ipc) throw new Error('Electron ipcRenderer not available');
-	return ipc;
-}
-
-const PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+import type { PrinterTransport } from '../types';
 
 /** Electron serial adapter — sends raw bytes to the main process, which writes to the serial device
  * (macOS /dev/cu.*, Linux /dev/rfcomm*) for OS-paired Bluetooth Classic printers. */
@@ -24,21 +10,11 @@ export class SerialElectronAdapter implements PrinterTransport {
 	constructor(private deviceKey: string) {}
 
 	async printRaw(data: Uint8Array): Promise<void> {
-		const ipc = getIpc();
-		let timeoutId: ReturnType<typeof setTimeout> | undefined;
-		try {
-			await Promise.race([
-				ipc.invoke('print-raw-serial', { device: this.deviceKey, data: Array.from(data) }),
-				new Promise<never>((_, reject) => {
-					timeoutId = setTimeout(
-						() => reject(new Error(`Serial print timed out after ${PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS}ms`)),
-						PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS
-					);
-				}),
-			]);
-		} finally {
-			if (timeoutId !== undefined) clearTimeout(timeoutId);
-		}
+		await ipcPrintRaw(
+			'print-raw-serial',
+			{ device: this.deviceKey, data },
+			`Serial print timed out after ${PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS}ms`
+		);
 	}
 
 	async printHtml(_html: string): Promise<void> {
diff --git a/packages/printer/src/transport/usb-adapter.electron.ts b/packages/printer/src/transport/usb-adapter.electron.ts
index 687f45a34..79cb68049 100644
--- a/packages/printer/src/transport/usb-adapter.electron.ts
+++ b/packages/printer/src/transport/usb-adapter.electron.ts
@@ -1,20 +1,6 @@
-import type { PrinterTransport } from '../types';
-
-interface ElectronIpc {
-	invoke: (channel: string, args: unknown) => Promise<unknown>;
-}
+import { ipcPrintRaw, PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS } from './ipc-print.electron';
 
-function getIpc(): ElectronIpc {
-	const w = window as {
-		ipcRenderer?: ElectronIpc;
-		electronAPI?: { ipcRenderer?: ElectronIpc };
-	};
-	const ipc = w.ipcRenderer ?? w.electronAPI?.ipcRenderer;
-	if (!ipc) throw new Error('Electron ipcRenderer not available');
-	return ipc;
-}
-
-const PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS = 30_000;
+import type { PrinterTransport } from '../types';
 
 /** Electron USB adapter — sends raw bytes to the main process, which writes to the USB endpoint. */
 export class UsbElectronAdapter implements PrinterTransport {
@@ -23,16 +9,11 @@ export class UsbElectronAdapter implements PrinterTransport {
 	constructor(private deviceKey: string) {}
 
 	async printRaw(data: Uint8Array): Promise<void> {
-		const ipc = getIpc();
-		await Promise.race([
-			ipc.invoke('print-raw-usb', { device: this.deviceKey, data: Array.from(data) }),
-			new Promise<never>((_, reject) =>
-				setTimeout(
-					() => reject(new Error(`USB print timed out after ${PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS}ms`)),
-					PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS
-				)
-			),
-		]);
+		await ipcPrintRaw(
+			'print-raw-usb',
+			{ device: this.deviceKey, data },
+			`USB print timed out after ${PRINT_TIMEOUT_MS}ms`
+		);
 	}
 
 	async printHtml(_html: string): Promise<void> {