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PREFIX ex: <http://example.org/ns/>
PREFIX wiki: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
PREFIX schema: <http://schema.org/>
PREFIX rdf: <http://w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX owl: <http://w3.org/2002/07/owl#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>



Ali's Kata 8 question: Find the area code used for phone lines in Seattle.

SELECT ?o
WHERE {dbr:Seattle dbo:areaCode ?o}

--------------------------
Ali’s Kata 7 question: SELECT queries are used for selecting bindings for variables, but you can also ask YES/NO questions that can be used to decide whether to include a specific section of the reporting software, or support software to make recommendations.
To do so, we use the ASK keyword. For example, for the question “Did Elton John have an occupation?” we could ask

ASK WHERE { dbr:Elton_John dbo:occupation ?any }

The answer would be True (yes). Your assignment is to ask a similar question about Aristotle by using FILTER.
You must also have your answer as False (no).

Solution:
ASK WHERE { FILTER NOT EXISTS { dbr:Elton_John dbo:occupation ?any }}

--------------------------
Ali’s Kata 6 question: Write a query using the following prefixes to find data featuring information about SPARQL; mentions, has features of, or just has the keyword “SPARQL” appear in it. Make sure your code grabs the most amount of data that have something to do with SPARQL and

PREFIX ex: <http://example.org/ns/>
PREFIX wiki: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>
PREFIX schema: <http://schema.org/>
SELECT DISTINCT ?s ?p ?o
WHERE {
{
?s ex:hasFeature wiki:SPARQL . }
UNION {
?s schema:mentions wiki:SPARQL . }
UNION {
?s schema:keywords "SPARQL" . }
}
LIMIT 100

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 5 question (not working!!!): You can write queries to see which specific class(es) are the most used ones as subject/predicate/object in an ontology.
Write a query to find what is the most used subject and object in the OWL dataset.

PREFIX owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>

SELECT ?class (MAX(?s) AS ?number)
WHERE {
{
?class ?p ?o . }
UNION {
?s ?p ?class . }
}

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 5 question: Make a SPARQL query that uses dbpedia to construct a graph of all cities with a population greater that one million.

PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>

CONSTRUCT {
?city rdf:type dbo:City ;
dbo:populationTotal ?population ;
dbo:abstract ?abstract ;
dbo:thumbnail ?thumbnail ;
dbo:country ?country .
} WHERE {
?city rdf:type dbo:City ;
dbo:populationTotal ?population ;
dbo:abstract ?abstract ;
dbo:thumbnail ?thumbnail ;
dbo:country ?country .

FILTER (?population > 1000000)
}

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 5 question: Write a SPARQL query that uses Wikidata that retrieves a list of 100 notable people along with some basic information about them (spuse, occupation, birthplace).
The query should filter the results that have their labels in English.
Keep in mind that the labels are not included in the original query results, but can be retrieved using the Wikidata API.
So, use a block to retrieve the English-language label for each variable.

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT DISTINCT ?personLabel ?spouseLabel ?occupationLabel ?placeOfBirthLabel
WHERE {
?person wdt:P31 wd:Q5 .
?person wdt:P26 ?spouse .
?person wdt:P106 ?occupation .
?person wdt:P19 ?placeOfBirth .
SERVICE wikibase:label {
bd:serviceParam wikibase:language "en" .
?person rdfs:label ?personLabel .
?spouse rdfs:label ?spouseLabel .
?occupation rdfs:label ?occupationLabel .
?placeOfBirth rdfs:label ?placeOfBirthLabel .
}
FILTER(LANG(?personLabel) = "en" && LANG(?spouseLabel) = "en" &&
LANG(?occupationLabel) = "en" && LANG(?placeOfBirthLabel) = "en")
}
LIMIT 100

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 4 question: Using FILTER is a way to narrow down your result based on any form of specifity you'd like in SPARQL.
Write a SPARQL query that searches for living people (or those with no dbo:deathDate vlaue) who have an occupation with an English label that contains the words "Graphic" and "novelist."
Use "http://dbpedia.org/ontology/" and "http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#" for your PREFIX. And limit your search to 5 individuals.

PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

SELECT DISTINCT ?person ?occupation WHERE {
?person rdf:type dbo:Person .
?person dbo:occupation ?occupation .
?occupation rdfs:label ?label .
FILTER(LANG(?label) = "en").
FILTER(CONTAINS(?label, "Graphic")).
FILTER(CONTAINS(?label, "novelist")).
FILTER NOT EXISTS {
?person dbo:deathDate ?deathDate .
}
}
LIMIT 5

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 4 question: Write a query to construct rules as RDF properties, with each one of them having a label, comment, and subproperty relation to a superproperty.
Make sure to filter so that only english labels and comments are selected.
Note that the specific superproperty to be used in the query would need to be specified in the query itself, or passed as a parameter to the query.

CONSTRUCT {
?rule rdf:type rdf:Property ;
rdfs:label ?ruleLabel ;
rdfs:comment ?ruleComment ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf ?subProperty .
}
WHERE {
?subProperty rdf:type rdf:Property ;
rdfs:subPropertyOf ?superProperty .
?rule rdfs:subPropertyOf ?superProperty ;
rdfs:label ?ruleLabel ;
rdfs:comment ?ruleComment .
FILTER (lang(?ruleLabel) = 'en' && lang(?ruleComment) = 'en')
}

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 4 question: Write a SPARQL query that retrieves information from Wikidata about diseases, their associated symptomns, and treatments.
Construct the data retrieved.
Make sure you limit the labels to the english language.
make sure there are no repeats.

PREFIX wd: <http://www.wikidata.org/entity/>
PREFIX wdt: <http://www.wikidata.org/prop/direct/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX schema: <http://schema.org/>

CONSTRUCT {
?disease a schema:MedicalCondition ;
rdfs:label ?diseaseLabel ;
schema:hasCause ?symptom ;
schema:possibleTreatment ?treatment .
?symptom a schema:MedicalSymptom ;
rdfs:label ?symptomLabel .
?treatment a schema:MedicalTherapy ;
rdfs:label ?treatmentLabel .
}
WHERE {
?disease wdt:P31 wd:Q12136 ; # instance of disease
rdfs:label ?diseaseLabel .
FILTER(LANG(?diseaseLabel) = "en") # only English labels
OPTIONAL {
?disease wdt:P780 ?symptom .
?symptom rdfs:label ?symptomLabel .
FILTER(LANG(?symptomLabel) = "en") # only English labels
}
OPTIONAL {
?disease wdt:P2176 ?treatment .
?treatment rdfs:label ?treatmentLabel .
FILTER(LANG(?treatmentLabel) = "en") # only English labels
}
}

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 3 question: write a SPARQL query that constructs a graph which represents all the fundamental particles and properties.
The properties should include information about the particle's label, mass, spin, charge, their antiparticle, and symbol.
Include the discoverer's name, birthdate, and birthplace.
The query must filter the particles whose labels start with an alphabetic character (to disclude all the wacky theoretical ones).
Also, bind the name of the discoverer by removing the prefix of the URI that belongs to them.
You can look at sample datasets on: http://pdg.lbl.gov/sparql/

PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX dbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>
PREFIX foaf: <http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

CONSTRUCT {
?particle rdf:type dbo:Particle ;
rdfs:label ?particleLabel ;
dbo:discoverer ?discoverer ;
dbo:mass ?mass ;
dbo:spin ?spin ;
dbo:electricCharge ?electricCharge ;
dbo:hasAntiparticle ?hasAntiParticle ;
dbo:symbol ?symbol .
?discoverer rdf:type dbo:Person ;
rdfs:label ?discovererLabel ;
dbo:birthPlace ?birthPlace ;
dbo:birthDate ?birthDate .
?birthPlace rdf:type dbo:Place ;
rdfs:label ?birthPlaceLabel .
}
WHERE {
?particle rdf:type dbo:Particle ;
rdfs:label ?particleLabel ;
dbo:discoverer ?discoverer ;
dbo:mass ?mass ;
dbo:spin ?spin ;
dbo:electricCharge ?electricCharge ;
dbo:hasAntiparticle ?hasAntiParticle ;
dbo:symbol ?symbol .
FILTER regex(?particleLabel, "^[a-zA-Z].*$")
BIND(REPLACE(str(?discoverer), "http://dbpedia.org/resource/", "") AS ?discoveredBy)
?discoverer rdfs:label ?discovererLabel ;
dbo:birthPlace ?birthPlace ;
dbo:birthDate ?birthDate .
?birthPlace rdfs:label ?birthPlaceLabel .
}

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 3 question: Wite a SPARQL query that retrieves information about the beer's name, description, its brewery, style, SBV, IBU, SRM, country and city of origin, ingredient (and labels), yeast Iand labels).
Make sure to use an OPTIONAL block for the country, region, city, ingredients, and yeast.
Then the query must filter te result to only include those with an ABV above %5, an IBU below 50, and an SRM below 20.
Lastly, order the result in a discending form by ABV and limit the results to 25.

PREFIX bo: <http://purl.org/ontology/Beer#>
PREFIX dbo: <http://dbpedia.org/ontology/>
PREFIX rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>
PREFIX xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#>

SELECT DISTINCT ?beer ?brewery ?style ?abv ?ibu ?srm ?country ?region ?city ?description ?ingredient ?ingredientLabel ?yeast ?yeastLabel
WHERE {
?beer a bo:Beer ;
rdfs:label ?beer_label ;
bo:hasBrand ?brewery ;
bo:hasStyle ?style ;
bo:hasABV ?abv ;
bo:hasIBU ?ibu ;
bo:hasSRM ?srm ;
bo:hasDescription ?description .

OPTIONAL {
?brewery dbo:country ?country .
?country dbo:region ?region .
?brewery dbo:location ?location .
?location dbo:city ?city .
}

OPTIONAL {
?beer bo:hasIngredient ?ingredient .
?ingredient rdfs:label ?ingredientLabel .
FILTER(langMatches(lang(?ingredientLabel), "en"))
OPTIONAL {
?beer bo:hasYeast ?yeast .
?yeast rdfs:label ?yeastLabel .
FILTER(langMatches(lang(?yeastLabel), "en"))
}
}

FILTER(?abv > 0.05 && ?ibu < 50 && ?srm < 20 && langMatches(lang(?beer_label), "en"))
}
ORDER BY DESC(?abv)
LIMIT 25

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 5 question: Sparql is a query language that retrieves data fomr RDF graphs, rather than a rule-based language.
But there are some extensions of SPARQL that allow for rule-like constructs in SPARQL.
One of them is SPIN (SPARQL Inferencing Notation).
SPIN allows you to define inference rules using RDF triples. It gives a set of triples that are classes and properties to define new rules and their associated conditions and actions they have.
SPIN rules are usually defined using CONSTRUCT, making new graphs from larger ones.
Write a SPARQL query that constructs a SPIN rule which states that a person is a parent of another person if they share a child.

PREFIX spin: <http://spinrdf.org/spin#>
PREFIX ex: <http://example.org/>

CONSTRUCT {
?parent ex:isParentOf ?child2 .
}
WHERE {
?child1 ex:hasParent ?parent .
?child2 ex:hasParent ?parent .
FILTER (?child1 != ?child2)
}

--------------------------
Ali's Kata 5 question: Write a SPARQL query using SPIN to construct a rule that states if two people share the same parent and they are not the same person, then they must be siblings.
You must construct a triple that states that the person has a sibling.
Filter out the only childs.

PREFIX spin: <http://spinrdf.org/spin#>
PREFIX rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#>
PREFIX ex: <http://example.com/>

CONSTRUCT {
?person ex:hasSibling ?sibling .
} WHERE {
?person a ex:Person .
?sibling a ex:Person .
?parent ex:hasChild ?person .
?parent ex:hasChild ?sibling .
FILTER (?person != ?sibling) .
FILTER NOT EXISTS {
?parent ex:hasChild ?other .
FILTER (?other != ?person && ?other != ?sibling) .
}
}
--------------------------