From 18bb55346107ee50928984f87b8fd9c4113ee819 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 5 Mar 2023 17:47:07 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 01/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++------ 1 file changed, 41 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index ab751654..6292684c 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -8,23 +8,58 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: 2. The Relations Ontology (https://raw.githubusercontent.com/oborel/obo-relations/master/ro.owl) ``` -1. In BFO and RO identify at least one object property for each of a-e that _should have the listed property, but which does not_; argue for your case, using examples. Note: It will be easiest to view the object properties in BFO and RO using Protege. -``` +1. In BFO and RO identify at least one object property for each of a-e that _should have the listed property, but which does not_; argue for your case, using examples. Note: It will be easiest to view the object properties in BFO and RO using Protege. + (a) Reflexive + Answer: part of + + (b) Transitive + + + (c) Symmetric + + Answer: spatially coextensive with + In BFO and RO, the property means that x spatially_coextensive_with y if and only if x and y have the same location. Since x always has the same location with x, so the property should be symmetric. + + (d) Functional + + Answer: function of + Since function of is subProperty of characteristic of , and the RO characteristic of is functional, functional of should be functional. For example, Mike's heart' beating is function of Mike's heart. + (e) Symmetric and Reflexive -``` + + Answer: spatially coextensive with + Since x always has the same location with x, and if x spatially coextensive with y, y spatially coextensive with x, so the property should be symmetric and reflexive. 2. In BFO and RO identify at least one object property for each of a-e that _should not have the listed property, but which does_; argue for your case, using examples. Note: It will be easiest to view the object properties in BFO and RO using Protege. -``` + (a) Irreflexive + + Answer: partially overlaps + (b) Transitive + + Answer: aligned with + In BFO and RO, the property "aligned with" is transitive, which means if a is aligned with b, and b is aligned with c, then a is aligned with c. In addition, aligned with can be applied to both occurrent entities, say processes, and continuant entities, such as individuals with blood relationships. + + The counterexample can be the cases that involves different possible worlds. For example, m is aligned with n in the actural world, and n is aligned with q in a possible world, then it may not be the case that m is aligned with q, say Many is aligned with Mike in blood relation, and Otto would be aligned with Mary in a possible world if Mary gave birth to Otto. Then Otto is not aligned with Mike. + + (c) Asymmetric - (d) Functional + (d) Functional + + Answer: characteristic of + The definition is the relation between a spefically dependent continaunt (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. The RO characteristic is functional, which means, if x is characteristic of y, there is only one bearer y for any x. + + However, the RO should not be functional because + + + (e) Inverse Functional -``` + 3. Model the following natural language expressions using terms from BFO and RO; you are welcome to introduce new terms where needed: ``` From 68270152b35d2e68d19a6a63ee5c356068afb85c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 5 Mar 2023 19:28:46 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 02/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 29 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 6292684c..24510318 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -11,17 +11,21 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: 1. In BFO and RO identify at least one object property for each of a-e that _should have the listed property, but which does not_; argue for your case, using examples. Note: It will be easiest to view the object properties in BFO and RO using Protege. (a) Reflexive - Answer: part of + Answer: spatially coextensive with + the property means that x spatially_coextensive_with y if and only if x and y have the same location. So the property should be reflexive. (b) Transitive - + Answer: connecting branch of (c) Symmetric Answer: spatially coextensive with - In BFO and RO, the property means that x spatially_coextensive_with y if and only if x and y have the same location. Since x always has the same location with x, so the property should be symmetric. + In BFO and RO, the property means that x spatially_coextensive_with y if and only if x and y have the same location. x have the same location with y, so the property should be symmetric. + + part of + Because x is also part_of x, so part of is symmetric. (d) Functional @@ -49,6 +53,10 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (c) Asymmetric + + + + (d) Functional Answer: characteristic of @@ -62,12 +70,23 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: 3. Model the following natural language expressions using terms from BFO and RO; you are welcome to introduce new terms where needed: -``` + (a) Sally has an arm Tuesday but does not have an arm Wednesday. + + ¬ (an arm Occurrent_part_of Sally at Tuesday) ⊓ (an arm Occurrent_part_of Sally at Wednesday) + (b) Every liver has some cell as part at all times it exists. + + ∃ cell (∀.Continuant_part_of liver) + (c) John was a child, then an adult, then a senior. + + (Childhood Occurrent_part_of John's life) Aligned_with (Adulthood Occurrent_part_of John's life) Aligned_with (Seniorhood Occurent_part_of John's life) + (d) Goofus and Gallant are married at each point in a three year span. -``` + + ((Goofus Marriage_with Gallant during 3 years) Occurrent_part_of Goofus's life) ⊓ ((Goofus Marriage_with Gallant during 3 years) Occurrent_part_of Gallant's life) + 4. Using the language of First-Order Logic, represent the following natural language expressions; you are welcome to introduce new terms where needed: ``` From d593cb480853b132e3cb09d5f1644337b96d8dee Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 5 Mar 2023 20:11:51 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 03/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 33 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---- 1 file changed, 29 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 24510318..ce63c1a2 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -89,27 +89,52 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: 4. Using the language of First-Order Logic, represent the following natural language expressions; you are welcome to introduce new terms where needed: -``` + (a) Sally has an arm Tuesday but does not have an arm Wednesday. + + + (b) Every liver has some cell as part at all times it exists. (c) John was a child, then an adult, then a senior. (d) Goofus and Gallant have been married for three years; for each day of that span, it is true to assert they are married. -``` + 5. Using BFO and RO, model the following scenario: the content of an rdf file is represented in two serializations - one in Turtle, one in XML - which are sent from one computer to two distinct computers on the same network. 6. Using Protege, place these in the BFO hierarchy where you think they fit best: -``` + (a) Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier + + instance_of Object + (b) Chair of the UB Philosophy Department + + instance_of Role + (c) SARS-CoV-2 + + instance_of Object/Creature + (d) Mexico City + + instance_of Site + (e) The trunk of a minivan + + Fiat_objecty_part + (f) Occupation + + History + (g) Ocean + + Object + (h) Lake -``` + + Object 7. True or False; explain your answers: ``` From 87d746c8ee59e1d54063970aa37966bcd3b68765 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 6 Mar 2023 11:34:28 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 04/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 5 ++++- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index ce63c1a2..92770f22 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -137,8 +137,11 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: Object 7. True or False; explain your answers: -``` + (a) An instance of Material Entity can have an instance of Immaterial Entity as part. + + True. + (b) An instance of Immaterial Entity can have an instance of Material Entity as part. (c) An organization may have another organization as part. (d) An organization may have no members as part. From 3cb15bd77e293edbffda0d90bea27351a0cfb0d7 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 6 Mar 2023 12:04:45 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 05/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 92770f22..7040f7bd 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -140,17 +140,38 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (a) An instance of Material Entity can have an instance of Immaterial Entity as part. - True. + True. Mike's soul is continuant_part_of Mike (b) An instance of Immaterial Entity can have an instance of Material Entity as part. + + + (c) An organization may have another organization as part. + + True. Constitutional law court is continuant_part_of Courts in some countries. + (d) An organization may have no members as part. + + True. + (e) Any site is partially bounded by some instance of Material Entity. + + No. Sites are bounded by other sites, which are not material entities. + (f) A book placed under the leg of a wobbly table has acquired a new function. + + No. Because function is subProperty of disposition, and there should be physical change involved. + (g) A glass vase cushioned with packing material for all time, has the disposition to break. + + Yes. + (h) Spacetime is a class in BFO. + + No, if spacetime is just a reference system. + (i) The continuant fiat boundary class of BFO is closed, meaning, there are no subclasses beyond those identified presently in BFO. -``` + 8. Model the following scenario in BFO, introducing whatever terms are needed to do so: John runs for 3 hours, startin slowly, speeding up during the middle, then ending the run at a slower pace. From cb70bcd0b829b190073aa713f98bf6ca886a8db5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Mon, 6 Mar 2023 12:07:43 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 06/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 26 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 92770f22..eba4cbc4 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -140,20 +140,42 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (a) An instance of Material Entity can have an instance of Immaterial Entity as part. - True. + True. Mike's soul is continuant_part_of Mike (b) An instance of Immaterial Entity can have an instance of Material Entity as part. + + + (c) An organization may have another organization as part. + + True. Constitutional law court is continuant_part_of Courts in some countries. + (d) An organization may have no members as part. + + True. + (e) Any site is partially bounded by some instance of Material Entity. + + No. Sites are bounded by other sites, which are not material entities. + (f) A book placed under the leg of a wobbly table has acquired a new function. + + No. Because function is subProperty of disposition, and there should be physical change involved. + (g) A glass vase cushioned with packing material for all time, has the disposition to break. + + Yes. + (h) Spacetime is a class in BFO. + + No, if spacetime is just a reference system. + (i) The continuant fiat boundary class of BFO is closed, meaning, there are no subclasses beyond those identified presently in BFO. -``` + 8. Model the following scenario in BFO, introducing whatever terms are needed to do so: John runs for 3 hours, startin slowly, speeding up during the middle, then ending the run at a slower pace. 9. The Pellet reasoner in Protege can be used in an incremental reasoning strategy. ELI5 when and why one should use Pellet for incremental reasoning. 10. Protege reasoners will not allow you to combine certain properties, e.g. reflexivity and transitivity. If you attempt to assert such pairs of the same object property, then run the reasoner, nothing will happen. If you combine such properties while a reasoner is running, then ask to synchronize the reasoner, an error will be thrown. Provide a table or series of tables illustrating which pairs of properties cannot be combined in Protege, either because nothing happens when the reasoenr is run or because an error is thrown when synchronizing a reasoner after making such changes. Review the github docs on [creating tables in markdown](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/working-with-advanced-formatting/organizing-information-with-tables). +11. From 3675e72c994e7e69a963efdf99b7affc3d6cda2c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 11 Mar 2023 16:27:57 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 07/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 27 +++++++++++++-------------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index eba4cbc4..d10929f3 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -11,27 +11,26 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: 1. In BFO and RO identify at least one object property for each of a-e that _should have the listed property, but which does not_; argue for your case, using examples. Note: It will be easiest to view the object properties in BFO and RO using Protege. (a) Reflexive - Answer: spatially coextensive with - the property means that x spatially_coextensive_with y if and only if x and y have the same location. So the property should be reflexive. - - + Answer: overlaps + The definition says: x overlaps y if and only if there exists some z such that x has part z and z part of y. + The object property “overlaps” should be reflexive, if an object has a part which is also a part of other object, the former object must has at least such a part overlaps with itself. So the object property "overlaps" is reflexive. + Apartment 202 and Apartment 203 share one adjoining wall. 202 overlaps 203 because they have the wall as a part of both 202 and 203. Besides, 202 also overlaps itself, since any part of 202 is also a part of itself. + (b) Transitive - - Answer: connecting branch of + Answer: branching part of + The definition says: x is a branching part of y if and only if x is part of y and x is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of y. + "branching part of" should be transitive because if a branching_part_of b and y branching_part_of c, then, first, a part_of b, and b part_of c, and second, a is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of b, and b is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of c. Since part_of(instance level) is transitive, so is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem, a branching_part_of c. (c) Symmetric - Answer: spatially coextensive with - In BFO and RO, the property means that x spatially_coextensive_with y if and only if x and y have the same location. x have the same location with y, so the property should be symmetric. - - part of - Because x is also part_of x, so part of is symmetric. - + Answer: aligned with + If x aligned_with y, x is at the same line with y. So, y is at the same line with x too. + Therefore, "aligned with" should be symmetric. (d) Functional - Answer: function of - Since function of is subProperty of characteristic of , and the RO characteristic of is functional, functional of should be functional. For example, Mike's heart' beating is function of Mike's heart. + Answer: has end location + "has end location" should be functional, since for whatever location there can only be one end. (e) Symmetric and Reflexive From dcbdb9be2edeada5d9a882fae6c492020163570c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 11 Mar 2023 17:31:50 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 08/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 22 ++++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 12 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index d10929f3..48cced23 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -41,32 +41,34 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (a) Irreflexive - Answer: partially overlaps + Answer: has role in modeling + The definition says: A relation between a biological, experimental, or computational artifact and an entity it is used to study, in virtue of its replicating or approximating features of the studied entity. + The irreflexive property relation is such that an entity having the property cannot relate to itself. However, if a machine that is designed to model aspects of itself. It can be used to study itself, in virtue of its ability to reflect aspects of itself. (b) Transitive Answer: aligned with In BFO and RO, the property "aligned with" is transitive, which means if a is aligned with b, and b is aligned with c, then a is aligned with c. In addition, aligned with can be applied to both occurrent entities, say processes, and continuant entities, such as individuals with blood relationships. - The counterexample can be the cases that involves different possible worlds. For example, m is aligned with n in the actural world, and n is aligned with q in a possible world, then it may not be the case that m is aligned with q, say Many is aligned with Mike in blood relation, and Otto would be aligned with Mary in a possible world if Mary gave birth to Otto. Then Otto is not aligned with Mike. - + The counterexample can be the cases that involves possible worlds. For example, m is aligned with n in the actural world, and n is aligned with q in a possible world, then it may not be the case that m is aligned with q, say Many is aligned with Mike in blood relation, and Otto would be aligned with Mary in a possible world if Mary gave birth to Otto. Then Otto is not aligned with Mike. (c) Asymmetric - - + Answer: has role in modeling. + The definition: A relation between a biological, experimental, or computational artifact and an entity it is used to study, in virtue of its replicating or approximating features of the studied entity. + If the declared characteristic of an artifact x is universally declared to be asymmetric to an entity y, then it follows that there are no such cases where the relationship between artifact x and entity y is symmetric. But it is possible that an artifact x's relation to entity y may be in some cases symmetric. (d) Functional Answer: characteristic of - The definition is the relation between a spefically dependent continaunt (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. The RO characteristic is functional, which means, if x is characteristic of y, there is only one bearer y for any x. - - However, the RO should not be functional because - - + The definition: a relation between a spefically dependent continaunt (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. The RO "characteristic of" is functional, which means, if x is characteristic of y, there is only one bearer y for any x. However, for a given individual, the property "characteristic of" can have more values. Take the Moon as an example, not only cold is characteristic of the Moon, but round is also characteristic of the Moon. + (e) Inverse Functional + Answer: has charcteristic + The definition is the inverse of “characteristic of”. This answer relies on what was said in (d), but is its inversion. + 3. Model the following natural language expressions using terms from BFO and RO; you are welcome to introduce new terms where needed: From 76b6c814b6195c518b3eb6070d9f13ac397a23ec Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 11 Mar 2023 18:08:47 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 09/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 47 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- 1 file changed, 39 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 48cced23..54c5b065 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -74,29 +74,60 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (a) Sally has an arm Tuesday but does not have an arm Wednesday. - ¬ (an arm Occurrent_part_of Sally at Tuesday) ⊓ (an arm Occurrent_part_of Sally at Wednesday) - + Answer: Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday precedes Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday + + Sally is instance_of object + Tuesday is instance_of one-dimensional temporal region + Wednesday is an instance of one-dimensional temporal region + Arm is an instance of fiat object part + “Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday” is an instance of occurrent + “Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday” is an instance of occurrent + (b) Every liver has some cell as part at all times it exists. - ∃ cell (∀.Continuant_part_of liver) + Answer: Liver has_part_at_all_times Cell + + Liver is a class in Uberon (UBERON_0002107), which is a subclass of material entity. + We have already had Cell in the Ontology. (c) John was a child, then an adult, then a senior. - (Childhood Occurrent_part_of John's life) Aligned_with (Adulthood Occurrent_part_of John's life) Aligned_with (Seniorhood Occurent_part_of John's life) + Answer: John participates in childhood precedes John participates in adulthood which precedes John participates in seniorhood + + John is an instance_of object + childhood is an instance_of occurrent. + adulthood is an instance_of occurrent. + seniorhood is an instance_of occurrent. + ¬ (adulthood overlaps seniorhood) (d) Goofus and Gallant are married at each point in a three year span. - ((Goofus Marriage_with Gallant during 3 years) Occurrent_part_of Goofus's life) ⊓ ((Goofus Marriage_with Gallant during 3 years) Occurrent_part_of Gallant's life) - + Answer: Goofus participates in marriage at t1 and Galland participates in marriage at t1. + + Goofus is an instance_of object + Gallant is an instance_of object + Marriage is an instance_of occurrent + “Three years span 1” is an instance_of one-dimensional temporal region. 4. Using the language of First-Order Logic, represent the following natural language expressions; you are welcome to introduce new terms where needed: (a) Sally has an arm Tuesday but does not have an arm Wednesday. - - + ∃x (Tx ∧ ∃y (Hsy∧Ay)) ∧ ∃x (Wx ∧ ~∃y(Hsy∧Ay)) + T: Tuesday + H: has + A: arm + W: Wednesday + s: Sally + (b) Every liver has some cell as part at all times it exists. + + + (c) John was a child, then an adult, then a senior. + + + (d) Goofus and Gallant have been married for three years; for each day of that span, it is true to assert they are married. From e7fb28ef5d8a27ff14c72a85f332fc73bc908562 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 11 Mar 2023 18:16:16 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 10/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 21 ++++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 20 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 54c5b065..545b7597 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -108,6 +108,7 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: Gallant is an instance_of object Marriage is an instance_of occurrent “Three years span 1” is an instance_of one-dimensional temporal region. + Goofus and Gallant may be not married to each other. 4. Using the language of First-Order Logic, represent the following natural language expressions; you are welcome to introduce new terms where needed: @@ -122,13 +123,31 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (b) Every liver has some cell as part at all times it exists. - + ∀x∃y(Lx→Cy∧Pyx) + L: liver + C: cell + P: part of (c) John was a child, then an adult, then a senior. + j = John + E (x, y) = being earlier than + C (x, t) = being a child at t + A (x, t) = being an adult at t + S (x, t) = being a senior at t + O (t2, t3)= t2 overlaps t3. + ∃t1∃t2∃t3 (C (j, t1) ∧ A (J, t2) ∧ S(J, t3) ∧ E (t1, t2) ∧ E (t2, t3)) ∧ ¬ O (t2, t3)) (d) Goofus and Gallant have been married for three years; for each day of that span, it is true to assert they are married. + + M(x, t) = being married at t + Y(t) = belongs to 3 year span 1 + g1 = Goofus + g2 = Gallant + D(t) = t is a day + + ∀t(D(t) ∧ Y(t)→(M(g1,t) ∧ M(g2,t))) 5. Using BFO and RO, model the following scenario: the content of an rdf file is represented in two serializations - one in Turtle, one in XML - which are sent from one computer to two distinct computers on the same network. From bb8cedcabca706600ed05401502db1ef870dbd98 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 11 Mar 2023 18:18:33 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 11/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 8 ++++---- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 545b7597..0413b6e9 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -173,19 +173,19 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (e) The trunk of a minivan - Fiat_objecty_part + instance of Fiat_objecty_part (f) Occupation - History + instance of Role (g) Ocean - Object + instance of Site (h) Lake - Object + instance of Site 7. True or False; explain your answers: From f78af19c1565d5b5c085463598270ebc196757c6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 11 Mar 2023 20:39:56 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 12/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 23 +++++++++++++---------- 1 file changed, 13 insertions(+), 10 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 0413b6e9..0ae1b2b3 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -191,37 +191,40 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (a) An instance of Material Entity can have an instance of Immaterial Entity as part. - True. Mike's soul is continuant_part_of Mike - + True. For example, Mike's soul, which is an instance of Immaterial Entity, is continuant_part_of Mike. Also, according to Smith (textbook), + “Immaterial entities listed under 1. (boundaries and sites) are in some cases continuant parts of their material” (p. 108). + (b) An instance of Immaterial Entity can have an instance of Material Entity as part. - + False. (c) An organization may have another organization as part. - True. Constitutional law court is continuant_part_of Courts in some countries. + True. For example, a college can have a law school as its part. (d) An organization may have no members as part. - True. + True. If a club, say chess club in a school is viewed as a role, the chess club could lose all its members while still being recognized by the school. (e) Any site is partially bounded by some instance of Material Entity. - No. Sites are bounded by other sites, which are not material entities. + False. If a space is surround by other spaces, the boundaries are not material entities. (f) A book placed under the leg of a wobbly table has acquired a new function. - No. Because function is subProperty of disposition, and there should be physical change involved. + False. Because function is subProperty of disposition, and there should be physical change (makeup)involved. + The book did not gain a new function: it had already had the function. (g) A glass vase cushioned with packing material for all time, has the disposition to break. - Yes. + True, since dispositions are in virtue of the bearer’s physical make-up. (h) Spacetime is a class in BFO. - No, if spacetime is just a reference system. + False. Spacetime is just a reference system. (i) The continuant fiat boundary class of BFO is closed, meaning, there are no subclasses beyond those identified presently in BFO. + False. 8. Model the following scenario in BFO, introducing whatever terms are needed to do so: John runs for 3 hours, startin slowly, speeding up during the middle, then ending the run at a slower pace. @@ -229,4 +232,4 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: 9. The Pellet reasoner in Protege can be used in an incremental reasoning strategy. ELI5 when and why one should use Pellet for incremental reasoning. 10. Protege reasoners will not allow you to combine certain properties, e.g. reflexivity and transitivity. If you attempt to assert such pairs of the same object property, then run the reasoner, nothing will happen. If you combine such properties while a reasoner is running, then ask to synchronize the reasoner, an error will be thrown. Provide a table or series of tables illustrating which pairs of properties cannot be combined in Protege, either because nothing happens when the reasoenr is run or because an error is thrown when synchronizing a reasoner after making such changes. Review the github docs on [creating tables in markdown](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/working-with-advanced-formatting/organizing-information-with-tables). -11. + From 8a8f183295751c7b0efa6a777e323ebc6b5a2f38 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sat, 11 Mar 2023 21:30:09 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 13/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 32 insertions(+) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 0ae1b2b3..a6a2bee6 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -233,3 +233,35 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: 10. Protege reasoners will not allow you to combine certain properties, e.g. reflexivity and transitivity. If you attempt to assert such pairs of the same object property, then run the reasoner, nothing will happen. If you combine such properties while a reasoner is running, then ask to synchronize the reasoner, an error will be thrown. Provide a table or series of tables illustrating which pairs of properties cannot be combined in Protege, either because nothing happens when the reasoenr is run or because an error is thrown when synchronizing a reasoner after making such changes. Review the github docs on [creating tables in markdown](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/working-with-advanced-formatting/organizing-information-with-tables). +``` +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +pairwise | Functional | InverseFun | Transitiv | Symmetric | Asymmetric | Reflexive | Irreflexive | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Functional | | Y | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +InverseFun | Y | | N | Y | Y | Y | Y | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Transitive | N | N | | Y | N | Y | N | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Symmetric | Y | Y | Y | | N | Y | Y | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Asymmetric | Y | Y | N | N | | N | Y | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Reflexive | Y | Y | Y | Y | N | | N | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +Irreflexive| Y | Y | N | Y | Y | N | | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +``` + +Note: In the above table, there are 21 different possibilities of combinations in total. "Y" represents a case where a pair of object property characteristics can be combined, and "N" represents a case where a pair of object property characteristics cannot be combined. + +In short, there are 7 pairs cannot be combined. +Among them, Asymmetric & Reflexive, Asymmetric & Symmetric, Reflexive & Irreflexive cannot be combined because of the logically contradiction. +Transitive & Functional, Transitive & Inverse Functional, Transitive & Asymmetric, and Transitive & Irreflexive cannot be combined because the cases are beyond the capacity limit of the reasoner. + + + + + + From eeb9c53a6ef323b00e1044035dae1d99915c472c Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 12 Mar 2023 00:40:53 -0500 Subject: [PATCH 14/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 56 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 56 insertions(+) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index a6a2bee6..334d1092 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -152,6 +152,62 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: 5. Using BFO and RO, model the following scenario: the content of an rdf file is represented in two serializations - one in Turtle, one in XML - which are sent from one computer to two distinct computers on the same network. +```mermaid + +graph LR + +A([Computer a]) -- enable --> D([Data Transmission]) + +A -- instance_of--> E([Compter]) + +A --part_of-->F([Network 1]) + +B([Computer b])--instance_of-->E + +B--participate_in-->I([Data Reception]) + +B--part_of-->F + +C([Computer c])--instance_of-->E + +C--participate_in-->I + +C--part_of-->F + +D--ends_with-->I + +E--is_carrier_of-->K([XML Seriazation]) + +E--part_of-->J([Network]) + +E--is_a-->H([Object]) + +E--is_carrier_of-->L([Turtle Seriazation]) + +E--is_carrier_of-->G([RDF File Content]) + +F--instance_of-->J + +G--is_a-->N([Generally Dependent Continaunt]) + +G--has_model-->L([Turtle Seriazation]) + +G--has_model-->K + +J--is_a-->M([Object Aggregate]) + +L--is_a-->N + +K--is_a-->N + + +``` + +1. RDF File Content, Turtle and XML are all generically dependent continuants. RDF File Content has_model in Turtle and XML. And they are all carried by Computer. +2. Computer a enables the process of Data Transmission, which ends_with another process, Data Reception, which has computers b and c as participants. So this part is intended to show that there is some data (Turtle and XML) which are sent from Computers a to Computer b and c. +3. Computers a, b, and c are all parts_of network I, which is instance_of Object Aggregate. + +Note: this work was borrowed from Karl's example in the team work. 6. Using Protege, place these in the BFO hierarchy where you think they fit best: From 93622add1ad3e04ea475d9fa509b795af19df7af Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 12 Mar 2023 11:11:28 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 15/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 23 insertions(+), 23 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 334d1092..f80f6de5 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -19,13 +19,13 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (b) Transitive Answer: branching part of The definition says: x is a branching part of y if and only if x is part of y and x is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of y. - "branching part of" should be transitive because if a branching_part_of b and y branching_part_of c, then, first, a part_of b, and b part_of c, and second, a is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of b, and b is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of c. Since part_of(instance level) is transitive, so is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem, a branching_part_of c. + "branching part of" should be transitive because if a branching_part_of b and b branching_part_of c, then, first, a part_of b, and b part_of c, and second, a is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of b, and b is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem of c. Since part_of(instance level) is transitive, so is connected directly or indirectly to the main stem, a branching_part_of c. (c) Symmetric - Answer: aligned with - If x aligned_with y, x is at the same line with y. So, y is at the same line with x too. - Therefore, "aligned with" should be symmetric. + Answer: partially overlaps + The definition: x partially overlaps y iff there exists some z such that z is part of x and z is part of y, and it is also the case that neither x is part of y or y is part of x. As a result, in any case where x partially_overlaps y, there must be a z that is part_of both x and y in which z is not identical with x or y. Therefore for x, y, partially overlaps can be inverse applied, which means y necessarily partially_overlap x. + (d) Functional @@ -50,18 +50,19 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: Answer: aligned with In BFO and RO, the property "aligned with" is transitive, which means if a is aligned with b, and b is aligned with c, then a is aligned with c. In addition, aligned with can be applied to both occurrent entities, say processes, and continuant entities, such as individuals with blood relationships. - The counterexample can be the cases that involves possible worlds. For example, m is aligned with n in the actural world, and n is aligned with q in a possible world, then it may not be the case that m is aligned with q, say Many is aligned with Mike in blood relation, and Otto would be aligned with Mary in a possible world if Mary gave birth to Otto. Then Otto is not aligned with Mike. + The counterexample can be the cases that involves possible worlds. For example, m is aligned with n in the actural world, and n is aligned with q in a possible world, then it may not be the case that m is aligned with q. (c) Asymmetric Answer: has role in modeling. The definition: A relation between a biological, experimental, or computational artifact and an entity it is used to study, in virtue of its replicating or approximating features of the studied entity. - If the declared characteristic of an artifact x is universally declared to be asymmetric to an entity y, then it follows that there are no such cases where the relationship between artifact x and entity y is symmetric. But it is possible that an artifact x's relation to entity y may be in some cases symmetric. - + If a relational quality between artifact x and y is asymmetric per se, then it follows that there are no such cases where the relationship between artifact x and entity y is symmetric. But it is possible that an artifact x's relation to entity y may be in some cases symmetric. + + (d) Functional Answer: characteristic of - The definition: a relation between a spefically dependent continaunt (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. The RO "characteristic of" is functional, which means, if x is characteristic of y, there is only one bearer y for any x. However, for a given individual, the property "characteristic of" can have more values. Take the Moon as an example, not only cold is characteristic of the Moon, but round is also characteristic of the Moon. + The definition: a relation between a spefically dependent continaunt (the characteristic) and any other entity (the bearer), in which the characteristic depends on the bearer for its existence. The RO "characteristic of" is functional, which means, if x is characteristic of y, there is only one bearer y for any x. However, for a given characteristic, there can be more than one bearer. (e) Inverse Functional @@ -74,7 +75,7 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (a) Sally has an arm Tuesday but does not have an arm Wednesday. - Answer: Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday precedes Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday + Answer: "Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday" precedes "Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday" Sally is instance_of object Tuesday is instance_of one-dimensional temporal region @@ -95,10 +96,9 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: Answer: John participates in childhood precedes John participates in adulthood which precedes John participates in seniorhood John is an instance_of object - childhood is an instance_of occurrent. - adulthood is an instance_of occurrent. - seniorhood is an instance_of occurrent. - ¬ (adulthood overlaps seniorhood) + John's childhood is an instance_of occurrent. + John's adulthood is an instance_of occurrent. + John's seniorhood is an instance_of occurrent. (d) Goofus and Gallant are married at each point in a three year span. @@ -135,9 +135,8 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: C (x, t) = being a child at t A (x, t) = being an adult at t S (x, t) = being a senior at t - O (t2, t3)= t2 overlaps t3. - ∃t1∃t2∃t3 (C (j, t1) ∧ A (J, t2) ∧ S(J, t3) ∧ E (t1, t2) ∧ E (t2, t3)) ∧ ¬ O (t2, t3)) + ∃t1∃t2∃t3 (C (j, t1) ∧ A (J, t2) ∧ S(J, t3) ∧ E (t1, t2) ∧ E (t2, t3)) (d) Goofus and Gallant have been married for three years; for each day of that span, it is true to assert they are married. @@ -213,15 +212,15 @@ Note: this work was borrowed from Karl's example in the team work. (a) Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier - instance_of Object + instance_of Generically_dependent_continuant (b) Chair of the UB Philosophy Department - instance_of Role + is_a Role (c) SARS-CoV-2 - instance_of Object/Creature + is_a Object, can also be a BFO: Deposition, if it is regarded as a disease. (d) Mexico City @@ -229,7 +228,7 @@ Note: this work was borrowed from Karl's example in the team work. (e) The trunk of a minivan - instance of Fiat_objecty_part + is_a Fiat_objecty_part (f) Occupation @@ -252,7 +251,7 @@ Note: this work was borrowed from Karl's example in the team work. (b) An instance of Immaterial Entity can have an instance of Material Entity as part. - False. + False. According to its definition in BFO, any immaterial entity contains no material entities as parts (Arp, Smith & Spear 2015: 107). (c) An organization may have another organization as part. @@ -277,11 +276,12 @@ Note: this work was borrowed from Karl's example in the team work. (h) Spacetime is a class in BFO. - False. Spacetime is just a reference system. + False. Spacetime is the whole of spatiotemporal regions (it can be a reference system), and the latter belongs to a BFO class: Spatiotemporal Region. (i) The continuant fiat boundary class of BFO is closed, meaning, there are no subclasses beyond those identified presently in BFO. - False. - + False. As its entry in BFO file says, Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all + possibilities. An example would be the mereological sum of two-dimensional continuant fiat boundary and a one-dimensional continuant fiat boundary + that doesn't overlap it. 8. Model the following scenario in BFO, introducing whatever terms are needed to do so: John runs for 3 hours, startin slowly, speeding up during the middle, then ending the run at a slower pace. From 5b654f116186b5db759269810d955895350e0bad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 12 Mar 2023 14:47:08 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 16/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 3 ++- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index f80f6de5..d4f7c39a 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (a) Sally has an arm Tuesday but does not have an arm Wednesday. - Answer: "Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday" precedes "Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday" + Answer: "Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday" and "Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday" Sally is instance_of object Tuesday is instance_of one-dimensional temporal region @@ -83,6 +83,7 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: Arm is an instance of fiat object part “Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday” is an instance of occurrent “Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday” is an instance of occurrent + We don't know whether Tuesday precedes Wednesday. (b) Every liver has some cell as part at all times it exists. From d57a1d24fdb11e4acea38d1cb000ccfef9dc4324 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 12 Mar 2023 14:58:46 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 17/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 5 +++++ 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index d4f7c39a..2f96e7b7 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -288,6 +288,11 @@ Note: this work was borrowed from Karl's example in the team work. 9. The Pellet reasoner in Protege can be used in an incremental reasoning strategy. ELI5 when and why one should use Pellet for incremental reasoning. +ChatGPT's answer +ELI5: Imagine you are playing with some building blocks to build a tower. Every time you add a block to the tower, you don't need to start building the tower from the beginning. You just need to add the new block on top of the tower. +In the same way, when we use Pellet to reason about an ontology, we don't need to start reasoning from the beginning every time we add new information to the ontology. Instead, Pellet remembers what it has already figured out and uses that knowledge to figure out what the new information means. This is kind of like adding a new block to the tower without starting from the beginning. Thus, Pellet is especially important for large, complex ontologies where re-computing all the results every time new information is added would take a long time. + + 10. Protege reasoners will not allow you to combine certain properties, e.g. reflexivity and transitivity. If you attempt to assert such pairs of the same object property, then run the reasoner, nothing will happen. If you combine such properties while a reasoner is running, then ask to synchronize the reasoner, an error will be thrown. Provide a table or series of tables illustrating which pairs of properties cannot be combined in Protege, either because nothing happens when the reasoenr is run or because an error is thrown when synchronizing a reasoner after making such changes. Review the github docs on [creating tables in markdown](https://docs.github.com/en/get-started/writing-on-github/working-with-advanced-formatting/organizing-information-with-tables). ``` From 43d0f623841cf4388f8d1b24ebbe8f9fa5ff4779 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 12 Mar 2023 17:03:15 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 18/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 85 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 85 insertions(+) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 2f96e7b7..8899985f 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -286,6 +286,91 @@ Note: this work was borrowed from Karl's example in the team work. 8. Model the following scenario in BFO, introducing whatever terms are needed to do so: John runs for 3 hours, startin slowly, speeding up during the middle, then ending the run at a slower pace. +```mermaid + +graph LR + +A([John])--instance_of-->K([Object]) + +A--has_characteristic_at_t3-->H([John's Average Speed 3]) + +A--has_characteristic_at_t2-->E([John's Average Speed 2]) + +A--has_characteristic_at_t1-->B([John's Average Speed 1]) + +A--participates_in-->C([John's Running]) + +B--decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to-->E + +B--instance_of-->L([Speed]) + +C--instance_of-->M([Running]) + +C--has_part-->I([John's Middle Stage]) + +C--starts_with-->N([John's Final Stage]) + +C--starts_at-->F([John's Beginning Stage]) + +C--occurs_in-->D([This Three Hours]) + +D--has_part-->O([T3]) + +D--has_part-->J([T2]) + +D--has_part-->G([T1]) + +D--instance_of-->Q([1-D Temporal Region]) + +E--increased_in_magnitude_relative_to-->H + +E--instance_of-->L + +F--precedes-->I + +G--occurs_in-->F + +F--is_a-->T([Process]) + +G--precedes-->J + +G--instance_of-->Q + +H--instance_of-->L + +I--has_part-->R([John's Acceleration]) + +I--is_a-->T + +I--precedes-->N + +I--occurs_in-->J + +J--precedes-->O + +J--instance_of-->Q + +K--has_characteristic-->P([Quality]) + +P--is_a-->L + +M--is_a-->T + +N--has_part-->S([John's Deceleration]) + +N--is_a-->T + +N--occurs_in-->O + +O--instance_of-->Q + +R--is_a-->T + +S--is_a-->T + +``` + + 9. The Pellet reasoner in Protege can be used in an incremental reasoning strategy. ELI5 when and why one should use Pellet for incremental reasoning. ChatGPT's answer From 5773a97c5366641037585647f80eeb5e26542fdc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 12 Mar 2023 17:12:33 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 19/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 25 ++++++++++++++++++++++++- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 8899985f..39a11f31 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -312,7 +312,7 @@ C--starts_with-->N([John's Final Stage]) C--starts_at-->F([John's Beginning Stage]) -C--occurs_in-->D([This Three Hours]) +C--occurs_in-->D([This Three-hours]) D--has_part-->O([T3]) @@ -370,6 +370,29 @@ S--is_a-->T ``` +The above graph represents the following relations: + +John (as an Object) participates_in John’s Running (as a process). +John has_characteristic_at_t1 John’s Average Speed 1. +John has_characteristic_at_t2 John’s Average Speed 2. +John has_characteristic_at_t3 John’s Average Speed 3. +All of these speeds are instances of Quality. + +John’s running includes 3 temporal parts: +John’s Beginning Stage, John’s Middle Stage, and John’s Final Stage, each of which is a process. +John’s Beginning Stage precedes John’s Middle Stage which precedes John’s Final Stage. + +John’s running occurs_in This 3-hour, which is instance_of 1-D Temporal Region. +This 3-hour includes 3 temporal parts: T1, T2, and T3, each of which is also instance_of 1-D Temporal Region. Besides, T1 precedes T2, and T2 precedes T3. +John’s Beginning Stage occurs_in T1, John’s Middle Stage occurs_in T2, and John’s Final Stage occurs_in T3. + +Change in John’s speed: +John's Average Speed 1 is decreased_in_magnitude_relative_to John's Average Speed 2 (that is, speed 1＜speed 2) +John's Average Speed 2 is increased_in_magnitude_relative_to John's Average Speed 3 (that is, speed 2＞speed 3). +John's Middle Stage has_part John's Accelerating +John's Final Stage has_part John's Decelerating. +John’s Accelerating and John's Decelerating are both instances of Process. + 9. The Pellet reasoner in Protege can be used in an incremental reasoning strategy. ELI5 when and why one should use Pellet for incremental reasoning. From 2859ec998f0b246ddd95e38fc4330edac7e1952d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 12 Mar 2023 17:15:11 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 20/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 2 -- 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 39a11f31..c333412f 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -207,8 +207,6 @@ K--is_a-->N 2. Computer a enables the process of Data Transmission, which ends_with another process, Data Reception, which has computers b and c as participants. So this part is intended to show that there is some data (Turtle and XML) which are sent from Computers a to Computer b and c. 3. Computers a, b, and c are all parts_of network I, which is instance_of Object Aggregate. -Note: this work was borrowed from Karl's example in the team work. - 6. Using Protege, place these in the BFO hierarchy where you think they fit best: (a) Bach's Well-Tempered Clavier From 1d6ca36d111eadbb17060bced0a36959e3e4382d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Sun, 12 Mar 2023 21:22:53 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 21/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index c333412f..e613349b 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -258,7 +258,8 @@ K--is_a-->N (d) An organization may have no members as part. - True. If a club, say chess club in a school is viewed as a role, the chess club could lose all its members while still being recognized by the school. + True. If a club, say chess club in a school is viewed as a role, the chess club could lose all its members while still being recognized by + the school. (e) Any site is partially bounded by some instance of Material Entity. @@ -275,7 +276,8 @@ K--is_a-->N (h) Spacetime is a class in BFO. - False. Spacetime is the whole of spatiotemporal regions (it can be a reference system), and the latter belongs to a BFO class: Spatiotemporal Region. + False. Spacetime is the whole of spatiotemporal regions (it can be a reference system), and the latter belongs to a BFO class: + Spatiotemporal Region. (i) The continuant fiat boundary class of BFO is closed, meaning, there are no subclasses beyond those identified presently in BFO. False. As its entry in BFO file says, Continuant fiat boundary doesn't have a closure axiom because the subclasses don't necessarily exhaust all From eb1dd0535162f9c5f3ee3216bbe9697be79a3187 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 28 Apr 2023 16:14:11 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 22/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 13 +++++++++++-- 1 file changed, 11 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 5c7874fd..aa5aadde 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -81,8 +81,17 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: Tuesday is instance_of one-dimensional temporal region Wednesday is an instance of one-dimensional temporal region Arm is an instance of fiat object part - “Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday” is an instance of occurrent - “Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday” is an instance of occurrent + having at least on arm is instance_of process + having no arms is instance_of process + “Sally participates in having at least one arm” is + “Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday” is an relation connecting Sally, as an instance_of object, to having at least one + harm, an instance_of occurrent, and “Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday” is an relation connecting “Sally participates in + having at least one arm” to Tuesday, an instance of one-dimensional temporal region. + + “Sally participates in having no arms” is an relation connecting Sally, as an instance_of object, to having no harms, an instance + of occurrent, and “Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday” is an relation connecting “Sally participates in having no arms” to + Wednesday, an instance of one-dimensional temporal region. + We don't know whether Tuesday precedes Wednesday. (b) Every liver has some cell as part at all times it exists. From 5e2da2bda41ee994a457f00bc330cb6eac4a9663 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 28 Apr 2023 16:18:41 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 23/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 4 ++-- 1 file changed, 2 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index aa5aadde..8dd594fa 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -83,8 +83,8 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: Arm is an instance of fiat object part having at least on arm is instance_of process having no arms is instance_of process - “Sally participates in having at least one arm” is - “Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday” is an relation connecting Sally, as an instance_of object, to having at least one + + “Sally participates in having at least one arm” is an relation connecting Sally, as an instance_of object, to having at least one harm, an instance_of occurrent, and “Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday” is an relation connecting “Sally participates in having at least one arm” to Tuesday, an instance of one-dimensional temporal region. From cc1cba7185bf9573b82e423a13dc6d091e5b0fc0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 28 Apr 2023 17:01:29 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 24/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 11 +++++++---- 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index 8dd594fa..a559cd06 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -75,7 +75,7 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (a) Sally has an arm Tuesday but does not have an arm Wednesday. - Answer: "Sally participates in having at least one arm on Tuesday" and "Sally participates in having no arms on Wednesday" + Answer: "Sally participates_in having at least one arm on Tuesday" and "Sally participates_in having no arms on Wednesday" Sally is instance_of object Tuesday is instance_of one-dimensional temporal region @@ -98,17 +98,20 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: Answer: Liver has_part_at_all_times Cell - Liver is a class in Uberon (UBERON_0002107), which is a subclass of material entity. - We have already had Cell in the Ontology. + Liver is a class in Uberon (UBERON_0002107), which is a subclass of material entity. Cell is also a subclass of material entity. has_part_at_all_time + is a temporal qualified relation, which connect two continuants, meaning that the latter is a spatial part of the former at all time when the former + exists. (c) John was a child, then an adult, then a senior. - Answer: John participates in childhood precedes John participates in adulthood which precedes John participates in seniorhood + Answer: John participates_in john's childhood precedes John participates_in John's adulthood which precedes John participates_in John's seniorhood John is an instance_of object John's childhood is an instance_of occurrent. John's adulthood is an instance_of occurrent. John's seniorhood is an instance_of occurrent. + precedes is a relation connecting two occurrents, in which the former precedes the latter. + (d) Goofus and Gallant are married at each point in a three year span. From 454675b3ab56f2f9fa138e31661abc044a4cef7f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 28 Apr 2023 17:15:46 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 25/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 27 ++++++++++++++++++++++----- 1 file changed, 22 insertions(+), 5 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index a559cd06..a901caad 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -115,19 +115,36 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (d) Goofus and Gallant are married at each point in a three year span. - Answer: Goofus participates in marriage at t1 and Galland participates in marriage at t1. + Answer: + Model 1, Goofus and Gallant are married with each other at each point in a three year span. + Goofus participates_in this Marriage at t1 and Galland participates_in this Marriage at t1, where t1 part_of this Three-year Goofus is an instance_of object Gallant is an instance_of object - Marriage is an instance_of occurrent - “Three years span 1” is an instance_of one-dimensional temporal region. - Goofus and Gallant may be not married to each other. + this Marriage is an instance_of occurrent + this Three-year is an instance_of one-dimensional temporal region + t1 is instance_of zero-dimensional temporal region + + Model 2, Goofus and Gallant are married but may not married with each other at each point in a three year span. + Goofus participates_in this Marriage_1 at t1 and Galland participates_in this Marriage_2 at t1, where t1 part_of this Three-year + + Goofus is an instance_of object + Gallant is an instance_of object + this Marriage_1 is an instance_of occurrent + this Marriage_2 is an instance_of occurrent + this Three-year is an instance_of one-dimensional temporal region + t1 is instance_of zero-dimensional temporal region. + + + t part_of this Three-year so that: Goofus (individual) participates_in this Marriage (process) at all t, and Gallant also participates_in this Marriage (process) at all t. + + 4. Using the language of First-Order Logic, represent the following natural language expressions; you are welcome to introduce new terms where needed: (a) Sally has an arm Tuesday but does not have an arm Wednesday. - ∃x (Tx ∧ ∃y (Hsy∧Ay)) ∧ ∃x (Wx ∧ ~∃y(Hsy∧Ay)) + ∃x (Tx ∧ ∃y (Hsy∧Ay)) ∧ ∃x (Wx ∧ ∃y(~Hsy∧Ay)) T: Tuesday H: has A: arm From fd6a1ad78b2e3be66cd523a47e16863f3d249fad Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Jieming <123851348+Jiemingy@users.noreply.github.com> Date: Fri, 28 Apr 2023 17:23:54 -0400 Subject: [PATCH 26/26] Update README.md --- Project-3/README.md | 6 ++++-- 1 file changed, 4 insertions(+), 2 deletions(-) diff --git a/Project-3/README.md b/Project-3/README.md index a901caad..d8e9f769 100644 --- a/Project-3/README.md +++ b/Project-3/README.md @@ -153,10 +153,12 @@ For any question involving the use of Protege, please be sure to import: (b) Every liver has some cell as part at all times it exists. - ∀x∃y(Lx→Cy∧Pyx) + ∀y∃x(Ly→Cx∧Pyx) L: liver C: cell - P: part of + P: has_part_at_all_time + + (c) John was a child, then an adult, then a senior.