diff --git a/.jules/bolt.md b/.jules/bolt.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..163408a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.jules/bolt.md
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+## 2025-05-15 - [Optimization Pattern: Zero-Allocation Hot Loops in Audio Processing]
+**Learning:** Performance in audio processing is heavily impacted by per-block heap allocations. The `livi` crate's API allows passing iterators for port connections, which can be leveraged to eliminate `Vec` allocations in the hot loop. Additionally, double-buffering can be avoided by copying directly from the decoder's buffer into a planar plugin buffer.
+**Action:** Always check if library APIs support iterators or pre-allocated slices for high-frequency operations. When dealing with multi-channel audio, ensure that channel-copying logic is robust against channel mismatches to avoid panics.
diff --git a/src/audio.rs b/src/audio.rs
index 0861f7b..099addb 100644
--- a/src/audio.rs
+++ b/src/audio.rs
@@ -44,6 +44,8 @@ pub fn setup_input_audio(input_path: &Path) -> Result<AudioInput> {
 
 use symphonia::core::conv::IntoSample;
 
+/// This function is deprecated and will be removed in a future version.
+/// Use `copy_to_planar_f32` for better performance.
 pub fn copy_to_f32_buffer(buf: AudioBufferRef<'_>, result: &mut [Vec<f32>]) {
     macro_rules! convert_buf {
         ($buf:expr) => {
@@ -72,3 +74,46 @@ pub fn copy_to_f32_buffer(buf: AudioBufferRef<'_>, result: &mut [Vec<f32>]) {
         AudioBufferRef::F64(b) => convert_buf!(b),
     }
 }
+
+pub fn copy_to_planar_f32(
+    buf: &AudioBufferRef<'_>,
+    dst: &mut [f32],
+    src_offset: usize,
+    dst_offset: usize,
+    num_frames: usize,
+    block_size: usize,
+) {
+    let dst_channels = dst.len() / block_size;
+    macro_rules! convert_buf {
+        ($buf:expr) => {
+            for ch in 0..std::cmp::min($buf.spec().channels.count(), dst_channels) {
+                let dst_start = ch * block_size + dst_offset;
+                let src_ch = $buf.chan(ch);
+                let src_slice = &src_ch[src_offset..src_offset + num_frames];
+                for (i, &s) in src_slice.iter().enumerate() {
+                    dst[dst_start + i] = s.into_sample();
+                }
+            }
+        };
+    }
+
+    match buf {
+        AudioBufferRef::U8(b) => convert_buf!(b),
+        AudioBufferRef::U16(b) => convert_buf!(b),
+        AudioBufferRef::U24(b) => convert_buf!(b),
+        AudioBufferRef::U32(b) => convert_buf!(b),
+        AudioBufferRef::S8(b) => convert_buf!(b),
+        AudioBufferRef::S16(b) => convert_buf!(b),
+        AudioBufferRef::S24(b) => convert_buf!(b),
+        AudioBufferRef::S32(b) => convert_buf!(b),
+        AudioBufferRef::F32(b) => {
+            for ch in 0..std::cmp::min(b.spec().channels.count(), dst_channels) {
+                let dst_start = ch * block_size + dst_offset;
+                let src_ch = b.chan(ch);
+                let src_slice = &src_ch[src_offset..src_offset + num_frames];
+                dst[dst_start..dst_start + num_frames].copy_from_slice(src_slice);
+            }
+        }
+        AudioBufferRef::F64(b) => convert_buf!(b),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/processing.rs b/src/processing.rs
index fc3d27a..c1bfe9e 100644
--- a/src/processing.rs
+++ b/src/processing.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@ use symphonia::core::errors::Error as SymphoniaError;
 use symphonia::core::formats::{FormatReader, Track};
 
 use crate::plugin::PluginInstance;
-use crate::audio::copy_to_f32_buffer;
+use crate::audio::copy_to_planar_f32;
 
 pub struct ProcessingContext<'a> {
     pub instances: &'a mut [PluginInstance],
@@ -55,15 +55,51 @@ impl ProgressReporter {
     }
 }
 
+fn run_instance<'a>(
+    control_inputs: &'a [f32],
+    control_outputs: &'a mut [f32],
+    audio_inputs: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = &'a [f32]>,
+    audio_outputs: impl ExactSizeIterator<Item = &'a mut [f32]>,
+    atom_sequence_inputs: &'a mut [livi::event::LV2AtomSequence],
+    atom_sequence_outputs: &'a mut [livi::event::LV2AtomSequence],
+    instance: &mut livi::Instance,
+    block_size: usize,
+    worker_manager: &WorkerManager,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    for seq in atom_sequence_inputs.iter_mut() {
+        seq.clear();
+    }
+    for seq in atom_sequence_outputs.iter_mut() {
+        seq.clear();
+    }
+
+    let ports = EmptyPortConnections::new(block_size)
+        .with_control_inputs(control_inputs.iter())
+        .with_control_outputs(control_outputs.iter_mut())
+        .with_audio_inputs(audio_inputs)
+        .with_audio_outputs(audio_outputs)
+        .with_atom_sequence_inputs(atom_sequence_inputs.iter())
+        .with_atom_sequence_outputs(atom_sequence_outputs.iter_mut());
+
+    unsafe {
+        instance
+            .run(ports)
+            .map_err(|e| anyhow!("Plugin run failed: {:?}", e))?;
+    }
+    worker_manager.run_workers();
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 pub fn process_audio(
     format: &mut dyn FormatReader,
     track: Track,
     mut ctx: ProcessingContext<'_>,
 ) -> Result<()> {
-    let mut decoder = symphonia::default::get_codecs().make(&track.codec_params, &DecoderOptions::default())?;
+    let mut decoder = symphonia::default::get_codecs()
+        .make(&track.codec_params, &DecoderOptions::default())?;
     let sample_rate = track.codec_params.sample_rate.unwrap_or(44100);
     let total_frames = track.codec_params.n_frames.unwrap_or(0);
-    
+
     let first_plugin_input_count = ctx.instances[0].plugin.port_counts().audio_inputs;
     let mut input_buffer = vec![0.0f32; ctx.block_size * first_plugin_input_count];
     let needs_upmix = ctx.input_channels == 1 && first_plugin_input_count == 2;
@@ -73,116 +109,151 @@ pub fn process_audio(
     let mut is_draining = false;
     let mut frames_processed = 0u64;
     let mut frames_decoded = 0u64;
-    
+
     let reporter = ProgressReporter::new(sample_rate, total_frames);
-    let mut decode_buffer: Option<Vec<Vec<f32>>> = None;
 
     loop {
-        let frames_in_chunk;
         if is_draining {
-            if drain_remaining == 0 { break; }
-            let chunk = min(ctx.block_size, drain_remaining);
-            frames_in_chunk = chunk;
-            let buf = decode_buffer.get_or_insert_with(|| vec![vec![0.0f32; ctx.block_size]; ctx.input_channels]);
-            for ch_buf in buf.iter_mut().take(ctx.input_channels) {
-                ch_buf.resize(chunk, 0.0);
-                ch_buf.fill(0.0);
+            if drain_remaining == 0 {
+                break;
             }
-            drain_remaining = drain_remaining.saturating_sub(chunk);
-        } else {
-            match format.next_packet() {
-                Ok(packet) => match decoder.decode(&packet) {
-                    Ok(decoded) => {
-                        let num_frames = decoded.frames();
-                        let num_chans = decoded.spec().channels.count();
-                        let buf = decode_buffer.get_or_insert_with(|| vec![vec![0.0f32; 0]; num_chans]);
-                        for ch_buf in buf.iter_mut().take(num_chans) {
-                            ch_buf.resize(num_frames, 0.0);
+            let chunk_size = min(ctx.block_size, drain_remaining);
+            input_buffer.fill(0.0);
+            process_chunk(
+                &mut ctx,
+                &mut input_buffer,
+                chunk_size,
+                needs_upmix,
+                first_plugin_input_count,
+            )?;
+            drain_remaining = drain_remaining.saturating_sub(chunk_size);
+            frames_processed += chunk_size as u64;
+            reporter.tick(
+                frames_processed,
+                frames_decoded,
+                is_draining,
+                drain_frames,
+                drain_remaining,
+                ctx.block_size,
+            );
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        match format.next_packet() {
+            Ok(packet) => match decoder.decode(&packet) {
+                Ok(decoded) => {
+                    let num_frames = decoded.frames();
+                    let mut src_offset = 0;
+                    while src_offset < num_frames {
+                        let chunk_size = min(num_frames - src_offset, ctx.block_size);
+                        copy_to_planar_f32(
+                            &decoded,
+                            &mut input_buffer,
+                            src_offset,
+                            0,
+                            chunk_size,
+                            ctx.block_size,
+                        );
+                        if chunk_size < ctx.block_size {
+                            for ch in 0..first_plugin_input_count {
+                                if !needs_upmix || ch == 0 {
+                                    input_buffer[ch * ctx.block_size + chunk_size..(ch + 1) * ctx.block_size].fill(0.0);
+                                }
+                            }
                         }
-                        copy_to_f32_buffer(decoded, buf);
-                        frames_in_chunk = num_frames;
-                        frames_decoded += num_frames as u64;
-                    }
-                    Err(e) => {
-                        eprintln!("\nWarning: decode error: {}", e);
-                        continue;
+
+                        process_chunk(
+                            &mut ctx,
+                            &mut input_buffer,
+                            chunk_size,
+                            needs_upmix,
+                            first_plugin_input_count,
+                        )?;
+                        src_offset += chunk_size;
+                        frames_processed += chunk_size as u64;
+                        frames_decoded += chunk_size as u64;
+                        reporter.tick(
+                            frames_processed,
+                            frames_decoded,
+                            is_draining,
+                            drain_frames,
+                            drain_remaining,
+                            ctx.block_size,
+                        );
                     }
-                },
-                Err(SymphoniaError::IoError(ref e)) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => {
-                    is_draining = true;
-                    eprintln!("\nInput complete, draining plugin tails...");
-                    continue;
                 }
-                Err(e) => return Err(e).context("Error reading packet"),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    eprintln!("\nWarning: decode error: {}", e);
+                }
+            },
+            Err(SymphoniaError::IoError(ref e)) if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::UnexpectedEof => {
+                is_draining = true;
+                eprintln!("\nInput complete, draining plugin tails...");
             }
+            Err(e) => return Err(e).context("Error reading packet"),
         }
+    }
 
-        let audio_buf = decode_buffer.as_ref().unwrap();
-        let mut offset = 0;
-        while offset < frames_in_chunk {
-            let chunk_size = min(frames_in_chunk - offset, ctx.block_size);
-
-            for ch in 0..first_plugin_input_count {
-                let dst_start = ch * ctx.block_size;
-                if ch < audio_buf.len() {
-                    let src = &audio_buf[ch];
-                    input_buffer[dst_start..dst_start + chunk_size].copy_from_slice(&src[offset..offset + chunk_size]);
-                    if chunk_size < ctx.block_size {
-                        input_buffer[dst_start + chunk_size..dst_start + ctx.block_size].fill(0.0);
-                    }
-                } else if !needs_upmix {
-                    input_buffer[dst_start..dst_start + ctx.block_size].fill(0.0);
-                }
-            }
-            if needs_upmix {
-                input_buffer.copy_within(0..ctx.block_size, ctx.block_size);
-            }
+    reporter.finish(frames_processed);
+    ctx.writer.finalize()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
 
-            for i in 0..ctx.instances.len() {
-                let (prev, curr) = ctx.instances.split_at_mut(i);
-                let inst = &mut curr[0];
-
-                let (audio_inputs, audio_outputs) = if i == 0 {
-                    let inputs: Vec<&[f32]> = (0..first_plugin_input_count).map(|ch| &input_buffer[ch * ctx.block_size..(ch + 1) * ctx.block_size]).collect();
-                    let outputs: Vec<&mut [f32]> = inst.audio_outputs.iter_mut().map(|b| b.as_mut_slice()).collect();
-                    (inputs, outputs)
-                } else {
-                    let prev_inst = &prev[i-1];
-                    let inputs: Vec<&[f32]> = prev_inst.audio_outputs.iter().map(|b| b.as_slice()).collect();
-                    let outputs: Vec<&mut [f32]> = inst.audio_outputs.iter_mut().map(|b| b.as_mut_slice()).collect();
-                    (inputs, outputs)
-                };
-
-                for seq in &mut inst.atom_sequence_inputs { seq.clear(); }
-                for seq in &mut inst.atom_sequence_outputs { seq.clear(); }
-
-                let ports = EmptyPortConnections::new(ctx.block_size)
-                    .with_control_inputs(inst.control_inputs.iter())
-                    .with_control_outputs(inst.control_outputs.iter_mut())
-                    .with_audio_inputs(audio_inputs.into_iter())
-                    .with_audio_outputs(audio_outputs.into_iter())
-                    .with_atom_sequence_inputs(inst.atom_sequence_inputs.iter())
-                    .with_atom_sequence_outputs(inst.atom_sequence_outputs.iter_mut());
-
-                unsafe { inst.instance.run(ports).map_err(|e| anyhow!("Plugin run failed: {:?}", e))?; }
-                ctx.worker_manager.run_workers();
-            }
+fn process_chunk(
+    ctx: &mut ProcessingContext<'_>,
+    input_buffer: &mut [f32],
+    chunk_size: usize,
+    needs_upmix: bool,
+    first_plugin_input_count: usize,
+) -> Result<()> {
+    if needs_upmix {
+        input_buffer.copy_within(0..ctx.block_size, ctx.block_size);
+    }
 
-            let final_outputs = &ctx.instances.last().unwrap().audio_outputs;
-            for frame_idx in 0..chunk_size {
-                for ch_buf in final_outputs {
-                    ctx.writer.write_sample(ch_buf[frame_idx]).context("Failed to write sample")?;
-                }
-            }
+    for i in 0..ctx.instances.len() {
+        let (prev, curr) = ctx.instances.split_at_mut(i);
+        let inst = &mut curr[0];
 
-            frames_processed += chunk_size as u64;
-            offset += chunk_size;
+        if i == 0 {
+            let inputs = (0..first_plugin_input_count)
+                .map(|ch| &input_buffer[ch * ctx.block_size..(ch + 1) * ctx.block_size]);
+            let outputs = inst.audio_outputs.iter_mut().map(|b| b.as_mut_slice());
+            run_instance(
+                &inst.control_inputs,
+                &mut inst.control_outputs,
+                inputs,
+                outputs,
+                &mut inst.atom_sequence_inputs,
+                &mut inst.atom_sequence_outputs,
+                &mut inst.instance,
+                ctx.block_size,
+                ctx.worker_manager,
+            )?;
+        } else {
+            let prev_inst = &prev[i - 1];
+            let inputs = prev_inst.audio_outputs.iter().map(|b| b.as_slice());
+            let outputs = inst.audio_outputs.iter_mut().map(|b| b.as_mut_slice());
+            run_instance(
+                &inst.control_inputs,
+                &mut inst.control_outputs,
+                inputs,
+                outputs,
+                &mut inst.atom_sequence_inputs,
+                &mut inst.atom_sequence_outputs,
+                &mut inst.instance,
+                ctx.block_size,
+                ctx.worker_manager,
+            )?;
+        };
+    }
 
-            reporter.tick(frames_processed, frames_decoded, is_draining, drain_frames, drain_remaining, ctx.block_size);
+    let final_outputs = &ctx.instances.last().unwrap().audio_outputs;
+    for frame_idx in 0..chunk_size {
+        for ch_buf in final_outputs {
+            ctx.writer
+                .write_sample(ch_buf[frame_idx])
+                .context("Failed to write sample")?;
         }
     }
-    
-    reporter.finish(frames_processed);
-    ctx.writer.finalize()?;
     Ok(())
 }
diff --git a/tests/audio/output/Sound-Bite-Space-Shuttle-Launch-Comm_UHF-Capcom-Wx-Update.wav.wav b/tests/audio/output/Sound-Bite-Space-Shuttle-Launch-Comm_UHF-Capcom-Wx-Update.wav.wav
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diff --git a/tests/audio/output/kassoulet-headhache-ringtone-2.mp3.wav b/tests/audio/output/kassoulet-headhache-ringtone-2.mp3.wav
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index 0000000..6bd1cc5
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diff --git a/tests/audio/output/original_Acid.wav.wav b/tests/audio/output/original_Acid.wav.wav
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diff --git a/tests/audio/output/original_Beat2.ogg.wav b/tests/audio/output/original_Beat2.ogg.wav
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