diff --git a/.github/workflows/build.yml b/.github/workflows/build.yml
index 0c732e3257..e76f8eafa8 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build.yml
@@ -31,11 +31,16 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
-          node-version: 20.x
+          node-version: 22.x
           cache: "npm"
           cache-dependency-path: |
             package-lock.json
             examples/**/package-lock.json
+      # go needed for fake_gcs_server used by the javascript tests
+      - name: Setup go
+        uses: actions/setup-go@v5
+        with:
+          go-version: "stable"
       - run: npm install
       - run: npm run format:fix
       - name: Check for dirty working directory
@@ -54,7 +59,6 @@ jobs:
       - run: npm run build-package
       - run: npm publish --dry-run
         working-directory: dist/package
-      - uses: ./.github/actions/setup-firefox
       - name: Run JavaScript tests (including WebGL)
         run: npm test
         if: ${{ runner.os != 'macOS' }}
@@ -99,7 +103,7 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
-          node-version: 20.x
+          node-version: 22.x
       - name: Set up Python ${{ matrix.python-version }}
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
@@ -146,7 +150,7 @@ jobs:
           fetch-depth: 0
       - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
-          node-version: 20.x
+          node-version: 22.x
           cache: "npm"
       - name: Set up Python
         uses: actions/setup-python@v5
@@ -221,7 +225,7 @@ jobs:
       - name: Use Node.js
         uses: actions/setup-node@v4
         with:
-          node-version: 20.x
+          node-version: 22.x
           registry-url: "https://registry.npmjs.org"
       - uses: actions/download-artifact@v4
         with:
diff --git a/.github/workflows/build_preview.yml b/.github/workflows/build_preview.yml
index 9dcac7d1e1..7a6c997612 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/build_preview.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/build_preview.yml
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ jobs:
     strategy:
       matrix:
         node-version:
-          - "20.x"
+          - "22.x"
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
 
     steps:
diff --git a/.prettierignore b/.prettierignore
index 42541345da..1a4619071f 100644
--- a/.prettierignore
+++ b/.prettierignore
@@ -1,9 +1,12 @@
 /templates/
 /python/
 /third_party/jpgjs/jpg.js
-/testdata/*.json
+/testdata/**/*.json
+zarr.json
 .parcel-cache
 dist
 /lib
 /docs/_build/
 /.ruff_cache
+package.json
+package-lock.json
diff --git a/build_tools/build-package.ts b/build_tools/build-package.ts
index f95d924f98..7a2133f807 100644
--- a/build_tools/build-package.ts
+++ b/build_tools/build-package.ts
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ async function buildPackage(options: {
     outbase: srcDir,
     bundle: false,
     outdir: libDir,
+    target: "es2022",
   });
 
   let compilerOptionsFromConfigFile: ts.CompilerOptions = {};
diff --git a/build_tools/update-conditions.ts b/build_tools/update-conditions.ts
index 873829e161..25e0891f9d 100644
--- a/build_tools/update-conditions.ts
+++ b/build_tools/update-conditions.ts
@@ -17,70 +17,100 @@ const imports: Record<string, any> = {};
 imports["#src/third_party/jpgjs/jpg.js"] = "./src/third_party/jpgjs/jpg.js";
 imports["#src/*.js"] = "./src/*.ts";
 imports["#src/*"] = "./src/*";
+imports["#tests/fixtures/msw"] = {
+  node: "./tests/fixtures/msw_node.ts",
+  default: "./tests/fixtures/msw_browser.ts",
+};
+imports["#tests/fixtures/gl"] = {
+  node: "./tests/fixtures/gl_node.ts",
+  default: "./tests/fixtures/gl_browser.ts",
+};
+imports["#tests/*.js"] = "./tests/*.ts";
 imports["#testdata/*"] = "./testdata/*";
 
-const datasourceDir = path.resolve(rootDir, "src", "datasource");
-const layerDir = path.resolve(rootDir, "src", "layer");
-
-const datasources = (
-  await fs.promises.readdir(datasourceDir, { withFileTypes: true })
-)
-  .filter((e) => e.isDirectory())
-  .map((e) => e.name);
-
-const layers = (await fs.promises.readdir(layerDir, { withFileTypes: true }))
-  .filter((e) => e.isDirectory())
-  .map((e) => e.name);
-
-const datasourceKeys = {
-  backend: "backend",
-  async_computation: "async_computation",
-  register_default: "frontend",
-  register_credentials_provider: "frontend",
-} as const;
+async function listSubdirs(dir: string): Promise<string[]> {
+  return (await fs.promises.readdir(dir, { withFileTypes: true }))
+    .filter((e) => e.isDirectory())
+    .map((e) => e.name);
+}
 
-const datasourceModules = Object.fromEntries(
-  Object.values(datasourceKeys).map((key) => [key, new Array<string>()]),
-);
+async function writeModule(modulePath: string, imports: string[]) {
+  await fs.promises.writeFile(
+    modulePath,
+    "// DO NOT EDIT: Generated by config/update_conditions.ts\n" +
+      imports.map((name) => `import ${JSON.stringify(name)};\n`).join(""),
+    { encoding: "utf-8" },
+  );
+}
 
-for (const datasource of datasources) {
-  for (const [filePrefix, moduleKind] of Object.entries(datasourceKeys)) {
-    const sourcePrefix = `./src/datasource/${datasource}/${filePrefix}`;
-    if (
-      await fs.promises
-        .stat(path.resolve(rootDir, `${sourcePrefix}.ts`))
-        .catch(() => undefined)
-    ) {
-      const source = sourcePrefix + JS_EXT;
-      const conditions: Record<string, string> = {};
-      if (datasource === "python") {
-        conditions["neuroglancer/python"] = source;
-        conditions.default = NOOP;
-      } else {
-        if (filePrefix === "register_credentials_provider") {
-          conditions["neuroglancer/python"] = NOOP;
+async function handleDrivers(
+  kind: string,
+  moduleMap: Record<string, string[]>,
+) {
+  const driverDir = path.resolve(rootDir, "src", kind);
+  const drivers = await listSubdirs(driverDir);
+  const modules: Record<string, string[]> = {};
+  for (const driver of drivers) {
+    for (const [filePrefix, moduleKinds] of Object.entries(moduleMap)) {
+      const sourcePrefix = `./src/${kind}/${driver}/${filePrefix}`;
+      if (
+        await fs.promises
+          .stat(path.resolve(rootDir, `${sourcePrefix}.ts`))
+          .catch(() => undefined)
+      ) {
+        const source = sourcePrefix + JS_EXT;
+        const conditions: Record<string, string> = {};
+        if (driver === "python") {
+          conditions["neuroglancer/python"] = source;
+          conditions.default = NOOP;
+        } else {
+          if (filePrefix === "register_credentials_provider") {
+            conditions["neuroglancer/python"] = NOOP;
+          }
+          conditions[`neuroglancer/${kind}/${driver}:enabled`] = source;
+          conditions[`neuroglancer/${kind}:none_by_default`] = NOOP;
+          conditions[`neuroglancer/${kind}/${driver}:disabled`] = NOOP;
+          conditions.default = source;
+        }
+        let moduleId = `#${kind}/${driver}`;
+        if (filePrefix !== "index") {
+          moduleId += `/${filePrefix}`;
+        }
+        imports[moduleId] = conditions;
+        for (const moduleKind of moduleKinds) {
+          if (modules[moduleKind] === undefined) {
+            modules[moduleKind] = [];
+          }
+          modules[moduleKind].push(moduleId);
         }
-        conditions[`neuroglancer/datasource/${datasource}:enabled`] = source;
-        conditions["neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default"] = NOOP;
-        conditions[`neuroglancer/datasource/${datasource}:disabled`] = source;
-        conditions.default = source;
       }
-      const moduleId = `#datasource/${datasource}/${filePrefix}`;
-      imports[moduleId] = conditions;
-      datasourceModules[moduleKind].push(moduleId);
     }
   }
+  for (const [moduleKind, moduleIds] of Object.entries(modules)) {
+    await writeModule(
+      path.resolve(driverDir, `enabled_${moduleKind}_modules.ts`),
+      moduleIds,
+    );
+  }
 }
 
-for (const layer of layers) {
-  const source = `./src/layer/${layer}/index` + JS_EXT;
-  imports[`#layer/${layer}`] = {
-    [`neuroglancer/layer/${layer}:enabled`]: source,
-    "neuroglancer/layer:none_by_default": NOOP,
-    [`neuroglancer/layer/${layer}:enabled`]: source,
-    default: source,
-  };
-}
+await handleDrivers("datasource", {
+  backend: ["backend"],
+  async_computation: ["async_computation"],
+  register_default: ["frontend"],
+  register_credentials_provider: ["frontend"],
+});
+
+await handleDrivers("kvstore", {
+  register: ["frontend", "backend"],
+  register_frontend: ["frontend"],
+  register_backend: ["backend"],
+  register_credentials_provider: ["frontend"],
+});
+
+await handleDrivers("layer", {
+  index: ["frontend"],
+});
 
 // main entrypoint.
 imports["#main"] = {
@@ -94,32 +124,6 @@ imports["#python_integration_build"] = {
   default: NOOP,
 };
 
-async function writeModule(modulePath: string, imports: string[]) {
-  await fs.promises.writeFile(
-    modulePath,
-    "// DO NOT EDIT: Generated by config/update_conditions.ts\n" +
-      imports.map((name) => `import ${JSON.stringify(name)};\n`).join(""),
-    { encoding: "utf-8" },
-  );
-}
-
-for (const [moduleKind, moduleIds] of Object.entries(datasourceModules)) {
-  await writeModule(
-    path.resolve(
-      rootDir,
-      "src",
-      "datasource",
-      `enabled_${moduleKind}_modules.ts`,
-    ),
-    moduleIds,
-  );
-}
-
-await writeModule(
-  path.resolve(rootDir, "src", "layer", "enabled_frontend_modules.ts"),
-  layers.map((name) => `#layer/${name}`),
-);
-
 packageJson.imports = imports;
 
 packageJson.exports = {
diff --git a/build_tools/vitest/build_fake_gcs_server.ts b/build_tools/vitest/build_fake_gcs_server.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2009ba7365
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_tools/vitest/build_fake_gcs_server.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { spawnSync } from "node:child_process";
+import fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import path from "node:path";
+
+export async function getFakeGcsServerBin(): Promise<string> {
+  const binDir = path.join(
+    import.meta.dirname,
+    "..",
+    "..",
+    "node_modules",
+    ".cache",
+    "gobin",
+  );
+  const serverBinPath =
+    path.join(binDir, "fake-gcs-server") +
+    (process.platform === "win32" ? ".exe" : "");
+  if (
+    !(await fs.access(serverBinPath).then(
+      () => true,
+      () => false,
+    ))
+  ) {
+    console.log("Building fake-gcs-server");
+    // Note: For unknown reasons, using `await promisify(spawn)` in place of
+    // `spawnSync` causes the vitest process to exit as soon as the child
+    // process completes.
+    spawnSync(
+      "go",
+      [
+        "install",
+        "github.com/fsouza/fake-gcs-server@3b3d059cbaade55b480196a51dedb7aa82ec2b0a",
+      ],
+      {
+        env: { ...process.env, GOBIN: binDir },
+        stdio: ["ignore", "inherit", "inherit"],
+      },
+    );
+    console.log("Done building fake-gcs-server");
+  }
+  return serverBinPath;
+}
diff --git a/build_tools/vitest/fake_ngauth_server.ts b/build_tools/vitest/fake_ngauth_server.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed0068b333
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_tools/vitest/fake_ngauth_server.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Fake ngauth server used for tests.
+
+import type { AddressInfo } from "node:net";
+import cookie from "cookie";
+import express from "express";
+
+const COOKIE_NAME = "ngauth_login";
+const COOKIE_VALUE = "fake_login";
+const TOKEN_VALUE = "fake_token";
+
+export interface FakeNgauthServer extends AsyncDisposable {
+  url: string;
+}
+
+export function startFakeNgauthServer(): Promise<FakeNgauthServer> {
+  const app = express();
+  app.use(express.json({ inflate: false, type: "*/*" }));
+  app.get("/login", (req, res) => {
+    const origin = (req.query.origin ?? "").toString();
+    res.contentType("text/html");
+    // Note: The real ngauth marks this cookie as http-only, but that prevents
+    // JavaScript from clearing it.
+    res.cookie(COOKIE_NAME, COOKIE_VALUE, { sameSite: "lax" });
+    const jsonToken = JSON.stringify({ token: TOKEN_VALUE });
+    const jsonOrigin = JSON.stringify(origin);
+    res.send(`
+<html>
+<body>
+<script>
+window.opener.postMessage(${jsonToken}, ${jsonOrigin});
+</script>
+</body>
+</html>
+`);
+  });
+  app.post("/token", (req, res) => {
+    const cookies = cookie.parse(req.headers.cookie ?? "");
+    const origin = req.headers.origin ?? "";
+    res.set("x-frame-options", "deny");
+    res.set("access-control-allow-origin", origin);
+    res.set("access-control-allow-credentials", "true");
+    res.set("vary", "origin");
+
+    if (cookies[COOKIE_NAME] === COOKIE_VALUE) {
+      res.contentType("text/plain");
+      res.send(TOKEN_VALUE);
+    } else {
+      res.status(401);
+      res.send();
+    }
+  });
+  app.post("/gcs_token", (req, res) => {
+    const origin = req.headers.origin ?? "";
+    res.set("access-control-allow-origin", origin);
+    res.set("vary", "origin");
+    const { body } = req;
+    if (
+      typeof body !== "object" ||
+      Array.isArray(body) ||
+      body.token !== TOKEN_VALUE
+    ) {
+      res.status(400);
+      res.send();
+    } else {
+      res.json({ token: "fake_gcs_token:" + body.bucket });
+    }
+  });
+  const server = app.listen(0, "localhost");
+  // Don't block node from exiting while this server is running.
+  server.unref();
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    server.on("error", reject);
+    server.on("listening", () => {
+      const port = (server.address() as AddressInfo).port;
+      resolve({
+        url: `http://localhost:${port}`,
+        [Symbol.asyncDispose]: () =>
+          new Promise<void>((resolve) => server.close(() => resolve())),
+      });
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/build_tools/vitest/polyfill-browser-globals-in-node.ts b/build_tools/vitest/polyfill-browser-globals-in-node.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4d2ce3452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_tools/vitest/polyfill-browser-globals-in-node.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+import { webcrypto } from "node:crypto";
+import type { JSDOM } from "jsdom";
+
+declare let jsdom: JSDOM;
+
+Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "crypto", {
+  value: webcrypto,
+});
+
+for (const name of [
+  /*"DOMParser", "XPathResult", "navigator"*/
+] as const) {
+  Object.defineProperty(globalThis, name, {
+    value: jsdom.window[name],
+  });
+}
diff --git a/build_tools/vitest/setup-crypto.ts b/build_tools/vitest/setup-crypto.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 65e56e55a2..0000000000
--- a/build_tools/vitest/setup-crypto.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,7 +0,0 @@
-// Polyfill for missing `crypto` in jsdom.
-
-import { webcrypto } from "node:crypto";
-
-Object.defineProperty(globalThis, "crypto", {
-  value: webcrypto,
-});
diff --git a/build_tools/vitest/test_data_server.ts b/build_tools/vitest/test_data_server.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cde0e7ce18
--- /dev/null
+++ b/build_tools/vitest/test_data_server.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type * as http from "node:http";
+import type { AddressInfo } from "node:net";
+import { createServer } from "http-server";
+
+export interface TestDataServer extends AsyncDisposable {
+  url: string;
+}
+
+export async function startTestDataServer(
+  rootDirectory: string,
+): Promise<TestDataServer> {
+  const server: http.Server = (
+    createServer({
+      root: rootDirectory,
+      cache: -1,
+      cors: true,
+    }) as any
+  ).server;
+  // Don't block node from exiting.
+  server.unref();
+  const serverUrl = await new Promise<string>((resolve, reject) => {
+    server.on("error", reject);
+    server.listen(0, "localhost", () => {
+      const port = (server.address() as AddressInfo).port;
+      resolve(`http://localhost:${port}/`);
+    });
+  });
+  console.log(`Serving ${rootDirectory} at ${serverUrl}`);
+  return {
+    url: serverUrl,
+    [Symbol.asyncDispose]: async () => {
+      await new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/eslint.config.js b/eslint.config.js
index e877f40fe4..a7c11e0791 100644
--- a/eslint.config.js
+++ b/eslint.config.js
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ export default tseslint.config(
         "error",
         {
           argsIgnorePattern: "^_",
+          varsIgnorePattern: "^_",
           ignoreRestSiblings: true,
         },
       ],
diff --git a/examples/parcel/parcel-project-built/package-lock.json b/examples/parcel/parcel-project-built/package-lock.json
index 52fdcccb14..5923e257ab 100644
--- a/examples/parcel/parcel-project-built/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/parcel/parcel-project-built/package-lock.json
@@ -23,7 +23,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -31,7 +32,7 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@babel/code-frame": {
diff --git a/examples/parcel/parcel-project-source/package-lock.json b/examples/parcel/parcel-project-source/package-lock.json
index 8142ea13f6..d948e32fbb 100644
--- a/examples/parcel/parcel-project-source/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/parcel/parcel-project-source/package-lock.json
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -30,38 +31,51 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@eslint/js": "^9.16.0",
-        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.6",
-        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.6",
+        "@eslint/js": "^9.18.0",
+        "@iodigital/vite-plugin-msw": "^2.0.0",
+        "@playwright/browser-chromium": "^1.49.1",
+        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.8",
+        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.8",
         "@types/codemirror": "5.60.15",
         "@types/gl-matrix": "^2.4.5",
+        "@types/http-server": "^0.12.4",
+        "@types/jsdom": "^21.1.7",
         "@types/lodash-es": "^4.17.12",
-        "@types/node": "^22.10.2",
+        "@types/node": "^22.10.7",
         "@types/nunjucks": "^3.2.6",
+        "@types/s3rver": "^3.7.4",
         "@types/yargs": "^17.0.33",
-        "@vitest/browser": "^2.1.8",
-        "@vitest/ui": "^2.1.8",
+        "@vitest/browser": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/ui": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/web-worker": "^3.0.2",
+        "cookie": "^1.0.2",
         "css-loader": "^7.1.2",
-        "esbuild": "^0.24.0",
-        "eslint": "^9.16.0",
+        "esbuild": "^0.24.2",
+        "eslint": "^9.18.0",
         "eslint-import-resolver-typescript": "^3.7.0",
         "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.31.0",
         "eslint-rspack-plugin": "^4.2.1",
-        "glob": "^11.0.0",
+        "express": "^4.21.2",
+        "glob": "^11.0.1",
+        "http-server": "^14.1.1",
+        "jsdom": "^26.0.0",
+        "msw": "^2.7.0",
         "nunjucks": "^3.2.4",
+        "playwright": "^1.49.1",
         "prettier": "3.4.2",
-        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.0.3",
+        "s3rver": "^3.7.1",
+        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.1.1",
         "tsx": "^4.19.2",
-        "typescript": "^5.7.2",
-        "typescript-eslint": "^8.18.0",
-        "vitest": "^2.1.8",
-        "webdriverio": "^9.4.1",
+        "typescript": "^5.7.3",
+        "typescript-eslint": "^8.20.0",
+        "vitest": "^3.0.2",
         "webpack-bundle-analyzer": "^4.10.2",
         "webpack-merge": "^6.0.1",
-        "yargs": "^17.7.2"
+        "yargs": "^17.7.2",
+        "yauzl": "^3.2.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@aashutoshrathi/word-wrap": {
@@ -733,6 +747,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "extract-zip": "2.0.1",
@@ -966,6 +982,8 @@
       "version": "5.6.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -977,6 +995,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "defer-to-connect": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -988,8 +1008,6 @@
       "version": "1.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6"
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@@ -997,7 +1015,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": {
       "version": "0.23.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/codemirror": {
       "version": "5.60.15",
@@ -1042,7 +1062,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/json-schema": {
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@@ -1088,12 +1110,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/which": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/ws": {
       "version": "8.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -1116,6 +1142,7 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -1275,6 +1302,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "@wdio/types": "8.32.2",
@@ -1292,6 +1321,8 @@
       "version": "8.28.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^5.1.2",
         "loglevel": "^1.6.0",
@@ -1306,6 +1337,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -1317,6 +1350,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.17.0 || ^14.13 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -1328,6 +1363,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
       },
@@ -1341,12 +1378,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/protocols": {
       "version": "8.32.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/repl": {
       "version": "8.24.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -1358,6 +1399,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -1369,6 +1412,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "^1.6.0",
         "@wdio/logger": "8.28.0",
@@ -1566,9 +1611,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/abab": {
       "version": "2.0.6",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/abbrev": {
       "version": "2.0.0",
@@ -1592,8 +1635,6 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
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         "acorn-walk": "^7.1.1"
@@ -1603,8 +1644,6 @@
       "version": "7.4.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "bin": {
         "acorn": "bin/acorn"
       },
@@ -1634,8 +1673,6 @@
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       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
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-      "peer": true,
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       }
@@ -1644,8 +1681,6 @@
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       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
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-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "4"
       },
@@ -1701,6 +1736,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "async": "^3.2.4",
@@ -1718,6 +1755,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
@@ -1734,6 +1773,8 @@
       "version": "8.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -1752,6 +1793,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1763,6 +1806,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1776,6 +1821,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1794,6 +1841,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "dequal": "^2.0.3"
       }
@@ -1933,6 +1982,8 @@
       "version": "0.13.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tslib": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1943,7 +1994,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/async": {
       "version": "3.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/async-limiter": {
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@@ -1978,7 +2031,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/b4a": {
       "version": "1.6.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/balanced-match": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
@@ -1988,13 +2043,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-fs": {
       "version": "2.1.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-events": "^2.0.0",
         "bare-os": "^2.0.0",
@@ -2006,13 +2063,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-path": {
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-os": "^2.1.0"
       }
@@ -2034,12 +2093,16 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/basic-ftp": {
       "version": "5.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       }
@@ -2055,6 +2118,8 @@
       "version": "1.6.52",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Unlicense",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.6"
       }
@@ -2063,6 +2128,8 @@
       "version": "0.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffers": "~0.1.1",
         "chainsaw": "~0.1.0"
@@ -2071,7 +2138,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/bluebird": {
       "version": "3.4.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/brace-expansion": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
@@ -2147,6 +2216,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10"
       }
@@ -2154,6 +2225,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/buffers": {
       "version": "0.1.1",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.2.0"
       }
@@ -2170,6 +2243,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       }
@@ -2178,6 +2253,8 @@
       "version": "10.2.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "get-stream": "^6.0.1",
@@ -2195,6 +2272,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -2269,6 +2348,8 @@
       "version": "0.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "traverse": ">=0.3.0 <0.4"
       }
@@ -2313,6 +2394,8 @@
       "version": "0.4.16",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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       },
@@ -2420,6 +2503,8 @@
       "version": "9.5.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || >=14"
       }
@@ -2428,6 +2513,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "crc32-stream": "^5.0.0",
@@ -2442,6 +2529,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -2483,11 +2572,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/core-util-is": {
       "version": "1.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/crc-32": {
       "version": "1.2.2",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "bin": {
         "crc32": "bin/crc32.njs"
@@ -2500,6 +2590,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "readable-stream": "^3.4.0"
@@ -2512,6 +2604,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -2525,6 +2619,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-fetch": "^2.6.12"
       }
@@ -2533,6 +2629,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "whatwg-url": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -2551,17 +2649,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/tr46": {
       "version": "0.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/whatwg-url": {
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "~0.0.3",
         "webidl-conversions": "^3.0.0"
@@ -2615,11 +2719,15 @@
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-shorthand-properties": {
       "version": "1.1.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-value": {
       "version": "0.0.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssesc": {
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@@ -2635,16 +2743,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle": {
       "version": "2.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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       },
@@ -2655,9 +2759,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle/node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/dashdash": {
       "version": "1.14.1",
@@ -2673,6 +2775,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 12"
       }
@@ -2681,8 +2785,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.2",
       "dev": true,
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-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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@@ -2696,8 +2798,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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       },
@@ -2709,8 +2809,6 @@
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       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
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       }
@@ -2719,8 +2817,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
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       }
@@ -2729,8 +2825,6 @@
       "version": "11.0.0",
       "dev": true,
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-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
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         "webidl-conversions": "^7.0.0"
@@ -2764,6 +2858,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -2774,14 +2870,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/decimal.js": {
       "version": "10.4.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/decompress-response": {
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "mimic-response": "^3.1.0"
       },
@@ -2796,6 +2892,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -2822,6 +2920,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16.0.0"
       }
@@ -2830,6 +2930,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       }
@@ -2867,6 +2969,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ast-types": "^0.13.4",
         "escodegen": "^2.1.0",
@@ -2887,6 +2991,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6"
       }
@@ -2907,7 +3013,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1262051",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/diff-sequences": {
       "version": "29.6.3",
@@ -2932,8 +3040,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
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-      "optional": true,
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@@ -2945,8 +3051,6 @@
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       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
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@@ -2960,6 +3064,8 @@
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       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.2"
       }
@@ -2980,6 +3086,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/which": "^2.0.1",
         "which": "^2.0.2"
@@ -2996,6 +3104,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -3012,6 +3122,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -3020,6 +3132,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -3081,6 +3195,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "once": "^1.4.0"
       }
@@ -4018,6 +4134,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.1.1",
         "get-stream": "^5.1.0",
@@ -4037,6 +4155,8 @@
       "version": "5.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -4061,7 +4181,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/fast-fifo": {
       "version": "1.3.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/fast-glob": {
       "version": "3.3.2",
@@ -4127,6 +4249,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-domexception": "^1.0.0",
         "web-streams-polyfill": "^3.0.3"
@@ -4235,8 +4359,6 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "asynckit": "^0.4.0",
         "combined-stream": "^1.0.8",
@@ -4250,6 +4372,8 @@
       "version": "2.1.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14.17"
       }
@@ -4258,6 +4382,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.2"
       },
@@ -4269,6 +4395,8 @@
       "version": "11.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
         "jsonfile": "^6.0.1",
@@ -4282,6 +4410,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -4309,6 +4439,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.1.2",
         "inherits": "~2.0.0",
@@ -4323,6 +4455,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.11",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
         "concat-map": "0.0.1"
@@ -4332,6 +4466,8 @@
       "version": "7.2.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -4351,6 +4487,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^1.1.7"
       },
@@ -4362,6 +4500,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "glob": "^7.1.3"
       },
@@ -4407,6 +4547,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MPL-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -4428,6 +4570,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -4439,6 +4583,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -4451,6 +4597,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -4463,6 +4611,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -4471,6 +4621,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -4515,6 +4667,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       },
@@ -4563,6 +4717,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "basic-ftp": "^5.0.2",
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^6.0.2",
@@ -4577,6 +4733,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14"
       }
@@ -4684,6 +4842,8 @@
       "version": "12.6.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@sindresorhus/is": "^5.2.0",
         "@szmarczak/http-timer": "^5.0.1",
@@ -4708,6 +4868,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -4723,7 +4885,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/grapheme-splitter": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/graphemer": {
       "version": "1.4.0",
@@ -4840,8 +5004,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "whatwg-encoding": "^1.0.5"
       },
@@ -4857,14 +5019,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.1.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/http-proxy-agent": {
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/once": "1",
         "agent-base": "6",
@@ -4891,6 +5053,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "quick-lru": "^5.1.1",
         "resolve-alpn": "^1.2.0"
@@ -4903,8 +5067,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "6",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -4959,7 +5121,9 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/ignore": {
       "version": "5.3.0",
@@ -5231,6 +5395,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "funding": {
         "type": "github",
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/wooorm"
@@ -5275,6 +5441,8 @@
       "version": "9.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "jsbn": "1.1.0",
         "sprintf-js": "^1.1.3"
@@ -5286,7 +5454,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/ip-address/node_modules/jsbn": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-array-buffer": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -5445,6 +5615,8 @@
       "version": "4.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -5466,9 +5638,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/is-potential-custom-element-name": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-regex": {
       "version": "1.1.4",
@@ -5676,8 +5846,6 @@
       "version": "17.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "abab": "^2.0.5",
         "acorn": "^8.4.1",
@@ -5757,6 +5925,8 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "universalify": "^2.0.0"
       },
@@ -5768,6 +5938,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -5807,6 +5979,8 @@
       "version": "0.33.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -5818,6 +5992,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.5"
       },
@@ -5912,7 +6088,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/listenercount": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loader-runner": {
       "version": "4.3.0",
@@ -5943,6 +6121,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.20",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "n12": "1.8.23",
         "type-fest": "2.13.0",
@@ -5953,6 +6133,8 @@
       "version": "2.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -5985,7 +6167,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.clonedeep": {
       "version": "4.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.merge": {
       "version": "4.6.2",
@@ -5999,12 +6183,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.zip": {
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel": {
       "version": "1.9.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.6.0"
       },
@@ -6016,7 +6204,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel-plugin-prefix": {
       "version": "0.8.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loupe": {
       "version": "2.3.7",
@@ -6030,6 +6220,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -6101,6 +6293,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -6139,12 +6333,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/mitt": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/mkdirp": {
       "version": "0.5.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimist": "^1.2.6"
       },
@@ -6179,7 +6377,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/n12": {
       "version": "1.8.23",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE"
+      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/nanoid": {
       "version": "3.3.7",
@@ -6214,6 +6414,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.4.0"
       }
@@ -6239,6 +6441,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.5.0"
       }
@@ -6247,6 +6451,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^4.0.0",
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.4",
@@ -6284,6 +6490,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10.0"
       }
@@ -6292,6 +6500,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -6313,9 +6523,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/nwsapi": {
       "version": "2.2.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/oauth-sign": {
       "version": "0.9.0",
@@ -6436,6 +6644,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       }
@@ -6472,6 +6682,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": "^0.23.0",
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
@@ -6490,6 +6702,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -6501,6 +6715,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -6513,6 +6729,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -6525,6 +6743,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "degenerator": "^5.0.0",
         "netmask": "^2.0.2"
@@ -6547,9 +6767,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/parse5": {
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/path-exists": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -6807,12 +7025,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/process-nextick-args": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/progress": {
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
       }
@@ -6825,6 +7047,8 @@
       "version": "6.4.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -6843,6 +7067,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -6854,6 +7080,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -6866,6 +7094,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -6878,6 +7108,8 @@
       "version": "7.18.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -6885,7 +7117,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/proxy-from-env": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/psl": {
       "version": "1.9.0",
@@ -6895,6 +7129,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "end-of-stream": "^1.1.0",
         "once": "^1.3.1"
@@ -6911,6 +7147,8 @@
       "version": "20.9.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "1.4.6",
         "chromium-bidi": "0.4.16",
@@ -6934,12 +7172,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1147663",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/ws": {
       "version": "8.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       },
@@ -6966,14 +7208,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/query-selector-shadow-dom": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/querystringify": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/queue-microtask": {
       "version": "1.2.3",
@@ -6997,12 +7239,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/queue-tick": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/quick-lru": {
       "version": "5.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -7029,6 +7275,8 @@
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "core-util-is": "~1.0.0",
         "inherits": "~2.0.3",
@@ -7042,17 +7290,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/isarray": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readdir-glob": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimatch": "^5.1.0"
       }
@@ -7061,6 +7315,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -7186,9 +7442,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/requires-port": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve": {
       "version": "1.22.8",
@@ -7209,7 +7463,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-alpn": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-from": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -7231,6 +7487,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "lowercase-keys": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -7245,6 +7503,8 @@
       "version": "1.11.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-deep-equal": "^2.0.1"
       }
@@ -7252,7 +7512,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resq/node_modules/fast-deep-equal": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/reusify": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
@@ -7266,7 +7528,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/rgb2hex": {
       "version": "0.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/rimraf": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -7381,7 +7645,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/safaridriver": {
       "version": "0.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/safe-array-concat": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
@@ -7446,8 +7712,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xmlchars": "^2.2.0"
       },
@@ -7501,6 +7765,8 @@
       "version": "11.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "type-fest": "^2.12.2"
       },
@@ -7552,7 +7818,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/setimmediate": {
       "version": "1.0.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/shallow-clone": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
@@ -7635,6 +7903,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6.0.0",
         "npm": ">= 3.0.0"
@@ -7644,6 +7914,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ip-address": "^9.0.5",
         "smart-buffer": "^4.2.0"
@@ -7657,6 +7929,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -7670,6 +7944,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -7709,6 +7985,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.x"
       }
@@ -7716,7 +7994,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/sprintf-js": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/sshpk": {
       "version": "1.18.0",
@@ -7762,6 +8042,8 @@
       "version": "2.15.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-fifo": "^1.1.0",
         "queue-tick": "^1.0.1"
@@ -7771,6 +8053,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "safe-buffer": "~5.1.0"
       }
@@ -7778,7 +8062,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/string_decoder/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/string-width": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
@@ -7982,6 +8268,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0",
         "tar-stream": "^3.1.5"
@@ -7995,6 +8283,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.7",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "b4a": "^1.6.4",
         "fast-fifo": "^1.2.0",
@@ -8070,7 +8360,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/through": {
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tinybench": {
       "version": "2.6.0",
@@ -8116,8 +8408,6 @@
       "version": "4.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "psl": "^1.1.33",
         "punycode": "^2.1.1",
@@ -8132,8 +8422,6 @@
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "punycode": "^2.1.1"
       },
@@ -8144,7 +8432,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/traverse": {
       "version": "0.3.9",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT/X11"
+      "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsconfig-paths": {
       "version": "3.15.0",
@@ -8171,7 +8461,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/tslib": {
       "version": "2.6.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "0BSD"
+      "license": "0BSD",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsx": {
       "version": "4.7.1",
@@ -8632,6 +8924,8 @@
       "version": "2.19.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -8735,6 +9029,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffer": "^5.2.1",
         "through": "^2.3.8"
@@ -8758,6 +9054,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "base64-js": "^1.3.1",
         "ieee754": "^1.1.13"
@@ -8772,8 +9070,6 @@
       "version": "0.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 4.0.0"
       }
@@ -8782,6 +9078,8 @@
       "version": "0.10.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "big-integer": "^1.6.17",
         "binary": "~0.3.0",
@@ -8837,8 +9135,6 @@
       "version": "1.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "querystringify": "^2.1.1",
         "requires-port": "^1.0.0"
@@ -8847,6 +9143,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/userhome": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.8.0"
       }
@@ -9092,8 +9390,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xml-name-validator": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -9105,6 +9401,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^4.1.2",
         "commander": "^9.3.0",
@@ -9135,6 +9433,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 8"
       }
@@ -9143,6 +9443,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@types/ws": "^8.5.3",
@@ -9164,6 +9466,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@wdio/config": "8.32.3",
@@ -9206,8 +9510,6 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.4"
       }
@@ -9402,8 +9704,6 @@
       "version": "9.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "^2.1.0",
         "webidl-conversions": "^6.1.0"
@@ -9597,9 +9897,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/xmlchars": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/xmldom": {
       "version": "0.1.31",
@@ -9687,6 +9985,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "compress-commons": "^5.0.1",
@@ -9700,6 +10000,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
diff --git a/examples/rsbuild/rsbuild-project-built/package-lock.json b/examples/rsbuild/rsbuild-project-built/package-lock.json
index b73b7b5a55..3c908105d8 100644
--- a/examples/rsbuild/rsbuild-project-built/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/rsbuild/rsbuild-project-built/package-lock.json
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@module-federation/runtime": {
diff --git a/examples/rsbuild/rsbuild-project-source/package-lock.json b/examples/rsbuild/rsbuild-project-source/package-lock.json
index cd2de996d0..60f9b77745 100644
--- a/examples/rsbuild/rsbuild-project-source/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/rsbuild/rsbuild-project-source/package-lock.json
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -28,38 +29,51 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@eslint/js": "^9.16.0",
-        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.6",
-        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.6",
+        "@eslint/js": "^9.18.0",
+        "@iodigital/vite-plugin-msw": "^2.0.0",
+        "@playwright/browser-chromium": "^1.49.1",
+        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.8",
+        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.8",
         "@types/codemirror": "5.60.15",
         "@types/gl-matrix": "^2.4.5",
+        "@types/http-server": "^0.12.4",
+        "@types/jsdom": "^21.1.7",
         "@types/lodash-es": "^4.17.12",
-        "@types/node": "^22.10.2",
+        "@types/node": "^22.10.7",
         "@types/nunjucks": "^3.2.6",
+        "@types/s3rver": "^3.7.4",
         "@types/yargs": "^17.0.33",
-        "@vitest/browser": "^2.1.8",
-        "@vitest/ui": "^2.1.8",
+        "@vitest/browser": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/ui": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/web-worker": "^3.0.2",
+        "cookie": "^1.0.2",
         "css-loader": "^7.1.2",
-        "esbuild": "^0.24.0",
-        "eslint": "^9.16.0",
+        "esbuild": "^0.24.2",
+        "eslint": "^9.18.0",
         "eslint-import-resolver-typescript": "^3.7.0",
         "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.31.0",
         "eslint-rspack-plugin": "^4.2.1",
-        "glob": "^11.0.0",
+        "express": "^4.21.2",
+        "glob": "^11.0.1",
+        "http-server": "^14.1.1",
+        "jsdom": "^26.0.0",
+        "msw": "^2.7.0",
         "nunjucks": "^3.2.4",
+        "playwright": "^1.49.1",
         "prettier": "3.4.2",
-        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.0.3",
+        "s3rver": "^3.7.1",
+        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.1.1",
         "tsx": "^4.19.2",
-        "typescript": "^5.7.2",
-        "typescript-eslint": "^8.18.0",
-        "vitest": "^2.1.8",
-        "webdriverio": "^9.4.1",
+        "typescript": "^5.7.3",
+        "typescript-eslint": "^8.20.0",
+        "vitest": "^3.0.2",
         "webpack-bundle-analyzer": "^4.10.2",
         "webpack-merge": "^6.0.1",
-        "yargs": "^17.7.2"
+        "yargs": "^17.7.2",
+        "yauzl": "^3.2.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@aashutoshrathi/word-wrap": {
@@ -731,6 +745,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "4.3.4",
         "extract-zip": "2.0.1",
@@ -964,6 +980,8 @@
       "version": "5.6.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -975,6 +993,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "defer-to-connect": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -986,8 +1006,6 @@
       "version": "1.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6"
       }
@@ -995,7 +1013,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": {
       "version": "0.23.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/codemirror": {
       "version": "5.60.15",
@@ -1040,7 +1060,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/json-schema": {
       "version": "7.0.15",
@@ -1086,12 +1108,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/which": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/ws": {
       "version": "8.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -1114,6 +1140,7 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -1273,6 +1300,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "8.28.0",
         "@wdio/types": "8.32.2",
@@ -1290,6 +1319,8 @@
       "version": "8.28.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^5.1.2",
         "loglevel": "^1.6.0",
@@ -1304,6 +1335,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -1315,6 +1348,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.17.0 || ^14.13 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -1326,6 +1361,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
       },
@@ -1339,12 +1376,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/protocols": {
       "version": "8.32.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/repl": {
       "version": "8.24.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -1356,6 +1397,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -1367,6 +1410,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "^1.6.0",
         "@wdio/logger": "8.28.0",
@@ -1564,9 +1609,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/abab": {
       "version": "2.0.6",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/abbrev": {
       "version": "2.0.0",
@@ -1590,8 +1633,6 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "acorn": "^7.1.1",
         "acorn-walk": "^7.1.1"
@@ -1601,8 +1642,6 @@
       "version": "7.4.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "bin": {
         "acorn": "bin/acorn"
       },
@@ -1632,8 +1671,6 @@
       "version": "7.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
       }
@@ -1642,8 +1679,6 @@
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "4"
       },
@@ -1699,6 +1734,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "async": "^3.2.4",
@@ -1716,6 +1753,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "glob": "^8.0.0",
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
@@ -1732,6 +1771,8 @@
       "version": "8.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -1750,6 +1791,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1761,6 +1804,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1774,6 +1819,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1792,6 +1839,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "dequal": "^2.0.3"
       }
@@ -1931,6 +1980,8 @@
       "version": "0.13.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tslib": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1941,7 +1992,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/async": {
       "version": "3.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/async-limiter": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
@@ -1976,7 +2029,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/b4a": {
       "version": "1.6.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/balanced-match": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
@@ -1986,13 +2041,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-fs": {
       "version": "2.1.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-events": "^2.0.0",
         "bare-os": "^2.0.0",
@@ -2004,13 +2061,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-path": {
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-os": "^2.1.0"
       }
@@ -2032,12 +2091,16 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/basic-ftp": {
       "version": "5.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       }
@@ -2053,6 +2116,8 @@
       "version": "1.6.52",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Unlicense",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.6"
       }
@@ -2061,6 +2126,8 @@
       "version": "0.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffers": "~0.1.1",
         "chainsaw": "~0.1.0"
@@ -2069,7 +2136,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/bluebird": {
       "version": "3.4.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/brace-expansion": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
@@ -2145,6 +2214,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10"
       }
@@ -2152,6 +2223,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/buffers": {
       "version": "0.1.1",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.2.0"
       }
@@ -2168,6 +2241,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       }
@@ -2176,6 +2251,8 @@
       "version": "10.2.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/http-cache-semantics": "^4.0.2",
         "get-stream": "^6.0.1",
@@ -2193,6 +2270,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -2267,6 +2346,8 @@
       "version": "0.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "traverse": ">=0.3.0 <0.4"
       }
@@ -2311,6 +2392,8 @@
       "version": "0.4.16",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "mitt": "3.0.0"
       },
@@ -2418,6 +2501,8 @@
       "version": "9.5.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || >=14"
       }
@@ -2426,6 +2511,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "crc-32": "^1.2.0",
         "crc32-stream": "^5.0.0",
@@ -2440,6 +2527,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -2481,11 +2570,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/core-util-is": {
       "version": "1.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/crc-32": {
       "version": "1.2.2",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "bin": {
         "crc32": "bin/crc32.njs"
@@ -2498,6 +2588,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "crc-32": "^1.2.0",
         "readable-stream": "^3.4.0"
@@ -2510,6 +2602,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -2523,6 +2617,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-fetch": "^2.6.12"
       }
@@ -2531,6 +2627,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "whatwg-url": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -2549,17 +2647,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/tr46": {
       "version": "0.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/whatwg-url": {
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "~0.0.3",
         "webidl-conversions": "^3.0.0"
@@ -2613,11 +2717,15 @@
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-shorthand-properties": {
       "version": "1.1.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-value": {
       "version": "0.0.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssesc": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
@@ -2633,16 +2741,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle": {
       "version": "2.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "cssom": "~0.3.6"
       },
@@ -2653,9 +2757,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle/node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/dashdash": {
       "version": "1.14.1",
@@ -2671,6 +2773,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 12"
       }
@@ -2679,8 +2783,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "abab": "^2.0.6",
         "whatwg-mimetype": "^3.0.0",
@@ -2694,8 +2796,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "punycode": "^2.1.1"
       },
@@ -2707,8 +2807,6 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -2717,8 +2815,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -2727,8 +2823,6 @@
       "version": "11.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "^3.0.0",
         "webidl-conversions": "^7.0.0"
@@ -2762,6 +2856,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -2772,14 +2868,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/decimal.js": {
       "version": "10.4.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/decompress-response": {
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "mimic-response": "^3.1.0"
       },
@@ -2794,6 +2890,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -2820,6 +2918,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16.0.0"
       }
@@ -2828,6 +2928,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       }
@@ -2865,6 +2967,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ast-types": "^0.13.4",
         "escodegen": "^2.1.0",
@@ -2885,6 +2989,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6"
       }
@@ -2905,7 +3011,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1262051",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/diff-sequences": {
       "version": "29.6.3",
@@ -2930,8 +3038,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "webidl-conversions": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -2943,8 +3049,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=8"
       }
@@ -2958,6 +3062,8 @@
       "version": "0.1.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.2"
       }
@@ -2978,6 +3084,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/which": "^2.0.1",
         "which": "^2.0.2"
@@ -2994,6 +3102,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -3010,6 +3120,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -3018,6 +3130,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -3079,6 +3193,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "once": "^1.4.0"
       }
@@ -4016,6 +4132,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.1.1",
         "get-stream": "^5.1.0",
@@ -4035,6 +4153,8 @@
       "version": "5.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -4059,7 +4179,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/fast-fifo": {
       "version": "1.3.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/fast-glob": {
       "version": "3.3.2",
@@ -4125,6 +4247,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-domexception": "^1.0.0",
         "web-streams-polyfill": "^3.0.3"
@@ -4233,8 +4357,6 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "asynckit": "^0.4.0",
         "combined-stream": "^1.0.8",
@@ -4248,6 +4370,8 @@
       "version": "2.1.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14.17"
       }
@@ -4256,6 +4380,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.2"
       },
@@ -4267,6 +4393,8 @@
       "version": "11.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
         "jsonfile": "^6.0.1",
@@ -4280,6 +4408,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -4307,6 +4437,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.1.2",
         "inherits": "~2.0.0",
@@ -4321,6 +4453,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.11",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
         "concat-map": "0.0.1"
@@ -4330,6 +4464,8 @@
       "version": "7.2.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -4349,6 +4485,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^1.1.7"
       },
@@ -4360,6 +4498,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "glob": "^7.1.3"
       },
@@ -4405,6 +4545,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MPL-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -4426,6 +4568,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -4437,6 +4581,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -4449,6 +4595,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -4461,6 +4609,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -4469,6 +4619,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -4513,6 +4665,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       },
@@ -4561,6 +4715,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "basic-ftp": "^5.0.2",
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^6.0.2",
@@ -4575,6 +4731,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14"
       }
@@ -4682,6 +4840,8 @@
       "version": "12.6.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@sindresorhus/is": "^5.2.0",
         "@szmarczak/http-timer": "^5.0.1",
@@ -4706,6 +4866,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -4721,7 +4883,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/grapheme-splitter": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/graphemer": {
       "version": "1.4.0",
@@ -4838,8 +5002,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "whatwg-encoding": "^1.0.5"
       },
@@ -4855,14 +5017,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.1.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/http-proxy-agent": {
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/once": "1",
         "agent-base": "6",
@@ -4889,6 +5051,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "quick-lru": "^5.1.1",
         "resolve-alpn": "^1.2.0"
@@ -4901,8 +5065,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "6",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -4957,7 +5119,9 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/ignore": {
       "version": "5.3.0",
@@ -5229,6 +5393,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "funding": {
         "type": "github",
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/wooorm"
@@ -5273,6 +5439,8 @@
       "version": "9.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "jsbn": "1.1.0",
         "sprintf-js": "^1.1.3"
@@ -5284,7 +5452,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/ip-address/node_modules/jsbn": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-array-buffer": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -5443,6 +5613,8 @@
       "version": "4.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -5464,9 +5636,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/is-potential-custom-element-name": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-regex": {
       "version": "1.1.4",
@@ -5674,8 +5844,6 @@
       "version": "17.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "abab": "^2.0.5",
         "acorn": "^8.4.1",
@@ -5755,6 +5923,8 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "universalify": "^2.0.0"
       },
@@ -5766,6 +5936,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -5805,6 +5977,8 @@
       "version": "0.33.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -5816,6 +5990,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.5"
       },
@@ -5910,7 +6086,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/listenercount": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loader-runner": {
       "version": "4.3.0",
@@ -5941,6 +6119,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.20",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "n12": "1.8.23",
         "type-fest": "2.13.0",
@@ -5951,6 +6131,8 @@
       "version": "2.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -5983,7 +6165,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.clonedeep": {
       "version": "4.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.merge": {
       "version": "4.6.2",
@@ -5997,12 +6181,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.zip": {
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel": {
       "version": "1.9.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.6.0"
       },
@@ -6014,7 +6202,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel-plugin-prefix": {
       "version": "0.8.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loupe": {
       "version": "2.3.7",
@@ -6028,6 +6218,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -6099,6 +6291,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -6137,12 +6331,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/mitt": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/mkdirp": {
       "version": "0.5.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimist": "^1.2.6"
       },
@@ -6177,7 +6375,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/n12": {
       "version": "1.8.23",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE"
+      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/nanoid": {
       "version": "3.3.7",
@@ -6212,6 +6412,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.4.0"
       }
@@ -6237,6 +6439,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.5.0"
       }
@@ -6245,6 +6449,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^4.0.0",
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.4",
@@ -6282,6 +6488,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10.0"
       }
@@ -6290,6 +6498,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -6311,9 +6521,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/nwsapi": {
       "version": "2.2.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/oauth-sign": {
       "version": "0.9.0",
@@ -6434,6 +6642,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       }
@@ -6470,6 +6680,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": "^0.23.0",
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
@@ -6488,6 +6700,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -6499,6 +6713,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -6511,6 +6727,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -6523,6 +6741,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "degenerator": "^5.0.0",
         "netmask": "^2.0.2"
@@ -6545,9 +6765,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/parse5": {
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/path-exists": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -6805,12 +7023,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/process-nextick-args": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/progress": {
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
       }
@@ -6823,6 +7045,8 @@
       "version": "6.4.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -6841,6 +7065,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -6852,6 +7078,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -6864,6 +7092,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -6876,6 +7106,8 @@
       "version": "7.18.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -6883,7 +7115,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/proxy-from-env": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/psl": {
       "version": "1.9.0",
@@ -6893,6 +7127,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "end-of-stream": "^1.1.0",
         "once": "^1.3.1"
@@ -6909,6 +7145,8 @@
       "version": "20.9.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "1.4.6",
         "chromium-bidi": "0.4.16",
@@ -6932,12 +7170,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1147663",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/ws": {
       "version": "8.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       },
@@ -6964,14 +7206,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/query-selector-shadow-dom": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/querystringify": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/queue-microtask": {
       "version": "1.2.3",
@@ -6995,12 +7237,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/queue-tick": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/quick-lru": {
       "version": "5.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -7027,6 +7273,8 @@
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "core-util-is": "~1.0.0",
         "inherits": "~2.0.3",
@@ -7040,17 +7288,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/isarray": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readdir-glob": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimatch": "^5.1.0"
       }
@@ -7059,6 +7313,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -7184,9 +7440,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/requires-port": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve": {
       "version": "1.22.8",
@@ -7207,7 +7461,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-alpn": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-from": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -7229,6 +7485,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "lowercase-keys": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -7243,6 +7501,8 @@
       "version": "1.11.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-deep-equal": "^2.0.1"
       }
@@ -7250,7 +7510,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resq/node_modules/fast-deep-equal": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/reusify": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
@@ -7264,7 +7526,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/rgb2hex": {
       "version": "0.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/rimraf": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -7379,7 +7643,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/safaridriver": {
       "version": "0.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/safe-array-concat": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
@@ -7444,8 +7710,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xmlchars": "^2.2.0"
       },
@@ -7499,6 +7763,8 @@
       "version": "11.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "type-fest": "^2.12.2"
       },
@@ -7550,7 +7816,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/setimmediate": {
       "version": "1.0.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/shallow-clone": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
@@ -7633,6 +7901,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6.0.0",
         "npm": ">= 3.0.0"
@@ -7642,6 +7912,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ip-address": "^9.0.5",
         "smart-buffer": "^4.2.0"
@@ -7655,6 +7927,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -7668,6 +7942,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -7707,6 +7983,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.x"
       }
@@ -7714,7 +7992,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/sprintf-js": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/sshpk": {
       "version": "1.18.0",
@@ -7760,6 +8040,8 @@
       "version": "2.15.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-fifo": "^1.1.0",
         "queue-tick": "^1.0.1"
@@ -7769,6 +8051,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "safe-buffer": "~5.1.0"
       }
@@ -7776,7 +8060,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/string_decoder/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/string-width": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
@@ -7980,6 +8266,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0",
         "tar-stream": "^3.1.5"
@@ -7993,6 +8281,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.7",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "b4a": "^1.6.4",
         "fast-fifo": "^1.2.0",
@@ -8068,7 +8358,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/through": {
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tinybench": {
       "version": "2.6.0",
@@ -8114,8 +8406,6 @@
       "version": "4.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "psl": "^1.1.33",
         "punycode": "^2.1.1",
@@ -8130,8 +8420,6 @@
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "punycode": "^2.1.1"
       },
@@ -8142,7 +8430,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/traverse": {
       "version": "0.3.9",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT/X11"
+      "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsconfig-paths": {
       "version": "3.15.0",
@@ -8169,7 +8459,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/tslib": {
       "version": "2.6.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "0BSD"
+      "license": "0BSD",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsx": {
       "version": "4.7.1",
@@ -8630,6 +8922,8 @@
       "version": "2.19.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -8733,6 +9027,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffer": "^5.2.1",
         "through": "^2.3.8"
@@ -8756,6 +9052,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "base64-js": "^1.3.1",
         "ieee754": "^1.1.13"
@@ -8770,8 +9068,6 @@
       "version": "0.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 4.0.0"
       }
@@ -8780,6 +9076,8 @@
       "version": "0.10.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "big-integer": "^1.6.17",
         "binary": "~0.3.0",
@@ -8835,8 +9133,6 @@
       "version": "1.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "querystringify": "^2.1.1",
         "requires-port": "^1.0.0"
@@ -8845,6 +9141,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/userhome": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.8.0"
       }
@@ -9090,8 +9388,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xml-name-validator": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -9103,6 +9399,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^4.1.2",
         "commander": "^9.3.0",
@@ -9133,6 +9431,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 8"
       }
@@ -9141,6 +9441,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@types/ws": "^8.5.3",
@@ -9162,6 +9464,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@wdio/config": "8.32.3",
@@ -9204,8 +9508,6 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.4"
       }
@@ -9400,8 +9702,6 @@
       "version": "9.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "^2.1.0",
         "webidl-conversions": "^6.1.0"
@@ -9595,9 +9895,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/xmlchars": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/xmldom": {
       "version": "0.1.31",
@@ -9685,6 +9983,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "compress-commons": "^5.0.1",
@@ -9698,6 +9998,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
diff --git a/examples/rspack/rspack-project-built/package-lock.json b/examples/rspack/rspack-project-built/package-lock.json
index b55a287ff8..b434075015 100644
--- a/examples/rspack/rspack-project-built/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/rspack/rspack-project-built/package-lock.json
@@ -22,7 +22,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -30,7 +31,7 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@discoveryjs/json-ext": {
diff --git a/examples/rspack/rspack-project-source/package-lock.json b/examples/rspack/rspack-project-source/package-lock.json
index 064914d4c2..014e357e9d 100644
--- a/examples/rspack/rspack-project-source/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/rspack/rspack-project-source/package-lock.json
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -29,38 +30,51 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@eslint/js": "^9.16.0",
-        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.6",
-        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.6",
+        "@eslint/js": "^9.18.0",
+        "@iodigital/vite-plugin-msw": "^2.0.0",
+        "@playwright/browser-chromium": "^1.49.1",
+        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.8",
+        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.8",
         "@types/codemirror": "5.60.15",
         "@types/gl-matrix": "^2.4.5",
+        "@types/http-server": "^0.12.4",
+        "@types/jsdom": "^21.1.7",
         "@types/lodash-es": "^4.17.12",
-        "@types/node": "^22.10.2",
+        "@types/node": "^22.10.7",
         "@types/nunjucks": "^3.2.6",
+        "@types/s3rver": "^3.7.4",
         "@types/yargs": "^17.0.33",
-        "@vitest/browser": "^2.1.8",
-        "@vitest/ui": "^2.1.8",
+        "@vitest/browser": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/ui": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/web-worker": "^3.0.2",
+        "cookie": "^1.0.2",
         "css-loader": "^7.1.2",
-        "esbuild": "^0.24.0",
-        "eslint": "^9.16.0",
+        "esbuild": "^0.24.2",
+        "eslint": "^9.18.0",
         "eslint-import-resolver-typescript": "^3.7.0",
         "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.31.0",
         "eslint-rspack-plugin": "^4.2.1",
-        "glob": "^11.0.0",
+        "express": "^4.21.2",
+        "glob": "^11.0.1",
+        "http-server": "^14.1.1",
+        "jsdom": "^26.0.0",
+        "msw": "^2.7.0",
         "nunjucks": "^3.2.4",
+        "playwright": "^1.49.1",
         "prettier": "3.4.2",
-        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.0.3",
+        "s3rver": "^3.7.1",
+        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.1.1",
         "tsx": "^4.19.2",
-        "typescript": "^5.7.2",
-        "typescript-eslint": "^8.18.0",
-        "vitest": "^2.1.8",
-        "webdriverio": "^9.4.1",
+        "typescript": "^5.7.3",
+        "typescript-eslint": "^8.20.0",
+        "vitest": "^3.0.2",
         "webpack-bundle-analyzer": "^4.10.2",
         "webpack-merge": "^6.0.1",
-        "yargs": "^17.7.2"
+        "yargs": "^17.7.2",
+        "yauzl": "^3.2.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@aashutoshrathi/word-wrap": {
@@ -732,6 +746,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "4.3.4",
         "extract-zip": "2.0.1",
@@ -965,6 +981,8 @@
       "version": "5.6.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -976,6 +994,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "defer-to-connect": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -987,8 +1007,6 @@
       "version": "1.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6"
       }
@@ -996,7 +1014,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": {
       "version": "0.23.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/codemirror": {
       "version": "5.60.15",
@@ -1041,7 +1061,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/json-schema": {
       "version": "7.0.15",
@@ -1087,12 +1109,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/which": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/ws": {
       "version": "8.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -1115,6 +1141,7 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -1274,6 +1301,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "8.28.0",
         "@wdio/types": "8.32.2",
@@ -1291,6 +1320,8 @@
       "version": "8.28.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^5.1.2",
         "loglevel": "^1.6.0",
@@ -1305,6 +1336,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -1316,6 +1349,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.17.0 || ^14.13 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -1327,6 +1362,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
       },
@@ -1340,12 +1377,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/protocols": {
       "version": "8.32.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/repl": {
       "version": "8.24.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -1357,6 +1398,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -1368,6 +1411,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "^1.6.0",
         "@wdio/logger": "8.28.0",
@@ -1565,9 +1610,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/abab": {
       "version": "2.0.6",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/abbrev": {
       "version": "2.0.0",
@@ -1591,8 +1634,6 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "acorn": "^7.1.1",
         "acorn-walk": "^7.1.1"
@@ -1602,8 +1643,6 @@
       "version": "7.4.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "bin": {
         "acorn": "bin/acorn"
       },
@@ -1633,8 +1672,6 @@
       "version": "7.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
       }
@@ -1643,8 +1680,6 @@
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "4"
       },
@@ -1700,6 +1735,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "async": "^3.2.4",
@@ -1717,6 +1754,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "glob": "^8.0.0",
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
@@ -1733,6 +1772,8 @@
       "version": "8.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -1751,6 +1792,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1762,6 +1805,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1775,6 +1820,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1793,6 +1840,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "dequal": "^2.0.3"
       }
@@ -1932,6 +1981,8 @@
       "version": "0.13.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tslib": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1942,7 +1993,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/async": {
       "version": "3.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/async-limiter": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
@@ -1977,7 +2030,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/b4a": {
       "version": "1.6.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/balanced-match": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
@@ -1987,13 +2042,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-fs": {
       "version": "2.1.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-events": "^2.0.0",
         "bare-os": "^2.0.0",
@@ -2005,13 +2062,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-path": {
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-os": "^2.1.0"
       }
@@ -2033,12 +2092,16 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/basic-ftp": {
       "version": "5.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       }
@@ -2054,6 +2117,8 @@
       "version": "1.6.52",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Unlicense",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.6"
       }
@@ -2062,6 +2127,8 @@
       "version": "0.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffers": "~0.1.1",
         "chainsaw": "~0.1.0"
@@ -2070,7 +2137,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/bluebird": {
       "version": "3.4.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/brace-expansion": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
@@ -2146,6 +2215,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10"
       }
@@ -2153,6 +2224,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/buffers": {
       "version": "0.1.1",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.2.0"
       }
@@ -2169,6 +2242,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       }
@@ -2177,6 +2252,8 @@
       "version": "10.2.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/http-cache-semantics": "^4.0.2",
         "get-stream": "^6.0.1",
@@ -2194,6 +2271,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -2268,6 +2347,8 @@
       "version": "0.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "traverse": ">=0.3.0 <0.4"
       }
@@ -2312,6 +2393,8 @@
       "version": "0.4.16",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "mitt": "3.0.0"
       },
@@ -2419,6 +2502,8 @@
       "version": "9.5.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || >=14"
       }
@@ -2427,6 +2512,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "crc-32": "^1.2.0",
         "crc32-stream": "^5.0.0",
@@ -2441,6 +2528,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -2482,11 +2571,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/core-util-is": {
       "version": "1.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/crc-32": {
       "version": "1.2.2",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "bin": {
         "crc32": "bin/crc32.njs"
@@ -2499,6 +2589,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "crc-32": "^1.2.0",
         "readable-stream": "^3.4.0"
@@ -2511,6 +2603,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -2524,6 +2618,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-fetch": "^2.6.12"
       }
@@ -2532,6 +2628,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "whatwg-url": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -2550,17 +2648,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/tr46": {
       "version": "0.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/whatwg-url": {
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "~0.0.3",
         "webidl-conversions": "^3.0.0"
@@ -2614,11 +2718,15 @@
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-shorthand-properties": {
       "version": "1.1.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-value": {
       "version": "0.0.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssesc": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
@@ -2634,16 +2742,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle": {
       "version": "2.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "cssom": "~0.3.6"
       },
@@ -2654,9 +2758,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle/node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/dashdash": {
       "version": "1.14.1",
@@ -2672,6 +2774,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 12"
       }
@@ -2680,8 +2784,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "abab": "^2.0.6",
         "whatwg-mimetype": "^3.0.0",
@@ -2695,8 +2797,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "punycode": "^2.1.1"
       },
@@ -2708,8 +2808,6 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -2718,8 +2816,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -2728,8 +2824,6 @@
       "version": "11.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "^3.0.0",
         "webidl-conversions": "^7.0.0"
@@ -2763,6 +2857,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -2773,14 +2869,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/decimal.js": {
       "version": "10.4.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/decompress-response": {
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "mimic-response": "^3.1.0"
       },
@@ -2795,6 +2891,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -2821,6 +2919,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16.0.0"
       }
@@ -2829,6 +2929,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       }
@@ -2866,6 +2968,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ast-types": "^0.13.4",
         "escodegen": "^2.1.0",
@@ -2886,6 +2990,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6"
       }
@@ -2906,7 +3012,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1262051",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/diff-sequences": {
       "version": "29.6.3",
@@ -2931,8 +3039,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "webidl-conversions": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -2944,8 +3050,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=8"
       }
@@ -2959,6 +3063,8 @@
       "version": "0.1.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.2"
       }
@@ -2979,6 +3085,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/which": "^2.0.1",
         "which": "^2.0.2"
@@ -2995,6 +3103,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -3011,6 +3121,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -3019,6 +3131,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -3080,6 +3194,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "once": "^1.4.0"
       }
@@ -4017,6 +4133,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.1.1",
         "get-stream": "^5.1.0",
@@ -4036,6 +4154,8 @@
       "version": "5.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -4060,7 +4180,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/fast-fifo": {
       "version": "1.3.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/fast-glob": {
       "version": "3.3.2",
@@ -4126,6 +4248,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-domexception": "^1.0.0",
         "web-streams-polyfill": "^3.0.3"
@@ -4234,8 +4358,6 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "asynckit": "^0.4.0",
         "combined-stream": "^1.0.8",
@@ -4249,6 +4371,8 @@
       "version": "2.1.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14.17"
       }
@@ -4257,6 +4381,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.2"
       },
@@ -4268,6 +4394,8 @@
       "version": "11.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
         "jsonfile": "^6.0.1",
@@ -4281,6 +4409,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -4308,6 +4438,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.1.2",
         "inherits": "~2.0.0",
@@ -4322,6 +4454,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.11",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
         "concat-map": "0.0.1"
@@ -4331,6 +4465,8 @@
       "version": "7.2.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -4350,6 +4486,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^1.1.7"
       },
@@ -4361,6 +4499,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "glob": "^7.1.3"
       },
@@ -4406,6 +4546,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MPL-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -4427,6 +4569,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -4438,6 +4582,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -4450,6 +4596,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -4462,6 +4610,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -4470,6 +4620,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -4514,6 +4666,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       },
@@ -4562,6 +4716,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "basic-ftp": "^5.0.2",
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^6.0.2",
@@ -4576,6 +4732,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14"
       }
@@ -4683,6 +4841,8 @@
       "version": "12.6.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@sindresorhus/is": "^5.2.0",
         "@szmarczak/http-timer": "^5.0.1",
@@ -4707,6 +4867,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -4722,7 +4884,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/grapheme-splitter": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/graphemer": {
       "version": "1.4.0",
@@ -4839,8 +5003,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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       },
@@ -4856,14 +5018,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.1.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/http-proxy-agent": {
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/once": "1",
         "agent-base": "6",
@@ -4890,6 +5052,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "quick-lru": "^5.1.1",
         "resolve-alpn": "^1.2.0"
@@ -4902,8 +5066,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "6",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -4958,7 +5120,9 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/ignore": {
       "version": "5.3.0",
@@ -5230,6 +5394,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "funding": {
         "type": "github",
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/wooorm"
@@ -5274,6 +5440,8 @@
       "version": "9.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "jsbn": "1.1.0",
         "sprintf-js": "^1.1.3"
@@ -5285,7 +5453,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/ip-address/node_modules/jsbn": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-array-buffer": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -5444,6 +5614,8 @@
       "version": "4.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -5465,9 +5637,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/is-potential-custom-element-name": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-regex": {
       "version": "1.1.4",
@@ -5675,8 +5845,6 @@
       "version": "17.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "acorn": "^8.4.1",
@@ -5756,6 +5924,8 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "universalify": "^2.0.0"
       },
@@ -5767,6 +5937,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -5806,6 +5978,8 @@
       "version": "0.33.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -5817,6 +5991,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.5"
       },
@@ -5911,7 +6087,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/listenercount": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loader-runner": {
       "version": "4.3.0",
@@ -5942,6 +6120,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.20",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "n12": "1.8.23",
         "type-fest": "2.13.0",
@@ -5952,6 +6132,8 @@
       "version": "2.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -5984,7 +6166,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.clonedeep": {
       "version": "4.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.merge": {
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@@ -5998,12 +6182,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.zip": {
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel": {
       "version": "1.9.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.6.0"
       },
@@ -6015,7 +6203,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel-plugin-prefix": {
       "version": "0.8.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loupe": {
       "version": "2.3.7",
@@ -6029,6 +6219,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -6100,6 +6292,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -6138,12 +6332,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/mitt": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/mkdirp": {
       "version": "0.5.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimist": "^1.2.6"
       },
@@ -6178,7 +6376,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/n12": {
       "version": "1.8.23",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE"
+      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/nanoid": {
       "version": "3.3.7",
@@ -6213,6 +6413,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.4.0"
       }
@@ -6238,6 +6440,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.5.0"
       }
@@ -6246,6 +6450,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^4.0.0",
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.4",
@@ -6283,6 +6489,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10.0"
       }
@@ -6291,6 +6499,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -6312,9 +6522,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/nwsapi": {
       "version": "2.2.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/oauth-sign": {
       "version": "0.9.0",
@@ -6435,6 +6643,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       }
@@ -6471,6 +6681,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": "^0.23.0",
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
@@ -6489,6 +6701,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -6500,6 +6714,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -6512,6 +6728,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -6524,6 +6742,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "degenerator": "^5.0.0",
         "netmask": "^2.0.2"
@@ -6546,9 +6766,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/parse5": {
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/path-exists": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -6806,12 +7024,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/process-nextick-args": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/progress": {
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
       }
@@ -6824,6 +7046,8 @@
       "version": "6.4.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -6842,6 +7066,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -6853,6 +7079,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -6865,6 +7093,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -6877,6 +7107,8 @@
       "version": "7.18.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -6884,7 +7116,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/proxy-from-env": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/psl": {
       "version": "1.9.0",
@@ -6894,6 +7128,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "end-of-stream": "^1.1.0",
         "once": "^1.3.1"
@@ -6910,6 +7146,8 @@
       "version": "20.9.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "1.4.6",
         "chromium-bidi": "0.4.16",
@@ -6933,12 +7171,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1147663",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/ws": {
       "version": "8.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       },
@@ -6965,14 +7207,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/query-selector-shadow-dom": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/querystringify": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/queue-microtask": {
       "version": "1.2.3",
@@ -6996,12 +7238,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/queue-tick": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/quick-lru": {
       "version": "5.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -7028,6 +7274,8 @@
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "core-util-is": "~1.0.0",
         "inherits": "~2.0.3",
@@ -7041,17 +7289,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/isarray": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readdir-glob": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimatch": "^5.1.0"
       }
@@ -7060,6 +7314,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -7185,9 +7441,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/requires-port": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve": {
       "version": "1.22.8",
@@ -7208,7 +7462,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-alpn": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-from": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -7230,6 +7486,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "lowercase-keys": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -7244,6 +7502,8 @@
       "version": "1.11.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-deep-equal": "^2.0.1"
       }
@@ -7251,7 +7511,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resq/node_modules/fast-deep-equal": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/reusify": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
@@ -7265,7 +7527,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/rgb2hex": {
       "version": "0.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/rimraf": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -7380,7 +7644,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/safaridriver": {
       "version": "0.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/safe-array-concat": {
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@@ -7445,8 +7711,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xmlchars": "^2.2.0"
       },
@@ -7500,6 +7764,8 @@
       "version": "11.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "type-fest": "^2.12.2"
       },
@@ -7551,7 +7817,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/setimmediate": {
       "version": "1.0.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/shallow-clone": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
@@ -7634,6 +7902,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6.0.0",
         "npm": ">= 3.0.0"
@@ -7643,6 +7913,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ip-address": "^9.0.5",
         "smart-buffer": "^4.2.0"
@@ -7656,6 +7928,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -7669,6 +7943,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -7708,6 +7984,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.x"
       }
@@ -7715,7 +7993,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/sprintf-js": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/sshpk": {
       "version": "1.18.0",
@@ -7761,6 +8041,8 @@
       "version": "2.15.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-fifo": "^1.1.0",
         "queue-tick": "^1.0.1"
@@ -7770,6 +8052,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "safe-buffer": "~5.1.0"
       }
@@ -7777,7 +8061,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/string_decoder/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/string-width": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
@@ -7981,6 +8267,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0",
         "tar-stream": "^3.1.5"
@@ -7994,6 +8282,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.7",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "b4a": "^1.6.4",
         "fast-fifo": "^1.2.0",
@@ -8069,7 +8359,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/through": {
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tinybench": {
       "version": "2.6.0",
@@ -8115,8 +8407,6 @@
       "version": "4.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "psl": "^1.1.33",
         "punycode": "^2.1.1",
@@ -8131,8 +8421,6 @@
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "punycode": "^2.1.1"
       },
@@ -8143,7 +8431,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/traverse": {
       "version": "0.3.9",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT/X11"
+      "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsconfig-paths": {
       "version": "3.15.0",
@@ -8170,7 +8460,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/tslib": {
       "version": "2.6.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "0BSD"
+      "license": "0BSD",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsx": {
       "version": "4.7.1",
@@ -8631,6 +8923,8 @@
       "version": "2.19.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -8734,6 +9028,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffer": "^5.2.1",
         "through": "^2.3.8"
@@ -8757,6 +9053,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "base64-js": "^1.3.1",
         "ieee754": "^1.1.13"
@@ -8771,8 +9069,6 @@
       "version": "0.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 4.0.0"
       }
@@ -8781,6 +9077,8 @@
       "version": "0.10.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "big-integer": "^1.6.17",
         "binary": "~0.3.0",
@@ -8836,8 +9134,6 @@
       "version": "1.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "querystringify": "^2.1.1",
         "requires-port": "^1.0.0"
@@ -8846,6 +9142,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/userhome": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.8.0"
       }
@@ -9091,8 +9389,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xml-name-validator": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -9104,6 +9400,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^4.1.2",
         "commander": "^9.3.0",
@@ -9134,6 +9432,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 8"
       }
@@ -9142,6 +9442,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@types/ws": "^8.5.3",
@@ -9163,6 +9465,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@wdio/config": "8.32.3",
@@ -9205,8 +9509,6 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.4"
       }
@@ -9401,8 +9703,6 @@
       "version": "9.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "^2.1.0",
         "webidl-conversions": "^6.1.0"
@@ -9596,9 +9896,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/xmlchars": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/xmldom": {
       "version": "0.1.31",
@@ -9686,6 +9984,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "compress-commons": "^5.0.1",
@@ -9699,6 +9999,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
diff --git a/examples/vite/vite-project-built/package-lock.json b/examples/vite/vite-project-built/package-lock.json
index 4ce8cdcdc4..eb70c5c6d2 100644
--- a/examples/vite/vite-project-built/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/vite/vite-project-built/package-lock.json
@@ -21,7 +21,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -29,7 +30,7 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@esbuild/aix-ppc64": {
diff --git a/examples/vite/vite-project-source/package-lock.json b/examples/vite/vite-project-source/package-lock.json
index b9561fd2cc..e163cabd93 100644
--- a/examples/vite/vite-project-source/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/vite/vite-project-source/package-lock.json
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -28,38 +29,51 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@eslint/js": "^9.16.0",
-        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.6",
-        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.6",
+        "@eslint/js": "^9.18.0",
+        "@iodigital/vite-plugin-msw": "^2.0.0",
+        "@playwright/browser-chromium": "^1.49.1",
+        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.8",
+        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.8",
         "@types/codemirror": "5.60.15",
         "@types/gl-matrix": "^2.4.5",
+        "@types/http-server": "^0.12.4",
+        "@types/jsdom": "^21.1.7",
         "@types/lodash-es": "^4.17.12",
-        "@types/node": "^22.10.2",
+        "@types/node": "^22.10.7",
         "@types/nunjucks": "^3.2.6",
+        "@types/s3rver": "^3.7.4",
         "@types/yargs": "^17.0.33",
-        "@vitest/browser": "^2.1.8",
-        "@vitest/ui": "^2.1.8",
+        "@vitest/browser": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/ui": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/web-worker": "^3.0.2",
+        "cookie": "^1.0.2",
         "css-loader": "^7.1.2",
-        "esbuild": "^0.24.0",
-        "eslint": "^9.16.0",
+        "esbuild": "^0.24.2",
+        "eslint": "^9.18.0",
         "eslint-import-resolver-typescript": "^3.7.0",
         "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.31.0",
         "eslint-rspack-plugin": "^4.2.1",
-        "glob": "^11.0.0",
+        "express": "^4.21.2",
+        "glob": "^11.0.1",
+        "http-server": "^14.1.1",
+        "jsdom": "^26.0.0",
+        "msw": "^2.7.0",
         "nunjucks": "^3.2.4",
+        "playwright": "^1.49.1",
         "prettier": "3.4.2",
-        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.0.3",
+        "s3rver": "^3.7.1",
+        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.1.1",
         "tsx": "^4.19.2",
-        "typescript": "^5.7.2",
-        "typescript-eslint": "^8.18.0",
-        "vitest": "^2.1.8",
-        "webdriverio": "^9.4.1",
+        "typescript": "^5.7.3",
+        "typescript-eslint": "^8.20.0",
+        "vitest": "^3.0.2",
         "webpack-bundle-analyzer": "^4.10.2",
         "webpack-merge": "^6.0.1",
-        "yargs": "^17.7.2"
+        "yargs": "^17.7.2",
+        "yauzl": "^3.2.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@aashutoshrathi/word-wrap": {
@@ -379,6 +393,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "4.3.4",
         "extract-zip": "2.0.1",
@@ -428,6 +444,8 @@
       "version": "5.6.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -439,6 +457,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "defer-to-connect": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -450,8 +470,6 @@
       "version": "1.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6"
       }
@@ -459,7 +477,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": {
       "version": "0.23.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/codemirror": {
       "version": "5.60.15",
@@ -504,7 +524,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/json-schema": {
       "version": "7.0.15",
@@ -550,12 +572,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/which": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/ws": {
       "version": "8.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -578,6 +604,7 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -737,6 +764,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "8.28.0",
         "@wdio/types": "8.32.2",
@@ -754,6 +783,8 @@
       "version": "8.28.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^5.1.2",
         "loglevel": "^1.6.0",
@@ -768,6 +799,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -779,6 +812,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.17.0 || ^14.13 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -790,6 +825,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
       },
@@ -803,12 +840,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/protocols": {
       "version": "8.32.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/repl": {
       "version": "8.24.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -820,6 +861,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -831,6 +874,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "^1.6.0",
         "@wdio/logger": "8.28.0",
@@ -1028,9 +1073,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/abab": {
       "version": "2.0.6",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/abbrev": {
       "version": "2.0.0",
@@ -1054,8 +1097,6 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "acorn": "^7.1.1",
         "acorn-walk": "^7.1.1"
@@ -1065,8 +1106,6 @@
       "version": "7.4.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "bin": {
         "acorn": "bin/acorn"
       },
@@ -1096,8 +1135,6 @@
       "version": "7.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
       }
@@ -1106,8 +1143,6 @@
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "4"
       },
@@ -1163,6 +1198,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "async": "^3.2.4",
@@ -1180,6 +1217,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "glob": "^8.0.0",
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
@@ -1196,6 +1235,8 @@
       "version": "8.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -1214,6 +1255,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1225,6 +1268,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1238,6 +1283,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1256,6 +1303,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "dequal": "^2.0.3"
       }
@@ -1395,6 +1444,8 @@
       "version": "0.13.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tslib": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1405,7 +1456,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/async": {
       "version": "3.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/async-limiter": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
@@ -1440,7 +1493,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/b4a": {
       "version": "1.6.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/balanced-match": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
@@ -1450,13 +1505,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-fs": {
       "version": "2.1.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-events": "^2.0.0",
         "bare-os": "^2.0.0",
@@ -1468,13 +1525,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-path": {
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-os": "^2.1.0"
       }
@@ -1496,12 +1555,16 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/basic-ftp": {
       "version": "5.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       }
@@ -1517,6 +1580,8 @@
       "version": "1.6.52",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Unlicense",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.6"
       }
@@ -1525,6 +1590,8 @@
       "version": "0.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffers": "~0.1.1",
         "chainsaw": "~0.1.0"
@@ -1533,7 +1600,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/bluebird": {
       "version": "3.4.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/brace-expansion": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
@@ -1609,6 +1678,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10"
       }
@@ -1616,6 +1687,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/buffers": {
       "version": "0.1.1",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.2.0"
       }
@@ -1632,6 +1705,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       }
@@ -1640,6 +1715,8 @@
       "version": "10.2.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/http-cache-semantics": "^4.0.2",
         "get-stream": "^6.0.1",
@@ -1657,6 +1734,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -1731,6 +1810,8 @@
       "version": "0.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "traverse": ">=0.3.0 <0.4"
       }
@@ -1775,6 +1856,8 @@
       "version": "0.4.16",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "mitt": "3.0.0"
       },
@@ -1882,6 +1965,8 @@
       "version": "9.5.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || >=14"
       }
@@ -1890,6 +1975,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "crc-32": "^1.2.0",
         "crc32-stream": "^5.0.0",
@@ -1904,6 +1991,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1945,11 +2034,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/core-util-is": {
       "version": "1.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/crc-32": {
       "version": "1.2.2",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "bin": {
         "crc32": "bin/crc32.njs"
@@ -1962,6 +2052,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "crc-32": "^1.2.0",
         "readable-stream": "^3.4.0"
@@ -1974,6 +2066,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1987,6 +2081,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-fetch": "^2.6.12"
       }
@@ -1995,6 +2091,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "whatwg-url": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -2013,17 +2111,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/tr46": {
       "version": "0.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/whatwg-url": {
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "~0.0.3",
         "webidl-conversions": "^3.0.0"
@@ -2077,11 +2181,15 @@
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-shorthand-properties": {
       "version": "1.1.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-value": {
       "version": "0.0.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssesc": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
@@ -2097,16 +2205,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle": {
       "version": "2.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "cssom": "~0.3.6"
       },
@@ -2117,9 +2221,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle/node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/dashdash": {
       "version": "1.14.1",
@@ -2135,6 +2237,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 12"
       }
@@ -2143,8 +2247,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "abab": "^2.0.6",
         "whatwg-mimetype": "^3.0.0",
@@ -2158,8 +2260,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "punycode": "^2.1.1"
       },
@@ -2171,8 +2271,6 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -2181,8 +2279,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -2191,8 +2287,6 @@
       "version": "11.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "^3.0.0",
         "webidl-conversions": "^7.0.0"
@@ -2226,6 +2320,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -2236,14 +2332,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/decimal.js": {
       "version": "10.4.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/decompress-response": {
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "mimic-response": "^3.1.0"
       },
@@ -2258,6 +2354,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -2284,6 +2382,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16.0.0"
       }
@@ -2292,6 +2392,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       }
@@ -2329,6 +2431,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ast-types": "^0.13.4",
         "escodegen": "^2.1.0",
@@ -2349,6 +2453,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6"
       }
@@ -2369,7 +2475,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1262051",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/diff-sequences": {
       "version": "29.6.3",
@@ -2394,8 +2502,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "webidl-conversions": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -2407,8 +2513,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=8"
       }
@@ -2422,6 +2526,8 @@
       "version": "0.1.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.2"
       }
@@ -2442,6 +2548,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/which": "^2.0.1",
         "which": "^2.0.2"
@@ -2458,6 +2566,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -2474,6 +2584,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -2482,6 +2594,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -2543,6 +2657,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "once": "^1.4.0"
       }
@@ -3128,6 +3244,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.1.1",
         "get-stream": "^5.1.0",
@@ -3147,6 +3265,8 @@
       "version": "5.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -3171,7 +3291,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/fast-fifo": {
       "version": "1.3.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/fast-glob": {
       "version": "3.3.2",
@@ -3237,6 +3359,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-domexception": "^1.0.0",
         "web-streams-polyfill": "^3.0.3"
@@ -3345,8 +3469,6 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "asynckit": "^0.4.0",
         "combined-stream": "^1.0.8",
@@ -3360,6 +3482,8 @@
       "version": "2.1.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14.17"
       }
@@ -3368,6 +3492,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.2"
       },
@@ -3379,6 +3505,8 @@
       "version": "11.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
         "jsonfile": "^6.0.1",
@@ -3392,6 +3520,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -3405,6 +3535,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.1.2",
         "inherits": "~2.0.0",
@@ -3419,6 +3551,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.11",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
         "concat-map": "0.0.1"
@@ -3428,6 +3562,8 @@
       "version": "7.2.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -3447,6 +3583,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^1.1.7"
       },
@@ -3458,6 +3596,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "glob": "^7.1.3"
       },
@@ -3503,6 +3643,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MPL-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -3524,6 +3666,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -3535,6 +3679,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -3547,6 +3693,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -3559,6 +3707,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -3567,6 +3717,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -3611,6 +3763,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       },
@@ -3659,6 +3813,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "basic-ftp": "^5.0.2",
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^6.0.2",
@@ -3673,6 +3829,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14"
       }
@@ -3780,6 +3938,8 @@
       "version": "12.6.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@sindresorhus/is": "^5.2.0",
         "@szmarczak/http-timer": "^5.0.1",
@@ -3804,6 +3964,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -3819,7 +3981,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/grapheme-splitter": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/graphemer": {
       "version": "1.4.0",
@@ -3936,8 +4100,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "whatwg-encoding": "^1.0.5"
       },
@@ -3953,14 +4115,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.1.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/http-proxy-agent": {
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/once": "1",
         "agent-base": "6",
@@ -3987,6 +4149,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "quick-lru": "^5.1.1",
         "resolve-alpn": "^1.2.0"
@@ -3999,8 +4163,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "6",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -4055,7 +4217,9 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/ignore": {
       "version": "5.3.0",
@@ -4327,6 +4491,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "funding": {
         "type": "github",
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/wooorm"
@@ -4371,6 +4537,8 @@
       "version": "9.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "jsbn": "1.1.0",
         "sprintf-js": "^1.1.3"
@@ -4382,7 +4550,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/ip-address/node_modules/jsbn": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-array-buffer": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -4541,6 +4711,8 @@
       "version": "4.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -4562,9 +4734,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/is-potential-custom-element-name": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-regex": {
       "version": "1.1.4",
@@ -4772,8 +4942,6 @@
       "version": "17.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
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-      "peer": true,
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         "acorn": "^8.4.1",
@@ -4853,6 +5021,8 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "universalify": "^2.0.0"
       },
@@ -4864,6 +5034,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -4903,6 +5075,8 @@
       "version": "0.33.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -4914,6 +5088,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.5"
       },
@@ -5008,7 +5184,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/listenercount": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loader-runner": {
       "version": "4.3.0",
@@ -5039,6 +5217,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.20",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "n12": "1.8.23",
         "type-fest": "2.13.0",
@@ -5049,6 +5229,8 @@
       "version": "2.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -5081,7 +5263,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.clonedeep": {
       "version": "4.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.merge": {
       "version": "4.6.2",
@@ -5095,12 +5279,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.zip": {
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel": {
       "version": "1.9.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.6.0"
       },
@@ -5112,7 +5300,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel-plugin-prefix": {
       "version": "0.8.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loupe": {
       "version": "2.3.7",
@@ -5126,6 +5316,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -5197,6 +5389,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -5235,12 +5429,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/mitt": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/mkdirp": {
       "version": "0.5.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimist": "^1.2.6"
       },
@@ -5275,7 +5473,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/n12": {
       "version": "1.8.23",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE"
+      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/nanoid": {
       "version": "3.3.7",
@@ -5310,6 +5510,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.4.0"
       }
@@ -5335,6 +5537,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.5.0"
       }
@@ -5343,6 +5547,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^4.0.0",
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.4",
@@ -5380,6 +5586,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10.0"
       }
@@ -5388,6 +5596,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -5409,9 +5619,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/nwsapi": {
       "version": "2.2.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/oauth-sign": {
       "version": "0.9.0",
@@ -5532,6 +5740,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       }
@@ -5568,6 +5778,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": "^0.23.0",
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
@@ -5586,6 +5798,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -5597,6 +5811,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -5609,6 +5825,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -5621,6 +5839,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "degenerator": "^5.0.0",
         "netmask": "^2.0.2"
@@ -5643,9 +5863,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/parse5": {
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/path-exists": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -5901,12 +6119,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/process-nextick-args": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/progress": {
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
       }
@@ -5919,6 +6141,8 @@
       "version": "6.4.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -5937,6 +6161,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -5948,6 +6174,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -5960,6 +6188,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -5972,6 +6202,8 @@
       "version": "7.18.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -5979,7 +6211,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/proxy-from-env": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/psl": {
       "version": "1.9.0",
@@ -5989,6 +6223,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "end-of-stream": "^1.1.0",
         "once": "^1.3.1"
@@ -6005,6 +6241,8 @@
       "version": "20.9.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "1.4.6",
         "chromium-bidi": "0.4.16",
@@ -6028,12 +6266,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1147663",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/ws": {
       "version": "8.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       },
@@ -6060,14 +6302,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/query-selector-shadow-dom": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/querystringify": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/queue-microtask": {
       "version": "1.2.3",
@@ -6091,12 +6333,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/queue-tick": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/quick-lru": {
       "version": "5.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -6123,6 +6369,8 @@
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "core-util-is": "~1.0.0",
         "inherits": "~2.0.3",
@@ -6136,17 +6384,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/isarray": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readdir-glob": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimatch": "^5.1.0"
       }
@@ -6155,6 +6409,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -6280,9 +6536,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/requires-port": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve": {
       "version": "1.22.8",
@@ -6303,7 +6557,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-alpn": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-from": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -6325,6 +6581,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "lowercase-keys": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -6339,6 +6597,8 @@
       "version": "1.11.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-deep-equal": "^2.0.1"
       }
@@ -6346,7 +6606,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resq/node_modules/fast-deep-equal": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/reusify": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
@@ -6360,7 +6622,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/rgb2hex": {
       "version": "0.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/rimraf": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -6471,7 +6735,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/safaridriver": {
       "version": "0.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/safe-array-concat": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
@@ -6536,8 +6802,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xmlchars": "^2.2.0"
       },
@@ -6591,6 +6855,8 @@
       "version": "11.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "type-fest": "^2.12.2"
       },
@@ -6642,7 +6908,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/setimmediate": {
       "version": "1.0.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/shallow-clone": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
@@ -6725,6 +6993,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6.0.0",
         "npm": ">= 3.0.0"
@@ -6734,6 +7004,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ip-address": "^9.0.5",
         "smart-buffer": "^4.2.0"
@@ -6747,6 +7019,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -6760,6 +7034,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -6798,6 +7074,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.x"
       }
@@ -6805,7 +7083,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/sprintf-js": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/sshpk": {
       "version": "1.18.0",
@@ -6851,6 +7131,8 @@
       "version": "2.15.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-fifo": "^1.1.0",
         "queue-tick": "^1.0.1"
@@ -6860,6 +7142,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "safe-buffer": "~5.1.0"
       }
@@ -6867,7 +7151,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/string_decoder/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/string-width": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
@@ -7071,6 +7357,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0",
         "tar-stream": "^3.1.5"
@@ -7084,6 +7372,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.7",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "b4a": "^1.6.4",
         "fast-fifo": "^1.2.0",
@@ -7159,7 +7449,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/through": {
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tinybench": {
       "version": "2.6.0",
@@ -7205,8 +7497,6 @@
       "version": "4.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
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         "punycode": "^2.1.1",
@@ -7221,8 +7511,6 @@
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "punycode": "^2.1.1"
       },
@@ -7233,7 +7521,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/traverse": {
       "version": "0.3.9",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT/X11"
+      "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsconfig-paths": {
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@@ -7260,7 +7550,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/tslib": {
       "version": "2.6.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "0BSD"
+      "license": "0BSD",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsx": {
       "version": "4.7.1",
@@ -7369,6 +7661,8 @@
       "version": "2.19.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -7472,6 +7766,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffer": "^5.2.1",
         "through": "^2.3.8"
@@ -7495,6 +7791,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "base64-js": "^1.3.1",
         "ieee754": "^1.1.13"
@@ -7509,8 +7807,6 @@
       "version": "0.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 4.0.0"
       }
@@ -7519,6 +7815,8 @@
       "version": "0.10.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "big-integer": "^1.6.17",
         "binary": "~0.3.0",
@@ -7574,8 +7872,6 @@
       "version": "1.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "querystringify": "^2.1.1",
         "requires-port": "^1.0.0"
@@ -7584,6 +7880,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/userhome": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.8.0"
       }
@@ -7826,8 +8124,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xml-name-validator": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -7839,6 +8135,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^4.1.2",
         "commander": "^9.3.0",
@@ -7869,6 +8167,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 8"
       }
@@ -7877,6 +8177,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@types/ws": "^8.5.3",
@@ -7898,6 +8200,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@wdio/config": "8.32.3",
@@ -7940,8 +8244,6 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.4"
       }
@@ -8136,8 +8438,6 @@
       "version": "9.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "^2.1.0",
         "webidl-conversions": "^6.1.0"
@@ -8331,9 +8631,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/xmlchars": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/xmldom": {
       "version": "0.1.31",
@@ -8421,6 +8719,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "compress-commons": "^5.0.1",
@@ -8434,6 +8734,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
diff --git a/examples/webpack/webpack-project-built/package-lock.json b/examples/webpack/webpack-project-built/package-lock.json
index fa88b0bb71..1f2d085634 100644
--- a/examples/webpack/webpack-project-built/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/webpack/webpack-project-built/package-lock.json
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -34,7 +35,7 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@discoveryjs/json-ext": {
diff --git a/examples/webpack/webpack-project-source/package-lock.json b/examples/webpack/webpack-project-source/package-lock.json
index 39f771cc94..1a2e108e58 100644
--- a/examples/webpack/webpack-project-source/package-lock.json
+++ b/examples/webpack/webpack-project-source/package-lock.json
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -34,38 +35,51 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
       "devDependencies": {
-        "@eslint/js": "^9.16.0",
-        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.6",
-        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.6",
+        "@eslint/js": "^9.18.0",
+        "@iodigital/vite-plugin-msw": "^2.0.0",
+        "@playwright/browser-chromium": "^1.49.1",
+        "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.8",
+        "@rspack/core": "^1.1.8",
         "@types/codemirror": "5.60.15",
         "@types/gl-matrix": "^2.4.5",
+        "@types/http-server": "^0.12.4",
+        "@types/jsdom": "^21.1.7",
         "@types/lodash-es": "^4.17.12",
-        "@types/node": "^22.10.2",
+        "@types/node": "^22.10.7",
         "@types/nunjucks": "^3.2.6",
+        "@types/s3rver": "^3.7.4",
         "@types/yargs": "^17.0.33",
-        "@vitest/browser": "^2.1.8",
-        "@vitest/ui": "^2.1.8",
+        "@vitest/browser": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/ui": "^3.0.2",
+        "@vitest/web-worker": "^3.0.2",
+        "cookie": "^1.0.2",
         "css-loader": "^7.1.2",
-        "esbuild": "^0.24.0",
-        "eslint": "^9.16.0",
+        "esbuild": "^0.24.2",
+        "eslint": "^9.18.0",
         "eslint-import-resolver-typescript": "^3.7.0",
         "eslint-plugin-import": "^2.31.0",
         "eslint-rspack-plugin": "^4.2.1",
-        "glob": "^11.0.0",
+        "express": "^4.21.2",
+        "glob": "^11.0.1",
+        "http-server": "^14.1.1",
+        "jsdom": "^26.0.0",
+        "msw": "^2.7.0",
         "nunjucks": "^3.2.4",
+        "playwright": "^1.49.1",
         "prettier": "3.4.2",
-        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.0.3",
+        "s3rver": "^3.7.1",
+        "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.1.1",
         "tsx": "^4.19.2",
-        "typescript": "^5.7.2",
-        "typescript-eslint": "^8.18.0",
-        "vitest": "^2.1.8",
-        "webdriverio": "^9.4.1",
+        "typescript": "^5.7.3",
+        "typescript-eslint": "^8.20.0",
+        "vitest": "^3.0.2",
         "webpack-bundle-analyzer": "^4.10.2",
         "webpack-merge": "^6.0.1",
-        "yargs": "^17.7.2"
+        "yargs": "^17.7.2",
+        "yauzl": "^3.2.0"
       },
       "engines": {
-        "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+        "node": ">=22"
       }
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@aashutoshrathi/word-wrap": {
@@ -737,6 +751,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "4.3.4",
         "extract-zip": "2.0.1",
@@ -970,6 +986,8 @@
       "version": "5.6.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -981,6 +999,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "defer-to-connect": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -992,8 +1012,6 @@
       "version": "1.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6"
       }
@@ -1001,7 +1019,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": {
       "version": "0.23.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/codemirror": {
       "version": "5.60.15",
@@ -1046,7 +1066,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/json-schema": {
       "version": "7.0.15",
@@ -1092,12 +1114,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@types/which": {
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@types/ws": {
       "version": "8.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -1120,6 +1146,7 @@
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "*"
       }
@@ -1279,6 +1306,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "8.28.0",
         "@wdio/types": "8.32.2",
@@ -1296,6 +1325,8 @@
       "version": "8.28.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^5.1.2",
         "loglevel": "^1.6.0",
@@ -1310,6 +1341,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -1321,6 +1354,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.17.0 || ^14.13 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -1332,6 +1367,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ansi-regex": "^6.0.1"
       },
@@ -1345,12 +1382,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/protocols": {
       "version": "8.32.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/@wdio/repl": {
       "version": "8.24.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -1362,6 +1403,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0"
       },
@@ -1373,6 +1416,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "^1.6.0",
         "@wdio/logger": "8.28.0",
@@ -1570,9 +1615,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/abab": {
       "version": "2.0.6",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/abbrev": {
       "version": "2.0.0",
@@ -1596,8 +1639,6 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "acorn": "^7.1.1",
         "acorn-walk": "^7.1.1"
@@ -1607,8 +1648,6 @@
       "version": "7.4.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "bin": {
         "acorn": "bin/acorn"
       },
@@ -1638,8 +1677,6 @@
       "version": "7.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
       }
@@ -1648,8 +1685,6 @@
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "4"
       },
@@ -1705,6 +1740,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "async": "^3.2.4",
@@ -1722,6 +1759,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "glob": "^8.0.0",
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
@@ -1738,6 +1777,8 @@
       "version": "8.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -1756,6 +1797,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1767,6 +1810,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1780,6 +1825,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -1798,6 +1845,8 @@
       "version": "5.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "dequal": "^2.0.3"
       }
@@ -1937,6 +1986,8 @@
       "version": "0.13.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tslib": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -1947,7 +1998,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/async": {
       "version": "3.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/async-limiter": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
@@ -1982,7 +2035,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/b4a": {
       "version": "1.6.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/balanced-match": {
       "version": "1.0.2",
@@ -1992,13 +2047,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-fs": {
       "version": "2.1.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-events": "^2.0.0",
         "bare-os": "^2.0.0",
@@ -2010,13 +2067,15 @@
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
-      "optional": true
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/bare-path": {
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "bare-os": "^2.1.0"
       }
@@ -2038,12 +2097,16 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/basic-ftp": {
       "version": "5.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       }
@@ -2059,6 +2122,8 @@
       "version": "1.6.52",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Unlicense",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.6"
       }
@@ -2067,6 +2132,8 @@
       "version": "0.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffers": "~0.1.1",
         "chainsaw": "~0.1.0"
@@ -2075,7 +2142,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/bluebird": {
       "version": "3.4.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/brace-expansion": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
@@ -2151,6 +2220,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10"
       }
@@ -2158,6 +2229,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/buffers": {
       "version": "0.1.1",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.2.0"
       }
@@ -2174,6 +2247,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       }
@@ -2182,6 +2257,8 @@
       "version": "10.2.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/http-cache-semantics": "^4.0.2",
         "get-stream": "^6.0.1",
@@ -2199,6 +2276,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -2273,6 +2352,8 @@
       "version": "0.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "traverse": ">=0.3.0 <0.4"
       }
@@ -2317,6 +2398,8 @@
       "version": "0.4.16",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "mitt": "3.0.0"
       },
@@ -2424,6 +2507,8 @@
       "version": "9.5.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || >=14"
       }
@@ -2432,6 +2517,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "crc-32": "^1.2.0",
         "crc32-stream": "^5.0.0",
@@ -2446,6 +2533,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -2487,11 +2576,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/core-util-is": {
       "version": "1.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/crc-32": {
       "version": "1.2.2",
-      "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "bin": {
         "crc32": "bin/crc32.njs"
@@ -2504,6 +2594,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "crc-32": "^1.2.0",
         "readable-stream": "^3.4.0"
@@ -2516,6 +2608,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
@@ -2529,6 +2623,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-fetch": "^2.6.12"
       }
@@ -2537,6 +2633,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "whatwg-url": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -2555,17 +2653,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/tr46": {
       "version": "0.0.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/webidl-conversions": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cross-fetch/node_modules/whatwg-url": {
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "~0.0.3",
         "webidl-conversions": "^3.0.0"
@@ -2619,11 +2723,15 @@
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-shorthand-properties": {
       "version": "1.1.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/css-value": {
       "version": "0.0.1",
-      "dev": true
+      "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssesc": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
@@ -2639,16 +2747,12 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle": {
       "version": "2.3.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "cssom": "~0.3.6"
       },
@@ -2659,9 +2763,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/cssstyle/node_modules/cssom": {
       "version": "0.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/dashdash": {
       "version": "1.14.1",
@@ -2677,6 +2779,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 12"
       }
@@ -2685,8 +2789,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "abab": "^2.0.6",
         "whatwg-mimetype": "^3.0.0",
@@ -2700,8 +2802,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "punycode": "^2.1.1"
       },
@@ -2713,8 +2813,6 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -2723,8 +2821,6 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -2733,8 +2829,6 @@
       "version": "11.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "^3.0.0",
         "webidl-conversions": "^7.0.0"
@@ -2768,6 +2862,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -2778,14 +2874,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/decimal.js": {
       "version": "10.4.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/decompress-response": {
       "version": "6.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "mimic-response": "^3.1.0"
       },
@@ -2800,6 +2896,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -2826,6 +2924,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16.0.0"
       }
@@ -2834,6 +2934,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       }
@@ -2871,6 +2973,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ast-types": "^0.13.4",
         "escodegen": "^2.1.0",
@@ -2891,6 +2995,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=6"
       }
@@ -2911,7 +3017,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1262051",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/diff-sequences": {
       "version": "29.6.3",
@@ -2936,8 +3044,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "webidl-conversions": "^5.0.0"
       },
@@ -2949,8 +3055,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=8"
       }
@@ -2964,6 +3068,8 @@
       "version": "0.1.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.2"
       }
@@ -2984,6 +3090,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/which": "^2.0.1",
         "which": "^2.0.2"
@@ -3000,6 +3108,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -3016,6 +3126,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -3024,6 +3136,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -3085,6 +3199,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "once": "^1.4.0"
       }
@@ -4022,6 +4138,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.1.1",
         "get-stream": "^5.1.0",
@@ -4041,6 +4159,8 @@
       "version": "5.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -4065,7 +4185,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/fast-fifo": {
       "version": "1.3.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/fast-glob": {
       "version": "3.3.2",
@@ -4131,6 +4253,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "node-domexception": "^1.0.0",
         "web-streams-polyfill": "^3.0.3"
@@ -4239,8 +4363,6 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "asynckit": "^0.4.0",
         "combined-stream": "^1.0.8",
@@ -4254,6 +4376,8 @@
       "version": "2.1.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14.17"
       }
@@ -4262,6 +4386,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.2"
       },
@@ -4273,6 +4399,8 @@
       "version": "11.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.2.0",
         "jsonfile": "^6.0.1",
@@ -4286,6 +4414,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -4313,6 +4443,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.12",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "graceful-fs": "^4.1.2",
         "inherits": "~2.0.0",
@@ -4327,6 +4459,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.11",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "balanced-match": "^1.0.0",
         "concat-map": "0.0.1"
@@ -4336,6 +4470,8 @@
       "version": "7.2.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fs.realpath": "^1.0.0",
         "inflight": "^1.0.4",
@@ -4355,6 +4491,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^1.1.7"
       },
@@ -4366,6 +4504,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "glob": "^7.1.3"
       },
@@ -4411,6 +4551,8 @@
       "dev": true,
       "hasInstallScript": true,
       "license": "MPL-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@wdio/logger": "^8.28.0",
         "decamelize": "^6.0.0",
@@ -4432,6 +4574,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -4443,6 +4587,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -4455,6 +4601,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -4467,6 +4615,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       }
@@ -4475,6 +4625,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "isexe": "^3.1.1"
       },
@@ -4519,6 +4671,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=16"
       },
@@ -4567,6 +4721,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "basic-ftp": "^5.0.2",
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^6.0.2",
@@ -4581,6 +4737,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 14"
       }
@@ -4688,6 +4846,8 @@
       "version": "12.6.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@sindresorhus/is": "^5.2.0",
         "@szmarczak/http-timer": "^5.0.1",
@@ -4712,6 +4872,8 @@
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -4727,7 +4889,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/grapheme-splitter": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/graphemer": {
       "version": "1.4.0",
@@ -4844,8 +5008,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "whatwg-encoding": "^1.0.5"
       },
@@ -4861,14 +5023,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/http-cache-semantics": {
       "version": "4.1.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-2-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/http-proxy-agent": {
       "version": "4.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/once": "1",
         "agent-base": "6",
@@ -4895,6 +5057,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "quick-lru": "^5.1.1",
         "resolve-alpn": "^1.2.0"
@@ -4907,8 +5071,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "6",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -4963,7 +5125,9 @@
           "url": "https://feross.org/support"
         }
       ],
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/ignore": {
       "version": "5.3.0",
@@ -5235,6 +5399,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "funding": {
         "type": "github",
         "url": "https://github.com/sponsors/wooorm"
@@ -5279,6 +5445,8 @@
       "version": "9.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "jsbn": "1.1.0",
         "sprintf-js": "^1.1.3"
@@ -5290,7 +5458,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/ip-address/node_modules/jsbn": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-array-buffer": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -5449,6 +5619,8 @@
       "version": "4.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       },
@@ -5470,9 +5642,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/is-potential-custom-element-name": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/is-regex": {
       "version": "1.1.4",
@@ -5680,8 +5850,6 @@
       "version": "17.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "abab": "^2.0.5",
         "acorn": "^8.4.1",
@@ -5761,6 +5929,8 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "universalify": "^2.0.0"
       },
@@ -5772,6 +5942,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.0.0"
       }
@@ -5811,6 +5983,8 @@
       "version": "0.33.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -5822,6 +5996,8 @@
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "readable-stream": "^2.0.5"
       },
@@ -5916,7 +6092,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/listenercount": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "ISC"
+      "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loader-runner": {
       "version": "4.3.0",
@@ -5947,6 +6125,8 @@
       "version": "2.2.20",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "n12": "1.8.23",
         "type-fest": "2.13.0",
@@ -5957,6 +6137,8 @@
       "version": "2.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -5989,7 +6171,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.clonedeep": {
       "version": "4.5.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.merge": {
       "version": "4.6.2",
@@ -6003,12 +6187,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/lodash.zip": {
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel": {
       "version": "1.9.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.6.0"
       },
@@ -6020,7 +6208,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/loglevel-plugin-prefix": {
       "version": "0.8.4",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/loupe": {
       "version": "2.3.7",
@@ -6034,6 +6224,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -6105,6 +6297,8 @@
       "version": "4.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": "^12.20.0 || ^14.13.1 || >=16.0.0"
       },
@@ -6143,12 +6337,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/mitt": {
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/mkdirp": {
       "version": "0.5.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimist": "^1.2.6"
       },
@@ -6183,7 +6381,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/n12": {
       "version": "1.8.23",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE"
+      "license": "SEE LICENSE IN LICENSE",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/nanoid": {
       "version": "3.3.7",
@@ -6218,6 +6418,8 @@
       "version": "2.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.4.0"
       }
@@ -6243,6 +6445,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.5.0"
       }
@@ -6251,6 +6455,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "data-uri-to-buffer": "^4.0.0",
         "fetch-blob": "^3.1.4",
@@ -6288,6 +6494,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.10.0"
       }
@@ -6296,6 +6504,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=14.16"
       },
@@ -6317,9 +6527,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/nwsapi": {
       "version": "2.2.7",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/oauth-sign": {
       "version": "0.9.0",
@@ -6440,6 +6648,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       }
@@ -6476,6 +6686,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@tootallnate/quickjs-emscripten": "^0.23.0",
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
@@ -6494,6 +6706,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -6505,6 +6719,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -6517,6 +6733,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -6529,6 +6747,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "degenerator": "^5.0.0",
         "netmask": "^2.0.2"
@@ -6551,9 +6771,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/parse5": {
       "version": "6.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/path-exists": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -6811,12 +7029,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/process-nextick-args": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/progress": {
       "version": "2.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=0.4.0"
       }
@@ -6829,6 +7051,8 @@
       "version": "6.4.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -6847,6 +7071,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -6858,6 +7084,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.1.0",
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
@@ -6870,6 +7098,8 @@
       "version": "7.0.4",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "4"
@@ -6882,6 +7112,8 @@
       "version": "7.18.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12"
       }
@@ -6889,7 +7121,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/proxy-from-env": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/psl": {
       "version": "1.9.0",
@@ -6899,6 +7133,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "end-of-stream": "^1.1.0",
         "once": "^1.3.1"
@@ -6915,6 +7151,8 @@
       "version": "20.9.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@puppeteer/browsers": "1.4.6",
         "chromium-bidi": "0.4.16",
@@ -6938,12 +7176,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/devtools-protocol": {
       "version": "0.0.1147663",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/puppeteer-core/node_modules/ws": {
       "version": "8.13.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.0.0"
       },
@@ -6970,14 +7212,14 @@
     "../../../node_modules/query-selector-shadow-dom": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/querystringify": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/queue-microtask": {
       "version": "1.2.3",
@@ -7001,12 +7243,16 @@
     "../../../node_modules/queue-tick": {
       "version": "1.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/quick-lru": {
       "version": "5.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10"
       },
@@ -7033,6 +7279,8 @@
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "core-util-is": "~1.0.0",
         "inherits": "~2.0.3",
@@ -7046,17 +7294,23 @@
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/isarray": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readable-stream/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/readdir-glob": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "minimatch": "^5.1.0"
       }
@@ -7065,6 +7319,8 @@
       "version": "5.1.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "brace-expansion": "^2.0.1"
       },
@@ -7190,9 +7446,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/requires-port": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve": {
       "version": "1.22.8",
@@ -7213,7 +7467,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-alpn": {
       "version": "1.2.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/resolve-from": {
       "version": "4.0.0",
@@ -7235,6 +7491,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "lowercase-keys": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -7249,6 +7507,8 @@
       "version": "1.11.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-deep-equal": "^2.0.1"
       }
@@ -7256,7 +7516,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/resq/node_modules/fast-deep-equal": {
       "version": "2.0.1",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/reusify": {
       "version": "1.0.4",
@@ -7270,7 +7532,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/rgb2hex": {
       "version": "0.2.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/rimraf": {
       "version": "3.0.2",
@@ -7385,7 +7649,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/safaridriver": {
       "version": "0.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/safe-array-concat": {
       "version": "1.1.0",
@@ -7450,8 +7716,6 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xmlchars": "^2.2.0"
       },
@@ -7505,6 +7769,8 @@
       "version": "11.0.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "type-fest": "^2.12.2"
       },
@@ -7556,7 +7822,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/setimmediate": {
       "version": "1.0.5",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/shallow-clone": {
       "version": "3.0.1",
@@ -7639,6 +7907,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 6.0.0",
         "npm": ">= 3.0.0"
@@ -7648,6 +7918,8 @@
       "version": "2.7.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "ip-address": "^9.0.5",
         "smart-buffer": "^4.2.0"
@@ -7661,6 +7933,8 @@
       "version": "8.0.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "agent-base": "^7.0.2",
         "debug": "^4.3.4",
@@ -7674,6 +7948,8 @@
       "version": "7.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "debug": "^4.3.4"
       },
@@ -7713,6 +7989,8 @@
       "version": "4.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 10.x"
       }
@@ -7720,7 +7998,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/sprintf-js": {
       "version": "1.1.3",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "BSD-3-Clause"
+      "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/sshpk": {
       "version": "1.18.0",
@@ -7766,6 +8046,8 @@
       "version": "2.15.6",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "fast-fifo": "^1.1.0",
         "queue-tick": "^1.0.1"
@@ -7775,6 +8057,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "safe-buffer": "~5.1.0"
       }
@@ -7782,7 +8066,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/string_decoder/node_modules/safe-buffer": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/string-width": {
       "version": "5.1.2",
@@ -7986,6 +8272,8 @@
       "version": "3.0.5",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "pump": "^3.0.0",
         "tar-stream": "^3.1.5"
@@ -7999,6 +8287,8 @@
       "version": "3.1.7",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "b4a": "^1.6.4",
         "fast-fifo": "^1.2.0",
@@ -8074,7 +8364,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/through": {
       "version": "2.3.8",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT"
+      "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tinybench": {
       "version": "2.6.0",
@@ -8120,8 +8412,6 @@
       "version": "4.1.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "psl": "^1.1.33",
         "punycode": "^2.1.1",
@@ -8136,8 +8426,6 @@
       "version": "2.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "punycode": "^2.1.1"
       },
@@ -8148,7 +8436,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/traverse": {
       "version": "0.3.9",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT/X11"
+      "license": "MIT/X11",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsconfig-paths": {
       "version": "3.15.0",
@@ -8175,7 +8465,9 @@
     "../../../node_modules/tslib": {
       "version": "2.6.2",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "0BSD"
+      "license": "0BSD",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true
     },
     "../../../node_modules/tsx": {
       "version": "4.7.1",
@@ -8636,6 +8928,8 @@
       "version": "2.19.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "(MIT OR CC0-1.0)",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=12.20"
       },
@@ -8739,6 +9033,8 @@
       "version": "1.4.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "buffer": "^5.2.1",
         "through": "^2.3.8"
@@ -8762,6 +9058,8 @@
         }
       ],
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "base64-js": "^1.3.1",
         "ieee754": "^1.1.13"
@@ -8776,8 +9074,6 @@
       "version": "0.2.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 4.0.0"
       }
@@ -8786,6 +9082,8 @@
       "version": "0.10.14",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "big-integer": "^1.6.17",
         "binary": "~0.3.0",
@@ -8841,8 +9139,6 @@
       "version": "1.5.10",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "querystringify": "^2.1.1",
         "requires-port": "^1.0.0"
@@ -8851,6 +9147,8 @@
     "../../../node_modules/userhome": {
       "version": "1.0.0",
       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 0.8.0"
       }
@@ -9096,8 +9394,6 @@
       "version": "2.0.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "xml-name-validator": "^3.0.0"
       },
@@ -9109,6 +9405,8 @@
       "version": "1.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "chalk": "^4.1.2",
         "commander": "^9.3.0",
@@ -9139,6 +9437,8 @@
       "version": "3.3.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">= 8"
       }
@@ -9147,6 +9447,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@types/ws": "^8.5.3",
@@ -9168,6 +9470,8 @@
       "version": "8.32.3",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/node": "^20.1.0",
         "@wdio/config": "8.32.3",
@@ -9210,8 +9514,6 @@
       "version": "6.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "BSD-2-Clause",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "engines": {
         "node": ">=10.4"
       }
@@ -9406,8 +9708,6 @@
       "version": "9.1.0",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "tr46": "^2.1.0",
         "webidl-conversions": "^6.1.0"
@@ -9601,9 +9901,7 @@
     "../../../node_modules/xmlchars": {
       "version": "2.2.0",
       "dev": true,
-      "license": "MIT",
-      "optional": true,
-      "peer": true
+      "license": "MIT"
     },
     "../../../node_modules/xmldom": {
       "version": "0.1.31",
@@ -9691,6 +9989,8 @@
       "version": "5.0.1",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "archiver-utils": "^4.0.1",
         "compress-commons": "^5.0.1",
@@ -9704,6 +10004,8 @@
       "version": "3.6.2",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
+      "optional": true,
+      "peer": true,
       "dependencies": {
         "inherits": "^2.0.3",
         "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
diff --git a/package-lock.json b/package-lock.json
index 1ee22589e7..95cce58459 100644
--- a/package-lock.json
+++ b/package-lock.json
@@ -10,7 +10,8 @@
       "license": "Apache-2.0",
       "dependencies": {
         "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-        "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+        "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+        "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
         "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
         "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
         "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -18,38 +19,51 @@
         "numcodecs": "^0.3.2"
       },
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+      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -150,13 +332,14 @@
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@@ -166,13 +349,14 @@
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@@ -182,13 +366,14 @@
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@@ -198,13 +383,14 @@
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@@ -214,13 +400,14 @@
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@@ -230,13 +417,14 @@
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+      "license": "MIT",
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+      "license": "MIT",
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@@ -262,13 +451,14 @@
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@@ -1008,6 +1302,57 @@
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+        "iconv-lite": "0.6.3"
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+    "node_modules/whatwg-encoding/node_modules/iconv-lite": {
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/iconv-lite/-/iconv-lite-0.6.3.tgz",
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-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-mimetype/-/whatwg-mimetype-2.3.0.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/whatwg-url/-/whatwg-url-14.1.0.tgz",
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-        "tr46": "^1.0.1",
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+        "webidl-conversions": "^7.0.0"
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@@ -13727,6 +15166,70 @@
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/winston/-/winston-3.17.0.tgz",
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+        "@dabh/diagnostics": "^2.0.2",
+        "async": "^3.2.3",
+        "is-stream": "^2.0.0",
+        "logform": "^2.7.0",
+        "one-time": "^1.0.0",
+        "readable-stream": "^3.4.0",
+        "safe-stable-stringify": "^2.3.1",
+        "stack-trace": "0.0.x",
+        "triple-beam": "^1.3.0",
+        "winston-transport": "^4.9.0"
+      },
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 12.0.0"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/winston-transport": {
+      "version": "4.9.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/winston-transport/-/winston-transport-4.9.0.tgz",
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+        "readable-stream": "^3.6.2",
+        "triple-beam": "^1.3.0"
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+    "node_modules/winston-transport/node_modules/readable-stream": {
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-3.6.2.tgz",
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+        "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
+        "util-deprecate": "^1.0.1"
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+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 6"
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+    "node_modules/winston/node_modules/readable-stream": {
+      "version": "3.6.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/readable-stream/-/readable-stream-3.6.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-9u/sniCrY3D5WdsERHzHE4G2YCXqoG5FTHUiCC4SIbr6XcLZBY05ya9EKjYek9O5xOAwjGq+1JdGBAS7Q9ScoA==",
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+      "dependencies": {
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+        "string_decoder": "^1.1.1",
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       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/word-wrap/-/word-wrap-1.2.5.tgz",
@@ -13826,7 +15329,9 @@
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-      "dev": true
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+      "peer": true
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@@ -13850,9 +15355,19 @@
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+      "version": "5.0.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xml-name-validator/-/xml-name-validator-5.0.0.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">=18"
+      }
+    },
+    "node_modules/xmlchars": {
+      "version": "2.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/xmlchars/-/xmlchars-2.2.0.tgz",
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+      "dev": true
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     "node_modules/xmldom": {
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@@ -13920,13 +15435,17 @@
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+      "version": "3.2.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yauzl/-/yauzl-3.2.0.tgz",
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       "dev": true,
+      "license": "MIT",
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         "buffer-crc32": "~0.2.3",
-        "fd-slicer": "~1.1.0"
+        "pend": "~1.2.0"
+      },
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+        "node": ">=12"
       }
     },
     "node_modules/yauzl/node_modules/buffer-crc32": {
@@ -13938,6 +15457,15 @@
         "node": "*"
       }
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+    "node_modules/ylru": {
+      "version": "1.4.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/ylru/-/ylru-1.4.0.tgz",
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+      "dev": true,
+      "engines": {
+        "node": ">= 4.0.0"
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       "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/yocto-queue/-/yocto-queue-0.1.0.tgz",
@@ -13967,6 +15495,8 @@
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@@ -13981,6 +15511,8 @@
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@@ -13990,6 +15522,8 @@
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@@ -14006,6 +15540,8 @@
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       "dev": true,
+      "optional": true,
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diff --git a/package.json b/package.json
index 235bf26fbb..2473cb3a1e 100644
--- a/package.json
+++ b/package.json
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@
     "url": "git+https://github.com/google/neuroglancer.git"
   },
   "engines": {
-    "node": ">=20.11 <21 || >=21.2"
+    "node": ">=22"
   },
   "browserslist": [
     "last 2 Chrome versions",
@@ -41,39 +41,53 @@
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   },
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-    "@eslint/js": "^9.16.0",
-    "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.6",
-    "@rspack/core": "^1.1.6",
+    "@eslint/js": "^9.18.0",
+    "@iodigital/vite-plugin-msw": "^2.0.0",
+    "@playwright/browser-chromium": "^1.49.1",
+    "@rspack/cli": "^1.1.8",
+    "@rspack/core": "^1.1.8",
     "@types/codemirror": "5.60.15",
     "@types/gl-matrix": "^2.4.5",
+    "@types/http-server": "^0.12.4",
+    "@types/jsdom": "^21.1.7",
     "@types/lodash-es": "^4.17.12",
-    "@types/node": "^22.10.2",
+    "@types/node": "^22.10.7",
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+    "@types/s3rver": "^3.7.4",
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-    "@vitest/browser": "^2.1.8",
-    "@vitest/ui": "^2.1.8",
+    "@vitest/browser": "^3.0.2",
+    "@vitest/ui": "^3.0.2",
+    "@vitest/web-worker": "^3.0.2",
+    "cookie": "^1.0.2",
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-    "esbuild": "^0.24.0",
-    "eslint": "^9.16.0",
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+    "eslint": "^9.18.0",
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     "eslint-rspack-plugin": "^4.2.1",
-    "glob": "^11.0.0",
+    "express": "^4.21.2",
+    "glob": "^11.0.1",
+    "http-server": "^14.1.1",
+    "jsdom": "^26.0.0",
+    "msw": "^2.7.0",
     "nunjucks": "^3.2.4",
+    "playwright": "^1.49.1",
     "prettier": "3.4.2",
-    "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.0.3",
+    "s3rver": "^3.7.1",
+    "ts-checker-rspack-plugin": "^1.1.1",
     "tsx": "^4.19.2",
-    "typescript": "^5.7.2",
-    "typescript-eslint": "^8.18.0",
-    "vitest": "^2.1.8",
-    "webdriverio": "^9.4.1",
+    "typescript": "^5.7.3",
+    "typescript-eslint": "^8.20.0",
+    "vitest": "^3.0.2",
     "webpack-bundle-analyzer": "^4.10.2",
     "webpack-merge": "^6.0.1",
-    "yargs": "^17.7.2"
+    "yargs": "^17.7.2",
+    "yauzl": "^3.2.0"
   },
   "dependencies": {
     "codemirror": "^5.61.1",
-    "core-js": "^3.39.0",
+    "core-js": "^3.40.0",
+    "crc-32": "^1.2.2",
     "gl-matrix": "3.1.0",
     "ikonate": "github:mikolajdobrucki/ikonate#a86b4107c6ec717e7877f880a930d1ccf0b59d89",
     "lodash-es": "^4.17.21",
@@ -99,286 +113,357 @@
     "#src/third_party/jpgjs/jpg.js": "./src/third_party/jpgjs/jpg.js",
     "#src/*.js": "./src/*.ts",
     "#src/*": "./src/*",
+    "#tests/fixtures/msw": {
+      "node": "./tests/fixtures/msw_node.ts",
+      "default": "./tests/fixtures/msw_browser.ts"
+    },
+    "#tests/fixtures/gl": {
+      "node": "./tests/fixtures/gl_node.ts",
+      "default": "./tests/fixtures/gl_browser.ts"
+    },
+    "#tests/*.js": "./tests/*.ts",
     "#testdata/*": "./testdata/*",
     "#datasource/boss/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:enabled": "./src/datasource/boss/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:disabled": "./src/datasource/boss/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/boss/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/boss/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:enabled": "./src/datasource/boss/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:disabled": "./src/datasource/boss/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/boss/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/boss/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:enabled": "./src/datasource/boss/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:disabled": "./src/datasource/boss/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/boss/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/boss/register_credentials_provider": {
       "neuroglancer/python": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:enabled": "./src/datasource/boss/register_credentials_provider.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:disabled": "./src/datasource/boss/register_credentials_provider.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/boss:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/boss/register_credentials_provider.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/brainmaps/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:enabled": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:disabled": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/brainmaps/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:enabled": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:disabled": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/brainmaps/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:enabled": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:disabled": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/brainmaps/register_credentials_provider": {
       "neuroglancer/python": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:enabled": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/register_credentials_provider.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:disabled": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/register_credentials_provider.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/brainmaps:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/brainmaps/register_credentials_provider.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/deepzoom/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/deepzoom:enabled": "./src/datasource/deepzoom/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/deepzoom:disabled": "./src/datasource/deepzoom/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/deepzoom:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/deepzoom/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/deepzoom/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/deepzoom:enabled": "./src/datasource/deepzoom/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/deepzoom:disabled": "./src/datasource/deepzoom/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/deepzoom:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/deepzoom/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/deepzoom/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/deepzoom:enabled": "./src/datasource/deepzoom/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/deepzoom:disabled": "./src/datasource/deepzoom/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/deepzoom:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/deepzoom/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/dvid/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:enabled": "./src/datasource/dvid/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:disabled": "./src/datasource/dvid/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/dvid/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/dvid/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:enabled": "./src/datasource/dvid/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:disabled": "./src/datasource/dvid/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/dvid/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/dvid/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:enabled": "./src/datasource/dvid/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:disabled": "./src/datasource/dvid/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/dvid/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/dvid/register_credentials_provider": {
       "neuroglancer/python": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:enabled": "./src/datasource/dvid/register_credentials_provider.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:disabled": "./src/datasource/dvid/register_credentials_provider.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/dvid:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/dvid/register_credentials_provider.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/graphene/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/graphene:enabled": "./src/datasource/graphene/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/graphene:disabled": "./src/datasource/graphene/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/graphene:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/graphene/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/graphene/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/graphene:enabled": "./src/datasource/graphene/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/graphene:disabled": "./src/datasource/graphene/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/graphene:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/graphene/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/graphene/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/graphene:enabled": "./src/datasource/graphene/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/graphene:disabled": "./src/datasource/graphene/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/graphene:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/graphene/register_default.ts"
     },
-    "#datasource/middleauth/register_credentials_provider": {
-      "neuroglancer/python": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/middleauth:enabled": "./src/datasource/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/middleauth:disabled": "./src/datasource/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts",
-      "default": "./src/datasource/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts"
-    },
     "#datasource/n5/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/n5:enabled": "./src/datasource/n5/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/n5:disabled": "./src/datasource/n5/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/n5:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/n5/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/n5/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/n5:enabled": "./src/datasource/n5/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/n5:disabled": "./src/datasource/n5/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/n5:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/n5/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/n5/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/n5:enabled": "./src/datasource/n5/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/n5:disabled": "./src/datasource/n5/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/n5:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/n5/register_default.ts"
     },
-    "#datasource/ngauth/register_credentials_provider": {
-      "neuroglancer/python": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/ngauth:enabled": "./src/datasource/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/ngauth:disabled": "./src/datasource/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts",
-      "default": "./src/datasource/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts"
-    },
     "#datasource/nggraph/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/nggraph:enabled": "./src/datasource/nggraph/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/nggraph:disabled": "./src/datasource/nggraph/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/nggraph:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/nggraph/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/nggraph/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/nggraph:enabled": "./src/datasource/nggraph/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/nggraph:disabled": "./src/datasource/nggraph/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/nggraph:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/nggraph/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/nifti/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/nifti:enabled": "./src/datasource/nifti/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/nifti:disabled": "./src/datasource/nifti/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/nifti:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/nifti/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/nifti/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/nifti:enabled": "./src/datasource/nifti/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/nifti:disabled": "./src/datasource/nifti/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/nifti:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/nifti/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/obj/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/obj:enabled": "./src/datasource/obj/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/obj:disabled": "./src/datasource/obj/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/obj:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/obj/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/obj/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/obj:enabled": "./src/datasource/obj/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/obj:disabled": "./src/datasource/obj/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/obj:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/obj/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/obj/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/obj:enabled": "./src/datasource/obj/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/obj:disabled": "./src/datasource/obj/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/obj:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/obj/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/precomputed/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/precomputed:enabled": "./src/datasource/precomputed/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/precomputed:disabled": "./src/datasource/precomputed/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/precomputed:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/precomputed/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/precomputed/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/precomputed:enabled": "./src/datasource/precomputed/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/precomputed:disabled": "./src/datasource/precomputed/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/precomputed:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/precomputed/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/precomputed/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/precomputed:enabled": "./src/datasource/precomputed/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/precomputed:disabled": "./src/datasource/precomputed/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/precomputed:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/precomputed/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/python/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/python": "./src/datasource/python/backend.ts",
       "default": "./src/util/false.ts"
     },
+    "#datasource/python/register_default": {
+      "neuroglancer/python": "./src/datasource/python/register_default.ts",
+      "default": "./src/util/false.ts"
+    },
     "#datasource/render/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/render:enabled": "./src/datasource/render/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/render:disabled": "./src/datasource/render/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/render:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/render/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/render/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/render:enabled": "./src/datasource/render/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/render:disabled": "./src/datasource/render/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/render:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/render/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/render/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/render:enabled": "./src/datasource/render/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/render:disabled": "./src/datasource/render/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/render:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/render/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/vtk/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/vtk:enabled": "./src/datasource/vtk/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/vtk:disabled": "./src/datasource/vtk/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/vtk:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/vtk/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/vtk/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/vtk:enabled": "./src/datasource/vtk/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/vtk:disabled": "./src/datasource/vtk/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/vtk:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/vtk/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/vtk/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/vtk:enabled": "./src/datasource/vtk/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/vtk:disabled": "./src/datasource/vtk/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/vtk:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/vtk/register_default.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/zarr/backend": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/zarr:enabled": "./src/datasource/zarr/backend.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/zarr:disabled": "./src/datasource/zarr/backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/zarr:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/zarr/backend.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/zarr/async_computation": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/zarr:enabled": "./src/datasource/zarr/async_computation.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/zarr:disabled": "./src/datasource/zarr/async_computation.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/zarr:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/zarr/async_computation.ts"
     },
     "#datasource/zarr/register_default": {
       "neuroglancer/datasource/zarr:enabled": "./src/datasource/zarr/register_default.ts",
       "neuroglancer/datasource:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
-      "neuroglancer/datasource/zarr:disabled": "./src/datasource/zarr/register_default.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/datasource/zarr:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/datasource/zarr/register_default.ts"
     },
+    "#kvstore/byte_range/register": {
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/byte_range:enabled": "./src/kvstore/byte_range/register.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/byte_range:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/byte_range/register.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/gcs/register": {
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/gcs:enabled": "./src/kvstore/gcs/register.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/gcs:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/gcs/register.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/gzip/register": {
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/gzip:enabled": "./src/kvstore/gzip/register.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/gzip:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/gzip/register.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/http/register": {
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/http:enabled": "./src/kvstore/http/register.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/http:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/http/register.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/middleauth/register": {
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/middleauth:enabled": "./src/kvstore/middleauth/register.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/middleauth:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/middleauth/register.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/middleauth/register_credentials_provider": {
+      "neuroglancer/python": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/middleauth:enabled": "./src/kvstore/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/middleauth:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/ngauth/register": {
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/ngauth:enabled": "./src/kvstore/ngauth/register.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/ngauth:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/ngauth/register.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/ngauth/register_credentials_provider": {
+      "neuroglancer/python": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/ngauth:enabled": "./src/kvstore/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/ngauth:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/s3/register": {
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/s3:enabled": "./src/kvstore/s3/register.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/s3:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/s3/register.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/zip/register_frontend": {
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/zip:enabled": "./src/kvstore/zip/register_frontend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/zip:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/zip/register_frontend.ts"
+    },
+    "#kvstore/zip/register_backend": {
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/zip:enabled": "./src/kvstore/zip/register_backend.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/kvstore/zip:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "default": "./src/kvstore/zip/register_backend.ts"
+    },
     "#layer/annotation": {
       "neuroglancer/layer/annotation:enabled": "./src/layer/annotation/index.ts",
       "neuroglancer/layer:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/layer/annotation:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/layer/annotation/index.ts"
     },
     "#layer/image": {
       "neuroglancer/layer/image:enabled": "./src/layer/image/index.ts",
       "neuroglancer/layer:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/layer/image:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/layer/image/index.ts"
     },
     "#layer/segmentation": {
       "neuroglancer/layer/segmentation:enabled": "./src/layer/segmentation/index.ts",
       "neuroglancer/layer:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/layer/segmentation:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/layer/segmentation/index.ts"
     },
     "#layer/single_mesh": {
       "neuroglancer/layer/single_mesh:enabled": "./src/layer/single_mesh/index.ts",
       "neuroglancer/layer:none_by_default": "./src/util/false.ts",
+      "neuroglancer/layer/single_mesh:disabled": "./src/util/false.ts",
       "default": "./src/layer/single_mesh/index.ts"
     },
     "#main": {
diff --git a/pyproject.toml b/pyproject.toml
index 3474d58d80..c78059e51e 100644
--- a/pyproject.toml
+++ b/pyproject.toml
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ exclude = [
     "/guide_video_recorder/",
     "^docs/",
     "^build/",
+    "^testdata/",
 ]
 
 [[tool.mypy.overrides]]
diff --git a/python/neuroglancer/write_annotations.py b/python/neuroglancer/write_annotations.py
index 6e1d3f87c6..8a204e0fc1 100644
--- a/python/neuroglancer/write_annotations.py
+++ b/python/neuroglancer/write_annotations.py
@@ -174,11 +174,11 @@ def _add_two_point_obj(
 
     def _add_obj(self, coords: Sequence[float], id: Optional[int], **kwargs):
         encoded = np.zeros(shape=(), dtype=self.dtype)
-        encoded[()]["geometry"] = coords
+        encoded[()]["geometry"] = coords  # type: ignore[call-overload]
 
         for i, p in enumerate(self.properties):
             if p.id in kwargs:
-                encoded[()][f"property{i}"] = kwargs.pop(p.id)
+                encoded[()][f"property{i}"] = kwargs.pop(p.id)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
 
         related_ids = []
         for relationship in self.relationships:
diff --git a/python/tests/on_demand_mesh_generator_test.py b/python/tests/on_demand_mesh_generator_test.py
index b1f265d043..8e28af49b5 100644
--- a/python/tests/on_demand_mesh_generator_test.py
+++ b/python/tests/on_demand_mesh_generator_test.py
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 import pytest
 from neuroglancer import local_volume, test_util, viewer_state
 
-testdata_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "testdata", "mesh")
+testdata_dir = os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "..", "..", "testdata", "mesh")
 
 
 @pytest.mark.xfail(
diff --git a/python/tests/zarr_test.py b/python/tests/zarr_test.py
index 14e1fb60f4..860c7dbadb 100644
--- a/python/tests/zarr_test.py
+++ b/python/tests/zarr_test.py
@@ -19,7 +19,9 @@
 import numpy as np
 import pytest
 
-TEST_DATA_DIR = pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent / "testdata"
+TEST_DATA_DIR = (
+    pathlib.Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent / "testdata" / "datasource" / "zarr"
+)
 
 
 @pytest.mark.parametrize(
diff --git a/setup.py b/setup.py
index 7fd8e08317..35c0fc3cad 100755
--- a/setup.py
+++ b/setup.py
@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ class BundleClientCommand(
 ):
     editable_mode: bool = False
 
-    user_options = [
+    user_options = [  # type: ignore[assignment]
         (
             "client-bundle-type=",
             None,
diff --git a/src/annotation/backend.ts b/src/annotation/backend.ts
index aa7f43ce49..1c8444e9a1 100644
--- a/src/annotation/backend.ts
+++ b/src/annotation/backend.ts
@@ -170,8 +170,8 @@ class AnnotationMetadataChunkSource extends ChunkSource {
     return chunk;
   }
 
-  download(chunk: AnnotationMetadataChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    return this.parent!.downloadMetadata(chunk, abortSignal);
+  download(chunk: AnnotationMetadataChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
+    return this.parent!.downloadMetadata(chunk, signal);
   }
 }
 
@@ -205,11 +205,11 @@ class AnnotationSubsetGeometryChunkSource extends ChunkSource {
     }
     return chunk;
   }
-  download(chunk: AnnotationSubsetGeometryChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  download(chunk: AnnotationSubsetGeometryChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     return this.parent!.downloadSegmentFilteredGeometry(
       chunk,
       this.relationshipIndex,
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
     );
   }
 }
@@ -220,12 +220,12 @@ export interface AnnotationSource {
   // TypeScript supports mixins with abstract classes.
   downloadMetadata(
     chunk: AnnotationMetadataChunk,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ): Promise<void>;
   downloadSegmentFilteredGeometry(
     chunk: AnnotationSubsetGeometryChunk,
     relationshipIndex: number,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ): Promise<void>;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/async_computation/request.ts b/src/async_computation/request.ts
index f641b6fefc..9497ffeb78 100644
--- a/src/async_computation/request.ts
+++ b/src/async_computation/request.ts
@@ -85,14 +85,14 @@ export function requestAsyncComputation<
   Signature extends (...args: any) => any,
 >(
   request: AsyncComputationSpec<Signature>,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal | undefined,
+  signal: AbortSignal | undefined,
   transfer: Transferable[] | undefined,
   ...args: Parameters<Signature>
 ): Promise<ReturnType<Signature>> {
   const id = nextTaskId++;
   const msg = { t: request.id, id, args: args };
 
-  abortSignal?.throwIfAborted();
+  signal?.throwIfAborted();
 
   const promise = new Promise<ReturnType<Signature>>((resolve, reject) => {
     tasks.set(id, { resolve, reject });
@@ -102,16 +102,16 @@ export function requestAsyncComputation<
     freeWorkers.pop()!.postMessage(msg, transfer as Transferable[]);
   } else {
     let cleanup: (() => void) | undefined;
-    if (abortSignal !== undefined) {
+    if (signal !== undefined) {
       function abortHandler() {
         pendingTasks.delete(id);
         const task = tasks.get(id)!;
         tasks.delete(id);
-        task.reject(abortSignal!.reason);
+        task.reject(signal!.reason);
       }
-      abortSignal.addEventListener("abort", abortHandler, { once: true });
+      signal.addEventListener("abort", abortHandler, { once: true });
       cleanup = () => {
-        abortSignal.removeEventListener("abort", abortHandler);
+        signal.removeEventListener("abort", abortHandler);
       };
     }
     pendingTasks.set(id, { msg, transfer, cleanup });
diff --git a/src/chunk_manager/backend.ts b/src/chunk_manager/backend.ts
index 70f02db41d..62457ac015 100644
--- a/src/chunk_manager/backend.ts
+++ b/src/chunk_manager/backend.ts
@@ -412,12 +412,12 @@ export interface ChunkSourceBase {
    * Note: This method must be defined by subclasses.
    *
    * @param chunk Chunk to download.
-   * @param abortSignal Used to abort download.
+   * @param signal Used to abort download.
    *
    * TODO(jbms): Move this back to the class definition above and declare this abstract once mixins
    * are compatible with abstract classes.
    */
-  download(chunk: Chunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal): Promise<void>;
+  download(chunk: Chunk, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<void>;
 }
 
 export class ChunkSource extends ChunkSourceBase {
@@ -462,7 +462,7 @@ function startChunkDownload(chunk: Chunk) {
 function cancelChunkDownload(chunk: Chunk) {
   const controller = chunk.downloadAbortController!;
   chunk.downloadAbortController = undefined;
-  controller.abort();
+  controller.abort(new DOMException("chunk download cancelled", "AbortError"));
 }
 
 class ChunkPriorityQueue {
@@ -890,6 +890,11 @@ export class ChunkQueueManager extends SharedObjectCounterpart {
     this.scheduleUpdate();
   }
 
+  markRecentlyUsed(chunk: Chunk) {
+    this.removeChunkFromQueues_(chunk);
+    this.addChunkToQueues_(chunk);
+  }
+
   private processGPUPromotions_() {
     const queueManager = this;
     function evictFromGPUMemory(chunk: Chunk) {
diff --git a/src/chunk_manager/frontend.ts b/src/chunk_manager/frontend.ts
index 8d552cbefc..3df76ce075 100644
--- a/src/chunk_manager/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/chunk_manager/frontend.ts
@@ -196,9 +196,9 @@ export class ChunkQueueManager extends SharedObject {
   }
 
   private handleFetch_(source: ChunkSource, update: any) {
-    const { resolve, reject, abortSignal } = update.promise;
-    if (abortSignal.aborted) {
-      reject(abortSignal.reason);
+    const { resolve, reject, signal } = update.promise;
+    if (signal.aborted) {
+      reject(signal.reason);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -348,15 +348,12 @@ registerRPC("Chunk.update", function (x) {
   updateChunk(this, x);
 });
 
-registerPromiseRPC(
-  "Chunk.retrieve",
-  function (x, abortSignal): RPCPromise<any> {
-    return new Promise<{ value: any }>((resolve, reject) => {
-      x.promise = { resolve, reject, abortSignal };
-      updateChunk(this, x);
-    });
-  },
-);
+registerPromiseRPC("Chunk.retrieve", function (x, signal): RPCPromise<any> {
+  return new Promise<{ value: any }>((resolve, reject) => {
+    x.promise = { resolve, reject, signal };
+    updateChunk(this, x);
+  });
+});
 
 registerRPC(CHUNK_LAYER_STATISTICS_RPC_ID, function (x) {
   const chunkManager = this.get(x.id) as ChunkManager;
diff --git a/src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.ts b/src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.ts
index 6029a19814..308e18ffe4 100644
--- a/src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.ts
+++ b/src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.ts
@@ -21,243 +21,25 @@
 
 import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
 import { Chunk, ChunkSourceBase } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
-import { ChunkPriorityTier, ChunkState } from "#src/chunk_manager/base.js";
-import { raceWithAbort, SharedAbortController } from "#src/util/abort.js";
-import type { Borrowed, Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import { ChunkState } from "#src/chunk_manager/base.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
+import type { ReadResponse } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import type { Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { stableStringify } from "#src/util/json.js";
+import type { AsyncMemoize } from "#src/util/memoize.js";
+import { asyncMemoizeWithProgress } from "#src/util/memoize.js";
 import { getObjectId } from "#src/util/object_id.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import { fetchSpecialOk } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-
-export type PriorityGetter = () => {
-  priorityTier: ChunkPriorityTier;
-  priority: number;
-};
-
-interface FileDataRequester<Data> {
-  resolve: (data: Data) => void;
-  reject: (error: any) => void;
-  getPriority: PriorityGetter;
-  cleanup: () => void;
-}
-
-class GenericSharedDataChunk<Key, Data> extends Chunk {
-  decodedKey?: Key;
-  data?: Data;
-  requesters?: Set<FileDataRequester<Data>>;
-
-  initialize(key: string) {
-    super.initialize(key);
-    this.requesters = new Set<FileDataRequester<Data>>();
-  }
-
-  downloadSucceeded() {
-    super.downloadSucceeded();
-    const { requesters, data } = this;
-    this.requesters = undefined;
-    for (const requester of requesters!) {
-      requester.resolve(data!);
-    }
-  }
-
-  downloadFailed(error: any) {
-    super.downloadFailed(error);
-    const { requesters } = this;
-    this.requesters = undefined;
-    for (const requester of requesters!) {
-      requester.reject(error);
-    }
-  }
-
-  freeSystemMemory() {
-    this.data = undefined;
-  }
-}
-
-export interface GenericSharedDataSourceOptions<Key, Data> {
-  encodeKey?: (key: Key) => string;
-  download: (
-    key: Key,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ) => Promise<{ size: number; data: Data }>;
-  sourceQueueLevel?: number;
-}
-
-export class GenericSharedDataSource<Key, Data> extends ChunkSourceBase {
-  declare chunks: Map<string, GenericSharedDataChunk<Key, Data>>;
-
-  private encodeKeyFunction: (key: Key) => string;
-
-  private downloadFunction: (
-    key: Key,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ) => Promise<{ size: number; data: Data }>;
-
-  constructor(
-    chunkManager: Owned<ChunkManager>,
-    options: GenericSharedDataSourceOptions<Key, Data>,
-  ) {
-    super(chunkManager);
-    this.registerDisposer(chunkManager);
-    const { encodeKey = stableStringify } = options;
-    this.downloadFunction = options.download;
-    this.encodeKeyFunction = encodeKey;
-    const { sourceQueueLevel = 0 } = options;
-    this.sourceQueueLevel = sourceQueueLevel;
-
-    // This source is unusual in that it updates its own chunk priorities.
-    this.registerDisposer(
-      this.chunkManager.recomputeChunkPrioritiesLate.add(() => {
-        this.updateChunkPriorities();
-      }),
-    );
-  }
-
-  updateChunkPriorities() {
-    const { chunkManager } = this;
-    for (const chunk of this.chunks.values()) {
-      const { requesters } = chunk;
-      if (requesters !== undefined) {
-        for (const requester of requesters) {
-          const { priorityTier, priority } = requester.getPriority();
-          if (priorityTier === ChunkPriorityTier.RECENT) continue;
-          chunkManager.requestChunk(
-            chunk,
-            priorityTier,
-            priority,
-            ChunkState.SYSTEM_MEMORY_WORKER,
-          );
-        }
-      }
-    }
-  }
-
-  async download(
-    chunk: GenericSharedDataChunk<Key, Data>,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ) {
-    const { size, data } = await this.downloadFunction(
-      chunk.decodedKey!,
-      abortSignal,
-    );
-    chunk.systemMemoryBytes = size;
-    chunk.data = data;
-  }
-
-  /**
-   * Precondition: priorityTier <= ChunkPriorityTier.LAST_ORDERED_TIER
-   */
-  getData(key: Key, getPriority: PriorityGetter, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    const encodedKey = this.encodeKeyFunction(key);
-    let chunk = this.chunks.get(encodedKey);
-    if (chunk === undefined) {
-      chunk = this.getNewChunk_<GenericSharedDataChunk<Key, Data>>(
-        GenericSharedDataChunk,
-      );
-      chunk.decodedKey = key;
-      chunk.initialize(encodedKey);
-      this.addChunk(chunk);
-    }
-    return new Promise<Data>((resolve, reject) => {
-      // If the data is already available or the request has already failed, resolve/reject the
-      // promise immediately.
-      switch (chunk!.state) {
-        case ChunkState.FAILED:
-          reject(chunk!.error);
-          return;
-
-        case ChunkState.SYSTEM_MEMORY_WORKER:
-          resolve(chunk!.data!);
-          return;
-      }
-      function handleAbort() {
-        const { requesters } = chunk!;
-        if (requesters !== undefined) {
-          requesters.delete(requester);
-          chunk!.chunkManager!.scheduleUpdateChunkPriorities();
-        }
-        reject(abortSignal.reason);
-      }
-
-      const requester: FileDataRequester<Data> = {
-        resolve,
-        reject,
-        getPriority,
-        cleanup: () => abortSignal.removeEventListener("abort", handleAbort),
-      };
-      chunk!.requesters!.add(requester);
-      abortSignal.addEventListener("abort", handleAbort, { once: true });
-      this.chunkManager.scheduleUpdateChunkPriorities();
-    });
-  }
-
-  static get<Key, Data>(
-    chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>,
-    memoizeKey: string,
-    options: GenericSharedDataSourceOptions<Key, Data>,
-  ) {
-    return chunkManager.memoize.get(
-      `getFileSource:${memoizeKey}`,
-      () => new GenericSharedDataSource(chunkManager.addRef(), options),
-    );
-  }
-
-  static getData<Key, Data>(
-    chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>,
-    memoizeKey: string,
-    options: GenericSharedDataSourceOptions<Key, Data>,
-    key: Key,
-    getPriority: PriorityGetter,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ) {
-    const source = GenericSharedDataSource.get(
-      chunkManager,
-      memoizeKey,
-      options,
-    );
-    const result = source.getData(key, getPriority, abortSignal);
-    source.dispose();
-    return result;
-  }
-
-  static getUrl<Data>(
-    chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>,
-    credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-    decodeFunction: (
-      buffer: ArrayBuffer,
-      abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-    ) => Promise<{ size: number; data: Data }>,
-    url: string,
-    getPriority: PriorityGetter,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ) {
-    return GenericSharedDataSource.getData<string, Data>(
-      chunkManager,
-      `${getObjectId(decodeFunction)}`,
-      {
-        download: (url: string, abortSignal: AbortSignal) =>
-          fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, url, { signal: abortSignal })
-            .then((response) => response.arrayBuffer())
-            .then((response) => decodeFunction(response, abortSignal)),
-      },
-      url,
-      getPriority,
-      abortSignal,
-    );
-  }
-}
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 class AsyncCacheChunk<Data> extends Chunk {
-  promise: Promise<Data> | undefined;
-  outstandingRequests: number = 0;
-  sharedAbortController: SharedAbortController | undefined;
+  asyncMemoize: AsyncMemoize<Data> | undefined;
 
   initialize(key: string) {
     super.initialize(key);
   }
 
   freeSystemMemory() {
-    this.promise = undefined;
+    this.asyncMemoize = undefined;
   }
 }
 
@@ -265,7 +47,7 @@ export interface SimpleAsyncCacheOptions<Key, Value> {
   encodeKey?: (key: Key) => string;
   get: (
     key: Key,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    progressOptions: ProgressOptions,
   ) => Promise<{ size: number; data: Value }>;
 }
 
@@ -284,10 +66,10 @@ export class SimpleAsyncCache<Key, Value> extends ChunkSourceBase {
   encodeKeyFunction: (key: Key) => string;
   downloadFunction: (
     key: Key,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    progressOptions: ProgressOptions,
   ) => Promise<{ size: number; data: Value }>;
 
-  get(key: Key, abortSignal?: AbortSignal): Promise<Value> {
+  get(key: Key, options: Partial<ProgressOptions>): Promise<Value> {
     const encodedKey = this.encodeKeyFunction(key);
     let chunk = this.chunks.get(encodedKey);
     if (chunk === undefined) {
@@ -295,23 +77,12 @@ export class SimpleAsyncCache<Key, Value> extends ChunkSourceBase {
       chunk.initialize(encodedKey);
       this.addChunk(chunk);
     }
-    if (
-      chunk.promise === undefined ||
-      chunk.sharedAbortController?.signal.aborted
-    ) {
-      let completed = false;
-      const sharedAbortController = (chunk!.sharedAbortController =
-        new SharedAbortController());
-      sharedAbortController.signal.addEventListener("abort", () => {
-        if (!completed) {
-          chunk!.promise = undefined;
-        }
-      });
-      chunk.promise = (async () => {
+    if (chunk.asyncMemoize === undefined) {
+      chunk.asyncMemoize = asyncMemoizeWithProgress(async (progressOptions) => {
         try {
           const { data, size } = await this.downloadFunction(
             key,
-            sharedAbortController.signal,
+            progressOptions,
           );
           chunk.systemMemoryBytes = size;
           chunk!.queueManager.updateChunkState(
@@ -322,15 +93,13 @@ export class SimpleAsyncCache<Key, Value> extends ChunkSourceBase {
         } catch (e) {
           chunk!.queueManager.updateChunkState(chunk!, ChunkState.FAILED);
           throw e;
-        } finally {
-          completed = true;
-          sharedAbortController[Symbol.dispose]();
         }
-      })();
+      });
+    }
+    if (chunk.state === ChunkState.SYSTEM_MEMORY) {
+      chunk.chunkManager.queueManager.markRecentlyUsed(chunk);
     }
-    chunk!.sharedAbortController!.addConsumer(abortSignal);
-    chunk!.sharedAbortController!.start();
-    return raceWithAbort(chunk.promise, abortSignal);
+    return chunk.asyncMemoize(options);
   }
 }
 
@@ -344,3 +113,38 @@ export function makeSimpleAsyncCache<Key, Data>(
     () => new SimpleAsyncCache(chunkManager.addRef(), options),
   );
 }
+
+export function getCachedDecodedUrl<Data>(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart,
+  url: string,
+  decodeFunction: (
+    readResponse: ReadResponse | undefined,
+    options: ProgressOptions,
+  ) => Promise<{ size: number; data: Data }>,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+): Promise<Data> {
+  const cache = sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.memoize.get(
+    `getCachedDecodedUrl:${getObjectId(decodeFunction)}`,
+    () => {
+      const cache = new SimpleAsyncCache(
+        sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.addRef(),
+        {
+          get: async (url: string, options: ProgressOptions) => {
+            const readResponse = await sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.read(
+              url,
+              options,
+            );
+            try {
+              return decodeFunction(readResponse, options);
+            } catch (e) {
+              throw new Error("Error reading ${url}", { cause: e });
+            }
+          },
+        },
+      );
+      cache.registerDisposer(sharedKvStoreContext.addRef());
+      return cache;
+    },
+  );
+  return cache.get(url, options);
+}
diff --git a/src/chunk_worker.bundle.js b/src/chunk_worker.bundle.js
index a5cb4b9bbc..a463171535 100644
--- a/src/chunk_worker.bundle.js
+++ b/src/chunk_worker.bundle.js
@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@
 import "#src/util/polyfills.js";
 import "#src/shared_watchable_value.js";
 import "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
 import "#src/sliceview/backend.js";
 import "#src/perspective_view/backend.js";
 import "#src/volume_rendering/backend.js";
 import "#src/annotation/backend.js";
 import "#src/datasource/enabled_backend_modules.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/enabled_backend_modules.js";
 import "#src/worker_rpc_context.js";
diff --git a/src/credentials_provider/default_manager.ts b/src/credentials_provider/default_manager.ts
index dea60b764c..c95fb6a874 100644
--- a/src/credentials_provider/default_manager.ts
+++ b/src/credentials_provider/default_manager.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,23 @@
  * @file CredentialsManager for globally registering a CredentialsProvider
  */
 
-import { CachingMapBasedCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import {
+  CachingMapBasedCredentialsManager,
+  type ProviderGetter,
+} from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 
-export const defaultCredentialsManager =
-  new CachingMapBasedCredentialsManager();
+const providers = new Map<string, ProviderGetter<unknown>>();
+export function registerDefaultCredentialsProvider<Credentials>(
+  key: string,
+  providerGetter: ProviderGetter<Credentials>,
+) {
+  providers.set(key, providerGetter);
+}
+
+export function getDefaultCredentialsManager() {
+  const manager = new CachingMapBasedCredentialsManager();
+  for (const [key, provider] of providers) {
+    manager.register(key, provider);
+  }
+  return manager;
+}
diff --git a/src/credentials_provider/http_request.ts b/src/credentials_provider/http_request.ts
index d3998a66f5..bdf8bec3f0 100644
--- a/src/credentials_provider/http_request.ts
+++ b/src/credentials_provider/http_request.ts
@@ -18,18 +18,20 @@ import type {
   CredentialsProvider,
   CredentialsWithGeneration,
 } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import type { FetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import { fetchOk, HttpError, pickDelay } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import type { ProgressListener } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 const maxCredentialsAttempts = 3;
 
-export async function fetchWithCredentials<Credentials>(
+export async function fetchOkWithCredentials<Credentials>(
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<Credentials>,
   input: RequestInfo | ((credentials: Credentials) => RequestInfo),
-  init: RequestInit,
+  init: RequestInit & { progressListener?: ProgressListener },
   applyCredentials: (
     credentials: Credentials,
-    requestInit: RequestInit,
-  ) => RequestInit,
+    requestInit: RequestInit & { progressListener?: ProgressListener },
+  ) => RequestInit & { progressListener?: ProgressListener },
   errorHandler: (httpError: HttpError, credentials: Credentials) => "refresh",
 ): Promise<Response> {
   let credentials: CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials> | undefined;
@@ -43,10 +45,10 @@ export async function fetchWithCredentials<Credentials>(
         setTimeout(resolve, pickDelay(credentialsAttempt - 2)),
       );
     }
-    credentials = await credentialsProvider.get(
-      credentials,
-      init.signal ?? undefined,
-    );
+    credentials = await credentialsProvider.get(credentials, {
+      signal: init.signal ?? undefined,
+      progressListener: init.progressListener,
+    });
     try {
       return await fetchOk(
         typeof input === "function" ? input(credentials.credentials) : input,
@@ -63,3 +65,21 @@ export async function fetchWithCredentials<Credentials>(
     }
   }
 }
+
+export function fetchOkWithCredentialsAdapter<Credentials>(
+  credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<Credentials>,
+  applyCredentials: (
+    credentials: Credentials,
+    requestInit: RequestInit & { progressListener?: ProgressListener },
+  ) => RequestInit & { progressListener?: ProgressListener },
+  errorHandler: (httpError: HttpError, credentials: Credentials) => "refresh",
+): FetchOk {
+  return (input, init = {}) =>
+    fetchOkWithCredentials(
+      credentialsProvider,
+      input,
+      init,
+      applyCredentials,
+      errorHandler,
+    );
+}
diff --git a/src/credentials_provider/index.ts b/src/credentials_provider/index.ts
index 41ec25ede0..1290e24036 100644
--- a/src/credentials_provider/index.ts
+++ b/src/credentials_provider/index.ts
@@ -18,10 +18,11 @@
  * @file Generic facility for providing authentication/authorization credentials.
  */
 
-import { raceWithAbort, SharedAbortController } from "#src/util/abort.js";
 import type { Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
-import { StringMemoize } from "#src/util/memoize.js";
+import type { AsyncMemoizeWithProgress } from "#src/util/memoize.js";
+import { asyncMemoizeWithProgress, StringMemoize } from "#src/util/memoize.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 /**
  * Wraps an arbitrary JSON credentials object with a generation number.
@@ -42,68 +43,50 @@ export abstract class CredentialsProvider<Credentials> extends RefCounted {
    */
   abstract get: (
     invalidCredentials?: CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>,
-    abortSignal?: AbortSignal | undefined,
+    options?: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
   ) => Promise<CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>>;
 }
 
 export function makeCachedCredentialsGetter<Credentials>(
   getUncached: (
     invalidCredentials: CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials> | undefined,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    options: ProgressOptions,
   ) => Promise<CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>>,
 ) {
   let cachedCredentials: CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials> | undefined;
   let pendingCredentials:
-    | Promise<CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>>
+    | AsyncMemoizeWithProgress<CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>>
     | undefined;
-  let pendingAbortController: SharedAbortController | undefined;
-  return (
+  return async (
     invalidCredentials?: CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>,
-    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,
+    options?: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
   ) => {
+    // Check if a new credential request needs to be made.
     if (
-      pendingCredentials !== undefined &&
-      (cachedCredentials === undefined ||
-        invalidCredentials === undefined ||
-        cachedCredentials.generation !== invalidCredentials.generation)
+      pendingCredentials === undefined ||
+      (invalidCredentials !== undefined &&
+        cachedCredentials?.generation === invalidCredentials.generation)
     ) {
-      if (cachedCredentials === undefined) {
-        pendingAbortController!.addConsumer(abortSignal);
-      }
-      return raceWithAbort(pendingCredentials, abortSignal);
+      cachedCredentials = undefined;
+      pendingCredentials = asyncMemoizeWithProgress(async (progressOptions) => {
+        cachedCredentials = await getUncached(
+          invalidCredentials,
+          progressOptions,
+        );
+        return cachedCredentials;
+      });
     }
-    cachedCredentials = undefined;
-    pendingAbortController = new SharedAbortController();
-    pendingCredentials = getUncached(
-      invalidCredentials,
-      pendingAbortController.signal,
-    ).then(
-      (credentials) => {
-        cachedCredentials = credentials;
-        pendingAbortController![Symbol.dispose]();
-        pendingAbortController = undefined;
-        return credentials;
-      },
-      (reason) => {
-        pendingAbortController![Symbol.dispose]();
-        if (pendingAbortController?.signal.aborted) {
-          pendingAbortController = undefined;
-          pendingCredentials = undefined;
-        }
-        throw reason;
-      },
-    );
-    return pendingCredentials;
+    return pendingCredentials(options ?? {});
   };
 }
 
 export function makeCredentialsGetter<Credentials>(
-  getWithoutGeneration: (abortSignal: AbortSignal) => Promise<Credentials>,
+  getWithoutGeneration: (options: ProgressOptions) => Promise<Credentials>,
 ) {
   let generation = 0;
   return makeCachedCredentialsGetter<Credentials>(
-    (_invalidCredentials, abortSignal) =>
-      getWithoutGeneration(abortSignal).then((credentials) => ({
+    (_invalidCredentials, options) =>
+      getWithoutGeneration(options).then((credentials) => ({
         generation: ++generation,
         credentials,
       })),
@@ -129,13 +112,7 @@ export type ProviderGetter<Credentials> = (
  * CredentialsManager that supports registration.
  */
 export class MapBasedCredentialsManager implements CredentialsManager {
-  providers = new Map<
-    string,
-    (
-      parameters: any,
-      credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
-    ) => Owned<CredentialsProvider<any>>
-  >();
+  providers = new Map<string, ProviderGetter<any>>();
   topLevelManager: CredentialsManager = this;
   register<Credentials>(
     key: string,
@@ -213,7 +190,10 @@ export class AnonymousFirstCredentialsProvider<
   }
 
   get = makeCachedCredentialsGetter(
-    (invalidCredentials?: CredentialsWithGeneration<T>) => {
+    (
+      invalidCredentials: CredentialsWithGeneration<T> | undefined,
+      options: ProgressOptions,
+    ) => {
       if (this.anonymous && invalidCredentials === undefined) {
         return Promise.resolve({
           generation: -10,
@@ -221,7 +201,7 @@ export class AnonymousFirstCredentialsProvider<
         });
       }
       this.anonymous = false;
-      return this.baseProvider.get(invalidCredentials);
+      return this.baseProvider.get(invalidCredentials, options);
     },
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/credentials_provider/interactive_credentials_provider.ts b/src/credentials_provider/interactive_credentials_provider.ts
index 9f66c18d70..b10e7f7bdd 100644
--- a/src/credentials_provider/interactive_credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/credentials_provider/interactive_credentials_provider.ts
@@ -22,15 +22,15 @@ export function getCredentialsWithStatus<Token>(
     description: string;
     requestDescription?: string;
     supportsImmediate?: boolean;
-    get: (abortSignal: AbortSignal, immediate: boolean) => Promise<Token>;
+    get: (signal: AbortSignal, immediate: boolean) => Promise<Token>;
   },
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<Token> {
   const { requestDescription = "login" } = options;
   const status = new StatusMessage(/*delay=*/ true);
   let abortController: AbortController | undefined;
   return new Promise<Token>((resolve, reject) => {
-    const disposeAbortCallback = scopedAbortCallback(abortSignal, (reason) => {
+    const disposeAbortCallback = scopedAbortCallback(signal, (reason) => {
       if (abortController !== undefined) {
         abortController.abort(reason);
         abortController = undefined;
@@ -92,6 +92,7 @@ export function getCredentialsWithStatus<Token>(
     } else {
       writeLoginStatus();
       status.setVisible(true);
+      status.setModal(true);
     }
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/credentials_provider/oauth2.ts b/src/credentials_provider/oauth2.ts
index 2eec784848..3fee4084fa 100644
--- a/src/credentials_provider/oauth2.ts
+++ b/src/credentials_provider/oauth2.ts
@@ -14,8 +14,12 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { fetchWithCredentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
+import {
+  fetchOkWithCredentials,
+  fetchOkWithCredentialsAdapter,
+} from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
 import type { CredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import type { FetchOk, HttpError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 
 /**
@@ -27,7 +31,41 @@ export interface OAuth2Credentials {
   email?: string;
 }
 
-export function fetchWithOAuth2Credentials(
+function applyCredentials(
+  credentials: OAuth2Credentials,
+  init: RequestInit,
+): RequestInit {
+  if (!credentials.accessToken) return init;
+  const headers = new Headers(init.headers);
+  headers.set(
+    "Authorization",
+    `${credentials.tokenType} ${credentials.accessToken}`,
+  );
+  return { ...init, headers };
+}
+
+function errorHandler(
+  error: HttpError,
+  credentials: OAuth2Credentials,
+): "refresh" {
+  const { status } = error;
+  if (status === 401) {
+    // 401: Authorization needed.  OAuth2 token may have expired.
+    return "refresh";
+  }
+  if (status === 403 && !credentials.accessToken) {
+    // Anonymous access denied.  Request credentials.
+    return "refresh";
+  }
+  if (error instanceof Error && credentials.email !== undefined) {
+    error.message += `  (Using credentials for ${JSON.stringify(
+      credentials.email,
+    )})`;
+  }
+  throw error;
+}
+
+export function fetchOkWithOAuth2Credentials(
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<OAuth2Credentials> | undefined,
   input: RequestInfo,
   init: RequestInit,
@@ -35,35 +73,22 @@ export function fetchWithOAuth2Credentials(
   if (credentialsProvider === undefined) {
     return fetchOk(input, init);
   }
-  return fetchWithCredentials(
+  return fetchOkWithCredentials(
     credentialsProvider,
     input,
     init,
-    (credentials, init) => {
-      if (!credentials.accessToken) return init;
-      const headers = new Headers(init.headers);
-      headers.set(
-        "Authorization",
-        `${credentials.tokenType} ${credentials.accessToken}`,
-      );
-      return { ...init, headers };
-    },
-    (error, credentials) => {
-      const { status } = error;
-      if (status === 401) {
-        // 401: Authorization needed.  OAuth2 token may have expired.
-        return "refresh";
-      }
-      if (status === 403 && !credentials.accessToken) {
-        // Anonymous access denied.  Request credentials.
-        return "refresh";
-      }
-      if (error instanceof Error && credentials.email !== undefined) {
-        error.message += `  (Using credentials for ${JSON.stringify(
-          credentials.email,
-        )})`;
-      }
-      throw error;
-    },
+    applyCredentials,
+    errorHandler,
+  );
+}
+
+export function fetchOkWithOAuth2CredentialsAdapter(
+  credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<OAuth2Credentials> | undefined,
+): FetchOk {
+  if (credentialsProvider === undefined) return fetchOk;
+  return fetchOkWithCredentialsAdapter(
+    credentialsProvider,
+    applyCredentials,
+    errorHandler,
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/credentials_provider/shared.ts b/src/credentials_provider/shared.ts
index 1703a0f94f..60153312f9 100644
--- a/src/credentials_provider/shared.ts
+++ b/src/credentials_provider/shared.ts
@@ -19,14 +19,18 @@
  */
 
 import type {
+  CredentialsManager,
   CredentialsProvider,
   CredentialsWithGeneration,
 } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 import {
   CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_RPC_ID,
   CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_GET_RPC_ID,
+  CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_RPC_ID,
+  CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_GET_RPC_ID,
 } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_common.js";
 import type { Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import type { RPC, RPCPromise } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 import {
   registerPromiseRPC,
@@ -50,9 +54,9 @@ export class SharedCredentialsProvider<Credentials>
 
   get(
     invalidCredentials?: CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>,
-    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,
+    options?: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
   ): Promise<CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>> {
-    return this.provider.get(invalidCredentials, abortSignal);
+    return this.provider.get(invalidCredentials, options);
   }
 }
 
@@ -61,11 +65,53 @@ registerPromiseRPC(
   function (
     this: RPC,
     x: { providerId: number; invalidCredentials: any },
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    progressOptions,
   ): RPCPromise<CredentialsWithGeneration<any>> {
     const obj = <SharedCredentialsProvider<any>>this.get(x.providerId);
-    return obj.get(x.invalidCredentials, abortSignal).then((credentials) => ({
-      value: credentials,
-    }));
+    return obj
+      .get(x.invalidCredentials, progressOptions)
+      .then((credentials) => ({
+        value: credentials,
+      }));
+  },
+);
+
+@registerSharedObjectOwner(CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_RPC_ID)
+export class SharedCredentialsManager
+  extends SharedObject
+  implements CredentialsManager
+{
+  constructor(
+    public base: CredentialsManager,
+    rpc: RPC,
+  ) {
+    super();
+    this.initializeCounterpart(rpc);
+  }
+
+  getCredentialsProvider<Credentials>(key: string, parameters?: any) {
+    return this.base.getCredentialsProvider<Credentials>(key, parameters);
+  }
+}
+
+registerPromiseRPC(
+  CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_GET_RPC_ID,
+  async function (
+    this: RPC,
+    x: {
+      managerId: number;
+      key: string;
+      parameters: any;
+      invalidCredentials: any;
+    },
+    progressOptions,
+  ): RPCPromise<CredentialsWithGeneration<any>> {
+    const manager = this.get(x.managerId) as SharedCredentialsManager;
+    const provider = manager.base.getCredentialsProvider(x.key, x.parameters);
+    const credentials = await provider.get(
+      x.invalidCredentials,
+      progressOptions,
+    );
+    return { value: credentials };
   },
 );
diff --git a/src/credentials_provider/shared_common.ts b/src/credentials_provider/shared_common.ts
index a9b435cc9a..ce47289b67 100644
--- a/src/credentials_provider/shared_common.ts
+++ b/src/credentials_provider/shared_common.ts
@@ -16,3 +16,5 @@
 
 export const CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_RPC_ID = "CredentialsProvider";
 export const CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_GET_RPC_ID = "CredentialsProvider.get";
+export const CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_RPC_ID = "CredentialsManager";
+export const CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_GET_RPC_ID = "CredentialsManager.get";
diff --git a/src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.ts b/src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.ts
index 22436a53b2..c9ca969bca 100644
--- a/src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.ts
+++ b/src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.ts
@@ -20,15 +20,23 @@
  */
 
 import type {
-  CredentialsProvider,
+  CredentialsManager,
   CredentialsWithGeneration,
   MaybeOptionalCredentialsProvider,
 } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
-import { makeCachedCredentialsGetter } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 import {
+  CachingCredentialsManager,
+  makeCachedCredentialsGetter,
+  CredentialsProvider,
+} from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import {
+  CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_GET_RPC_ID,
+  CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_RPC_ID,
   CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_GET_RPC_ID,
   CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_RPC_ID,
 } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_common.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import type { RPC } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 import {
   registerSharedObject,
   SharedObjectCounterpart,
@@ -41,13 +49,13 @@ export class SharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<Credentials>
 {
   get = makeCachedCredentialsGetter(
     (
-      invalidCredentials?: CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>,
-      abortSignal?: AbortSignal,
+      invalidCredentials: CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials> | undefined,
+      options: ProgressOptions,
     ): Promise<CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>> =>
       this.rpc!.promiseInvoke(
         CREDENTIALS_PROVIDER_GET_RPC_ID,
         { providerId: this.rpcId, invalidCredentials: invalidCredentials },
-        abortSignal,
+        { signal: options.signal, progressListener: options.progressListener },
       ),
   );
 }
@@ -67,3 +75,57 @@ export function WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<Credentials>() {
       }
     };
 }
+
+class ProxyCredentialsProvider<
+  Credentials,
+> extends CredentialsProvider<Credentials> {
+  constructor(
+    public rpc: RPC,
+    public managerId: number,
+    public key: string,
+    public parameters?: any,
+  ) {
+    super();
+  }
+  get = makeCachedCredentialsGetter(
+    (
+      invalidCredentials: CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials> | undefined,
+      options: ProgressOptions,
+    ): Promise<CredentialsWithGeneration<Credentials>> =>
+      this.rpc.promiseInvoke(
+        CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_GET_RPC_ID,
+        {
+          managerId: this.managerId,
+          key: this.key,
+          parameters: this.parameters,
+          invalidCredentials: invalidCredentials,
+        },
+        { signal: options.signal, progressListener: options.progressListener },
+      ),
+  );
+}
+
+@registerSharedObject(CREDENTIALS_MANAGER_RPC_ID)
+export class SharedCredentialsManagerCounterpart
+  extends SharedObjectCounterpart
+  implements CredentialsManager
+{
+  private impl: CachingCredentialsManager<CredentialsManager> =
+    new CachingCredentialsManager(this.makeBaseCredentialsManager());
+
+  private makeBaseCredentialsManager(): CredentialsManager {
+    return {
+      getCredentialsProvider: <Credentials>(key: string, parameters?: any) =>
+        new ProxyCredentialsProvider<Credentials>(
+          this.rpc!,
+          this.rpcId!,
+          key,
+          parameters,
+        ),
+    };
+  }
+
+  getCredentialsProvider<Credentials>(key: string, parameters?: any) {
+    return this.impl.getCredentialsProvider<Credentials>(key, parameters);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/data_management_context.ts b/src/data_management_context.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d55274c81a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/data_management_context.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2016 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { FrameNumberCounter } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
+import {
+  CapacitySpecification,
+  ChunkManager,
+  ChunkQueueManager,
+} from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
+import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import type { GL } from "#src/webgl/context.js";
+import { RPC } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
+
+export class DataManagementContext extends RefCounted {
+  worker: Worker;
+  chunkQueueManager: ChunkQueueManager;
+  chunkManager: ChunkManager;
+
+  get rpc(): RPC {
+    return this.chunkQueueManager.rpc!;
+  }
+
+  constructor(
+    public gl: GL,
+    public frameNumberCounter: FrameNumberCounter,
+  ) {
+    super();
+    // Note: For compatibility with multiple bundlers, a browser-compatible URL
+    // must be used with `new URL`, which means a Node.js subpath import like
+    // "#src/chunk_worker.bundle.js" cannot be used.
+    this.worker = new Worker(
+      /* webpackChunkName: "neuroglancer_chunk_worker" */
+      new URL("./chunk_worker.bundle.js", import.meta.url),
+      { type: "module" },
+    );
+    this.chunkQueueManager = this.registerDisposer(
+      new ChunkQueueManager(
+        new RPC(this.worker, /*waitUntilReady=*/ true),
+        this.gl,
+        this.frameNumberCounter,
+        {
+          gpuMemory: new CapacitySpecification({
+            defaultItemLimit: 1e6,
+            defaultSizeLimit: 1e9,
+          }),
+          systemMemory: new CapacitySpecification({
+            defaultItemLimit: 1e7,
+            defaultSizeLimit: 2e9,
+          }),
+          download: new CapacitySpecification({
+            defaultItemLimit: 100,
+            defaultSizeLimit: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
+          }),
+          compute: new CapacitySpecification({
+            defaultItemLimit: 128,
+            defaultSizeLimit: 5e8,
+          }),
+        },
+      ),
+    );
+    this.chunkQueueManager.registerDisposer(() => this.worker.terminate());
+    this.chunkManager = this.registerDisposer(
+      new ChunkManager(this.chunkQueueManager),
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/datasource/boss/api.ts b/src/datasource/boss/api.ts
index cfed87d1fb..8ca9ff6817 100644
--- a/src/datasource/boss/api.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/boss/api.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { fetchWithCredentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOkWithCredentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
 import type { CredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ export async function fetchWithBossCredentials(
       // has been cancelled
       throw error;
     }
-    return fetchWithCredentials(
+    return fetchOkWithCredentials(
       credentialsProvider,
       input,
       init,
diff --git a/src/datasource/boss/backend.ts b/src/datasource/boss/backend.ts
index 3b16ca3159..fba370af85 100644
--- a/src/datasource/boss/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/boss/backend.ts
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export class BossVolumeChunkSource extends BossSource(
 ) {
   chunkDecoder = chunkDecoders.get(this.parameters.encoding)!;
 
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     let url = `${parameters.baseUrl}/latest/cutout/${parameters.collection}/${parameters.experiment}/${parameters.channel}/${parameters.resolution}`;
     {
@@ -88,11 +88,11 @@ export class BossVolumeChunkSource extends BossSource(
       this.credentialsProvider,
       url,
       {
-        signal: abortSignal,
+        signal: signal,
         headers: { Accept: acceptHeaders.get(parameters.encoding)! },
       },
     );
-    await this.chunkDecoder(chunk, abortSignal, await response.arrayBuffer());
+    await this.chunkDecoder(chunk, signal, await response.arrayBuffer());
   }
 }
 
@@ -119,23 +119,23 @@ export class BossMeshSource extends BossSource(
   MeshSource,
   MeshSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  download(chunk: ManifestChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  download(chunk: ManifestChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     return fetchWithBossCredentials(
       this.credentialsProvider,
       `${parameters.baseUrl}${chunk.objectId}`,
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+      { signal: signal },
     )
       .then((response) => response.arrayBuffer())
       .then((response) => decodeManifestChunk(chunk, response));
   }
 
-  downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     return fetchWithBossCredentials(
       this.credentialsProvider,
       `${parameters.baseUrl}${chunk.fragmentId}`,
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+      { signal: signal },
     )
       .then((response) => response.arrayBuffer())
       .then((response) => decodeFragmentChunk(chunk, response));
diff --git a/src/datasource/boss/credentials_provider.ts b/src/datasource/boss/credentials_provider.ts
index 939a44e400..0a05e79fcc 100644
--- a/src/datasource/boss/credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/boss/credentials_provider.ts
@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ import {
   verifyObjectProperty,
   verifyString,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { getRandomHexString } from "#src/util/random.js";
 
 export type BossToken = string;
@@ -61,7 +62,7 @@ function makeAuthRequestUrl(options: {
 function waitForAuthResponseMessage(
   source: Window,
   state: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<BossToken> {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     window.addEventListener(
@@ -104,7 +105,7 @@ function waitForAuthResponseMessage(
           console.error("Response received: ", event.data);
         }
       },
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+      { signal: signal },
     );
   });
 }
@@ -115,7 +116,7 @@ function waitForAuthResponseMessage(
  */
 export async function authenticateKeycloakOIDC(
   options: { realm: string; clientId: string; authServer: string },
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<BossToken> {
   const state = getRandomHexString();
   const nonce = getRandomHexString();
@@ -127,7 +128,7 @@ export async function authenticateKeycloakOIDC(
     nonce: nonce,
   });
   const abortController = new AbortController();
-  abortSignal = AbortSignal.any([abortController.signal, abortSignal]);
+  signal = AbortSignal.any([abortController.signal, signal]);
   try {
     const newWindow = open(url);
     if (newWindow === null) {
@@ -136,7 +137,7 @@ export async function authenticateKeycloakOIDC(
     monitorAuthPopupWindow(newWindow, abortController);
     return await raceWithAbort(
       waitForAuthResponseMessage(newWindow, state, abortController.signal),
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
     );
   } finally {
     abortController.abort();
@@ -148,8 +149,11 @@ export class BossCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<BossToken> {
     super();
   }
 
-  get = makeCredentialsGetter((abortSignal) =>
-    getCredentialsWithStatus(
+  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (options) => {
+    using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+      message: `Requesting Boss access token from ${this.authServer}`,
+    });
+    return await getCredentialsWithStatus(
       {
         description: "Boss",
         get: (signal) =>
@@ -162,7 +166,7 @@ export class BossCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<BossToken> {
             signal,
           ),
       },
-      abortSignal,
-    ),
-  );
+      options.signal,
+    );
+  });
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/boss/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/boss/frontend.ts
index 69d5302529..ae3cfee2da 100644
--- a/src/datasource/boss/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/boss/frontend.ts
@@ -46,8 +46,8 @@ import type {
   CompletionResult,
   DataSource,
   GetDataSourceOptions,
+  DataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import { MeshSource } from "#src/mesh/frontend.js";
 import type { SliceViewSingleResolutionSource } from "#src/sliceview/frontend.js";
 import type { VolumeSourceOptions } from "#src/sliceview/volume/base.js";
@@ -81,6 +81,7 @@ import {
   verifyOptionalString,
   verifyString,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 class BossVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
   WithCredentialsProvider<BossToken>()(VolumeChunkSource),
@@ -249,6 +250,7 @@ function parseExperimentInfo(
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<BossToken>,
   collection: string,
   experiment: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<ExperimentInfo> {
   verifyObject(obj);
 
@@ -261,6 +263,7 @@ function parseExperimentInfo(
         experiment,
         collection,
         ch,
+        options,
       ),
     ),
   );
@@ -290,6 +293,7 @@ function parseExperimentInfo(
       hostname,
       credentialsProvider,
       experimentInfo,
+      options,
     );
   });
 }
@@ -500,19 +504,21 @@ export function getExperimentInfo(
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<BossToken>,
   experiment: string,
   collection: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<ExperimentInfo> {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     {
       hostname: hostname,
       collection: collection,
       experiment: experiment,
       type: "boss:getExperimentInfo",
     },
-    () =>
+    options,
+    (progressOptions) =>
       fetchWithBossCredentials(
         credentialsProvider,
         `${hostname}/latest/collection/${collection}/experiment/${experiment}/`,
-        {},
+        progressOptions,
       )
         .then((response) => response.json())
         .then((value) =>
@@ -523,6 +529,7 @@ export function getExperimentInfo(
             credentialsProvider,
             collection,
             experiment,
+            progressOptions,
           ),
         ),
   );
@@ -535,8 +542,9 @@ export function getChannelInfo(
   experiment: string,
   collection: string,
   channel: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<ChannelInfo> {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     {
       hostname: hostname,
       collection: collection,
@@ -544,11 +552,12 @@ export function getChannelInfo(
       channel: channel,
       type: "boss:getChannelInfo",
     },
-    () =>
+    options,
+    (progressOptions) =>
       fetchWithBossCredentials(
         credentialsProvider,
         `${hostname}/latest/collection/${collection}/experiment/${experiment}/channel/${channel}/`,
-        {},
+        progressOptions,
       )
         .then((response) => response.json())
         .then(parseChannelInfo),
@@ -562,9 +571,10 @@ export function getDownsampleInfoForChannel(
   collection: string,
   experimentInfo: ExperimentInfo,
   channel: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<ExperimentInfo> {
   return chunkManager.memoize
-    .getUncounted(
+    .getAsync(
       {
         hostname: hostname,
         collection: collection,
@@ -573,11 +583,12 @@ export function getDownsampleInfoForChannel(
         downsample: true,
         type: "boss:getDownsampleInfoForChannel",
       },
-      () =>
+      options,
+      (progressOptions) =>
         fetchWithBossCredentials(
           credentialsProvider,
           `${hostname}/latest/downsample/${collection}/${experimentInfo.key}/${channel}`,
-          {},
+          progressOptions,
         ).then((response) => response.json()),
     )
     .then((downsampleObj) => {
@@ -660,6 +671,7 @@ export function getDataSource(
   hostname: string,
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<BossToken>,
   path: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
   const match = path.match(pathPattern);
   if (match === null) {
@@ -670,15 +682,17 @@ export function getDataSource(
   const channel = match[3];
   const parameters = parseQueryStringParameters(match[4] || "");
   // Warning: If additional arguments are added, the cache key should be updated as well.
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { hostname: hostname, path: path, type: "boss:getVolume" },
-    async () => {
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
       const experimentInfo = await getExperimentInfo(
         chunkManager,
         hostname,
         credentialsProvider,
         experiment,
         collection,
+        progressOptions,
       );
       const experimentInfoWithDownsample = await getDownsampleInfoForChannel(
         chunkManager,
@@ -687,6 +701,7 @@ export function getDataSource(
         collection,
         experimentInfo,
         channel,
+        progressOptions,
       );
       const volume = new BossMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
         chunkManager,
@@ -739,14 +754,16 @@ export function getCollections(
   chunkManager: ChunkManager,
   hostname: string,
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<BossToken>,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { hostname: hostname, type: "boss:getCollections" },
-    () =>
+    options,
+    (progressOptions) =>
       fetchWithBossCredentials(
         credentialsProvider,
         `${hostname}/latest/collection/`,
-        {},
+        progressOptions,
       )
         .then((response) => response.json())
         .then((value) =>
@@ -762,14 +779,16 @@ export function getExperiments(
   hostname: string,
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<BossToken>,
   collection: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { hostname: hostname, collection: collection, type: "boss:getExperiments" },
-    () =>
+    options,
+    (progressOptions) =>
       fetchWithBossCredentials(
         credentialsProvider,
         `${hostname}/latest/collection/${collection}/experiment/`,
-        {},
+        progressOptions,
       )
         .then((response) => response.json())
         .then((value) =>
@@ -785,20 +804,22 @@ export function getCoordinateFrame(
   hostname: string,
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<BossToken>,
   experimentInfo: ExperimentInfo,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<ExperimentInfo> {
   const key = experimentInfo.coordFrameKey;
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     {
       hostname: hostname,
       coordinateframe: key,
       experimentInfo: experimentInfo,
       type: "boss:getCoordinateFrame",
     },
-    () =>
+    options,
+    (progressOptions) =>
       fetchWithBossCredentials(
         credentialsProvider,
         `${hostname}/latest/coord/${key}/`,
-        {},
+        progressOptions,
       )
         .then((response) => response.json())
         .then((coordinateFrameObj) =>
@@ -812,6 +833,7 @@ export function collectionExperimentChannelCompleter(
   hostname: string,
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<BossToken>,
   path: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<CompletionResult> {
   const channelMatch = path.match(
     /^(?:([^/]+)(?:\/?([^/]*)(?:\/?([^/]*)(?:\/?([^/]*)?))?)?)?$/,
@@ -827,19 +849,22 @@ export function collectionExperimentChannelCompleter(
   if (channelMatch[2] === undefined) {
     const collectionPrefix = channelMatch[1] || "";
     // Try to complete the collection.
-    return getCollections(chunkManager, hostname, credentialsProvider).then(
-      (collections) => {
-        return {
-          offset: 0,
-          completions: getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
-            collectionPrefix,
-            collections,
-            (x) => x + "/",
-            () => undefined,
-          ),
-        };
-      },
-    );
+    return getCollections(
+      chunkManager,
+      hostname,
+      credentialsProvider,
+      options,
+    ).then((collections) => {
+      return {
+        offset: 0,
+        completions: getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
+          collectionPrefix,
+          collections,
+          (x) => x + "/",
+          () => undefined,
+        ),
+      };
+    });
   }
   if (channelMatch[3] === undefined) {
     const experimentPrefix = channelMatch[2] || "";
@@ -848,6 +873,7 @@ export function collectionExperimentChannelCompleter(
       hostname,
       credentialsProvider,
       channelMatch[1],
+      options,
     ).then((experiments) => {
       return {
         offset: channelMatch![1].length + 1,
@@ -866,6 +892,7 @@ export function collectionExperimentChannelCompleter(
     credentialsProvider,
     channelMatch[2],
     channelMatch[1],
+    options,
   ).then((experimentInfo) => {
     const completions = getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
       channelMatch![3],
@@ -893,18 +920,17 @@ function getAuthServer(endpoint: string): string {
   return authServer;
 }
 
-export class BossDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
-  constructor(public credentialsManager: CredentialsManager) {
-    super();
+export class BossDataSource implements DataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "boss";
   }
-
   get description() {
     return "bossDB: Block & Object Storage System";
   }
 
-  getCredentialsProvider(path: string) {
+  getCredentialsProvider(credentialsManager: CredentialsManager, path: string) {
     const authServer = getAuthServer(path);
-    return this.credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider<BossToken>(
+    return credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider<BossToken>(
       credentialsKey,
       authServer,
     );
@@ -918,13 +944,15 @@ export class BossDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
       );
     }
     const credentialsProvider = this.getCredentialsProvider(
+      options.registry.credentialsManager,
       options.providerUrl,
     );
     return getDataSource(
-      options.chunkManager,
+      options.registry.chunkManager,
       match[1],
       credentialsProvider,
       match[2],
+      options,
     );
   }
 
@@ -935,13 +963,17 @@ export class BossDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
       throw null;
     }
     const hostname = match[1];
-    const credentialsProvider = this.getCredentialsProvider(match[1]);
+    const credentialsProvider = this.getCredentialsProvider(
+      options.registry.credentialsManager,
+      match[1],
+    );
     const path = match[2];
     const completions = await collectionExperimentChannelCompleter(
-      options.chunkManager,
+      options.registry.chunkManager,
       hostname,
       credentialsProvider,
       path,
+      options,
     );
     return applyCompletionOffset(match![1].length + 1, completions);
   }
diff --git a/src/datasource/boss/register_credentials_provider.ts b/src/datasource/boss/register_credentials_provider.ts
index fcdbe1eeac..47ec688d32 100644
--- a/src/datasource/boss/register_credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/boss/register_credentials_provider.ts
@@ -14,11 +14,11 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { defaultCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
+import { registerDefaultCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
 import { credentialsKey } from "#src/datasource/boss/api.js";
 import { BossCredentialsProvider } from "#src/datasource/boss/credentials_provider.js";
 
-defaultCredentialsManager.register(
+registerDefaultCredentialsProvider(
   credentialsKey,
   (authServer) => new BossCredentialsProvider(authServer),
 );
diff --git a/src/datasource/boss/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/boss/register_default.ts
index 399f13a1a5..acdf432402 100644
--- a/src/datasource/boss/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/boss/register_default.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,4 @@
 import { BossDataSource } from "#src/datasource/boss/frontend.js";
 import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
 
-registerProvider(
-  "boss",
-  (options) => new BossDataSource(options.credentialsManager),
-);
+registerProvider(new BossDataSource());
diff --git a/src/datasource/brainmaps/api.ts b/src/datasource/brainmaps/api.ts
index e2cfd481d5..941e7ccffd 100644
--- a/src/datasource/brainmaps/api.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/brainmaps/api.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,8 @@
 
 import type { CredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 import type { OAuth2Credentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
-import { fetchWithOAuth2Credentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
+import { fetchOkWithOAuth2Credentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
+import type { RequestInitWithProgress } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 
 export type { OAuth2Credentials };
 
@@ -93,25 +94,15 @@ export interface BatchMeshFragmentPayload {
   batches: BatchMeshFragment[];
 }
 
-export interface HttpCall {
-  method: "GET" | "POST";
-  path: string;
-  payload?: string;
-  signal?: AbortSignal;
-}
-
 export function makeRequest(
   instance: BrainmapsInstance,
   credentialsProvider: BrainmapsCredentialsProvider,
-  httpCall: HttpCall,
+  path: string,
+  init: RequestInitWithProgress = {},
 ): Promise<Response> {
-  return fetchWithOAuth2Credentials(
+  return fetchOkWithOAuth2Credentials(
     credentialsProvider,
-    `${instance.serverUrl}${httpCall.path}`,
-    {
-      signal: httpCall.signal,
-      method: httpCall.method,
-      body: httpCall.payload,
-    },
+    `${instance.serverUrl}${path}`,
+    init,
   );
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/brainmaps/backend.ts b/src/datasource/brainmaps/backend.ts
index af3c722b81..51e2de5061 100644
--- a/src/datasource/brainmaps/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/brainmaps/backend.ts
@@ -142,8 +142,6 @@ function BrainmapsSource<
   );
 }
 
-const tempUint64 = new Uint64();
-
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class BrainmapsVolumeChunkSource extends BrainmapsSource(
   VolumeChunkSource,
@@ -177,7 +175,7 @@ export class BrainmapsVolumeChunkSource extends BrainmapsSource(
     }
   }
 
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
 
     // chunkPosition must not be captured, since it will be invalidated by the next call to
@@ -200,14 +198,14 @@ export class BrainmapsVolumeChunkSource extends BrainmapsSource(
     const response = await makeRequest(
       parameters.instance,
       this.credentialsProvider,
+      path,
       {
         method: "POST",
-        payload: JSON.stringify(payload),
-        path,
-        signal: abortSignal,
+        body: JSON.stringify(payload),
+        signal: signal,
       },
     );
-    await this.chunkDecoder(chunk, abortSignal, await response.arrayBuffer());
+    await this.chunkDecoder(chunk, signal, await response.arrayBuffer());
   }
 }
 
@@ -223,7 +221,7 @@ function getFragmentCorner(
       `Couldn't parse fragmentId ${fragmentId} as hex-encoded Uint64`,
     );
   }
-  return decodeZIndexCompressed(id, xBits, yBits, zBits);
+  return decodeZIndexCompressed(id.toBigInt(), xBits, yBits, zBits);
 }
 
 interface BrainmapsMultiscaleManifestChunk extends MultiscaleManifestChunk {
@@ -485,7 +483,7 @@ async function makeBatchMeshRequest<T>(
     meshName: string;
   },
   ids: Map<string, T>,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<ArrayBuffer> {
   const path = "/v1/objects/meshes:batch";
   const batches: BatchMeshFragment[] = [];
@@ -511,11 +509,10 @@ async function makeBatchMeshRequest<T>(
   };
   try {
     return await (
-      await makeRequest(parameters.instance, credentialsProvider, {
+      await makeRequest(parameters.instance, credentialsProvider, path, {
         method: "POST",
-        path,
-        payload: JSON.stringify(payload),
-        signal: abortSignal,
+        body: JSON.stringify(payload),
+        signal: signal,
       })
     ).arrayBuffer();
   } finally {
@@ -539,26 +536,21 @@ export class BrainmapsMultiscaleMeshSource extends BrainmapsSource(
     return "";
   })();
 
-  download(chunk: BrainmapsMultiscaleManifestChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  download(chunk: BrainmapsMultiscaleManifestChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const path =
       `/v1/objects/${parameters.volumeId}/meshes/` +
       `${parameters.info.lods[0].info.name}:listfragments?` +
       `object_id=${chunk.objectId}&return_supervoxel_ids=true` +
       this.listFragmentsParams;
-    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-      method: "GET",
-      path,
-      signal: abortSignal,
+    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, path, {
+      signal: signal,
     })
       .then((response) => response.json())
       .then((response) => decodeMultiscaleManifestChunk(chunk, response));
   }
 
-  async downloadFragment(
-    chunk: MultiscaleFragmentChunk,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ) {
+  async downloadFragment(chunk: MultiscaleFragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
 
     const manifestChunk =
@@ -597,7 +589,6 @@ export class BrainmapsMultiscaleMeshSource extends BrainmapsSource(
         octree[chunkIndex * 5 + 2] / relativeBlockShape[2],
       );
       const fragmentKey = encodeZIndexCompressed3d(
-        tempUint64,
         xBits,
         yBits,
         zBits,
@@ -641,7 +632,7 @@ export class BrainmapsMultiscaleMeshSource extends BrainmapsSource(
               meshName,
             },
             ids,
-            abortSignal,
+            signal,
           )
             .then((response) => {
               --requestsInProgress;
@@ -772,17 +763,15 @@ export class BrainmapsMeshSource extends BrainmapsSource(
     return "";
   })();
 
-  download(chunk: ManifestChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  download(chunk: ManifestChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const path =
       `/v1/objects/${parameters.volumeId}/meshes/` +
       `${parameters.meshName}:listfragments?` +
       `object_id=${chunk.objectId}&return_supervoxel_ids=true` +
       this.listFragmentsParams;
-    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-      signal: abortSignal,
-      method: "GET",
-      path,
+    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, path, {
+      signal,
     })
       .then((response) => response.json())
       .then((response) =>
@@ -790,7 +779,7 @@ export class BrainmapsMeshSource extends BrainmapsSource(
       );
   }
 
-  async downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
 
     const ids = new Map<string, null>();
@@ -807,7 +796,7 @@ export class BrainmapsMeshSource extends BrainmapsSource(
         credentialsProvider,
         parameters,
         ids,
-        abortSignal,
+        signal,
       );
       decodeBatchMeshResponse(response, (fragment) => {
         if (!ids.delete(fragment.fullKey)) {
@@ -852,7 +841,7 @@ export class BrainmapsSkeletonSource extends BrainmapsSource(
   SkeletonSource,
   SkeletonSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  download(chunk: SkeletonChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  download(chunk: SkeletonChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const payload: SkeletonPayload = {
       object_id: `${chunk.objectId}`,
@@ -862,11 +851,10 @@ export class BrainmapsSkeletonSource extends BrainmapsSource(
       `/meshes/${parameters.meshName}` +
       "/skeleton:binary";
     applyChangeStack(parameters.changeSpec, payload);
-    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
+    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, path, {
       method: "POST",
-      path,
-      payload: JSON.stringify(payload),
-      signal: abortSignal,
+      body: JSON.stringify(payload),
+      signal,
     })
       .then((response) => response.arrayBuffer())
       .then((response) => decodeSkeletonChunk(chunk, response));
@@ -1134,19 +1122,23 @@ export class BrainmapsAnnotationGeometryChunkSource extends BrainmapsSource(
   AnnotationGeometryChunkSourceBackend,
   AnnotationSpatialIndexSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  async download(chunk: AnnotationGeometryChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: AnnotationGeometryChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     return Promise.all(
       spatialAnnotationTypes.map((spatialAnnotationType) =>
-        makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-          signal: abortSignal,
-          method: "POST",
-          path: `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:get`,
-          payload: JSON.stringify({
-            type: spatialAnnotationType,
-            ignore_payload: true,
-          }),
-        }).then((response) => response.json()),
+        makeRequest(
+          parameters.instance,
+          this.credentialsProvider,
+          `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:get`,
+          {
+            signal,
+            method: "POST",
+            body: JSON.stringify({
+              type: spatialAnnotationType,
+              ignore_payload: true,
+            }),
+          },
+        ).then((response) => response.json()),
       ),
     ).then((values) => {
       parseAnnotations(chunk, values);
@@ -1162,39 +1154,47 @@ export class BrainmapsAnnotationSource extends BrainmapsSource(
   downloadSegmentFilteredGeometry(
     chunk: AnnotationSubsetGeometryChunk,
     _relationshipIndex: number,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     return Promise.all(
       spatialAnnotationTypes.map((spatialAnnotationType) =>
-        makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-          signal: abortSignal,
-          method: "POST",
-          path: `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:get`,
-          payload: JSON.stringify({
-            type: spatialAnnotationType,
-            object_labels: [chunk.objectId.toString()],
-            ignore_payload: true,
-          }),
-        }).then((response) => response.json()),
+        makeRequest(
+          parameters.instance,
+          this.credentialsProvider,
+          `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:get`,
+          {
+            signal,
+            method: "POST",
+            body: JSON.stringify({
+              type: spatialAnnotationType,
+              object_labels: [chunk.objectId.toString()],
+              ignore_payload: true,
+            }),
+          },
+        ).then((response) => response.json()),
       ),
     ).then((values) => {
       parseAnnotations(chunk, values);
     });
   }
 
-  downloadMetadata(chunk: AnnotationMetadataChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  downloadMetadata(chunk: AnnotationMetadataChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const id = chunk.key!;
-    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-      signal: abortSignal,
-      method: "POST",
-      path: `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:get`,
-      payload: JSON.stringify({
-        type: getSpatialAnnotationTypeFromId(id),
-        id: getFullSpatialAnnotationId(parameters, id),
-      }),
-    })
+    return makeRequest(
+      parameters.instance,
+      this.credentialsProvider,
+      `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:get`,
+      {
+        signal,
+        method: "POST",
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          type: getSpatialAnnotationTypeFromId(id),
+          id: getFullSpatialAnnotationId(parameters, id),
+        }),
+      },
+    )
       .then((response) => response.json())
       .then(
         (response) => {
@@ -1213,11 +1213,15 @@ export class BrainmapsAnnotationSource extends BrainmapsSource(
   add(annotation: Annotation) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const brainmapsAnnotation = annotationToBrainmaps(annotation);
-    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-      method: "POST",
-      path: `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:push`,
-      payload: JSON.stringify({ annotations: [brainmapsAnnotation] }),
-    })
+    return makeRequest(
+      parameters.instance,
+      this.credentialsProvider,
+      `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:push`,
+      {
+        method: "POST",
+        body: JSON.stringify({ annotations: [brainmapsAnnotation] }),
+      },
+    )
       .then((response) => response.json())
       .then((response) => {
         verifyObject(response);
@@ -1236,22 +1240,30 @@ export class BrainmapsAnnotationSource extends BrainmapsSource(
     const { parameters } = this;
     const brainmapsAnnotation = annotationToBrainmaps(annotation);
     brainmapsAnnotation.id = getFullSpatialAnnotationId(parameters, id);
-    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-      method: "POST",
-      path: `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:push`,
-      payload: JSON.stringify({ annotations: [brainmapsAnnotation] }),
-    }).then((response) => response.json());
+    return makeRequest(
+      parameters.instance,
+      this.credentialsProvider,
+      `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:push`,
+      {
+        method: "POST",
+        body: JSON.stringify({ annotations: [brainmapsAnnotation] }),
+      },
+    ).then((response) => response.json());
   }
 
   delete(id: AnnotationId) {
     const { parameters } = this;
-    return makeRequest(parameters.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-      method: "POST",
-      path: `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:delete`,
-      payload: JSON.stringify({
-        type: getSpatialAnnotationTypeFromId(id),
-        ids: [getFullSpatialAnnotationId(parameters, id)],
-      }),
-    }).then((response) => response.json());
+    return makeRequest(
+      parameters.instance,
+      this.credentialsProvider,
+      `/v1/changes/${parameters.volumeId}/${parameters.changestack}/spatials:delete`,
+      {
+        method: "POST",
+        body: JSON.stringify({
+          type: getSpatialAnnotationTypeFromId(id),
+          ids: [getFullSpatialAnnotationId(parameters, id)],
+        }),
+      },
+    ).then((response) => response.json());
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/brainmaps/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/brainmaps/frontend.ts
index 6bd0cfc1ba..aa5a16ba14 100644
--- a/src/datasource/brainmaps/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/brainmaps/frontend.ts
@@ -34,13 +34,16 @@ import {
   makeIdentityTransformedBoundingBox,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
 import { WithCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/chunk_source_frontend.js";
-import type { CredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import type {
+  CredentialsManager,
+  CredentialsProvider,
+} from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 import type {
   BrainmapsCredentialsProvider,
   BrainmapsInstance,
   OAuth2Credentials,
 } from "#src/datasource/brainmaps/api.js";
-import { makeRequest } from "#src/datasource/brainmaps/api.js";
+import { credentialsKey, makeRequest } from "#src/datasource/brainmaps/api.js";
 import type {
   ChangeSpec,
   MultiscaleMeshInfo,
@@ -58,9 +61,10 @@ import {
 import type {
   CompleteUrlOptions,
   DataSource,
+  DataSourceRegistry,
   GetDataSourceOptions,
+  DataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import { VertexPositionFormat } from "#src/mesh/base.js";
 import { MeshSource, MultiscaleMeshSource } from "#src/mesh/frontend.js";
 import { SkeletonSource } from "#src/skeleton/frontend.js";
@@ -79,7 +83,6 @@ import {
   MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource as GenericMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource,
   VolumeChunkSource,
 } from "#src/sliceview/volume/frontend.js";
-import { StatusMessage } from "#src/status.js";
 import { transposeNestedArrays } from "#src/util/array.js";
 import type { CompletionWithDescription } from "#src/util/completion.js";
 import {
@@ -106,7 +109,8 @@ import {
   verifyPositiveInt,
   verifyString,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
-import { getObjectId } from "#src/util/object_id.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { defaultStringCompare } from "#src/util/string.js";
 
 class BrainmapsVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
@@ -769,49 +773,65 @@ const supportedQueryParameters = [
   },
 ];
 
-export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
+function getCredentialsProvider(credentialsManager: CredentialsManager) {
+  return credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider<OAuth2Credentials>(
+    credentialsKey,
+  );
+}
+
+export class BrainmapsDataSource implements DataSourceProvider {
   constructor(
     public instance: BrainmapsInstance,
-    public credentialsProvider: Owned<BrainmapsCredentialsProvider>,
-  ) {
-    super();
-  }
+    public scheme: string,
+  ) {}
 
   get description() {
     return this.instance.description;
   }
 
-  private getMultiscaleInfo(chunkManager: ChunkManager, volumeId: string) {
-    return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  private getMultiscaleInfo(
+    registry: DataSourceRegistry,
+    volumeId: string,
+    options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ) {
+    return registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       {
         type: "brainmaps:getMultiscaleInfo",
         volumeId,
         instance: this.instance,
-        credentialsProvider: getObjectId(this.credentialsProvider),
       },
-      () =>
-        makeRequest(this.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-          method: "GET",
-          path: `/v1beta2/volumes/${volumeId}`,
-        })
-          .then((response) => response.json())
-          .then((response) => new MultiscaleVolumeInfo(response)),
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        const response = await makeRequest(
+          this.instance,
+          getCredentialsProvider(registry.credentialsManager),
+          `/v1beta2/volumes/${volumeId}`,
+          progressOptions,
+        );
+        return new MultiscaleVolumeInfo(await response.json());
+      },
     );
   }
 
-  private getMeshesInfo(chunkManager: ChunkManager, volumeId: string) {
-    return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  private getMeshesInfo(
+    registry: DataSourceRegistry,
+    volumeId: string,
+    options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ) {
+    return registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       {
         type: "brainmaps:getMeshesInfo",
         volumeId,
         instance: this.instance,
-        credentialsProvider: getObjectId(this.credentialsProvider),
       },
-      () =>
-        makeRequest(this.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-          method: "GET",
-          path: `/v1beta2/objects/${volumeId}/meshes`,
-        })
+      options,
+      (progressOptions) =>
+        makeRequest(
+          this.instance,
+          getCredentialsProvider(registry.credentialsManager),
+          `/v1beta2/objects/${volumeId}/meshes`,
+          progressOptions,
+        )
           .then((response) => response.json())
           .then((response) => parseMeshesResponse(response)),
     );
@@ -848,7 +868,7 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
       chunkLayoutPreference,
       jpegQuality,
     };
-    return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+    return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       {
         type: "brainmaps:get",
         instance: this.instance,
@@ -856,15 +876,19 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
         changeSpec,
         brainmapsOptions,
       },
-      async () => {
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        const credentialsProvider = getCredentialsProvider(
+          options.registry.credentialsManager,
+        );
         const [multiscaleVolumeInfo, meshesInfo] = await Promise.all([
-          this.getMultiscaleInfo(options.chunkManager, volumeId),
-          this.getMeshesInfo(options.chunkManager, volumeId),
+          this.getMultiscaleInfo(options.registry, volumeId, progressOptions),
+          this.getMeshesInfo(options.registry, volumeId, progressOptions),
         ]);
         const volume = new MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
-          options.chunkManager,
+          options.registry.chunkManager,
           this.instance,
-          this.credentialsProvider,
+          credentialsProvider,
           volumeId,
           changeSpec,
           multiscaleVolumeInfo,
@@ -918,10 +942,10 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
           const { single } = mesh;
           if (single !== undefined) {
             if (single.type === "TRIANGLES") {
-              meshSource = options.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+              meshSource = options.registry.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
                 BrainmapsMeshSource,
                 {
-                  credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+                  credentialsProvider,
                   parameters: {
                     instance: this.instance,
                     volumeId: volumeId,
@@ -931,10 +955,10 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
                 },
               );
             } else {
-              meshSource = options.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+              meshSource = options.registry.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
                 BrainmapsSkeletonSource,
                 {
-                  credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+                  credentialsProvider,
                   parameters: {
                     instance: this.instance,
                     volumeId: volumeId,
@@ -946,10 +970,10 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
             }
           } else {
             const multi = mesh.multi!;
-            meshSource = options.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+            meshSource = options.registry.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
               BrainmapsMultiscaleMeshSource,
               {
-                credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+                credentialsProvider,
                 format: {
                   fragmentRelativeVertices: false,
                   vertexPositionFormat: VertexPositionFormat.float32,
@@ -994,7 +1018,7 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
             default: true,
             modelSubspaceDimensionIndices: [0, 1, 2],
             subsource: {
-              annotation: options.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+              annotation: options.registry.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
                 BrainmapsAnnotationSource,
                 {
                   parameters: {
@@ -1004,7 +1028,7 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
                     upperVoxelBound:
                       multiscaleVolumeInfo.scales[0].upperVoxelBound,
                   },
-                  credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+                  credentialsProvider,
                 },
               ),
             },
@@ -1015,112 +1039,110 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
     );
   }
 
-  getProjectList(chunkManager: ChunkManager) {
-    return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  getProjectList(
+    registry: DataSourceRegistry,
+    options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ) {
+    return registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       { instance: this.instance, type: "brainmaps:getProjectList" },
-      () => {
-        const promise = makeRequest(this.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-          method: "GET",
-          path: "/v1beta2/projects",
-        })
-          .then((response) => response.json())
-          .then((projectsResponse) => {
-            return parseProjectList(projectsResponse);
-          });
-        const description = `${this.instance.description} project list`;
-        StatusMessage.forPromise(promise, {
-          delay: true,
-          initialMessage: `Retrieving ${description}.`,
-          errorPrefix: `Error retrieving ${description}: `,
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        using _span = new ProgressSpan(progressOptions.progressListener, {
+          message: `Retrieving ${this.instance.description} project list`,
         });
-        return promise;
+        const response = await makeRequest(
+          this.instance,
+          getCredentialsProvider(registry.credentialsManager),
+          "/v1beta2/projects",
+          progressOptions,
+        );
+        return parseProjectList(await response.json());
       },
     );
   }
 
-  getDatasetList(chunkManager: ChunkManager, project: string) {
-    return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  getDatasetList(
+    registry: DataSourceRegistry,
+    project: string,
+    options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ) {
+    return registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       { instance: this.instance, type: `brainmaps:${project}:getDatasetList` },
-      () => {
-        const promise = makeRequest(this.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-          method: "GET",
-          path: `/v1beta2/datasets?project_id=${project}`,
-        })
-          .then((response) => response.json())
-          .then((datasetsResponse) => {
-            return parseAPIResponseList(datasetsResponse, "datasetIds");
-          });
-        const description = `${this.instance.description} dataset list`;
-        StatusMessage.forPromise(promise, {
-          delay: true,
-          initialMessage: `Retrieving ${description}`,
-          errorPrefix: `Error retrieving ${description}`,
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        using _span = new ProgressSpan(progressOptions.progressListener, {
+          message: `Retrieving ${this.instance.description} dataset list for ${project}`,
         });
-        return promise;
+        const response = await makeRequest(
+          this.instance,
+          getCredentialsProvider(registry.credentialsManager),
+          `/v1beta2/datasets?project_id=${project}`,
+        );
+        return parseAPIResponseList(await response.json(), "datasetIds");
       },
     );
   }
 
-  getVolumeList(chunkManager: ChunkManager, project: string, dataset: string) {
-    return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  getVolumeList(
+    registry: DataSourceRegistry,
+    project: string,
+    dataset: string,
+    options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ) {
+    return registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       {
         instance: this.instance,
         type: `brainmaps:${project}:${dataset}:getVolumeList`,
       },
-      () => {
-        const promise = makeRequest(this.instance, this.credentialsProvider, {
-          method: "GET",
-          path: `/v1beta2/volumes?project_id=${project}&dataset_id=${dataset}`,
-        })
-          .then((response) => response.json())
-          .then((volumesResponse) => {
-            const fullyQualifyiedVolumeList = parseAPIResponseList(
-              volumesResponse,
-              "volumeId",
-            );
-            const splitPoint = project.length + dataset.length + 2;
-            const volumeList = [];
-            for (const volume of fullyQualifyiedVolumeList) {
-              volumeList.push(volume.substring(splitPoint));
-            }
-            return volumeList;
-          });
-        const description = `${this.instance.description} volume list`;
-        StatusMessage.forPromise(promise, {
-          delay: true,
-          initialMessage: `Retrieving ${description}`,
-          errorPrefix: `Error retrieving ${description}`,
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        using _span = new ProgressSpan(progressOptions.progressListener, {
+          message: `Retrieving ${this.instance.description} volume list for ${project}:${dataset}`,
         });
-        return promise;
+
+        const response = await makeRequest(
+          this.instance,
+          getCredentialsProvider(registry.credentialsManager),
+          `/v1beta2/volumes?project_id=${project}&dataset_id=${dataset}`,
+          progressOptions,
+        );
+        const fullyQualifyiedVolumeList = parseAPIResponseList(
+          await response.json(),
+          "volumeId",
+        );
+        const splitPoint = project.length + dataset.length + 2;
+        const volumeList = [];
+        for (const volume of fullyQualifyiedVolumeList) {
+          volumeList.push(volume.substring(splitPoint));
+        }
+        return volumeList;
       },
     );
   }
 
-  getChangeStackList(chunkManager: ChunkManager, volumeId: string) {
-    return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  getChangeStackList(
+    registry: DataSourceRegistry,
+    volumeId: string,
+    options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ) {
+    return registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       {
         instance: this.instance,
         type: "brainmaps:getChangeStackList",
         volumeId,
       },
-      () => {
-        const promise: Promise<string[] | undefined> = makeRequest(
-          this.instance,
-          this.credentialsProvider,
-          {
-            method: "GET",
-            path: `/v1beta2/changes/${volumeId}/change_stacks`,
-          },
-        )
-          .then((response) => response.json())
-          .then((response) => parseChangeStackList(response));
-        const description = `change stacks for ${volumeId}`;
-        StatusMessage.forPromise(promise, {
-          delay: true,
-          initialMessage: `Retrieving ${description}.`,
-          errorPrefix: `Error retrieving ${description}: `,
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        using _span = new ProgressSpan(progressOptions.progressListener, {
+          message: `Retrieving ${this.instance.description} change stack list for ${volumeId}`,
         });
-        return promise;
+        const response = await makeRequest(
+          this.instance,
+          getCredentialsProvider(registry.credentialsManager),
+          `/v1beta2/changes/${volumeId}/change_stacks`,
+          progressOptions,
+        );
+        return parseChangeStackList(await response.json());
       },
     );
   }
@@ -1143,7 +1165,11 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
     }
     if (meshName !== undefined) {
       const volumeId = `${project}:${dataset}:${volume}`;
-      const meshes = await this.getMeshesInfo(options.chunkManager, volumeId);
+      const meshes = await this.getMeshesInfo(
+        options.registry,
+        volumeId,
+        options,
+      );
       const results: CompletionWithDescription[] = [];
       const seenMultiscale = new Set<string>();
       for (const mesh of meshes) {
@@ -1180,8 +1206,9 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
     if (changestack !== undefined) {
       const volumeId = `${project}:${dataset}:${volume}`;
       const changeStacks = await this.getChangeStackList(
-        options.chunkManager,
+        options.registry,
         volumeId,
+        options,
       );
       if (changeStacks === undefined) {
         throw null;
@@ -1196,12 +1223,16 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
         offset: providerUrl.length - volume.length,
         completions: getPrefixMatches(
           volume,
-          await this.getVolumeList(options.chunkManager, project, dataset),
+          await this.getVolumeList(options.registry, project, dataset, options),
         ),
       };
     }
     if (dataset !== undefined) {
-      const datasets = await this.getDatasetList(options.chunkManager, project);
+      const datasets = await this.getDatasetList(
+        options.registry,
+        project,
+        options,
+      );
       return {
         offset: providerUrl.length - dataset.length,
         completions: getPrefixMatches(
@@ -1211,7 +1242,7 @@ export class BrainmapsDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
       };
     }
 
-    const projects = await this.getProjectList(options.chunkManager);
+    const projects = await this.getProjectList(options.registry, options);
     return {
       offset: 0,
       completions: getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
diff --git a/src/datasource/brainmaps/register_credentials_provider.ts b/src/datasource/brainmaps/register_credentials_provider.ts
index 4d3035b159..f31189e993 100644
--- a/src/datasource/brainmaps/register_credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/brainmaps/register_credentials_provider.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { defaultCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
+import { registerDefaultCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
 import { credentialsKey } from "#src/datasource/brainmaps/api.js";
 import { BrainmapsCredentialsProvider } from "#src/datasource/brainmaps/credentials_provider.js";
 
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import { BrainmapsCredentialsProvider } from "#src/datasource/brainmaps/credenti
 declare const NEUROGLANCER_BRAINMAPS_CLIENT_ID: string | undefined;
 
 if (typeof NEUROGLANCER_BRAINMAPS_CLIENT_ID !== "undefined") {
-  defaultCredentialsManager.register(
+  registerDefaultCredentialsProvider(
     credentialsKey,
     () => new BrainmapsCredentialsProvider(NEUROGLANCER_BRAINMAPS_CLIENT_ID!),
   );
diff --git a/src/datasource/brainmaps/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/brainmaps/register_default.ts
index 03c94c992f..c06935310e 100644
--- a/src/datasource/brainmaps/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/brainmaps/register_default.ts
@@ -15,21 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 import type { BrainmapsInstance } from "#src/datasource/brainmaps/api.js";
-import { credentialsKey } from "#src/datasource/brainmaps/api.js";
 import {
   BrainmapsDataSource,
   productionInstance,
 } from "#src/datasource/brainmaps/frontend.js";
 import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
 
-registerProvider(
-  "brainmaps",
-  (options) =>
-    new BrainmapsDataSource(
-      productionInstance,
-      options.credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider(credentialsKey),
-    ),
-);
+registerProvider(new BrainmapsDataSource(productionInstance, "brainmaps"));
 
 declare const NEUROGLANCER_BRAINMAPS_SERVERS:
   | { [key: string]: BrainmapsInstance }
@@ -39,13 +31,6 @@ if (typeof NEUROGLANCER_BRAINMAPS_SERVERS !== "undefined") {
   for (const [key, instance] of Object.entries(
     NEUROGLANCER_BRAINMAPS_SERVERS,
   )) {
-    registerProvider(
-      `brainmaps-${key}`,
-      (options) =>
-        new BrainmapsDataSource(
-          instance,
-          options.credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider(credentialsKey),
-        ),
-    );
+    registerProvider(new BrainmapsDataSource(instance, `brainmaps-${key}`));
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/deepzoom/backend.ts b/src/datasource/deepzoom/backend.ts
index a5bf1e7122..fc5a74d8d6 100644
--- a/src/datasource/deepzoom/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/deepzoom/backend.ts
@@ -18,17 +18,14 @@ import { decodeJpeg } from "#src/async_computation/decode_jpeg_request.js";
 import { decodePng } from "#src/async_computation/decode_png_request.js";
 import { requestAsyncComputation } from "#src/async_computation/request.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
-import { WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
 import {
   ImageTileEncoding,
   ImageTileSourceParameters,
 } from "#src/datasource/deepzoom/base.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
 import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 import { VolumeChunkSource } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 import { transposeArray2d } from "#src/util/array.js";
-import { isNotFoundError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentials } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import { fetchSpecialOk } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
 import { registerSharedObject } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 
 /* This is enough if support for these aren't needed:
@@ -39,11 +36,13 @@ import { registerSharedObject } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class DeepzoomImageTileSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    VolumeChunkSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(VolumeChunkSource),
   ImageTileSourceParameters,
 ) {
+  private tileKvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.url,
+  );
+
   gridShape = (() => {
     const gridShape = new Uint32Array(2);
     const { upperVoxelBound, chunkDataSize } = this.spec;
@@ -53,7 +52,7 @@ export class DeepzoomImageTileSource extends WithParameters(
     return gridShape;
   })();
 
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal): Promise<void> {
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<void> {
     const { parameters } = this;
 
     // /* This block is enough if support for these aren't needed:
@@ -63,7 +62,7 @@ export class DeepzoomImageTileSource extends WithParameters(
     // const {tilesize, overlap} = parameters;
     // const [x, y] = chunk.chunkGridPosition;
     // const url = `${parameters.url}/${x}_${y}.${ImageTileEncoding[parameters.encoding].toLowerCase()}`;
-    // const response: Blob = await (await fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, url, {signal: abortSignal})).blob();
+    // const response: Blob = await (await fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, url, {signal: signal})).blob();
     // const tile = await createImageBitmap(response);
     // const canvas = new OffscreenCanvas(tilesize, tilesize);
     // const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d")!;
@@ -82,73 +81,71 @@ export class DeepzoomImageTileSource extends WithParameters(
     const [x, y] = chunk.chunkGridPosition;
     const ox = x === 0 ? 0 : overlap;
     const oy = y === 0 ? 0 : overlap;
-    const url = `${parameters.url}/${x}_${y}.${parameters.format}`;
-    try {
-      const responseBuffer = await (
-        await fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, url, {
-          signal: abortSignal,
-        })
-      ).arrayBuffer();
-
-      let tilewidth = 0;
-      let tileheight = 0;
-      let tiledata: Uint8Array | undefined;
-      switch (encoding) {
-        case ImageTileEncoding.PNG: {
-          const pngbitmap = await requestAsyncComputation(
-            decodePng,
-            abortSignal,
-            [responseBuffer],
-            new Uint8Array(responseBuffer),
-            undefined,
-            undefined,
-            undefined,
-            3,
-            1,
-            false,
-          );
-          ({ width: tilewidth, height: tileheight } = pngbitmap);
-          tiledata = transposeArray2d(
-            pngbitmap.uint8Array,
-            tilewidth * tileheight,
-            3,
-          );
-          break;
-        }
+    const path = `${this.tileKvStore.path}/${x}_${y}.${parameters.format}`;
+    const response = await this.tileKvStore.store.read(path, {
+      signal,
+    });
+    if (response === undefined) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const responseArray = new Uint8Array(await response.response.arrayBuffer());
 
-        case ImageTileEncoding.JPG:
-        case ImageTileEncoding.JPEG: {
-          const jpegbitmap = await requestAsyncComputation(
-            decodeJpeg,
-            abortSignal,
-            [responseBuffer],
-            new Uint8Array(responseBuffer),
-            undefined,
-            undefined,
-            undefined,
-            3,
-            false,
-          );
-          ({
-            uint8Array: tiledata,
-            width: tilewidth,
-            height: tileheight,
-          } = jpegbitmap);
-          break;
-        }
+    let tilewidth = 0;
+    let tileheight = 0;
+    let tiledata: Uint8Array | undefined;
+    switch (encoding) {
+      case ImageTileEncoding.PNG: {
+        const pngbitmap = await requestAsyncComputation(
+          decodePng,
+          signal,
+          [responseArray.buffer],
+          responseArray,
+          undefined,
+          undefined,
+          undefined,
+          3,
+          1,
+          false,
+        );
+        ({ width: tilewidth, height: tileheight } = pngbitmap);
+        tiledata = transposeArray2d(
+          pngbitmap.uint8Array,
+          tilewidth * tileheight,
+          3,
+        );
+        break;
       }
-      if (tiledata !== undefined) {
-        const t2 = tilesize * tilesize;
-        const twh = tilewidth * tileheight;
-        const d = (chunk.data = new Uint8Array(t2 * 3));
-        for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++)
-          for (let j = 0; j < tileheight; j++)
-            for (let i = 0; i < tilewidth; i++)
-              d[i + j * tilesize + k * t2] =
-                tiledata[i + ox + (j + oy) * tilewidth + k * twh];
+
+      case ImageTileEncoding.JPG:
+      case ImageTileEncoding.JPEG: {
+        const jpegbitmap = await requestAsyncComputation(
+          decodeJpeg,
+          signal,
+          [responseArray.buffer],
+          responseArray,
+          undefined,
+          undefined,
+          undefined,
+          3,
+          false,
+        );
+        ({
+          uint8Array: tiledata,
+          width: tilewidth,
+          height: tileheight,
+        } = jpegbitmap);
+        break;
       }
-    } catch (e) {
-      if (!isNotFoundError(e)) throw e;
+    }
+    if (tiledata !== undefined) {
+      const t2 = tilesize * tilesize;
+      const twh = tilewidth * tileheight;
+      const d = (chunk.data = new Uint8Array(t2 * 3));
+      for (let k = 0; k < 3; k++)
+        for (let j = 0; j < tileheight; j++)
+          for (let i = 0; i < tilewidth; i++)
+            d[i + j * tilesize + k * t2] =
+              tiledata[i + ox + (j + oy) * tilewidth + k * twh];
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/deepzoom/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/deepzoom/frontend.ts
index 502e2e6cbc..826d43e438 100644
--- a/src/datasource/deepzoom/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/deepzoom/frontend.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 
 import { makeDataBoundsBoundingBoxAnnotationSet } from "#src/annotation/index.js";
-import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import type {
   BoundingBox,
@@ -26,25 +25,24 @@ import {
   makeIdentityTransform,
   makeIdentityTransformedBoundingBox,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
-import { WithCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/chunk_source_frontend.js";
 import {
   ImageTileEncoding,
   ImageTileSourceParameters,
 } from "#src/datasource/deepzoom/base.js";
 import type {
-  CompleteUrlOptions,
-  ConvertLegacyUrlOptions,
   DataSource,
   DataSubsourceEntry,
-  GetDataSourceOptions,
-  NormalizeUrlOptions,
+  GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import {
-  parseProviderUrl,
-  resolvePath,
-  unparseProviderUrl,
-} from "#src/datasource/precomputed/frontend.js";
+import type {
+  AutoDetectFileOptions,
+  AutoDetectMatch,
+  AutoDetectRegistry,
+} from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import { ensureEmptyUrlSuffix } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
 import type { SliceViewSingleResolutionSource } from "#src/sliceview/frontend.js";
 import type { VolumeSourceOptions } from "#src/sliceview/volume/base.js";
 import {
@@ -57,7 +55,6 @@ import {
 } from "#src/sliceview/volume/frontend.js";
 import { transposeNestedArrays } from "#src/util/array.js";
 import { DataType } from "#src/util/data_type.js";
-import { completeHttpPath } from "#src/util/http_path_completion.js";
 import {
   verifyEnumString,
   verifyInt,
@@ -65,18 +62,11 @@ import {
   verifyPositiveInt,
   verifyString,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
-import { getObjectId } from "#src/util/object_id.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import {
-  fetchSpecialOk,
-  parseSpecialUrl,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 /*export*/ class DeepzoomImageTileSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(VolumeChunkSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(VolumeChunkSource),
   ImageTileSourceParameters,
 ) {}
 
@@ -150,12 +140,11 @@ interface LevelInfo {
   url: string;
 
   constructor(
-    chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-    public credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-    /*public*/ url: string,
+    public sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
+    url: string,
     public info: PyramidalImageInfo,
   ) {
-    super(chunkManager);
+    super(sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager);
     this.url = url.substring(0, url.lastIndexOf(".")) + "_files";
   }
 
@@ -196,13 +185,10 @@ interface LevelInfo {
             chunkSource: this.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
               DeepzoomImageTileSource,
               {
-                credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+                sharedKvStoreContext: this.sharedKvStoreContext,
                 spec,
                 parameters: {
-                  url: resolvePath(
-                    this.url,
-                    (array.length - 1 - index).toString(),
-                  ),
+                  url: `${this.url}/${array.length - 1 - index}/`,
                   encoding: this.info.encoding,
                   format: this.info.format,
                   overlap: this.info.overlap,
@@ -228,9 +214,9 @@ interface DZIMetaData {
 }
 
 function getDZIMetadata(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<DZIMetaData> {
   if (url.endsWith(".json") || url.includes(".json?")) {
     /* http://openseadragon.github.io/examples/tilesource-dzi/
@@ -240,16 +226,21 @@ function getDZIMetadata(
      */
     throw new Error("DZI-JSON: OpenSeadragon hack not supported yet.");
   }
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     {
       type: "deepzoom:metadata",
       url,
-      credentialsProvider: getObjectId(credentialsProvider),
     },
-    async () => {
-      const text = await fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, url, {}).then(
-        (response) => response.text(),
-      );
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
+      using _span = new ProgressSpan(progressOptions.progressListener, {
+        message: `Reading Deep Zoom metadata from ${url}`,
+      });
+      const { response } = await sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.read(url, {
+        ...progressOptions,
+        throwIfMissing: true,
+      });
+      const text = await response.text();
       const xml = new DOMParser().parseFromString(text, "text/xml");
       const image = xml.documentElement;
       const size = verifyObject(image.getElementsByTagName("Size").item(0));
@@ -266,16 +257,14 @@ function getDZIMetadata(
   );
 }
 
-async function getImageDataSource(
-  options: GetDataSourceOptions,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+function getImageDataSource(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
   metadata: DZIMetaData,
-): Promise<DataSource> {
+): DataSource {
   const info = buildPyramidalImageInfo(metadata);
   const volume = new DeepzoomPyramidalImageTileSource(
-    options.chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
     url,
     info,
   );
@@ -296,53 +285,61 @@ async function getImageDataSource(
       },
     },
   ];
-  return { modelTransform: makeIdentityTransform(modelSpace), subsources };
+  return {
+    modelTransform: makeIdentityTransform(modelSpace),
+    subsources,
+    canonicalUrl: `${url}|deepzoom:`,
+  };
 }
 
-export class DeepzoomDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
-  get description() {
-    return "Deep Zoom file-backed data source";
-  }
-
-  normalizeUrl(options: NormalizeUrlOptions): string {
-    const { url, parameters } = parseProviderUrl(options.providerUrl);
-    return (
-      options.providerProtocol + "://" + unparseProviderUrl(url, parameters)
-    );
+export class DeepzoomDataSource implements KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "deepzoom";
   }
-
-  convertLegacyUrl(options: ConvertLegacyUrlOptions): string {
-    const { url, parameters } = parseProviderUrl(options.providerUrl);
-    return (
-      options.providerProtocol + "://" + unparseProviderUrl(url, parameters)
-    );
+  get description() {
+    return "Deep Zoom data source";
   }
 
-  get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
-    const { url: providerUrl, parameters } = parseProviderUrl(
-      options.providerUrl,
-    );
-    return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
-      { type: "deepzoom:get", providerUrl, parameters },
-      async (): Promise<DataSource> => {
-        const { url, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-          providerUrl,
-          options.credentialsManager,
-        );
+  get(options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+    ensureEmptyUrlSuffix(options.url);
+    return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
+      { type: "deepzoom:get", url: options.kvStoreUrl },
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions): Promise<DataSource> => {
         const metadata = await getDZIMetadata(
-          options.chunkManager,
-          credentialsProvider,
-          url,
+          options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext,
+          options.kvStoreUrl,
+          progressOptions,
+        );
+        return getImageDataSource(
+          options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext,
+          options.kvStoreUrl,
+          metadata,
         );
-        return getImageDataSource(options, credentialsProvider, url, metadata);
       },
     );
   }
-  completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
-    return completeHttpPath(
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.providerUrl,
-      options.abortSignal,
-    );
+}
+
+async function detectFormat(
+  options: AutoDetectFileOptions,
+): Promise<AutoDetectMatch[]> {
+  const text = new TextDecoder().decode(options.prefix);
+  const xml = new DOMParser().parseFromString(text, "text/xml");
+  if (
+    xml.documentElement.tagName === "Image" &&
+    xml.documentElement.namespaceURI ===
+      "http://schemas.microsoft.com/deepzoom/2009"
+  ) {
+    return [{ suffix: "deepzoom:", description: "Deep Zoom" }];
   }
+  return [];
+}
+
+export function registerAutoDetect(registry: AutoDetectRegistry) {
+  registry.registerFileFormat({
+    prefixLength: 500,
+    suffixLength: 0,
+    match: detectFormat,
+  });
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/deepzoom/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/deepzoom/register_default.ts
index eb9c8a387d..cf97508b87 100644
--- a/src/datasource/deepzoom/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/deepzoom/register_default.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { DeepzoomDataSource } from "#src/datasource/deepzoom/frontend.js";
-import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import {
+  DeepzoomDataSource,
+  registerAutoDetect,
+} from "#src/datasource/deepzoom/frontend.js";
+import {
+  dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry,
+  registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider,
+  registerProvider,
+} from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import { KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 
-registerProvider("deepzoom", () => new DeepzoomDataSource());
+const provider = new DeepzoomDataSource();
+registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider(provider);
+registerProvider(new KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter(provider));
+registerAutoDetect(dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry);
diff --git a/src/datasource/default_provider.ts b/src/datasource/default_provider.ts
index bc72938543..85bf8b0aa7 100644
--- a/src/datasource/default_provider.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/default_provider.ts
@@ -18,32 +18,47 @@
  * @file Facility for registering default data sources.
  */
 
-import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
-import type { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProviderRegistry } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import type { Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import type { SharedCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared.js";
+import type {
+  DataSourceProvider,
+  KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
+} from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import { DataSourceRegistry } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import { LocalDataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/local.js";
+import { AutoDetectRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
 
 export interface ProviderOptions {
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager;
+  credentialsManager: SharedCredentialsManager;
+  kvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext;
 }
 
-export type ProviderFactory = (
-  options: ProviderOptions,
-) => Owned<DataSourceProvider>;
-const providerFactories = new Map<string, ProviderFactory>();
+const providers: DataSourceProvider[] = [];
+const kvStoreBasedProviders: KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider[] = [];
+export const dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry = new AutoDetectRegistry();
 
-export function registerProvider(name: string, factory: ProviderFactory) {
-  providerFactories.set(name, factory);
+export function registerProvider(provider: DataSourceProvider) {
+  providers.push(provider);
+}
+
+export function registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider(
+  provider: KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
+) {
+  kvStoreBasedProviders.push(provider);
 }
 
 export function getDefaultDataSourceProvider(options: ProviderOptions) {
-  const provider = new DataSourceProviderRegistry(options.credentialsManager);
-  for (const [name, factory] of providerFactories) {
-    try {
-      provider.register(name, factory(options));
-    } catch (e) {
-      console.warn(`Skipping ${name} data source: ${e}`);
-    }
+  const registry = new DataSourceRegistry(options.kvStoreContext);
+  registry.register(new LocalDataSourceProvider());
+  for (const provider of providers) {
+    registry.register(provider);
+  }
+  for (const provider of kvStoreBasedProviders) {
+    registry.registerKvStoreBasedProvider(provider);
   }
-  return provider;
+  options.kvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.autoDetectRegistry.copyTo(
+    registry.autoDetectRegistry,
+  );
+  dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry.copyTo(registry.autoDetectRegistry);
+  return registry;
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/dvid/api.ts b/src/datasource/dvid/api.ts
index 32d556cb3d..c9f0ed1ed2 100644
--- a/src/datasource/dvid/api.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/dvid/api.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { fetchWithCredentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOkWithCredentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
 import type { CredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 
 export interface DVIDToken {
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ export function fetchWithDVIDCredentials(
   input: string,
   init: RequestInit,
 ): Promise<Response> {
-  return fetchWithCredentials(
+  return fetchOkWithCredentials(
     credentialsProvider,
     input,
     init,
diff --git a/src/datasource/dvid/backend.ts b/src/datasource/dvid/backend.ts
index 7edc1602f1..c136a10dad 100644
--- a/src/datasource/dvid/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/dvid/backend.ts
@@ -64,7 +64,7 @@ export class DVIDSkeletonSource extends DVIDSource(
   SkeletonSource,
   SkeletonSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  download(chunk: SkeletonChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  download(chunk: SkeletonChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const bodyid = `${chunk.objectId}`;
     const url =
@@ -76,7 +76,7 @@ export class DVIDSkeletonSource extends DVIDSource(
       this.credentialsProvider,
       appendQueryStringForDvid(url, parameters.user),
       {
-        signal: abortSignal,
+        signal: signal,
       },
     )
       .then((response) => response.arrayBuffer())
@@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ export class DVIDMeshSource extends DVIDSource(
     return Promise.resolve(undefined);
   }
 
-  downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const dvidInstance = new DVIDInstance(
       parameters.baseUrl,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ export class DVIDMeshSource extends DVIDSource(
       this.credentialsProvider,
       appendQueryStringForDvid(meshUrl, parameters.user),
       {
-        signal: abortSignal,
+        signal: signal,
       },
     )
       .then((response) => response.arrayBuffer())
@@ -145,7 +145,7 @@ export class DVIDVolumeChunkSource extends DVIDSource(
   VolumeChunkSource,
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const params = this.parameters;
     let path: string;
     {
@@ -161,11 +161,11 @@ export class DVIDVolumeChunkSource extends DVIDSource(
     const response = await fetchWithDVIDCredentials(
       this.credentialsProvider,
       appendQueryStringForDvid(`${params.baseUrl}${path}`, params.user),
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+      { signal: signal },
     ).then((response) => response.arrayBuffer());
     await decoder(
       chunk,
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
       params.encoding === VolumeChunkEncoding.JPEG
         ? response.slice(16)
         : response,
diff --git a/src/datasource/dvid/credentials_provider.ts b/src/datasource/dvid/credentials_provider.ts
index 1bdf2e9f62..74dd40f515 100644
--- a/src/datasource/dvid/credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/dvid/credentials_provider.ts
@@ -26,15 +26,16 @@ import {
 import { getCredentialsWithStatus } from "#src/credentials_provider/interactive_credentials_provider.js";
 import type { DVIDToken } from "#src/datasource/dvid/api.js";
 import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 async function getAuthToken(
   authServer: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<DVIDToken> {
   const response = await fetchOk(authServer, {
     method: "GET",
     credentials: "include",
-    signal: abortSignal,
+    signal: signal,
   });
   const token = await response.text();
   return { token };
@@ -45,16 +46,19 @@ class BaseDVIDCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<DVIDToken> {
     super();
   }
 
-  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (abortSignal) => {
+  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (options) => {
     const { authServer } = this;
     if (!authServer) return { token: "" };
+    using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+      message: `Requesting DVID access token from ${authServer}`,
+    });
     return await getCredentialsWithStatus(
       {
         description: `DVID server ${this.authServer}`,
         supportsImmediate: true,
-        get: async (abortSignal, immediate) => {
+        get: async (signal, immediate) => {
           if (immediate) {
-            return await getAuthToken(authServer, abortSignal);
+            return await getAuthToken(authServer, signal);
           }
           // In the current DVID setup, https://flyemlogin.<domain> is expected for the login server
           const match = authServer.match(/^[^/]+\/\/[^/.]+\.([^/]+)/);
@@ -70,7 +74,7 @@ class BaseDVIDCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<DVIDToken> {
           }
         },
       },
-      abortSignal,
+      options.signal,
     );
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/dvid/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/dvid/frontend.ts
index 82b5ec2bc7..d4db7ffa4e 100644
--- a/src/datasource/dvid/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/dvid/frontend.ts
@@ -29,10 +29,7 @@ import {
   makeIdentityTransformedBoundingBox,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
 import { WithCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/chunk_source_frontend.js";
-import type {
-  CredentialsManager,
-  CredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import type { CredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 import type { DVIDToken } from "#src/datasource/dvid/api.js";
 import {
   credentialsKey,
@@ -50,8 +47,8 @@ import type {
   CompletionResult,
   DataSource,
   GetDataSourceOptions,
+  DataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import { MeshSource } from "#src/mesh/frontend.js";
 import { SkeletonSource } from "#src/skeleton/frontend.js";
 import type { SliceViewSingleResolutionSource } from "#src/sliceview/frontend.js";
@@ -65,7 +62,6 @@ import {
   MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource,
   VolumeChunkSource,
 } from "#src/sliceview/volume/frontend.js";
-import { StatusMessage } from "#src/status.js";
 import { transposeNestedArrays } from "#src/util/array.js";
 import {
   applyCompletionOffset,
@@ -85,6 +81,8 @@ import {
   verifyPositiveInt,
   verifyString,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 const serverDataTypes = new Map<string, DataType>();
 serverDataTypes.set("uint8", DataType.UINT8);
@@ -453,26 +451,21 @@ export function getServerInfo(
   chunkManager: ChunkManager,
   baseUrl: string,
   credentialsProvider: CredentialsProvider<DVIDToken>,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { type: "dvid:getServerInfo", baseUrl },
-    () => {
-      const result = fetchWithDVIDCredentials(
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
+      using _span = new ProgressSpan(progressOptions.progressListener, {
+        message: `Retrieving repository info for DVID server ${baseUrl}`,
+      });
+      const response = await fetchWithDVIDCredentials(
         credentialsProvider,
         `${baseUrl}/api/repos/info`,
-        {
-          method: "GET",
-        },
-      )
-        .then((response) => response.json())
-        .then((response) => new ServerInfo(response));
-      const description = `repository info for DVID server ${baseUrl}`;
-      StatusMessage.forPromise(result, {
-        initialMessage: `Retrieving ${description}.`,
-        delay: true,
-        errorPrefix: `Error retrieving ${description}: `,
-      });
-      return result;
+        progressOptions,
+      );
+      return new ServerInfo(await response.json());
     },
   );
 }
@@ -572,7 +565,7 @@ function getVolumeSource(
   });
 
   const volume = new DvidMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
-    options.chunkManager,
+    options.registry.chunkManager,
     baseUrl,
     nodeKey,
     dataInstanceKey,
@@ -599,7 +592,7 @@ function getVolumeSource(
       id: "meshes",
       default: true,
       subsource: {
-        mesh: options.chunkManager.getChunkSource(DVIDMeshSource, {
+        mesh: options.registry.chunkManager.getChunkSource(DVIDMeshSource, {
           parameters: {
             ...sourceParameters,
             dataInstanceKey: info.meshSrc,
@@ -615,7 +608,7 @@ function getVolumeSource(
       id: "skeletons",
       default: true,
       subsource: {
-        mesh: options.chunkManager.getChunkSource(DVIDSkeletonSource, {
+        mesh: options.registry.chunkManager.getChunkSource(DVIDSkeletonSource, {
           parameters: {
             ...sourceParameters,
             dataInstanceKey: info.skeletonSrc,
@@ -642,16 +635,17 @@ export function getDataSource(
   const sourceParameters = parseSourceUrl(options.providerUrl);
   const { baseUrl, nodeKey, dataInstanceKey } = sourceParameters;
 
-  return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     {
       type: "dvid:MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource",
       baseUrl,
       nodeKey: nodeKey,
       dataInstanceKey,
     },
-    async () => {
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
       const credentailsProvider =
-        options.credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider<DVIDToken>(
+        options.registry.credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider<DVIDToken>(
           credentialsKey,
           {
             dvidServer: sourceParameters.baseUrl,
@@ -659,9 +653,10 @@ export function getDataSource(
           },
         );
       const serverInfo = await getServerInfo(
-        options.chunkManager,
+        options.registry.chunkManager,
         baseUrl,
         credentailsProvider,
+        progressOptions,
       );
       const repositoryInfo = serverInfo.getNode(nodeKey);
       if (repositoryInfo === undefined) {
@@ -744,12 +739,13 @@ export async function completeUrl(
   const authServer = getDefaultAuthServer(baseUrl);
 
   const serverInfo = await getServerInfo(
-    options.chunkManager,
+    options.registry.chunkManager,
     baseUrl,
-    options.credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider<DVIDToken>(
+    options.registry.credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider<DVIDToken>(
       credentialsKey,
       { dvidServer: baseUrl, authServer },
     ),
+    options,
   );
   return applyCompletionOffset(
     baseUrl.length + 1,
@@ -757,11 +753,10 @@ export async function completeUrl(
   );
 }
 
-export class DVIDDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
-  constructor(public credentialsManager: CredentialsManager) {
-    super();
+export class DVIDDataSource implements DataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "dvid";
   }
-
   get description() {
     return "DVID";
   }
diff --git a/src/datasource/dvid/register_credentials_provider.ts b/src/datasource/dvid/register_credentials_provider.ts
index d14e3bb2e9..42891dc49a 100644
--- a/src/datasource/dvid/register_credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/dvid/register_credentials_provider.ts
@@ -18,11 +18,11 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { defaultCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
+import { registerDefaultCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
 import { credentialsKey } from "#src/datasource/dvid/api.js";
 import { DVIDCredentialsProvider } from "#src/datasource/dvid/credentials_provider.js";
 
-defaultCredentialsManager.register(
+registerDefaultCredentialsProvider(
   credentialsKey,
   (params: { dvidServer: string; authServer: string | undefined }) =>
     new DVIDCredentialsProvider(params.dvidServer, params.authServer),
diff --git a/src/datasource/dvid/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/dvid/register_default.ts
index ac96fb56f7..810a8dbb79 100644
--- a/src/datasource/dvid/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/dvid/register_default.ts
@@ -17,7 +17,4 @@
 import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
 import { DVIDDataSource } from "#src/datasource/dvid/frontend.js";
 
-registerProvider(
-  "dvid",
-  (options) => new DVIDDataSource(options.credentialsManager),
-);
+registerProvider(new DVIDDataSource());
diff --git a/src/datasource/enabled_frontend_modules.ts b/src/datasource/enabled_frontend_modules.ts
index 96b934b7b7..264c63800b 100644
--- a/src/datasource/enabled_frontend_modules.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/enabled_frontend_modules.ts
@@ -7,13 +7,12 @@ import "#datasource/deepzoom/register_default";
 import "#datasource/dvid/register_default";
 import "#datasource/dvid/register_credentials_provider";
 import "#datasource/graphene/register_default";
-import "#datasource/middleauth/register_credentials_provider";
 import "#datasource/n5/register_default";
-import "#datasource/ngauth/register_credentials_provider";
 import "#datasource/nggraph/register_default";
 import "#datasource/nifti/register_default";
 import "#datasource/obj/register_default";
 import "#datasource/precomputed/register_default";
+import "#datasource/python/register_default";
 import "#datasource/render/register_default";
 import "#datasource/vtk/register_default";
 import "#datasource/zarr/register_default";
diff --git a/src/datasource/graphene/backend.ts b/src/datasource/graphene/backend.ts
index 174fd2d0b6..987c48d831 100644
--- a/src/datasource/graphene/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/graphene/backend.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,6 @@ import {
   ChunkSource,
 } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
 import { ChunkPriorityTier, ChunkState } from "#src/chunk_manager/base.js";
-import { WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
 import type { ChunkedGraphChunkSpecification } from "#src/datasource/graphene/base.js";
 import {
   getGrapheneFragmentKey,
@@ -33,8 +32,12 @@ import {
   CHUNKED_GRAPH_RENDER_LAYER_UPDATE_SOURCES_RPC_ID,
   RENDER_RATIO_LIMIT,
   isBaseSegmentId,
+  parseGrapheneError,
 } from "#src/datasource/graphene/base.js";
 import { decodeManifestChunk } from "#src/datasource/precomputed/backend.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
+import type { KvStoreWithPath, ReadResponse } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { readKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
 import type { FragmentChunk, ManifestChunk } from "#src/mesh/backend.js";
 import { assignMeshFragmentData, MeshSource } from "#src/mesh/backend.js";
 import { decodeDraco } from "#src/mesh/draco/index.js";
@@ -59,13 +62,8 @@ import {
 } from "#src/sliceview/base.js";
 import { computeChunkBounds } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 import { Uint64Set } from "#src/uint64_set.js";
-import { fetchSpecialHttpByteRange } from "#src/util/byte_range_http_requests.js";
 import { vec3, vec3Key } from "#src/util/geom.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import { fetchSpecialOk } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
+import { HttpError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import { Uint64 } from "#src/util/uint64.js";
 import {
   getBasePriority,
@@ -75,73 +73,67 @@ import {
 import type { RPC } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 import { registerSharedObject, registerRPC } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 
-function getVerifiedFragmentPromise(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  chunk: FragmentChunk,
-  parameters: MeshSourceParameters,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-) {
-  if (chunk.fragmentId && chunk.fragmentId.charAt(0) === "~") {
-    const parts = chunk.fragmentId.substr(1).split(":");
-    const startOffset = Number(parts[1]);
-    const endOffset = startOffset + Number(parts[2]);
-    return fetchSpecialHttpByteRange(
-      credentialsProvider,
-      `${parameters.fragmentUrl}/initial/${parts[0]}`,
-      startOffset,
-      endOffset,
-      abortSignal,
+function downloadFragmentWithSharding(
+  fragmentKvStore: KvStoreWithPath,
+  fragmentId: string,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
+): Promise<ReadResponse> {
+  if (fragmentId && fragmentId.charAt(0) === "~") {
+    const parts = fragmentId.substring(1).split(":");
+    const byteRange = { offset: Number(parts[1]), length: Number(parts[2]) };
+    return readKvStore(
+      fragmentKvStore.store,
+      `${fragmentKvStore.path}initial/${parts[0]}`,
+      { signal, byteRange, throwIfMissing: true },
     );
   }
-  return fetchSpecialOk(
-    credentialsProvider,
-    `${parameters.fragmentUrl}/dynamic/${chunk.fragmentId}`,
-    { signal: abortSignal },
-  ).then((response) => response.arrayBuffer());
+  return readKvStore(
+    fragmentKvStore.store,
+    `${fragmentKvStore.path}dynamic/${fragmentId}`,
+    { signal, throwIfMissing: true },
+  );
 }
 
-function getFragmentDownloadPromise(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  chunk: FragmentChunk,
+function downloadFragment(
+  fragmentKvStore: KvStoreWithPath,
+  fragmentId: string,
   parameters: MeshSourceParameters,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-) {
-  let fragmentDownloadPromise;
+  signal: AbortSignal,
+): Promise<ReadResponse> {
   if (parameters.sharding) {
-    fragmentDownloadPromise = getVerifiedFragmentPromise(
-      credentialsProvider,
-      chunk,
-      parameters,
-      abortSignal,
-    );
+    return downloadFragmentWithSharding(fragmentKvStore, fragmentId, signal);
   } else {
-    fragmentDownloadPromise = fetchSpecialOk(
-      credentialsProvider,
-      `${parameters.fragmentUrl}/${chunk.fragmentId}`,
-      { signal: abortSignal },
-    ).then((response) => response.arrayBuffer());
+    return readKvStore(
+      fragmentKvStore.store,
+      `${fragmentKvStore.path}/${fragmentId}`,
+      { signal, throwIfMissing: true },
+    );
   }
-  return fragmentDownloadPromise;
 }
 
 async function decodeDracoFragmentChunk(
   chunk: FragmentChunk,
-  response: ArrayBuffer,
+  response: Uint8Array,
 ) {
-  const rawMesh = await decodeDraco(new Uint8Array(response));
+  const rawMesh = await decodeDraco(response);
   assignMeshFragmentData(chunk, rawMesh);
 }
 
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class GrapheneMeshSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    MeshSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(MeshSource),
   MeshSourceParameters,
 ) {
   manifestRequestCount = new Map<string, number>();
   newSegments = new Uint64Set();
 
+  manifestKvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.manifestUrl,
+  );
+  fragmentKvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.fragmentUrl,
+  );
+
   addNewSegment(segment: Uint64) {
     const { newSegments } = this;
     newSegments.add(segment);
@@ -151,48 +143,49 @@ export class GrapheneMeshSource extends WithParameters(
     }, TEN_MINUTES);
   }
 
-  async download(chunk: ManifestChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: ManifestChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters, newSegments, manifestRequestCount } = this;
     if (isBaseSegmentId(chunk.objectId, parameters.nBitsForLayerId)) {
       return decodeManifestChunk(chunk, { fragments: [] });
     }
-    const url = `${parameters.manifestUrl}/manifest`;
-    const manifestUrl = `${url}/${chunk.objectId}:${parameters.lod}?verify=1&prepend_seg_ids=1`;
-    await fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, manifestUrl, {
-      signal: abortSignal,
-    })
-      .then((response) => response.json())
-      .then((response) => {
-        const chunkIdentifier = manifestUrl;
-        if (newSegments.has(chunk.objectId)) {
-          const requestCount =
-            (manifestRequestCount.get(chunkIdentifier) || 0) + 1;
-          manifestRequestCount.set(chunkIdentifier, requestCount);
-          setTimeout(
-            () => {
-              this.chunkManager.queueManager.updateChunkState(
-                chunk,
-                ChunkState.QUEUED,
-              );
-            },
-            2 ** requestCount * 1000,
+    const { manifestKvStore } = this;
+    const manifestPath = `${manifestKvStore.path}/manifest/${chunk.objectId}:${parameters.lod}?verify=1&prepend_seg_ids=1`;
+    const response = await (
+      await readKvStore(manifestKvStore.store, manifestPath, {
+        throwIfMissing: true,
+        signal,
+      })
+    ).response.json();
+    const chunkIdentifier = manifestPath;
+    if (newSegments.has(chunk.objectId)) {
+      const requestCount = (manifestRequestCount.get(chunkIdentifier) ?? 0) + 1;
+      manifestRequestCount.set(chunkIdentifier, requestCount);
+      setTimeout(
+        () => {
+          this.chunkManager.queueManager.updateChunkState(
+            chunk,
+            ChunkState.QUEUED,
           );
-        } else {
-          manifestRequestCount.delete(chunkIdentifier);
-        }
-        return decodeManifestChunk(chunk, response);
-      });
+        },
+        2 ** requestCount * 1000,
+      );
+    } else {
+      manifestRequestCount.delete(chunkIdentifier);
+    }
+    return decodeManifestChunk(chunk, response);
   }
 
-  async downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    const { parameters } = this;
-    const response = await getFragmentDownloadPromise(
-      undefined,
+  async downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
+    const { response } = await downloadFragment(
+      this.fragmentKvStore,
+      chunk.fragmentId!,
+      this.parameters,
+      signal,
+    );
+    await decodeDracoFragmentChunk(
       chunk,
-      parameters,
-      abortSignal,
+      new Uint8Array(await response.arrayBuffer()),
     );
-    await decodeDracoFragmentChunk(chunk, response);
   }
 
   getFragmentKey(objectKey: string | null, fragmentId: string) {
@@ -250,9 +243,7 @@ function decodeChunkedGraphChunk(leaves: string[]) {
 
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class GrapheneChunkedGraphChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    ChunkSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(ChunkSource),
   ChunkedGraphSourceParameters,
 ) {
   spec: ChunkedGraphChunkSpecification;
@@ -260,6 +251,10 @@ export class GrapheneChunkedGraphChunkSource extends WithParameters(
   tempChunkDataSize: Uint32Array;
   tempChunkPosition: Float32Array;
 
+  kvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.url,
+  );
+
   constructor(rpc: RPC, options: any) {
     super(rpc, options);
     this.spec = options.spec;
@@ -268,11 +263,7 @@ export class GrapheneChunkedGraphChunkSource extends WithParameters(
     this.tempChunkPosition = new Float32Array(rank);
   }
 
-  async download(
-    chunk: ChunkedGraphChunk,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ): Promise<void> {
-    const { parameters } = this;
+  async download(chunk: ChunkedGraphChunk, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<void> {
     const chunkPosition = this.computeChunkBounds(chunk);
     const chunkDataSize = chunk.chunkDataSize!;
     const bounds =
@@ -280,20 +271,25 @@ export class GrapheneChunkedGraphChunkSource extends WithParameters(
       `${chunkPosition[1]}-${chunkPosition[1] + chunkDataSize[1]}_` +
       `${chunkPosition[2]}-${chunkPosition[2] + chunkDataSize[2]}`;
 
-    const request = fetchSpecialOk(
-      this.credentialsProvider,
-      `${parameters.url}/${chunk.segment}/leaves?int64_as_str=1&bounds=${bounds}`,
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+    const { kvStore } = this;
+
+    const request = readKvStore(
+      kvStore.store,
+      `${kvStore.path}/${chunk.segment}/leaves?int64_as_str=1&bounds=${bounds}`,
+      { signal, throwIfMissing: true },
     );
     await this.withErrorMessage(
       request,
       `Fetching leaves of segment ${chunk.segment} in region ${bounds}: `,
     )
-      .then((res) => res.json())
+      .then((res) => res.response.json())
       .then((res) => {
         chunk.leaves = decodeChunkedGraphChunk(res.leaf_ids);
       })
-      .catch((err) => console.error(err));
+      .catch((err) => {
+        if (err instanceof Error && err.name === "AbortError") return;
+        console.error(err);
+      });
   }
 
   getChunk(chunkGridPosition: Float32Array, segment: Uint64) {
@@ -312,21 +308,17 @@ export class GrapheneChunkedGraphChunkSource extends WithParameters(
     return computeChunkBounds(this, chunk);
   }
 
-  async withErrorMessage(
-    promise: Promise<Response>,
+  async withErrorMessage<T>(
+    promise: Promise<T>,
     errorPrefix: string,
-  ): Promise<Response> {
-    const response = await promise;
-    if (response.ok) {
-      return response;
-    }
-    let msg: string;
-    try {
-      msg = (await response.json()).message;
-    } catch {
-      msg = await response.text();
-    }
-    throw new Error(`[${response.status}] ${errorPrefix}${msg}`);
+  ): Promise<T> {
+    return promise.catch(async (e) => {
+      if (e instanceof HttpError && e.response) {
+        const msg = await parseGrapheneError(e);
+        throw new Error(`[${e.response.status}] ${errorPrefix}${msg ?? ""}`);
+      }
+      throw e;
+    });
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/datasource/graphene/base.ts b/src/datasource/graphene/base.ts
index 28a6403af3..aedf2a291b 100644
--- a/src/datasource/graphene/base.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/graphene/base.ts
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ import type {
 } from "#src/sliceview/base.js";
 import { makeSliceViewChunkSpecification } from "#src/sliceview/base.js";
 import type { mat4 } from "#src/util/geom.js";
+import type { HttpError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 
 import { Uint64 } from "#src/util/uint64.js";
 
@@ -137,3 +138,16 @@ export function makeChunkedGraphChunkSpecification(
 export interface ChunkedGraphChunkSource extends SliceViewChunkSource {
   spec: ChunkedGraphChunkSpecification;
 }
+
+export async function parseGrapheneError(e: HttpError) {
+  if (e.response) {
+    let msg: string;
+    if (e.response.headers.get("content-type") === "application/json") {
+      msg = (await e.response.json()).message;
+    } else {
+      msg = await e.response.text();
+    }
+    return msg;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
diff --git a/src/datasource/graphene/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/graphene/frontend.ts
index 71790be466..b0966e59ae 100644
--- a/src/datasource/graphene/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/graphene/frontend.ts
@@ -34,14 +34,13 @@ import { LayerChunkProgressInfo } from "#src/chunk_manager/base.js";
 import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import { makeIdentityTransform } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
-import { WithCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/chunk_source_frontend.js";
-import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 import type {
   ChunkedGraphChunkSource as ChunkedGraphChunkSourceInterface,
   ChunkedGraphChunkSpecification,
   MultiscaleMeshMetadata,
 } from "#src/datasource/graphene/base.js";
 import {
+  parseGrapheneError,
   CHUNKED_GRAPH_LAYER_RPC_ID,
   CHUNKED_GRAPH_RENDER_LAYER_UPDATE_SOURCES_RPC_ID,
   ChunkedGraphSourceParameters,
@@ -54,10 +53,11 @@ import {
 } from "#src/datasource/graphene/base.js";
 import type {
   DataSource,
+  DataSourceLookupResult,
   DataSubsourceEntry,
-  GetDataSourceOptions,
+  GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { RedirectError } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import type { ShardingParameters } from "#src/datasource/precomputed/base.js";
 import {
   DataEncoding,
@@ -67,11 +67,16 @@ import type { MultiscaleVolumeInfo } from "#src/datasource/precomputed/frontend.
 import {
   getSegmentPropertyMap,
   parseMultiscaleVolumeInfo,
-  parseProviderUrl,
-  PrecomputedDataSource,
   PrecomputedMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource,
-  resolvePath,
 } from "#src/datasource/precomputed/frontend.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import { HttpKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/http/index.js";
+import {
+  ensureEmptyUrlSuffix,
+  kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl,
+  pipelineUrlJoin,
+} from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
 import type {
   LayerView,
   MouseSelectionState,
@@ -160,6 +165,7 @@ import type { ValueOrError } from "#src/util/error.js";
 import { makeValueOrError, valueOrThrow } from "#src/util/error.js";
 import { EventActionMap } from "#src/util/event_action_map.js";
 import { mat4, vec3, vec4 } from "#src/util/geom.js";
+import type { FetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import { HttpError, isNotFoundError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import {
   parseArray,
@@ -178,16 +184,9 @@ import {
   verifyPositiveInt,
   verifyString,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
-import { getObjectId } from "#src/util/object_id.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { NullarySignal } from "#src/util/signal.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import {
-  fetchSpecialOk,
-  parseSpecialUrl,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
 import type { Trackable } from "#src/util/trackable.js";
 import { Uint64 } from "#src/util/uint64.js";
 import { makeDeleteButton } from "#src/widget/delete_button.js";
@@ -213,7 +212,7 @@ const TRANSPARENT_COLOR_PACKED = new Uint64(packColor(TRANSPARENT_COLOR));
 const MULTICUT_OFF_COLOR = vec4.fromValues(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
 
 class GrapheneMeshSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(MeshSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(MeshSource),
   MeshSourceParameters,
 ) {
   getFragmentKey(objectKey: string | null, fragmentId: string) {
@@ -230,7 +229,7 @@ class AppInfo {
     // .../1.0/... is the legacy link style
     // .../table/... is the current, version agnostic link style (for retrieving the info file)
     const linkStyle =
-      /^(https?:\/\/[.\w:\-/]+)\/segmentation\/(?:1\.0|table)\/([^/]+)\/?$/;
+      /^((?:middleauth\+)?https?:\/\/[.\w:\-/]+)\/segmentation\/(?:1\.0|table)\/([^/]+)\/?$/;
     const match = infoUrl.match(linkStyle);
     if (match === null) {
       throw Error(`Graph URL invalid: ${infoUrl}`);
@@ -249,7 +248,7 @@ class AppInfo {
       // Dealing with a prehistoric graph server with no version information
       this.supported_api_versions = [0];
     }
-    if (PYCG_APP_VERSION in this.supported_api_versions === false) {
+    if (this.supported_api_versions.includes(PYCG_APP_VERSION) === false) {
       const redirectMsg = `This Neuroglancer branch requires Graph Server version ${PYCG_APP_VERSION}, but the server only supports version(s) ${this.supported_api_versions}.`;
       throw new Error(redirectMsg);
     }
@@ -284,12 +283,9 @@ interface GrapheneMultiscaleVolumeInfo extends MultiscaleVolumeInfo {
 function parseGrapheneMultiscaleVolumeInfo(
   obj: unknown,
   url: string,
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
 ): GrapheneMultiscaleVolumeInfo {
   const volumeInfo = parseMultiscaleVolumeInfo(obj);
-  const dataUrl = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "data_dir", (x) =>
-    parseSpecialUrl(x, credentialsManager),
-  ).url;
+  const dataUrl = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "data_dir", verifyString);
   const app = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "app", (x) => new AppInfo(url, x));
   const graph = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "graph", (x) => new GraphInfo(x));
   return {
@@ -302,11 +298,10 @@ function parseGrapheneMultiscaleVolumeInfo(
 
 class GrapheneMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends PrecomputedMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource {
   constructor(
-    chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-    public chunkedGraphCredentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+    sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
     public info: GrapheneMultiscaleVolumeInfo,
   ) {
-    super(chunkManager, undefined, info.dataUrl, info);
+    super(sharedKvStoreContext, info.dataUrl, info);
   }
 
   getChunkedGraphSource() {
@@ -341,7 +336,7 @@ class GrapheneMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends PrecomputedMultiscaleVolumeChu
         GrapheneChunkedGraphChunkSource,
         {
           spec,
-          credentialsProvider: this.chunkedGraphCredentialsProvider,
+          sharedKvStoreContext: this.sharedKvStoreContext,
           parameters: { url: `${this.info.app!.segmentationUrl}/node` },
         },
       ),
@@ -430,13 +425,18 @@ function parseMeshMetadata(data: any): ParsedMeshMetadata {
 }
 
 async function getMeshMetadata(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<ParsedMeshMetadata> {
   let metadata: any;
   try {
-    metadata = await getJsonMetadata(chunkManager, credentialsProvider, url);
+    metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
+      url,
+      /*required=*/ false,
+      options,
+    );
   } catch (e) {
     if (isNotFoundError(e)) {
       // If we fail to fetch the info file, assume it is the legacy
@@ -512,27 +512,26 @@ function parseGrapheneShardingParameters(
 }
 
 function getShardedMeshSource(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   parameters: MeshSourceParameters,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
 ) {
-  return chunkManager.getChunkSource(GrapheneMeshSource, {
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.getChunkSource(GrapheneMeshSource, {
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
     parameters,
-    credentialsProvider,
   });
 }
 
 async function getMeshSource(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
   fragmentUrl: string,
   nBitsForLayerId: number,
+  options: ProgressOptions,
 ) {
   const { metadata, segmentPropertyMap } = await getMeshMetadata(
-    chunkManager,
-    undefined,
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
     fragmentUrl,
+    options,
   );
   const parameters: MeshSourceParameters = {
     manifestUrl: url,
@@ -543,27 +542,35 @@ async function getMeshSource(
   };
   const transform = metadata?.transform || mat4.create();
   return {
-    source: getShardedMeshSource(chunkManager, parameters, credentialsProvider),
+    source: getShardedMeshSource(sharedKvStoreContext, parameters),
     transform,
     segmentPropertyMap,
   };
 }
 
-function getJsonMetadata(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+export function getJsonMetadata(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  required: boolean,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<any> {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     {
-      type: "graphene:metadata",
+      type: "precomputed:metadata",
       url,
-      credentialsProvider: getObjectId(credentialsProvider),
     },
-    async () => {
-      return await fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, `${url}/info`, {}).then(
-        (response) => response.json(),
-      );
+    options,
+    async (options) => {
+      const infoUrl = pipelineUrlJoin(url, "info");
+      using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+        message: `Reading graphene metadata from ${infoUrl}`,
+      });
+      const response = await sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.read(infoUrl, {
+        ...options,
+        throwIfMissing: required,
+      });
+      if (response === undefined) return undefined;
+      return await response.response.json();
     },
   );
 }
@@ -578,31 +585,22 @@ function getSubsourceToModelSubspaceTransform(info: MultiscaleVolumeInfo) {
 }
 
 async function getVolumeDataSource(
-  options: GetDataSourceOptions,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
   metadata: any,
+  options: ProgressOptions,
+  stateJson: any,
 ): Promise<DataSource> {
-  const info = parseGrapheneMultiscaleVolumeInfo(
-    metadata,
-    url,
-    options.credentialsManager,
-  );
+  const info = parseGrapheneMultiscaleVolumeInfo(metadata, url);
   const volume = new GrapheneMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
-    options.chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
     info,
   );
   const state = new GrapheneState();
-  if (options.state) {
-    state.restoreState(options.state);
+  if (stateJson) {
+    state.restoreState(stateJson);
   }
-  const segmentationGraph = new GrapheneGraphSource(
-    info,
-    credentialsProvider,
-    volume,
-    state,
-  );
+  const segmentationGraph = new GrapheneGraphSource(info, volume, state);
   const { modelSpace } = info;
   const subsources: DataSubsourceEntry[] = [
     {
@@ -626,18 +624,19 @@ async function getVolumeDataSource(
     },
   ];
   if (info.segmentPropertyMap !== undefined) {
-    const mapUrl = resolvePath(url, info.segmentPropertyMap);
-    const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      mapUrl,
+    const mapUrl = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+      sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.resolveRelativePath(
+        url,
+        info.segmentPropertyMap,
+      ),
     );
-    const segmentPropertyMap = getSegmentPropertyMap(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      metadata,
+    const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
       mapUrl,
+      /*required=*/ true,
+      options,
     );
+    const segmentPropertyMap = getSegmentPropertyMap(metadata);
     subsources.push({
       id: "properties",
       default: true,
@@ -646,11 +645,16 @@ async function getVolumeDataSource(
   }
   if (info.mesh !== undefined) {
     const { source: meshSource, transform } = await getMeshSource(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
       info.app!.meshingUrl,
-      resolvePath(info.dataUrl, info.mesh),
+      kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+        sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.resolveRelativePath(
+          info.dataUrl,
+          info.mesh,
+        ),
+      ),
       info.graph.nBitsForLayerId,
+      options,
     );
     const subsourceToModelSubspaceTransform =
       getSubsourceToModelSubspaceTransform(info);
@@ -673,56 +677,56 @@ async function getVolumeDataSource(
   };
 }
 
-export class GrapheneDataSource extends PrecomputedDataSource {
-  get description() {
-    return "Graphene file-backed data source";
+// Note: Graphene is not really a kvstore-based data source, since it relies on
+// making arbitrary HTTP requests rather than just kvstore. It fails if the
+// provided kvstore does not inherit from HttpKvStore.
+export class GrapheneDataSource implements KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "graphene";
   }
-
-  get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
-    const { url: providerUrl, parameters } = parseProviderUrl(
-      options.providerUrl,
-    );
-    return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
-      { type: "graphene:get", providerUrl, parameters },
-      async (): Promise<DataSource> => {
-        const { url, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-          providerUrl,
-          options.credentialsManager,
+  get description() {
+    return "Graphene data source";
+  }
+
+  get(
+    options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  ): Promise<DataSourceLookupResult> {
+    ensureEmptyUrlSuffix(options.url);
+    const url = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(options.kvStoreUrl);
+    return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
+      { type: "graphene:get", url },
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
+          options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext,
+          url,
+          /*required=*/ true,
+          progressOptions,
         );
-        let metadata: any;
-        try {
-          metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
-            options.chunkManager,
-            credentialsProvider,
-            url,
-          );
-        } catch (e) {
-          if (isNotFoundError(e)) {
-            if (parameters.type === "mesh") {
-              console.log("does this happen?");
-            }
-          }
-          throw e;
-        }
         verifyObject(metadata);
         const redirect = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
           metadata,
           "redirect",
           verifyString,
         );
+        const canonicalUrl = `${options.url.scheme}://${url}`;
         if (redirect !== undefined) {
-          throw new RedirectError(redirect);
+          return { canonicalUrl, targetUrl: redirect };
         }
         const t = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(metadata, "@type", verifyString);
         switch (t) {
           case "neuroglancer_multiscale_volume":
-          case undefined:
-            return await getVolumeDataSource(
-              options,
-              credentialsProvider,
+          case undefined: {
+            const dataSource = await getVolumeDataSource(
+              options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext,
               url,
               metadata,
+              progressOptions,
+              options.state,
             );
+            dataSource.canonicalUrl = canonicalUrl;
+            return dataSource;
+          }
           default:
             throw new Error(`Invalid type: ${JSON.stringify(t)}`);
         }
@@ -1536,26 +1540,13 @@ class GraphConnection extends SegmentationGraphSourceConnection {
   }
 }
 
-async function parseGrapheneError(e: HttpError) {
-  if (e.response) {
-    let msg: string;
-    if (e.response.headers.get("content-type") === "application/json") {
-      msg = (await e.response.json()).message;
-    } else {
-      msg = await e.response.text();
-    }
-    return msg;
-  }
-  return undefined;
-}
-
-async function withErrorMessageHTTP(
-  promise: Promise<Response>,
+async function withErrorMessageHTTP<T>(
+  promise: Promise<T>,
   options: {
     initialMessage?: string;
     errorPrefix: string;
   },
-): Promise<Response> {
+): Promise<T> {
   let status: StatusMessage | undefined = undefined;
   let dispose = () => {};
   if (options.initialMessage) {
@@ -1587,10 +1578,17 @@ async function withErrorMessageHTTP(
 export const GRAPH_SERVER_NOT_SPECIFIED = Symbol("Graph Server Not Specified.");
 
 class GrapheneGraphServerInterface {
-  constructor(
-    private url: string,
-    private credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  ) {}
+  private fetchOkImpl: FetchOk;
+  private url: string;
+  constructor(sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext, url: string) {
+    const { store, path } = sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(url);
+    if (store instanceof HttpKvStore) {
+      this.fetchOkImpl = store.fetchOkImpl;
+      this.url = store.baseUrl + path;
+    } else {
+      throw new Error(`Non-HTTP protocol not supported: ${url}`);
+    }
+  }
 
   async getRoot(segment: Uint64, timestamp = "") {
     const timestampEpoch = new Date(timestamp).valueOf() / 1000;
@@ -1599,13 +1597,13 @@ class GrapheneGraphServerInterface {
       Number.isNaN(timestampEpoch) ? "" : `&timestamp=${timestampEpoch}`
     }`;
 
-    const promise = fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, url, {});
-
-    const response = await withErrorMessageHTTP(promise, {
-      initialMessage: `Retrieving root for segment ${segment}`,
-      errorPrefix: "Could not fetch root: ",
-    });
-    const jsonResp = await response.json();
+    const jsonResp = await withErrorMessageHTTP(
+      this.fetchOkImpl(url).then((response) => response.json()),
+      {
+        initialMessage: `Retrieving root for segment ${segment}`,
+        errorPrefix: "Could not fetch root: ",
+      },
+    );
     return Uint64.parseString(jsonResp.root_id);
   }
 
@@ -1619,23 +1617,19 @@ class GrapheneGraphServerInterface {
       return Promise.reject(GRAPH_SERVER_NOT_SPECIFIED);
     }
 
-    const promise = fetchSpecialOk(
-      this.credentialsProvider,
-      `${url}/merge?int64_as_str=1`,
-      {
-        method: "POST",
-        body: JSON.stringify([
-          [
-            String(first.segmentId),
-            ...first.position.map((val, i) => val * annotationToNanometers[i]),
-          ],
-          [
-            String(second.segmentId),
-            ...second.position.map((val, i) => val * annotationToNanometers[i]),
-          ],
-        ]),
-      },
-    );
+    const promise = this.fetchOkImpl(`${url}/merge?int64_as_str=1`, {
+      method: "POST",
+      body: JSON.stringify([
+        [
+          String(first.segmentId),
+          ...first.position.map((val, i) => val * annotationToNanometers[i]),
+        ],
+        [
+          String(second.segmentId),
+          ...second.position.map((val, i) => val * annotationToNanometers[i]),
+        ],
+      ]),
+    });
 
     try {
       const response = await promise;
@@ -1660,23 +1654,19 @@ class GrapheneGraphServerInterface {
       return Promise.reject(GRAPH_SERVER_NOT_SPECIFIED);
     }
 
-    const promise = fetchSpecialOk(
-      this.credentialsProvider,
-      `${url}/split?int64_as_str=1`,
-      {
-        method: "POST",
-        body: JSON.stringify({
-          sources: first.map((x) => [
-            String(x.segmentId),
-            ...x.position.map((val, i) => val * annotationToNanometers[i]),
-          ]),
-          sinks: second.map((x) => [
-            String(x.segmentId),
-            ...x.position.map((val, i) => val * annotationToNanometers[i]),
-          ]),
-        }),
-      },
-    );
+    const promise = this.fetchOkImpl(`${url}/split?int64_as_str=1`, {
+      method: "POST",
+      body: JSON.stringify({
+        sources: first.map((x) => [
+          String(x.segmentId),
+          ...x.position.map((val, i) => val * annotationToNanometers[i]),
+        ]),
+        sinks: second.map((x) => [
+          String(x.segmentId),
+          ...x.position.map((val, i) => val * annotationToNanometers[i]),
+        ]),
+      }),
+    });
 
     const response = await withErrorMessageHTTP(promise, {
       initialMessage: `Splitting ${first.length} sources from ${second.length} sinks`,
@@ -1693,17 +1683,19 @@ class GrapheneGraphServerInterface {
   async filterLatestRoots(segments: Uint64[]): Promise<Uint64[]> {
     const url = `${this.url}/is_latest_roots`;
 
-    const promise = fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, url, {
+    const promise = this.fetchOkImpl(url, {
       method: "POST",
       body: JSON.stringify({
         node_ids: segments.map((x) => x.toJSON()),
       }),
     });
 
-    const response = await withErrorMessageHTTP(promise, {
-      errorPrefix: "Could not check latest: ",
-    });
-    const jsonResp = await response.json();
+    const jsonResp = await withErrorMessageHTTP(
+      promise.then((response) => response.json()),
+      {
+        errorPrefix: "Could not check latest: ",
+      },
+    );
 
     const res: Uint64[] = [];
     for (const [i, isLatest] of jsonResp.is_latest.entries()) {
@@ -1721,14 +1713,13 @@ class GrapheneGraphSource extends SegmentationGraphSource {
 
   constructor(
     public info: GrapheneMultiscaleVolumeInfo,
-    credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
     private chunkSource: GrapheneMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource,
     public state: GrapheneState,
   ) {
     super();
     this.graphServer = new GrapheneGraphServerInterface(
+      chunkSource.sharedKvStoreContext,
       info.app!.segmentationUrl,
-      credentialsProvider,
     );
   }
 
@@ -1827,9 +1818,7 @@ class ChunkedGraphChunkSource
 }
 
 class GrapheneChunkedGraphChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    ChunkedGraphChunkSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(ChunkedGraphChunkSource),
   ChunkedGraphSourceParameters,
 ) {}
 
diff --git a/src/datasource/graphene/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/graphene/register_default.ts
index e256a146fb..a0532a80b6 100644
--- a/src/datasource/graphene/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/graphene/register_default.ts
@@ -16,5 +16,8 @@
 
 import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
 import { GrapheneDataSource } from "#src/datasource/graphene/frontend.js";
+import { KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 
-registerProvider("graphene", () => new GrapheneDataSource());
+registerProvider(
+  new KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter(new GrapheneDataSource()),
+);
diff --git a/src/datasource/index.ts b/src/datasource/index.ts
index 398f887f08..746dc22b36 100644
--- a/src/datasource/index.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/index.ts
@@ -22,12 +22,21 @@ import type {
   CoordinateSpaceTransform,
   CoordinateTransformSpecification,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
+import type { SharedCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared.js";
+import { getKvStoreCompletions } from "#src/datasource/kvstore_completions.js";
+import type { LocalDataSource } from "#src/datasource/local.js";
 import {
-  emptyValidCoordinateSpace,
-  makeCoordinateSpace,
-  makeIdentityTransform,
-} from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
-import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+  AutoDetectRegistry,
+  autoDetectFormat,
+} from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import type { UrlWithParsedScheme } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import {
+  extractQueryAndFragment,
+  finalPipelineUrlComponent,
+  parsePipelineUrlComponent,
+  splitPipelineUrl,
+} from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
 import type { MeshSource, MultiscaleMeshSource } from "#src/mesh/frontend.js";
 import type { SegmentPropertyMap } from "#src/segmentation_display_state/property_map.js";
 import type { SegmentationGraphSource } from "#src/segmentation_graph/source.js";
@@ -43,19 +52,12 @@ import {
   applyCompletionOffset,
   getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions,
 } from "#src/util/completion.js";
-import type { Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
-import { createIdentity } from "#src/util/matrix.js";
+import { type ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import type { Trackable } from "#src/util/trackable.js";
 
 export type CompletionResult = BasicCompletionResult<CompletionWithDescription>;
 
-export class RedirectError extends Error {
-  constructor(public redirectTarget: string) {
-    super(`Redirected to: ${redirectTarget}`);
-  }
-}
-
 /**
  * Returns the length of the prefix of path that corresponds to the "group", according to the
  * specified separator.
@@ -93,9 +95,7 @@ export function suggestLayerNameBasedOnSeparator(
   return path.substring(groupIndex);
 }
 
-export interface GetDataSourceOptionsBase {
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager;
-  abortSignal?: AbortSignal;
+export interface GetDataSourceOptionsBase extends Partial<ProgressOptions> {
   url: string;
   transform: CoordinateTransformSpecification | undefined;
   globalCoordinateSpace: WatchableValueInterface<CoordinateSpace>;
@@ -103,11 +103,10 @@ export interface GetDataSourceOptionsBase {
 }
 
 export interface GetDataSourceOptions extends GetDataSourceOptionsBase {
-  registry: DataSourceProviderRegistry;
+  registry: DataSourceRegistry;
   providerUrl: string;
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal;
-  providerProtocol: string;
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager;
+  signal: AbortSignal;
+  providerScheme: string;
 }
 
 export interface ConvertLegacyUrlOptionsBase {
@@ -116,24 +115,9 @@ export interface ConvertLegacyUrlOptionsBase {
 }
 
 export interface ConvertLegacyUrlOptions extends ConvertLegacyUrlOptionsBase {
-  registry: DataSourceProviderRegistry;
-  providerUrl: string;
-  providerProtocol: string;
-}
-
-export interface NormalizeUrlOptionsBase {
-  url: string;
-}
-
-export interface NormalizeUrlOptions extends NormalizeUrlOptionsBase {
-  registry: DataSourceProviderRegistry;
+  registry: DataSourceRegistry;
   providerUrl: string;
-  providerProtocol: string;
-}
-
-export enum LocalDataSource {
-  annotations = 0,
-  equivalences = 1,
+  providerScheme: string;
 }
 
 export interface DataSubsource {
@@ -147,17 +131,14 @@ export interface DataSubsource {
   segmentationGraph?: SegmentationGraphSource;
 }
 
-export interface CompleteUrlOptionsBase {
+export interface CompleteUrlOptionsBase extends Partial<ProgressOptions> {
   url: string;
-  abortSignal?: AbortSignal;
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager;
 }
 
 export interface CompleteUrlOptions extends CompleteUrlOptionsBase {
-  registry: DataSourceProviderRegistry;
+  registry: DataSourceRegistry;
   providerUrl: string;
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal;
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager;
+  signal: AbortSignal;
 }
 
 export interface DataSubsourceEntry {
@@ -196,20 +177,23 @@ export interface DataSource {
   modelTransform: CoordinateSpaceTransform;
   canChangeModelSpaceRank?: boolean;
   state?: Trackable;
+  canonicalUrl?: string;
 }
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-declaration-merging
-export interface DataSourceProvider {
-  /**
-   * Returns a suggested layer name for the given volume source.
-   */
-  suggestLayerName?(path: string): string;
+export interface DataSourceRedirect {
+  // Canonical URL of the source.
+  canonicalUrl?: string;
 
-  /**
-   * Returns the length of the prefix of path that is its 'group'.  This is used for suggesting a
-   * default URL for adding a new layer.
-   */
-  findSourceGroup?(path: string): number;
+  // Target URL.
+  targetUrl: string;
+}
+
+export type DataSourceLookupResult = DataSource | DataSourceRedirect;
+
+export interface DataSourceWithRedirectInfo extends DataSource {
+  // Canonical URL prior to any redirects.
+  originalCanonicalUrl?: string;
+  redirectLog: Set<string>;
 }
 
 export interface DataSubsourceSpecification {
@@ -222,6 +206,9 @@ export interface DataSourceSpecification {
   enableDefaultSubsources: boolean;
   subsources: Map<string, DataSubsourceSpecification>;
   state?: any;
+
+  // Indicates that the spec was set manually in the UI.
+  setManually?: boolean;
 }
 
 export function makeEmptyDataSourceSpecification(): DataSourceSpecification {
@@ -233,220 +220,233 @@ export function makeEmptyDataSourceSpecification(): DataSourceSpecification {
   };
 }
 
-// eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-declaration-merging
-export abstract class DataSourceProvider extends RefCounted {
-  abstract description?: string;
+export interface DataSourceProvider {
+  scheme: string;
+  description?: string;
+  // Exclude from completion list.
+  hidden?: boolean;
 
-  abstract get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource>;
+  get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSourceLookupResult>;
 
-  normalizeUrl(options: NormalizeUrlOptions): string {
-    return options.url;
-  }
+  convertLegacyUrl?: (options: ConvertLegacyUrlOptions) => string;
 
-  convertLegacyUrl(options: ConvertLegacyUrlOptions): string {
-    return options.url;
-  }
+  completeUrl?: (options: CompleteUrlOptions) => Promise<CompletionResult>;
+}
 
-  async completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions): Promise<CompletionResult> {
-    options;
-    throw null;
-  }
+export interface KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider {
+  scheme: string;
+  description?: string;
+  singleFile?: boolean;
+  expectsDirectory?: boolean;
+  get(
+    options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  ): Promise<DataSourceLookupResult>;
+  completeUrl?: (
+    options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  ) => Promise<CompletionResult>;
 }
 
-export const localAnnotationsUrl = "local://annotations";
-export const localEquivalencesUrl = "local://equivalences";
+export interface GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions
+  extends Partial<ProgressOptions> {
+  registry: DataSourceRegistry;
+  kvStoreUrl: string;
+  url: UrlWithParsedScheme;
+  state?: any;
+}
 
-class LocalDataSourceProvider extends DataSourceProvider {
-  get description() {
-    return "Local in-memory";
-  }
+const schemePattern = /^(?:([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9-+_]*):\/\/)?(.*)$/;
 
-  async get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
-    switch (options.url) {
-      case localAnnotationsUrl: {
-        const { transform } = options;
-        let modelTransform: CoordinateSpaceTransform;
-        if (transform === undefined) {
-          const baseSpace = options.globalCoordinateSpace.value;
-          const { rank, names, scales, units } = baseSpace;
-          const inputSpace = makeCoordinateSpace({
-            rank,
-            scales,
-            units,
-            names: names.map((_, i) => `${i}`),
-          });
-          const outputSpace = makeCoordinateSpace({
-            rank,
-            scales,
-            units,
-            names,
-          });
-          modelTransform = {
-            rank,
-            sourceRank: rank,
-            inputSpace,
-            outputSpace,
-            transform: createIdentity(Float64Array, rank + 1),
-          };
-        } else {
-          modelTransform = makeIdentityTransform(emptyValidCoordinateSpace);
-        }
-        return {
-          modelTransform,
-          canChangeModelSpaceRank: true,
-          subsources: [
-            {
-              id: "default",
-              default: true,
-              subsource: {
-                local: LocalDataSource.annotations,
-              },
-            },
-          ],
-        };
-      }
-      case localEquivalencesUrl: {
-        return {
-          modelTransform: makeIdentityTransform(emptyValidCoordinateSpace),
-          canChangeModelSpaceRank: false,
-          subsources: [
-            {
-              id: "default",
-              default: true,
-              subsource: {
-                local: LocalDataSource.equivalences,
-              },
-            },
-          ],
-        };
-      }
-    }
-    throw new Error("Invalid local data source URL");
+export class DataSourceRegistry extends RefCounted {
+  get credentialsManager(): SharedCredentialsManager {
+    return this.sharedKvStoreContext.credentialsManager;
   }
 
-  async completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
-    return {
-      offset: 0,
-      completions: getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
-        options.providerUrl,
-        [
-          {
-            value: "annotations",
-            description: "Annotations stored in the JSON state",
-          },
-          {
-            value: "equivalences",
-            description:
-              "Segmentation equivalence graph stored in the JSON state",
-          },
-        ],
-        (x) => x.value,
-        (x) => x.description,
-      ),
-    };
+  get chunkManager(): ChunkManager {
+    return this.sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager;
   }
-}
-
-const protocolPattern = /^(?:([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9-+_]*):\/\/)?(.*)$/;
 
-export class DataSourceProviderRegistry extends RefCounted {
-  constructor(public credentialsManager: CredentialsManager) {
+  constructor(public sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext) {
     super();
   }
-  dataSources = new Map<string, Owned<DataSourceProvider>>([
-    ["local", new LocalDataSourceProvider()],
-  ]);
+  dataSources = new Map<string, DataSourceProvider>();
+  kvStoreBasedDataSources = new Map<string, KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider>();
+  autoDetectRegistry = new AutoDetectRegistry();
 
-  register(name: string, dataSource: Owned<DataSourceProvider>) {
-    this.dataSources.set(name, this.registerDisposer(dataSource));
+  register(provider: DataSourceProvider) {
+    this.dataSources.set(provider.scheme, provider);
+  }
+  registerKvStoreBasedProvider(provider: KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider) {
+    this.kvStoreBasedDataSources.set(provider.scheme, provider);
   }
 
   getProvider(url: string): [DataSourceProvider, string, string] {
-    const m = url.match(protocolPattern);
+    const m = url.match(schemePattern);
     if (m === null || m[1] === undefined) {
       throw new Error(
-        `Data source URL must have the form "<protocol>://<path>".`,
+        `Data source URL must have the form "<scheme>://<path>".`,
       );
     }
-    const [, providerProtocol, providerUrl] = m;
-    const factory = this.dataSources.get(providerProtocol);
+    const [, providerScheme, providerUrl] = m;
+    const factory = this.dataSources.get(providerScheme);
     if (factory === undefined) {
       throw new Error(
-        `Unsupported data source: ${JSON.stringify(providerProtocol)}.`,
+        `Unsupported data source: ${JSON.stringify(providerScheme)}.`,
       );
     }
-    return [factory, providerUrl, providerProtocol];
+    return [factory, providerUrl, providerScheme];
   }
 
-  async get(options: GetDataSourceOptionsBase): Promise<DataSource> {
-    const redirectLog = new Set<string>();
-    const { abortSignal } = options;
-    let url: string = options.url;
+  private async autoDetectFormat(options: GetDataSourceOptionsBase) {
+    const { matches, url } = await autoDetectFormat({
+      url: options.url,
+      kvStoreContext: this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext,
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+      autoDetectDirectory: () => this.autoDetectRegistry.directorySpec,
+      autoDetectFile: () => this.autoDetectRegistry.fileSpec,
+    });
+    if (matches.length !== 1) {
+      let message: string;
+      if (matches.length === 0) {
+        message = "no format detected";
+      } else {
+        message = `multiple formats detected: ${JSON.stringify(matches)}`;
+      }
+      throw new Error(
+        `Failed to auto-detect data source for ${JSON.stringify(options.url)}: ${message}`,
+      );
+    }
+    return `${url}|${matches[0].suffix}`;
+  }
+
+  private async resolveKvStoreBasedDataSource(
+    options: GetDataSourceOptionsBase,
+  ): Promise<DataSourceLookupResult> {
     while (true) {
-      const [provider, providerUrl, providerProtocol] = this.getProvider(
-        options.url,
+      const finalPart = parsePipelineUrlComponent(
+        finalPipelineUrlComponent(options.url),
       );
-      redirectLog.add(options.url);
-      try {
-        return provider.get({
+      const dataSourceProvider = this.kvStoreBasedDataSources.get(
+        finalPart.scheme,
+      );
+      if (dataSourceProvider === undefined) {
+        // Attempt to auto-detect format.
+        const newUrl = await this.autoDetectFormat(options);
+        options = { ...options, url: newUrl };
+        continue;
+      }
+      return await dataSourceProvider.get({
+        registry: this,
+        url: finalPart,
+        kvStoreUrl: options.url.substring(
+          0,
+          options.url.length - finalPart.url.length - 1,
+        ),
+        signal: options.signal,
+        progressListener: options.progressListener,
+        state: options.state,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  private async resolvePipeline(
+    options: GetDataSourceOptionsBase,
+  ): Promise<DataSourceLookupResult> {
+    const pipelineParts = splitPipelineUrl(options.url);
+
+    const basePart = pipelineParts[0];
+    const baseScheme = basePart.scheme;
+
+    // Check kvstore providers
+    {
+      const provider =
+        this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.baseKvStoreProviders.get(
+          baseScheme,
+        );
+      if (provider !== undefined) {
+        return await this.resolveKvStoreBasedDataSource(options);
+      }
+    }
+
+    if (pipelineParts.length !== 1) {
+      throw new Error(`${baseScheme}: scheme does not support | URL pipelines`);
+    }
+
+    const suffix = basePart.suffix ?? "";
+    if (!suffix.startsWith("//")) {
+      throw new Error(`${baseScheme}: URLs must start with "${baseScheme}://"`);
+    }
+
+    const providerUrl = suffix.substring(2);
+
+    // Check non-kvstore-based providers
+    {
+      const provider = this.dataSources.get(baseScheme);
+      if (provider !== undefined) {
+        return await provider.get({
           ...options,
-          url,
-          providerProtocol,
+          url: pipelineParts[0].url,
+          providerScheme: baseScheme,
           providerUrl,
           registry: this,
-          abortSignal: abortSignal ?? new AbortController().signal,
-          credentialsManager: this.credentialsManager,
+          signal: options.signal ?? new AbortController().signal,
         });
-      } catch (e) {
-        if (e instanceof RedirectError) {
-          const redirect = e.redirectTarget;
-          if (redirectLog.has(redirect)) {
-            throw Error(
-              `Layer source redirection contains loop: ${JSON.stringify(
-                Array.from(redirectLog),
-              )}`,
-            );
-          }
-          if (redirectLog.size >= 10) {
-            throw Error(
-              `Too many layer source redirections: ${JSON.stringify(
-                Array.from(redirectLog),
-              )}`,
-            );
-          }
-          url = redirect;
-          continue;
-        }
-        throw e;
       }
     }
+
+    throw new Error(`Unsupported scheme: ${baseScheme}:`);
   }
 
-  convertLegacyUrl(options: ConvertLegacyUrlOptionsBase): string {
-    try {
-      const [provider, providerUrl, providerProtocol] = this.getProvider(
-        options.url,
-      );
-      return provider.convertLegacyUrl({
-        ...options,
-        providerUrl,
-        providerProtocol,
-        registry: this,
-      });
-    } catch {
-      return options.url;
+  async get(
+    options: GetDataSourceOptionsBase,
+  ): Promise<DataSourceWithRedirectInfo> {
+    const redirectLog = new Set<string>();
+    let url: string = options.url;
+    // Trim any trailing "|" characters.
+    url = url.replace(/\|+$/, "");
+    let originalCanonicalUrl: string | undefined;
+    while (true) {
+      redirectLog.add(url);
+      const dataSource = await this.resolvePipeline({ ...options, url });
+      if (originalCanonicalUrl === undefined) {
+        originalCanonicalUrl = dataSource.canonicalUrl;
+      }
+      if ("targetUrl" in dataSource) {
+        const { targetUrl } = dataSource;
+        if (redirectLog.has(targetUrl)) {
+          throw Error(
+            `Layer source redirection contains loop: ${JSON.stringify([
+              ...redirectLog,
+              targetUrl,
+            ])}`,
+          );
+        }
+        if (redirectLog.size >= 10) {
+          throw Error(
+            `Too many layer source redirections: ${JSON.stringify([
+              ...redirectLog,
+              targetUrl,
+            ])}`,
+          );
+        }
+        url = targetUrl;
+        continue;
+      }
+      return { ...dataSource, redirectLog, originalCanonicalUrl };
     }
   }
 
-  normalizeUrl(options: NormalizeUrlOptionsBase): string {
+  // Converts legacy precomputed mesh and skeleton datasource URLs.
+  convertLegacyUrl(options: ConvertLegacyUrlOptionsBase): string {
     try {
-      const [provider, providerUrl, providerProtocol] = this.getProvider(
+      const [provider, providerUrl, providerScheme] = this.getProvider(
         options.url,
       );
-      return provider.normalizeUrl({
+      if (provider.convertLegacyUrl === undefined) return options.url;
+      return provider.convertLegacyUrl({
         ...options,
         providerUrl,
-        providerProtocol,
+        providerScheme: providerScheme,
         registry: this,
       });
     } catch {
@@ -457,52 +457,209 @@ export class DataSourceProviderRegistry extends RefCounted {
   async completeUrl(
     options: CompleteUrlOptionsBase,
   ): Promise<CompletionResult> {
-    // Check if url matches a protocol.  Note that protocolPattern always matches.
-    const { url, abortSignal } = options;
-    const protocolMatch = url.match(protocolPattern)!;
-    const protocol = protocolMatch[1];
-    if (protocol === undefined) {
-      return Promise.resolve({
-        offset: 0,
+    // Check if url matches a scheme.  Note that schemePattern always matches.
+    const { signal } = options;
+
+    const { url } = options;
+
+    const finalComponent = finalPipelineUrlComponent(url);
+    const parsedFinalComponent = parsePipelineUrlComponent(finalComponent);
+    const { scheme } = parsedFinalComponent;
+
+    // Check if we need to complete a scheme.
+    if (
+      finalComponent === url &&
+      !(parsedFinalComponent.suffix ?? "").startsWith("//")
+    ) {
+      const providers: {
+        scheme: string;
+        description?: string;
+      }[] = [];
+      const add = <Provider extends { scheme: string; description?: string }>(
+        iterable: Iterable<Provider>,
+        predicate?: (provider: Provider) => boolean,
+      ) => {
+        for (const provider of iterable) {
+          if (predicate?.(provider) === false) continue;
+          providers.push(provider);
+        }
+      };
+
+      if (finalComponent === url) {
+        add(
+          this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.baseKvStoreProviders.values(),
+        );
+        add(this.dataSources.values(), (provider) => provider.hidden !== true);
+      } else {
+        add(this.kvStoreBasedDataSources.values());
+        add(
+          this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.kvStoreAdapterProviders.values(),
+        );
+      }
+
+      const schemeSuffix = finalComponent === url ? "//" : "";
+      return {
+        offset: url.length - finalComponent.length,
         completions: getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
-          url,
-          this.dataSources,
-          ([name]) => `${name}://`,
-          ([, factory]) => factory.description,
+          scheme,
+          providers,
+          ({ scheme }) => `${scheme}:${schemeSuffix}`,
+          ({ description }) => description,
         ),
-      });
+      };
     }
-    const factory = this.dataSources.get(protocol);
-    if (factory !== undefined) {
-      const completions = await factory.completeUrl({
-        registry: this,
-        url,
-        providerUrl: protocolMatch[2],
-        chunkManager: options.chunkManager,
-        abortSignal: abortSignal ?? new AbortController().signal,
-        credentialsManager: this.credentialsManager,
+
+    if (parsedFinalComponent.suffix === undefined) {
+      const prevPipelineUrl = options.url.substring(
+        0,
+        options.url.length - finalComponent.length - 1,
+      );
+      const { matches } = await autoDetectFormat({
+        url: prevPipelineUrl,
+        kvStoreContext: this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext,
+        signal: options.signal,
+        progressListener: options.progressListener,
+        autoDetectDirectory: () => this.autoDetectRegistry.directorySpec,
+        autoDetectFile: () => this.autoDetectRegistry.fileSpec,
       });
-      return applyCompletionOffset(protocol.length + 3, completions);
+      if (matches.length === 0) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Failed to auto-detect data source for ${JSON.stringify(prevPipelineUrl)}`,
+        );
+      }
+      return {
+        offset: url.length - finalComponent.length,
+        completions: getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
+          parsedFinalComponent.scheme,
+          matches,
+          ({ suffix }) => suffix,
+          ({ description }) => description,
+        ),
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (finalComponent === url) {
+      // Single component pipeline.
+      const provider = this.dataSources.get(scheme);
+      if (provider !== undefined) {
+        // Non-kvstore-based protocol.
+        if (provider.completeUrl === undefined) throw null;
+        const completions = await provider.completeUrl({
+          registry: this,
+          url: options.url,
+          providerUrl: parsedFinalComponent.suffix!.substring(2),
+          signal: signal ?? new AbortController().signal,
+          progressListener: options.progressListener,
+        });
+        return applyCompletionOffset(scheme.length + 3, completions);
+      }
+    }
+
+    {
+      const provider = this.kvStoreBasedDataSources.get(scheme);
+      if (provider !== undefined) {
+        if (provider.completeUrl === undefined) throw null;
+        const completions = await provider.completeUrl({
+          registry: this,
+          signal: signal ?? new AbortController().signal,
+          progressListener: options.progressListener,
+          kvStoreUrl: url.substring(0, url.length - finalComponent.length - 1),
+          url: parsedFinalComponent,
+        });
+        return applyCompletionOffset(
+          url.length -
+            finalComponent.length +
+            parsedFinalComponent.scheme.length +
+            1,
+          completions,
+        );
+      }
     }
-    throw null;
+
+    return await getKvStoreCompletions(this.sharedKvStoreContext, {
+      url,
+      signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+      autoDetectDirectory: () => this.autoDetectRegistry.directorySpec,
+    });
   }
 
-  suggestLayerName(url: string) {
-    let [dataSource, path] = this.getProvider(url);
-    if (path.endsWith("/")) {
-      path = path.substring(0, path.length - 1);
+  suggestLayerName(url: string): string | undefined {
+    const parts = splitPipelineUrl(url);
+    for (let i = parts.length - 1; i >= 0; --i) {
+      let { suffix } = parts[i];
+      if (!suffix) continue;
+      suffix = suffix.replace(/^\/+/, "").replace(/\/+$/, "");
+      if (!suffix) continue;
+      return suggestLayerNameBasedOnSeparator(suffix);
     }
-    const suggestor = dataSource.suggestLayerName;
-    if (suggestor !== undefined) {
-      return suggestor(path);
+    return undefined;
+  }
+}
+
+export class KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter
+  implements DataSourceProvider
+{
+  constructor(
+    public base: KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
+    public scheme = base.scheme,
+  ) {}
+
+  get hidden() {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  get description() {
+    return this.base.description;
+  }
+
+  private parseProviderUrl(url: string) {
+    if (url.includes("|")) {
+      throw new Error("Only a single pipeline component supported");
     }
-    return suggestLayerNameBasedOnSeparator(path);
+    const { base, queryAndFragment } = extractQueryAndFragment(url);
+    return {
+      kvStoreUrl: base,
+      queryAndFragment,
+      url: parsePipelineUrlComponent(`${this.base.scheme}:${queryAndFragment}`),
+    };
+  }
+
+  get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSourceLookupResult> {
+    const { kvStoreUrl, url } = this.parseProviderUrl(options.providerUrl);
+    return this.base.get({
+      registry: options.registry,
+      url,
+      kvStoreUrl,
+      state: options.state,
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+    });
   }
 
-  findSourceGroup(url: string) {
-    const [dataSource, path, dataSourceName] = this.getProvider(url);
-    const helper =
-      dataSource.findSourceGroup || findSourceGroupBasedOnSeparator;
-    return helper(path) + dataSourceName.length + 3;
+  async completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions): Promise<CompletionResult> {
+    const { kvStoreUrl, url, queryAndFragment } = this.parseProviderUrl(
+      options.providerUrl,
+    );
+    if (queryAndFragment === "") {
+      return await getKvStoreCompletions(
+        options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext,
+        {
+          url: options.providerUrl,
+          signal: options.signal,
+          progressListener: options.progressListener,
+          singlePipelineComponent: true,
+          directoryOnly: this.base.expectsDirectory,
+        },
+      );
+    }
+    if (!this.base.completeUrl) throw null;
+    return this.base.completeUrl({
+      registry: options.registry,
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+      kvStoreUrl,
+      url,
+    });
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/kvstore_completions.ts b/src/datasource/kvstore_completions.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..05a8f80ab2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/datasource/kvstore_completions.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { CompletionResult } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import type { AutoDetectDirectorySpec } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import { listKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import {
+  encodePathForUrl,
+  finalPipelineUrlComponent,
+} from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import type { CompletionWithDescription } from "#src/util/completion.js";
+import type { ProgressListener } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
+export async function getKvStoreCompletions(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
+  options: {
+    url: string;
+    signal?: AbortSignal;
+    progressListener?: ProgressListener;
+    directoryOnly?: boolean;
+    autoDetectDirectory?: () => AutoDetectDirectorySpec;
+    singlePipelineComponent?: boolean;
+  },
+): Promise<CompletionResult> {
+  const { url, autoDetectDirectory } = options;
+  const kvStore = sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(url);
+  if (kvStore.store.getUrl(kvStore.path) !== url) {
+    // URL is valid but lacks final "/" terminator, skip completion.
+    //
+    // This avoids attempting to access e.g. `gs://bucke` as the user is typing
+    // `gs://bucket/`.
+    throw null;
+  }
+  const results = await listKvStore(kvStore.store, kvStore.path, {
+    signal: options.signal,
+    progressListener: options.progressListener,
+    responseKeys: "url",
+  });
+
+  const finalComponent = finalPipelineUrlComponent(url);
+
+  // Infallible pattern
+  const [, directoryPath, namePrefix] = finalComponent.match(
+    /^((?:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9-+.]*:)(?:.*\/)?)([^/]*)$/,
+  )!;
+  const offset = url.length - namePrefix.length;
+  const matches: CompletionWithDescription[] = [];
+  const directoryOffset =
+    url.length - finalComponent.length + directoryPath.length;
+  for (const entry of results.directories) {
+    matches.push({ value: entry.substring(directoryOffset) + "/" });
+  }
+  if (!options.directoryOnly) {
+    const matchSuffix = options.singlePipelineComponent === true ? "" : "|";
+    for (const entry of results.entries) {
+      matches.push({
+        value: entry.key.substring(directoryOffset) + matchSuffix,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+
+  let defaultCompletion: string | undefined;
+
+  if (autoDetectDirectory !== undefined && namePrefix === "") {
+    const names = new Set<string>();
+    for (const entry of results.entries) {
+      names.add(entry.key.substring(directoryOffset));
+    }
+    const pipelineMatches = await autoDetectDirectory().match({
+      url,
+      fileNames: names,
+      signal: options.signal,
+    });
+    for (const match of pipelineMatches) {
+      matches.push({
+        value: `|${match.suffix}`,
+        description: match.description,
+      });
+    }
+    if (pipelineMatches.length === 1) {
+      defaultCompletion = `|${pipelineMatches[0].suffix}`;
+    }
+  }
+  return { offset, completions: matches, defaultCompletion };
+}
+
+export async function getKvStorePathCompletions(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
+  options: {
+    baseUrl: string;
+    path: string;
+    signal?: AbortSignal;
+    progressListener?: ProgressListener;
+    directoryOnly?: boolean;
+  },
+): Promise<CompletionResult> {
+  const { baseUrl, path } = options;
+  const { store, path: basePath } =
+    sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(baseUrl);
+  if (!store.list) {
+    throw new Error("Listing not supported");
+  }
+
+  const fullPath = basePath + path;
+
+  const fullOffset = Math.max(basePath.length, fullPath.lastIndexOf("/") + 1);
+
+  const results = await store.list(fullPath, {
+    signal: options.signal,
+    progressListener: options.progressListener,
+  });
+
+  const matches: CompletionWithDescription[] = [];
+  for (const entry of results.directories) {
+    matches.push({
+      value: encodePathForUrl(entry.substring(fullOffset) + "/"),
+    });
+  }
+  if (!options.directoryOnly) {
+    for (const entry of results.entries) {
+      matches.push({
+        value: encodePathForUrl(entry.key.substring(fullOffset)),
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  return { offset: fullOffset - basePath.length, completions: matches };
+}
diff --git a/src/datasource/local.ts b/src/datasource/local.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4df6dc0443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/datasource/local.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,132 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2016 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import {
+  emptyValidCoordinateSpace,
+  makeCoordinateSpace,
+  makeIdentityTransform,
+  type CoordinateSpaceTransform,
+} from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
+import type {
+  CompleteUrlOptions,
+  DataSource,
+  GetDataSourceOptions,
+  DataSourceProvider,
+} from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import { getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions } from "#src/util/completion.js";
+import { createIdentity } from "#src/util/matrix.js";
+
+export const localAnnotationsUrl = "local://annotations";
+export const localEquivalencesUrl = "local://equivalences";
+
+export enum LocalDataSource {
+  annotations = 0,
+  equivalences = 1,
+}
+
+export class LocalDataSourceProvider implements DataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "local";
+  }
+  get description() {
+    return "Local in-memory";
+  }
+
+  async get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+    switch (options.url) {
+      case localAnnotationsUrl: {
+        const { transform } = options;
+        let modelTransform: CoordinateSpaceTransform;
+        if (transform === undefined) {
+          const baseSpace = options.globalCoordinateSpace.value;
+          const { rank, names, scales, units } = baseSpace;
+          const inputSpace = makeCoordinateSpace({
+            rank,
+            scales,
+            units,
+            names: names.map((_, i) => `${i}`),
+          });
+          const outputSpace = makeCoordinateSpace({
+            rank,
+            scales,
+            units,
+            names,
+          });
+          modelTransform = {
+            rank,
+            sourceRank: rank,
+            inputSpace,
+            outputSpace,
+            transform: createIdentity(Float64Array, rank + 1),
+          };
+        } else {
+          modelTransform = makeIdentityTransform(emptyValidCoordinateSpace);
+        }
+        return {
+          modelTransform,
+          canChangeModelSpaceRank: true,
+          subsources: [
+            {
+              id: "default",
+              default: true,
+              subsource: {
+                local: LocalDataSource.annotations,
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+        };
+      }
+      case localEquivalencesUrl: {
+        return {
+          modelTransform: makeIdentityTransform(emptyValidCoordinateSpace),
+          canChangeModelSpaceRank: false,
+          subsources: [
+            {
+              id: "default",
+              default: true,
+              subsource: {
+                local: LocalDataSource.equivalences,
+              },
+            },
+          ],
+        };
+      }
+    }
+    throw new Error("Invalid local data source URL");
+  }
+
+  async completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
+    return {
+      offset: 0,
+      completions: getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
+        options.providerUrl,
+        [
+          {
+            value: "annotations",
+            description: "Annotations stored in the JSON state",
+          },
+          {
+            value: "equivalences",
+            description:
+              "Segmentation equivalence graph stored in the JSON state",
+          },
+        ],
+        (x) => x.value,
+        (x) => x.description,
+      ),
+    };
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/datasource/n5/backend.ts b/src/datasource/n5/backend.ts
index 0a20bd745d..6e1a7fcb9d 100644
--- a/src/datasource/n5/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/n5/backend.ts
@@ -18,24 +18,21 @@ import { decodeBlosc } from "#src/async_computation/decode_blosc_request.js";
 import { decodeZstd } from "#src/async_computation/decode_zstd_request.js";
 import { requestAsyncComputation } from "#src/async_computation/request.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
-import { WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
 import {
   VolumeChunkEncoding,
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 } from "#src/datasource/n5/base.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
 import { decodeRawChunk } from "#src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/raw.js";
 import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 import { VolumeChunkSource } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 import { Endianness } from "#src/util/endian.js";
 import { decodeGzip } from "#src/util/gzip.js";
-import { isNotFoundError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentials } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import { fetchSpecialOk } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
 import { registerSharedObject } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 
 async function decodeChunk(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
   encoding: VolumeChunkEncoding,
 ) {
@@ -66,7 +63,7 @@ async function decodeChunk(
     case VolumeChunkEncoding.BLOSC:
       buffer = await requestAsyncComputation(
         decodeBlosc,
-        abortSignal,
+        signal,
         [buffer.buffer],
         buffer,
       );
@@ -74,7 +71,7 @@ async function decodeChunk(
     case VolumeChunkEncoding.ZSTD:
       buffer = await requestAsyncComputation(
         decodeZstd,
-        abortSignal,
+        signal,
         [buffer.buffer],
         buffer,
       );
@@ -82,7 +79,7 @@ async function decodeChunk(
   }
   await decodeRawChunk(
     chunk,
-    abortSignal,
+    signal,
     buffer.buffer,
     Endianness.BIG,
     buffer.byteOffset,
@@ -92,31 +89,32 @@ async function decodeChunk(
 
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class PrecomputedVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    VolumeChunkSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(VolumeChunkSource),
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    const { parameters } = this;
+  private chunkKvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.url,
+  );
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
+    const { parameters, chunkKvStore } = this;
     const { chunkGridPosition } = chunk;
-    let url = parameters.url;
+    let path = chunkKvStore.path;
     const rank = this.spec.rank;
     for (let i = 0; i < rank; ++i) {
-      url += `/${chunkGridPosition[i]}`;
-    }
-    try {
-      const response = await fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, url, {
-        signal: abortSignal,
-      });
-      await decodeChunk(
-        chunk,
-        abortSignal,
-        await response.arrayBuffer(),
-        parameters.encoding,
-      );
-    } catch (e) {
-      if (!isNotFoundError(e)) throw e;
+      if (i !== 0) {
+        path += "/";
+      }
+      path += `${chunkGridPosition[i]}`;
     }
+    const response = await chunkKvStore.store.read(path, {
+      signal,
+    });
+    if (response === undefined) return;
+    await decodeChunk(
+      chunk,
+      signal,
+      await response.response.arrayBuffer(),
+      parameters.encoding,
+    );
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/n5/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/n5/frontend.ts
index e76695b2ad..3c9f5856c4 100644
--- a/src/datasource/n5/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/n5/frontend.ts
@@ -21,10 +21,11 @@
  *
  * https://github.com/saalfeldlab/n5-viewer
  * https://github.com/bigdataviewer/bigdataviewer-core/blob/master/BDV%20N5%20format.md
+ *
+ * https://github.com/janelia-cellmap/schemas/blob/master/multiscale.md
  */
 
 import { makeDataBoundsBoundingBoxAnnotationSet } from "#src/annotation/index.js";
-import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import type {
   CoordinateArray,
@@ -34,17 +35,28 @@ import {
   makeCoordinateSpace,
   makeIdentityTransform,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
-import { WithCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/chunk_source_frontend.js";
 import type {
-  CompleteUrlOptions,
   DataSource,
-  GetDataSourceOptions,
+  GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import { getKvStorePathCompletions } from "#src/datasource/kvstore_completions.js";
 import {
   VolumeChunkEncoding,
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 } from "#src/datasource/n5/base.js";
+import type { AutoDetectRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import { simpleFilePresenceAutoDetectDirectorySpec } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.js";
+import type { CompletionResult, KvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import {
+  ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters,
+  ensurePathIsDirectory,
+  joinPath,
+  kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl,
+  pipelineUrlJoin,
+} from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
 import type { SliceViewSingleResolutionSource } from "#src/sliceview/frontend.js";
 import type { VolumeSourceOptions } from "#src/sliceview/volume/base.js";
 import {
@@ -57,9 +69,6 @@ import {
   VolumeChunkSource,
 } from "#src/sliceview/volume/frontend.js";
 import { transposeNestedArrays } from "#src/util/array.js";
-import type { Borrowed } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
-import { completeHttpPath } from "#src/util/http_path_completion.js";
-import { isNotFoundError, parseUrl } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import {
   expectArray,
   parseArray,
@@ -75,19 +84,12 @@ import {
   verifyStringArray,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
 import { createHomogeneousScaleMatrix } from "#src/util/matrix.js";
-import { getObjectId } from "#src/util/object_id.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { scaleByExp10, unitFromJson } from "#src/util/si_units.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import {
-  fetchSpecialOk,
-  parseSpecialUrl,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
 
 class N5VolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(VolumeChunkSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(VolumeChunkSource),
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 ) {}
 
@@ -103,12 +105,11 @@ export class MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends GenericMultiscaleVolumeChunkSou
   }
 
   constructor(
-    chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>,
-    public credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+    public sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
     public multiscaleMetadata: MultiscaleMetadata,
     public scales: (ScaleMetadata | undefined)[],
   ) {
-    super(chunkManager);
+    super(sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager);
     let dataType: DataType | undefined;
     let baseScaleIndex: number | undefined;
     scales.forEach((scale, i) => {
@@ -128,7 +129,7 @@ export class MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends GenericMultiscaleVolumeChunkSou
     if (dataType === undefined) {
       throw new Error("At least one scale must be specified.");
     }
-    const baseDownsamplingInfo = multiscaleMetadata.scales[baseScaleIndex!]!;
+    const baseDownsamplingInfo = scales[baseScaleIndex!]!;
     const baseScale = scales[baseScaleIndex!]!;
     this.dataType = dataType;
     this.volumeType = VolumeType.IMAGE;
@@ -143,7 +144,7 @@ export class MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends GenericMultiscaleVolumeChunkSou
         {
           transform: createHomogeneousScaleMatrix(
             Float64Array,
-            baseDownsamplingInfo.downsamplingFactor,
+            baseDownsamplingInfo.downsamplingFactors,
             /*square=*/ false,
           ),
           box: {
@@ -158,14 +159,12 @@ export class MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends GenericMultiscaleVolumeChunkSou
 
   getSources(volumeSourceOptions: VolumeSourceOptions) {
     const { scales, rank } = this;
-    const scalesDownsamplingInfo = this.multiscaleMetadata.scales;
     return transposeNestedArrays(
       (scales.filter((scale) => scale !== undefined) as ScaleMetadata[]).map(
-        (scale, i) => {
-          const scaleDownsamplingInfo = scalesDownsamplingInfo[i];
+        (scale) => {
           const transform = createHomogeneousScaleMatrix(
             Float32Array,
-            scaleDownsamplingInfo.downsamplingFactor,
+            scale.downsamplingFactors,
           );
           return makeDefaultVolumeChunkSpecifications({
             rank,
@@ -180,10 +179,10 @@ export class MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends GenericMultiscaleVolumeChunkSou
               chunkSource: this.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
                 N5VolumeChunkSource,
                 {
-                  credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+                  sharedKvStoreContext: this.sharedKvStoreContext,
                   spec,
                   parameters: {
-                    url: scaleDownsamplingInfo.url,
+                    url: scale.url,
                     encoding: scale.encoding,
                   },
                 },
@@ -201,146 +200,209 @@ interface MultiscaleMetadata {
   url: string;
   attributes: any;
   modelSpace: CoordinateSpace;
-  scales: { readonly url: string; readonly downsamplingFactor: Float64Array }[];
+  scales: (
+    | {
+        readonly url: string;
+        readonly downsamplingFactors?: Float64Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+      }
+    | undefined
+  )[];
 }
-class ScaleMetadata {
+interface ScaleMetadata {
+  url: string;
   dataType: DataType;
   encoding: VolumeChunkEncoding;
-  size: Float32Array;
-  chunkSize: Uint32Array;
+  size: Float32Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+  chunkSize: Uint32Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+  downsamplingFactors: Float64Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+}
 
-  constructor(obj: any) {
-    verifyObject(obj);
-    this.dataType = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "dataType", (x) =>
-      verifyEnumString(x, DataType),
-    );
-    this.size = Float32Array.from(
-      verifyObjectProperty(obj, "dimensions", (x) =>
-        parseArray(x, verifyPositiveInt),
-      ),
+function parseScaleMetadata(
+  url: string,
+  obj: any,
+  scaleIndex: number,
+  downsamplingFactors?: Float64Array<ArrayBuffer>,
+): ScaleMetadata {
+  verifyObject(obj);
+  const dataType = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "dataType", (x) =>
+    verifyEnumString(x, DataType),
+  );
+  const size = Float32Array.from(
+    verifyObjectProperty(obj, "dimensions", (x) =>
+      parseArray(x, verifyPositiveInt),
+    ),
+  );
+  const chunkSize = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "blockSize", (x) =>
+    parseFixedLengthArray(new Uint32Array(size.length), x, verifyPositiveInt),
+  );
+
+  let encoding: VolumeChunkEncoding | undefined;
+  verifyOptionalObjectProperty(obj, "compression", (compression) => {
+    encoding = verifyObjectProperty(compression, "type", (x) =>
+      verifyEnumString(x, VolumeChunkEncoding),
     );
-    this.chunkSize = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "blockSize", (x) =>
-      parseFixedLengthArray(
-        new Uint32Array(this.size.length),
-        x,
-        verifyPositiveInt,
-      ),
+    if (
+      encoding === VolumeChunkEncoding.GZIP &&
+      verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
+        compression,
+        "useZlib",
+        verifyBoolean,
+        false,
+      ) === true
+    ) {
+      encoding = VolumeChunkEncoding.ZLIB;
+    }
+  });
+  if (encoding === undefined) {
+    encoding = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "compressionType", (x) =>
+      verifyEnumString(x, VolumeChunkEncoding),
     );
+  }
 
-    let encoding: VolumeChunkEncoding | undefined;
-    verifyOptionalObjectProperty(obj, "compression", (compression) => {
-      encoding = verifyObjectProperty(compression, "type", (x) =>
-        verifyEnumString(x, VolumeChunkEncoding),
-      );
-      if (
-        encoding === VolumeChunkEncoding.GZIP &&
-        verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
-          compression,
-          "useZlib",
-          verifyBoolean,
-          false,
-        ) === true
-      ) {
-        encoding = VolumeChunkEncoding.ZLIB;
+  if (downsamplingFactors === undefined) {
+    downsamplingFactors = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
+      obj,
+      "downsamplingFactors",
+      (x) =>
+        parseFixedLengthArray(
+          new Float64Array(size.length),
+          x,
+          verifyFinitePositiveFloat,
+        ),
+    );
+    if (downsamplingFactors === undefined) {
+      if (scaleIndex === 0) {
+        downsamplingFactors = new Float64Array(size.length);
+        downsamplingFactors.fill(1);
+      } else {
+        throw new Error("Expected downsamplingFactors attribute");
       }
-    });
-    if (encoding === undefined) {
-      encoding = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "compressionType", (x) =>
-        verifyEnumString(x, VolumeChunkEncoding),
-      );
     }
-    this.encoding = encoding;
   }
+
+  return { url, dataType, encoding, size, chunkSize, downsamplingFactors };
 }
 
 function getAllScales(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   multiscaleMetadata: MultiscaleMetadata,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<(ScaleMetadata | undefined)[]> {
   return Promise.all(
-    multiscaleMetadata.scales.map(async (scale) => {
-      const attributes = await getAttributes(
-        chunkManager,
-        credentialsProvider,
+    multiscaleMetadata.scales.map(async (scale, scaleIndex) => {
+      if (scale === undefined) return undefined;
+      const { attributes } = (await getAttributes(
+        sharedKvStoreContext,
         scale.url,
         true,
-      );
+        options,
+      ))!;
       if (attributes === undefined) return undefined;
-      return new ScaleMetadata(attributes);
+      try {
+        return parseScaleMetadata(
+          scale.url,
+          attributes,
+          scaleIndex,
+          scale.downsamplingFactors,
+        );
+      } catch (e) {
+        throw new Error(`Error parsing array metadata at ${scale.url}`, {
+          cause: e,
+        });
+      }
     }),
   );
 }
 
-function getAttributesJsonUrls(url: string): string[] {
-  let { protocol, host, path } = parseUrl(url);
-  if (path.endsWith("/")) {
-    path = path.substring(0, path.length - 1);
-  }
-  const urls: string[] = [];
+function getAttributesJsonUrls(
+  kvStoreContext: KvStoreContext,
+  url: string,
+): { attributesJsonUrl: string; directoryUrl: string; relativePath: string }[] {
+  const kvStore = kvStoreContext.getKvStore(url);
+  const urls: {
+    attributesJsonUrl: string;
+    directoryUrl: string;
+    relativePath: string;
+  }[] = [];
+  let path = kvStore.path.substring(0, kvStore.path.length - 1);
   while (true) {
-    urls.push(`${protocol}://${host}${path}/attributes.json`);
+    const directoryPath = ensurePathIsDirectory(path);
+    urls.push({
+      attributesJsonUrl: kvStore.store.getUrl(
+        joinPath(path, "attributes.json"),
+      ),
+      directoryUrl: kvStore.store.getUrl(directoryPath),
+      relativePath: kvStore.path.substring(directoryPath.length),
+    });
+    if (path === "") break;
     const index = path.lastIndexOf("/");
-    if (index === -1) break;
     path = path.substring(0, index);
   }
   return urls;
 }
 
 function getIndividualAttributesJson(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
   required: boolean,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<any> {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     {
       type: "n5:attributes.json",
       url,
-      credentialsProvider: getObjectId(credentialsProvider),
     },
-    () =>
-      fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, url, {})
-        .then((response) => response.json())
-        .then((j) => {
-          try {
-            return verifyObject(j);
-          } catch (e) {
-            throw new Error(
-              `Error reading attributes from ${url}: ${e.message}`,
-            );
-          }
-        })
-        .catch((e) => {
-          if (isNotFoundError(e)) {
-            if (required) return undefined;
-            return {};
-          }
-          throw e;
-        }),
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
+      using _span = new ProgressSpan(progressOptions.progressListener, {
+        message: `Reading n5 metadata from ${url}`,
+      });
+      const response = await sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.read(url, {
+        ...progressOptions,
+        throwIfMissing: required,
+      });
+      if (response === undefined) return undefined;
+      const json = await response.response.json();
+      try {
+        return verifyObject(json);
+      } catch (e) {
+        throw new Error(`Error reading attributes from ${url}`, { cause: e });
+      }
+    },
   );
 }
 
 async function getAttributes(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
   required: boolean,
-): Promise<unknown> {
-  const attributesJsonUrls = getAttributesJsonUrls(url);
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+): Promise<
+  { attributes: unknown; rootUrl: string; pathFromRoot: string } | undefined
+> {
+  const attributesJsonUrls = getAttributesJsonUrls(
+    sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext,
+    url,
+  );
   const metadata = await Promise.all(
     attributesJsonUrls.map((u, i) =>
       getIndividualAttributesJson(
-        chunkManager,
-        credentialsProvider,
-        u,
+        sharedKvStoreContext,
+        u.attributesJsonUrl,
         required && i === attributesJsonUrls.length - 1,
+        options,
       ),
     ),
   );
-  if (metadata.indexOf(undefined) !== -1) return undefined;
+  const rootIndex = metadata.findLastIndex((x) => x !== undefined);
+  if (rootIndex === -1) return undefined;
   metadata.reverse();
-  return Object.assign({}, ...metadata);
+  const rootInfo = attributesJsonUrls[rootIndex];
+  return {
+    attributes: Object.assign({}, ...metadata.filter((x) => x !== undefined)),
+    rootUrl: rootInfo.directoryUrl,
+    pathFromRoot: rootInfo.relativePath,
+  };
 }
 
 function verifyRank(existing: number, n: number) {
@@ -386,10 +448,12 @@ function getDefaultAxes(rank: number) {
   return axes;
 }
 
-function getMultiscaleMetadata(
+async function getMultiscaleMetadata(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
   attributes: any,
-): MultiscaleMetadata {
+  progressOptions: ProgressOptions,
+): Promise<MultiscaleMetadata> {
   verifyObject(attributes);
   let rank = -1;
 
@@ -409,8 +473,8 @@ function getMultiscaleMetadata(
     return units;
   });
   let defaultUnit = { unit: "m", exponent: -9 };
-  let singleDownsamplingFactors: Float64Array | undefined;
-  let allDownsamplingFactors: Float64Array[] | undefined;
+  let singleDownsamplingFactors: Float64Array<ArrayBuffer> | undefined;
+  let allDownsamplingFactors: Float64Array<ArrayBuffer>[] | undefined;
   verifyOptionalObjectProperty(attributes, "downsamplingFactors", (dObj) => {
     const { single, all, rank: curRank } = parseDownsamplingFactors(dObj);
     rank = verifyRank(rank, curRank);
@@ -499,17 +563,33 @@ function getMultiscaleMetadata(
   });
   if (dimensions === undefined) {
     if (allDownsamplingFactors === undefined) {
-      throw new Error(
-        "Not valid single-resolution or multi-resolution dataset",
+      const scaleDirectories = await findScaleDirectories(
+        sharedKvStoreContext,
+        url,
+        progressOptions,
       );
+      if (scaleDirectories.length === 0) {
+        throw new Error(
+          "Not valid single-resolution or multi-resolution dataset",
+        );
+      }
+      return {
+        modelSpace,
+        url,
+        attributes,
+        scales: scaleDirectories.map((name) => ({
+          url: `${url}${name}/`,
+          downsamplingFactors: undefined,
+        })),
+      };
     }
     return {
       modelSpace,
       url,
       attributes,
       scales: allDownsamplingFactors.map((f, i) => ({
-        url: `${url}/s${i}`,
-        downsamplingFactor: f,
+        url: `${url}s${i}/`,
+        downsamplingFactors: f,
       })),
     };
   }
@@ -521,45 +601,80 @@ function getMultiscaleMetadata(
     modelSpace,
     url,
     attributes,
-    scales: [{ url, downsamplingFactor: singleDownsamplingFactors }],
+    scales: [{ url, downsamplingFactors: singleDownsamplingFactors }],
   };
 }
 
-export class N5DataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
+async function findScaleDirectories(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
+  url: string,
+  progressOptions: ProgressOptions,
+): Promise<string[]> {
+  const result = await sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.list(url, {
+    responseKeys: "suffix",
+    ...progressOptions,
+  });
+  const scaleDirectories: string[] = [];
+  for (const directory of result.directories) {
+    if (directory.match(/^s(?:0|[1-9][0-9]*)$/)) {
+      const scale = Number(directory.substring(1));
+      scaleDirectories[scale] = directory;
+    }
+  }
+  return scaleDirectories;
+}
+
+export class N5DataSource implements KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "n5";
+  }
+  get expectsDirectory() {
+    return true;
+  }
   get description() {
     return "N5 data source";
   }
-  get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
-    let { providerUrl } = options;
-    if (providerUrl.endsWith("/")) {
-      providerUrl = providerUrl.substring(0, providerUrl.length - 1);
-    }
-    return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
-      { type: "n5:MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource", providerUrl },
-      async () => {
-        const { url, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-          providerUrl,
-          options.credentialsManager,
-        );
-        const attributes = await getAttributes(
-          options.chunkManager,
-          credentialsProvider,
+  get(options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+    ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters(options.url);
+    const url = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+      pipelineUrlJoin(
+        kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(options.kvStoreUrl),
+        options.url.suffix ?? "",
+      ),
+    );
+    const { sharedKvStoreContext } = options.registry;
+    return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
+      { type: "n5:MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource", url },
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        const attributeResult = await getAttributes(
+          sharedKvStoreContext,
           url,
           false,
+          progressOptions,
+        );
+        if (attributeResult === undefined) {
+          throw new Error("N5 metadata not found");
+        }
+        const { attributes, rootUrl, pathFromRoot } = attributeResult;
+        const multiscaleMetadata = await getMultiscaleMetadata(
+          sharedKvStoreContext,
+          url,
+          attributes,
+          progressOptions,
         );
-        const multiscaleMetadata = getMultiscaleMetadata(url, attributes);
         const scales = await getAllScales(
-          options.chunkManager,
-          credentialsProvider,
+          sharedKvStoreContext,
           multiscaleMetadata,
+          progressOptions,
         );
         const volume = new MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
-          options.chunkManager,
-          credentialsProvider,
+          sharedKvStoreContext,
           multiscaleMetadata,
           scales,
         );
         return {
+          canonicalUrl: `${rootUrl}|${options.url.scheme}:${pathFromRoot}`,
           modelTransform: makeIdentityTransform(volume.modelSpace),
           subsources: [
             {
@@ -584,11 +699,25 @@ export class N5DataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
     );
   }
 
-  completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
-    return completeHttpPath(
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.providerUrl,
-      options.abortSignal,
-    );
+  async completeUrl(
+    options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  ): Promise<CompletionResult> {
+    ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters(options.url);
+    return getKvStorePathCompletions(options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext, {
+      baseUrl: kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(options.kvStoreUrl),
+      path: options.url.suffix ?? "",
+      directoryOnly: true,
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+    });
   }
 }
+
+export function registerAutoDetect(registry: AutoDetectRegistry) {
+  registry.registerDirectoryFormat(
+    simpleFilePresenceAutoDetectDirectorySpec(new Set(["attributes.json"]), {
+      suffix: "n5:",
+      description: "N5",
+    }),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/datasource/n5/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/n5/register_default.ts
index dddddbb211..7732860e74 100644
--- a/src/datasource/n5/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/n5/register_default.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
-import { N5DataSource } from "#src/datasource/n5/frontend.js";
+import {
+  registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider,
+  dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry,
+  registerProvider,
+} from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import { KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import {
+  N5DataSource,
+  registerAutoDetect,
+} from "#src/datasource/n5/frontend.js";
 
-registerProvider("n5", () => new N5DataSource());
+const provider = new N5DataSource();
+registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider(provider);
+registerProvider(new KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter(provider));
+registerAutoDetect(dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry);
diff --git a/src/datasource/nggraph/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/nggraph/frontend.ts
index bd3e53c461..8578c9cf6d 100644
--- a/src/datasource/nggraph/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/nggraph/frontend.ts
@@ -16,7 +16,7 @@
 
 import { debounce } from "lodash-es";
 import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
-import { fetchWithCredentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOkWithCredentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
 import {
   CredentialsProvider,
   makeCredentialsGetter,
@@ -27,8 +27,8 @@ import type {
   DataSource,
   DataSubsourceEntry,
   GetDataSourceOptions,
+  DataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import type { Credentials } from "#src/datasource/nggraph/credentials_provider.js";
 import { NggraphCredentialsProvider } from "#src/datasource/nggraph/credentials_provider.js";
 import type { SegmentationUserLayer } from "#src/layer/segmentation/index.js";
@@ -47,6 +47,7 @@ import { StatusMessage } from "#src/status.js";
 import type { Uint64Set } from "#src/uint64_set.js";
 import { getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions } from "#src/util/completion.js";
 import { DisjointUint64Sets } from "#src/util/disjoint_sets.js";
+import type { RequestInitWithProgress } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import {
   parseArray,
   verifyFiniteFloat,
@@ -609,7 +610,7 @@ function fetchWithNggraphCredentials(
   path: string,
   init: RequestInit,
 ): Promise<any> {
-  return fetchWithCredentials(
+  return fetchOkWithCredentials(
     credentialsProvider,
     `${serverUrl}${path}`,
     init,
@@ -701,7 +702,7 @@ function nggraphGraphFetch(
   serverUrl: string,
   entityName: string,
   path: string,
-  init: RequestInit,
+  init: RequestInitWithProgress,
 ): Promise<any> {
   return fetchWithNggraphCredentials(
     getEntityCredentialsProvider(chunkManager, serverUrl, entityName),
@@ -732,41 +733,46 @@ function parseListResponse(response: any) {
   );
 }
 
-export class NggraphDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
+export class NggraphDataSource implements DataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "nggraph";
+  }
   get description() {
     return "nggraph data source";
   }
 
   get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
     const { serverUrl, id } = parseNggraphUrl(options.providerUrl);
-    return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+    return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       { type: "nggraph:get", serverUrl, id },
-      async (): Promise<DataSource> => {
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions): Promise<DataSource> => {
         const entityCredentialsProvider = getEntityCredentialsProvider(
-          options.chunkManager,
+          options.registry.chunkManager,
           serverUrl,
           id,
         );
-        const { entityType } = (await entityCredentialsProvider.get())
-          .credentials;
+        const { entityType } = (
+          await entityCredentialsProvider.get(undefined, progressOptions)
+        ).credentials;
         if (entityType !== "graph") {
           throw new Error(
             `Unsupported entity type: ${JSON.stringify(entityType)}`,
           );
         }
         const { datasource_url: baseSegmentation } = await nggraphGraphFetch(
-          options.chunkManager,
+          options.registry.chunkManager,
           serverUrl,
           id,
           "/graph/config",
-          { method: "POST" },
+          { method: "POST", ...progressOptions },
         );
         const baseSegmentationDataSource = await options.registry.get({
           ...options,
           url: baseSegmentation,
         });
         const segmentationGraph = new NggraphSegmentationGraphSource(
-          options.chunkManager,
+          options.registry.chunkManager,
           serverUrl,
           id,
         );
@@ -789,13 +795,20 @@ export class NggraphDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
 
   async completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions): Promise<CompletionResult> {
     const { serverUrl, id } = parseNggraphUrl(options.providerUrl);
-    const list = await options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+    const list = await options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       { type: "nggraph:list", serverUrl },
-      async () => {
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
         return parseListResponse(
-          await nggraphServerFetch(options.chunkManager, serverUrl, "/list", {
-            method: "POST",
-          }),
+          await nggraphServerFetch(
+            options.registry.chunkManager,
+            serverUrl,
+            "/list",
+            {
+              method: "POST",
+              ...progressOptions,
+            },
+          ),
         );
       },
     );
diff --git a/src/datasource/nggraph/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/nggraph/register_default.ts
index 82c0754698..99e3c0dede 100644
--- a/src/datasource/nggraph/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/nggraph/register_default.ts
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@
 import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
 import { NggraphDataSource } from "#src/datasource/nggraph/frontend.js";
 
-registerProvider("nggraph", () => new NggraphDataSource());
+registerProvider(new NggraphDataSource());
diff --git a/src/datasource/nifti/backend.ts b/src/datasource/nifti/backend.ts
index 1235cd6981..34c62465e7 100644
--- a/src/datasource/nifti/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/nifti/backend.ts
@@ -16,23 +16,20 @@
 
 import type { NIFTI2 } from "nifti-reader-js";
 import { isCompressed, NIFTI1, readHeader, readImage } from "nifti-reader-js";
-import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
-import { ChunkPriorityTier } from "#src/chunk_manager/base.js";
-import type { PriorityGetter } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
-import { GenericSharedDataSource } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
-import type { SharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
-import { WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
+import { getCachedDecodedUrl } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
 import type { NiftiVolumeInfo } from "#src/datasource/nifti/base.js";
 import {
   GET_NIFTI_VOLUME_INFO_RPC_ID,
   VolumeSourceParameters,
 } from "#src/datasource/nifti/base.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
+import type { ReadResponse } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
 import { decodeRawChunk } from "#src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/raw.js";
 import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 import { VolumeChunkSource } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 import { DataType } from "#src/sliceview/volume/base.js";
-import type { Borrowed } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { Endianness } from "#src/util/endian.js";
 import {
   kOneVec,
@@ -43,10 +40,7 @@ import {
 } from "#src/util/geom.js";
 import { decodeGzip } from "#src/util/gzip.js";
 import * as matrix from "#src/util/matrix.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import type { RPCPromise } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 import { registerPromiseRPC, registerSharedObject } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 
@@ -56,11 +50,15 @@ export class NiftiFileData {
 }
 
 async function decodeNiftiFile(
-  buffer: ArrayBuffer,
-  _cancellationToken: AbortSignal,
+  readResponse: ReadResponse | undefined,
+  options: ProgressOptions,
 ) {
+  if (readResponse === undefined) {
+    throw new Error("Not found");
+  }
+  let buffer = await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer();
   if (isCompressed(buffer)) {
-    buffer = await decodeGzip(buffer, "gzip");
+    buffer = await decodeGzip(buffer, "gzip", options.signal);
   }
   const data = new NiftiFileData();
   data.uncompressedData = buffer;
@@ -73,40 +71,24 @@ async function decodeNiftiFile(
 }
 
 function getNiftiFileData(
-  chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContextCounterpart: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart,
   url: string,
-  getPriority: PriorityGetter,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  return GenericSharedDataSource.getUrl(
-    chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
-    decodeNiftiFile,
+  return getCachedDecodedUrl(
+    sharedKvStoreContextCounterpart,
     url,
-    getPriority,
-    abortSignal,
+    decodeNiftiFile,
+    options,
   );
 }
 
-const NIFTI_HEADER_INFO_PRIORITY = 1000;
-
 async function getNiftiHeaderInfo(
-  chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart,
   url: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  const data = await getNiftiFileData(
-    chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
-    url,
-    () => ({
-      priorityTier: ChunkPriorityTier.VISIBLE,
-      priority: NIFTI_HEADER_INFO_PRIORITY,
-    }),
-    abortSignal,
-  );
+  const data = await getNiftiFileData(sharedKvStoreContext, url, options);
   return data.header;
 }
 
@@ -165,174 +147,161 @@ const DATA_TYPE_CONVERSIONS = new Map([
 
 registerPromiseRPC(
   GET_NIFTI_VOLUME_INFO_RPC_ID,
-  async function (x, abortSignal): RPCPromise<NiftiVolumeInfo> {
-    const chunkManager = this.getRef<ChunkManager>(x.chunkManager);
-    const credentialsProvider = this.getOptionalRef<
-      SharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<
-        Exclude<SpecialProtocolCredentials, undefined>
-      >
-    >(x.credentialsProvider);
-    try {
-      const header = await getNiftiHeaderInfo(
-        chunkManager,
-        credentialsProvider,
-        x.url,
-        abortSignal,
+  async function (x, progressOptions): RPCPromise<NiftiVolumeInfo> {
+    const sharedKvStoreContext = this.get(
+      x.sharedKvStoreContext,
+    ) as SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart;
+    const header = await getNiftiHeaderInfo(
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
+      x.url,
+      progressOptions,
+    );
+    const dataTypeInfo = DATA_TYPE_CONVERSIONS.get(header.datatypeCode);
+    if (dataTypeInfo === undefined) {
+      throw new Error(
+        "Unsupported data type: " +
+          `${NiftiDataType[header.datatypeCode] || header.datatypeCode}.`,
       );
-      const dataTypeInfo = DATA_TYPE_CONVERSIONS.get(header.datatypeCode);
-      if (dataTypeInfo === undefined) {
-        throw new Error(
-          "Unsupported data type: " +
-            `${NiftiDataType[header.datatypeCode] || header.datatypeCode}.`,
-        );
-      }
-      let spatialInvScale = 1;
-      let spatialUnit = "";
-      switch (header.xyzt_units & NIFTI1.SPATIAL_UNITS_MASK) {
-        case NIFTI1.UNITS_METER:
-          spatialInvScale = 1;
-          spatialUnit = "m";
-          break;
-        case NIFTI1.UNITS_MM:
-          spatialInvScale = 1e3;
-          spatialUnit = "m";
-          break;
-        case NIFTI1.UNITS_MICRON:
-          spatialInvScale = 1e6;
-          spatialUnit = "m";
-          break;
-      }
+    }
+    let spatialInvScale = 1;
+    let spatialUnit = "";
+    switch (header.xyzt_units & NIFTI1.SPATIAL_UNITS_MASK) {
+      case NIFTI1.UNITS_METER:
+        spatialInvScale = 1;
+        spatialUnit = "m";
+        break;
+      case NIFTI1.UNITS_MM:
+        spatialInvScale = 1e3;
+        spatialUnit = "m";
+        break;
+      case NIFTI1.UNITS_MICRON:
+        spatialInvScale = 1e6;
+        spatialUnit = "m";
+        break;
+    }
 
-      let timeUnit = "";
-      let timeInvScale = 1;
-      switch (header.xyzt_units & NIFTI1.TEMPORAL_UNITS_MASK) {
-        case NIFTI1.UNITS_SEC:
-          timeUnit = "s";
-          timeInvScale = 1;
-          break;
-        case NIFTI1.UNITS_MSEC:
-          timeUnit = "s";
-          timeInvScale = 1e3;
-          break;
-        case NIFTI1.UNITS_USEC:
-          timeUnit = "s";
-          timeInvScale = 1e6;
-          break;
-        case NIFTI1.UNITS_HZ:
-          timeUnit = "Hz";
-          timeInvScale = 1;
-          break;
-        case NIFTI1.UNITS_RADS:
-          timeUnit = "rad/s";
-          timeInvScale = 1;
-          break;
-      }
-      let units: string[] = [
-        spatialUnit,
-        spatialUnit,
-        spatialUnit,
-        timeUnit,
-        "",
-        "",
-        "",
-      ];
-      let sourceScales = Float64Array.of(
-        header.pixDims[1] / spatialInvScale,
-        header.pixDims[2] / spatialInvScale,
-        header.pixDims[3] / spatialInvScale,
-        header.pixDims[4] / timeInvScale,
-        header.pixDims[5],
-        header.pixDims[6],
-        header.pixDims[7],
-      );
-      let viewScales = Float64Array.of(
-        1 / spatialInvScale,
-        1 / spatialInvScale,
-        1 / spatialInvScale,
-        1 / timeInvScale,
-        1,
-        1,
-        1,
-      );
-      let sourceNames = ["i", "j", "k", "m", "c^", "c1^", "c2^"];
-      let viewNames = ["x", "y", "z", "t", "c^", "c1^", "c2^"];
-      const rank = header.dims[0];
-      sourceNames = sourceNames.slice(0, rank);
-      viewNames = viewNames.slice(0, rank);
-      units = units.slice(0, rank);
-      sourceScales = sourceScales.slice(0, rank);
-      viewScales = viewScales.slice(0, rank);
-      const { quatern_b, quatern_c, quatern_d } = header;
-      const quatern_a = Math.sqrt(
-        1.0 -
-          quatern_b * quatern_b -
-          quatern_c * quatern_c -
-          quatern_d * quatern_d,
-      );
-      const qfac = header.pixDims[0] === -1 ? -1 : 1;
-      const qoffset = vec3.fromValues(
-        header.qoffset_x,
-        header.qoffset_y,
-        header.qoffset_z,
-      );
-      // https://nifti.nimh.nih.gov/nifti-1/documentation/nifti1fields/nifti1fields_pages/qsform.html
-      const method3Transform = convertAffine(header.affine);
-      method3Transform;
-      const method2Transform = translationRotationScaleZReflectionToMat4(
-        mat4.create(),
-        qoffset,
-        quat.fromValues(quatern_b, quatern_c, quatern_d, quatern_a),
-        kOneVec,
-        qfac,
-      );
-      const transform = matrix.createIdentity(Float64Array, rank + 1);
-      const copyRank = Math.min(3, rank);
-      for (let row = 0; row < copyRank; ++row) {
-        for (let col = 0; col < copyRank; ++col) {
-          transform[col * (rank + 1) + row] = method2Transform[col * 4 + row];
-        }
-        transform[rank * (rank + 1) + row] = method2Transform[12 + row];
+    let timeUnit = "";
+    let timeInvScale = 1;
+    switch (header.xyzt_units & NIFTI1.TEMPORAL_UNITS_MASK) {
+      case NIFTI1.UNITS_SEC:
+        timeUnit = "s";
+        timeInvScale = 1;
+        break;
+      case NIFTI1.UNITS_MSEC:
+        timeUnit = "s";
+        timeInvScale = 1e3;
+        break;
+      case NIFTI1.UNITS_USEC:
+        timeUnit = "s";
+        timeInvScale = 1e6;
+        break;
+      case NIFTI1.UNITS_HZ:
+        timeUnit = "Hz";
+        timeInvScale = 1;
+        break;
+      case NIFTI1.UNITS_RADS:
+        timeUnit = "rad/s";
+        timeInvScale = 1;
+        break;
+    }
+    let units: string[] = [
+      spatialUnit,
+      spatialUnit,
+      spatialUnit,
+      timeUnit,
+      "",
+      "",
+      "",
+    ];
+    let sourceScales = Float64Array.of(
+      header.pixDims[1] / spatialInvScale,
+      header.pixDims[2] / spatialInvScale,
+      header.pixDims[3] / spatialInvScale,
+      header.pixDims[4] / timeInvScale,
+      header.pixDims[5],
+      header.pixDims[6],
+      header.pixDims[7],
+    );
+    let viewScales = Float64Array.of(
+      1 / spatialInvScale,
+      1 / spatialInvScale,
+      1 / spatialInvScale,
+      1 / timeInvScale,
+      1,
+      1,
+      1,
+    );
+    let sourceNames = ["i", "j", "k", "m", "c^", "c1^", "c2^"];
+    let viewNames = ["x", "y", "z", "t", "c^", "c1^", "c2^"];
+    const rank = header.dims[0];
+    sourceNames = sourceNames.slice(0, rank);
+    viewNames = viewNames.slice(0, rank);
+    units = units.slice(0, rank);
+    sourceScales = sourceScales.slice(0, rank);
+    viewScales = viewScales.slice(0, rank);
+    const { quatern_b, quatern_c, quatern_d } = header;
+    const quatern_a = Math.sqrt(
+      1.0 -
+        quatern_b * quatern_b -
+        quatern_c * quatern_c -
+        quatern_d * quatern_d,
+    );
+    const qfac = header.pixDims[0] === -1 ? -1 : 1;
+    const qoffset = vec3.fromValues(
+      header.qoffset_x,
+      header.qoffset_y,
+      header.qoffset_z,
+    );
+    // https://nifti.nimh.nih.gov/nifti-1/documentation/nifti1fields/nifti1fields_pages/qsform.html
+    const method3Transform = convertAffine(header.affine);
+    method3Transform;
+    const method2Transform = translationRotationScaleZReflectionToMat4(
+      mat4.create(),
+      qoffset,
+      quat.fromValues(quatern_b, quatern_c, quatern_d, quatern_a),
+      kOneVec,
+      qfac,
+    );
+    const transform = matrix.createIdentity(Float64Array, rank + 1);
+    const copyRank = Math.min(3, rank);
+    for (let row = 0; row < copyRank; ++row) {
+      for (let col = 0; col < copyRank; ++col) {
+        transform[col * (rank + 1) + row] = method2Transform[col * 4 + row];
       }
-      const info: NiftiVolumeInfo = {
-        rank,
-        sourceNames,
-        viewNames,
-        units,
-        sourceScales,
-        viewScales,
-        description: header.description,
-        transform,
-        dataType: dataTypeInfo.dataType,
-        volumeSize: Uint32Array.from(header.dims.slice(1, 1 + rank)),
-      };
-      return { value: info };
-    } finally {
-      chunkManager.dispose();
-      credentialsProvider?.dispose();
+      transform[rank * (rank + 1) + row] = method2Transform[12 + row];
     }
+    const info: NiftiVolumeInfo = {
+      rank,
+      sourceNames,
+      viewNames,
+      units,
+      sourceScales,
+      viewScales,
+      description: header.description,
+      transform,
+      dataType: dataTypeInfo.dataType,
+      volumeSize: Uint32Array.from(header.dims.slice(1, 1 + rank)),
+    };
+    return { value: info };
   },
 );
 
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class NiftiVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    VolumeChunkSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(VolumeChunkSource),
   VolumeSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     chunk.chunkDataSize = this.spec.chunkDataSize;
     const data = await getNiftiFileData(
-      this.chunkManager,
-      this.credentialsProvider,
+      this.sharedKvStoreContext,
       this.parameters.url,
-      () => ({ priorityTier: chunk.priorityTier, priority: chunk.priority }),
-      abortSignal,
+      { signal },
     );
     const imageBuffer = readImage(data.header, data.uncompressedData);
     await decodeRawChunk(
       chunk,
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
       imageBuffer,
       data.header.littleEndian ? Endianness.LITTLE : Endianness.BIG,
     );
diff --git a/src/datasource/nifti/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/nifti/frontend.ts
index 4243fc20f5..35bdceeeb3 100644
--- a/src/datasource/nifti/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/nifti/frontend.ts
@@ -20,28 +20,29 @@
  */
 
 import { makeDataBoundsBoundingBoxAnnotationSet } from "#src/annotation/index.js";
-import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import {
   makeCoordinateSpace,
   makeIdentityTransformedBoundingBox,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
 import {
-  getCredentialsProviderCounterpart,
-  WithCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/credentials_provider/chunk_source_frontend.js";
-import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
-import type {
-  CompleteUrlOptions,
-  DataSource,
-  GetDataSourceOptions,
+  type DataSource,
+  type GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  type KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import type { NiftiVolumeInfo } from "#src/datasource/nifti/base.js";
 import {
   GET_NIFTI_VOLUME_INFO_RPC_ID,
   VolumeSourceParameters,
 } from "#src/datasource/nifti/base.js";
+import type {
+  AutoDetectFileOptions,
+  AutoDetectFileSpec,
+  AutoDetectRegistry,
+} from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import { ensureEmptyUrlSuffix } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
 import type { VolumeSourceOptions } from "#src/sliceview/volume/base.js";
 import {
   makeVolumeChunkSpecificationWithDefaultCompression,
@@ -51,27 +52,22 @@ import {
   MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource,
   VolumeChunkSource,
 } from "#src/sliceview/volume/frontend.js";
-import { completeHttpPath } from "#src/util/http_path_completion.js";
+import { Endianness } from "#src/util/endian.js";
 import * as matrix from "#src/util/matrix.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import { parseSpecialUrl } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 class NiftiVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(VolumeChunkSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(VolumeChunkSource),
   VolumeSourceParameters,
 ) {}
 
 export class NiftiMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource {
   constructor(
-    chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-    public credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+    public sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
     public url: string,
     public info: NiftiVolumeInfo,
   ) {
-    super(chunkManager);
+    super(sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager);
   }
   get dataType() {
     return this.info.dataType;
@@ -103,7 +99,7 @@ export class NiftiMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends MultiscaleVolumeChunkSourc
           chunkSource: this.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
             NiftiVolumeChunkSource,
             {
-              credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+              sharedKvStoreContext: this.sharedKvStoreContext,
               spec,
               parameters: { url: this.url },
             },
@@ -116,47 +112,37 @@ export class NiftiMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends MultiscaleVolumeChunkSourc
 }
 
 function getNiftiVolumeInfo(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
-  abortSignal?: AbortSignal,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  return chunkManager.rpc!.promiseInvoke<NiftiVolumeInfo>(
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.rpc!.promiseInvoke<NiftiVolumeInfo>(
     GET_NIFTI_VOLUME_INFO_RPC_ID,
     {
-      chunkManager: chunkManager.addCounterpartRef(),
-      credentialsProvider:
-        getCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>(
-          chunkManager,
-          credentialsProvider,
-        ),
+      sharedKvStoreContext: sharedKvStoreContext.rpcId,
       url: url,
     },
-    abortSignal,
+    { signal: options.signal, progressListener: options.progressListener },
   );
 }
 
 function getDataSource(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { type: "nifti/getVolume", url },
-    async () => {
-      const { url: parsedUrl, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-        url,
-        credentialsManager,
-      );
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
       const info = await getNiftiVolumeInfo(
-        chunkManager,
-        credentialsProvider,
-        parsedUrl,
+        sharedKvStoreContext,
+        url,
+        progressOptions,
       );
       const volume = new NiftiMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
-        chunkManager,
-        credentialsProvider,
-        parsedUrl,
+        sharedKvStoreContext,
+        url,
         info,
       );
       const box = {
@@ -177,6 +163,7 @@ function getDataSource(
         units: info.units,
       });
       const dataSource: DataSource = {
+        canonicalUrl: `${url}|nifti:`,
         subsources: [
           {
             id: "default",
@@ -204,23 +191,70 @@ function getDataSource(
   );
 }
 
-export class NiftiDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
+export class NiftiDataSource implements KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "nifti";
+  }
   get description() {
-    return "Single NIfTI file";
+    return "NIfTI";
   }
-  get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+  get singleFile() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  get(options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+    ensureEmptyUrlSuffix(options.url);
     return getDataSource(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.providerUrl,
+      options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext,
+      options.kvStoreUrl,
+      options,
     );
   }
+}
 
-  completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
-    return completeHttpPath(
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.providerUrl,
-      options.abortSignal,
+function getAutoDetectSpec(
+  headerSize: number,
+  magicStringOffset: number,
+  magicString: string,
+  version: string,
+): AutoDetectFileSpec {
+  async function match(options: AutoDetectFileOptions) {
+    const { prefix } = options;
+    if (prefix.length < magicStringOffset + magicString.length) return [];
+    const dv = new DataView(
+      prefix.buffer,
+      prefix.byteOffset,
+      prefix.byteLength,
     );
+    let endianness: Endianness;
+    if (dv.getInt32(0, /*littleEndian=*/ true) === headerSize) {
+      endianness = Endianness.LITTLE;
+    } else if (dv.getInt32(0, /*littleEndian=*/ false) === headerSize) {
+      endianness = Endianness.BIG;
+    } else {
+      return [];
+    }
+    for (let i = 0; i < magicString.length; ++i) {
+      if (magicString.charCodeAt(i) !== prefix[i + magicStringOffset])
+        return [];
+    }
+
+    return [
+      {
+        suffix: "nifti:",
+        description: `NIfTI ${version} (${Endianness[endianness].toLowerCase()}-endian)`,
+      },
+    ];
   }
+  return {
+    prefixLength: magicStringOffset + magicString.length,
+    suffixLength: 0,
+    match,
+  };
+}
+
+export function registerAutoDetect(registry: AutoDetectRegistry) {
+  registry.registerFileFormat(getAutoDetectSpec(348, 344, "n+1\0", "v1"));
+  registry.registerFileFormat(
+    getAutoDetectSpec(540, 4, "n+2\0\r\n\x1a\n", "v2"),
+  );
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/nifti/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/nifti/register_default.ts
index cdf9a6c4ee..41ed086d2f 100644
--- a/src/datasource/nifti/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/nifti/register_default.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
-import { NiftiDataSource } from "#src/datasource/nifti/frontend.js";
+import {
+  dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry,
+  registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider,
+  registerProvider,
+} from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import { KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import {
+  NiftiDataSource,
+  registerAutoDetect,
+} from "#src/datasource/nifti/frontend.js";
 
-registerProvider("nifti", () => new NiftiDataSource());
+const provider = new NiftiDataSource();
+registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider(provider);
+registerProvider(new KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter(provider));
+registerAutoDetect(dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry);
diff --git a/src/datasource/obj/backend.ts b/src/datasource/obj/backend.ts
index bc5f42c798..27554ccc35 100644
--- a/src/datasource/obj/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/obj/backend.ts
@@ -16,17 +16,26 @@
 
 import { parseOBJFromArrayBuffer } from "#src/async_computation/obj_mesh_request.js";
 import { requestAsyncComputation } from "#src/async_computation/request.js";
-import { GenericSharedDataSource } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
+import { getCachedDecodedUrl } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
+import type { ReadResponse } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
 import { registerSingleMeshFactory } from "#src/single_mesh/backend.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 /**
- * This needs to be a global function, because it identifies the instance of GenericSharedDataSource
+ * This needs to be a global function, because it identifies the instance of SimpleAsyncCache
  * to use.
  */
-function parse(buffer: ArrayBuffer, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+async function parse(
+  readResponse: ReadResponse | undefined,
+  progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+) {
+  if (readResponse === undefined) {
+    throw new Error("Not found");
+  }
+  const buffer = await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer();
   return requestAsyncComputation(
     parseOBJFromArrayBuffer,
-    abortSignal,
+    progressOptions.signal,
     [buffer],
     buffer,
   );
@@ -34,13 +43,6 @@ function parse(buffer: ArrayBuffer, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
 
 registerSingleMeshFactory("obj", {
   description: "OBJ",
-  getMesh: (chunkManager, credentialsProvider, url, getPriority, abortSignal) =>
-    GenericSharedDataSource.getUrl(
-      chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      parse,
-      url,
-      getPriority,
-      abortSignal,
-    ),
+  getMesh: (sharedKvStoreContext, url, options) =>
+    getCachedDecodedUrl(sharedKvStoreContext, url, parse, options),
 });
diff --git a/src/datasource/obj/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/obj/frontend.ts
index e2d9ab15a6..19d2c6a8ce 100644
--- a/src/datasource/obj/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/obj/frontend.ts
@@ -19,24 +19,31 @@ import {
   makeIdentityTransform,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
 import type {
-  CompleteUrlOptions,
   DataSource,
-  GetDataSourceOptions,
+  GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import { ensureEmptyUrlSuffix } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
 import { getSingleMeshSource } from "#src/single_mesh/frontend.js";
-import { completeHttpPath } from "#src/util/http_path_completion.js";
 
-export class ObjDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
+export class ObjDataSource implements KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "obj";
+  }
   get description() {
-    return "Wavefront OBJ mesh file";
+    return "Wavefront OBJ mesh";
+  }
+
+  get singleFile() {
+    return true;
   }
 
-  async get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+  async get(options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+    ensureEmptyUrlSuffix(options.url);
     const meshSource = await getSingleMeshSource(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.url,
+      options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext,
+      options.kvStoreUrl,
+      options,
     );
     const modelSpace = makeCoordinateSpace({
       rank: 3,
@@ -56,11 +63,4 @@ export class ObjDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
     };
     return dataSource;
   }
-  completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
-    return completeHttpPath(
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.providerUrl,
-      options.abortSignal,
-    );
-  }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/obj/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/obj/register_default.ts
index 7f846e4743..4e4e2832bd 100644
--- a/src/datasource/obj/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/obj/register_default.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import {
+  registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider,
+  registerProvider,
+} from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import { KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import { ObjDataSource } from "#src/datasource/obj/frontend.js";
 
-registerProvider("obj", () => new ObjDataSource());
+const provider = new ObjDataSource();
+registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider(provider);
+registerProvider(new KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter(provider));
diff --git a/src/datasource/precomputed/backend.ts b/src/datasource/precomputed/backend.ts
index c7a1eac117..1189847503 100644
--- a/src/datasource/precomputed/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/precomputed/backend.ts
@@ -30,23 +30,24 @@ import {
   annotationTypeHandlers,
   annotationTypes,
 } from "#src/annotation/index.js";
-import type { Chunk, ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
-import { GenericSharedDataSource } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
-import { WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
-import type { ShardingParameters } from "#src/datasource/precomputed/base.js";
 import {
   AnnotationSourceParameters,
   AnnotationSpatialIndexSourceParameters,
-  DataEncoding,
-  IndexedSegmentPropertySourceParameters,
   MeshSourceParameters,
   MultiscaleMeshSourceParameters,
-  ShardingHashFunction,
   SkeletonSourceParameters,
   VolumeChunkEncoding,
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 } from "#src/datasource/precomputed/base.js";
+import type {
+  ShardedKvStore,
+  ShardInfo,
+} from "#src/datasource/precomputed/sharded.js";
+import { getShardedKvStoreIfApplicable } from "#src/datasource/precomputed/sharded.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
+import type { KvStoreWithPath, ReadResponse } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { readKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
 import type {
   FragmentChunk,
   ManifestChunk,
@@ -64,7 +65,6 @@ import {
   MultiscaleMeshSource,
 } from "#src/mesh/backend.js";
 import { decodeDracoPartitioned } from "#src/mesh/draco/index.js";
-import { IndexedSegmentPropertySourceBackend } from "#src/segmentation_display_state/backend.js";
 import type { SkeletonChunk } from "#src/skeleton/backend.js";
 import { SkeletonSource } from "#src/skeleton/backend.js";
 import { decodeSkeletonChunk } from "#src/skeleton/decode_precomputed_skeleton.js";
@@ -77,20 +77,8 @@ import { decodePngChunk } from "#src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/png.js";
 import { decodeRawChunk } from "#src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/raw.js";
 import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 import { VolumeChunkSource } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
-import { fetchSpecialHttpByteRange } from "#src/util/byte_range_http_requests.js";
-import type { Borrowed } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { convertEndian32, Endianness } from "#src/util/endian.js";
 import { vec3 } from "#src/util/geom.js";
-import { decodeGzip } from "#src/util/gzip.js";
-import { murmurHash3_x86_128Hash64Bits } from "#src/util/hash.js";
-import { isNotFoundError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
-import { stableStringify } from "#src/util/json.js";
-import { getObjectId } from "#src/util/object_id.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import { fetchSpecialOk } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
 import { Uint64 } from "#src/util/uint64.js";
 import {
   encodeZIndexCompressed,
@@ -102,251 +90,6 @@ import { registerSharedObject } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 // Set to true to validate the multiscale index.
 const DEBUG_MULTISCALE_INDEX = false;
 
-const shardingHashFunctions: Map<ShardingHashFunction, (out: Uint64) => void> =
-  new Map([
-    [
-      ShardingHashFunction.MURMURHASH3_X86_128,
-      (out) => {
-        murmurHash3_x86_128Hash64Bits(out, 0, out.low, out.high);
-      },
-    ],
-    [ShardingHashFunction.IDENTITY, (_out) => {}],
-  ]);
-
-interface ShardInfo {
-  shardUrl: string;
-  offset: Uint64;
-}
-
-interface DecodedMinishardIndex {
-  data: Uint32Array;
-  shardUrl: string;
-}
-
-interface MinishardIndexSource
-  extends GenericSharedDataSource<Uint64, DecodedMinishardIndex | undefined> {
-  sharding: ShardingParameters;
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider;
-}
-
-function getMinishardIndexDataSource(
-  chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  parameters: { url: string; sharding: ShardingParameters | undefined },
-): MinishardIndexSource | undefined {
-  const { url, sharding } = parameters;
-  if (sharding === undefined) return undefined;
-  const source = GenericSharedDataSource.get<
-    Uint64,
-    DecodedMinishardIndex | undefined
-  >(
-    chunkManager,
-    stableStringify({
-      type: "precomputed:shardedDataSource",
-      url,
-      sharding,
-      credentialsProvider: getObjectId(credentialsProvider),
-    }),
-    {
-      download: async (shardAndMinishard: Uint64, abortSignal: AbortSignal) => {
-        const minishard = Uint64.lowMask(new Uint64(), sharding.minishardBits);
-        Uint64.and(minishard, minishard, shardAndMinishard);
-        const shard = Uint64.lowMask(new Uint64(), sharding.shardBits);
-        const temp = new Uint64();
-        Uint64.rshift(temp, shardAndMinishard, sharding.minishardBits);
-        Uint64.and(shard, shard, temp);
-        const shardUrl = `${url}/${shard
-          .toString(16)
-          .padStart(Math.ceil(sharding.shardBits / 4), "0")}.shard`;
-        // Retrive minishard index start/end offsets.
-        const shardIndexSize = new Uint64(16);
-        Uint64.lshift(shardIndexSize, shardIndexSize, sharding.minishardBits);
-
-        // Multiply minishard by 16.
-        const shardIndexStart = Uint64.lshift(new Uint64(), minishard, 4);
-        const shardIndexEnd = Uint64.addUint32(
-          new Uint64(),
-          shardIndexStart,
-          16,
-        );
-        let shardIndexResponse: ArrayBuffer;
-        try {
-          shardIndexResponse = await fetchSpecialHttpByteRange(
-            credentialsProvider,
-            shardUrl,
-            shardIndexStart,
-            shardIndexEnd,
-            abortSignal,
-          );
-        } catch (e) {
-          if (isNotFoundError(e)) return { data: undefined, size: 0 };
-          throw e;
-        }
-        if (shardIndexResponse.byteLength !== 16) {
-          throw new Error("Failed to retrieve minishard offset");
-        }
-        const shardIndexDv = new DataView(shardIndexResponse);
-        const minishardStartOffset = new Uint64(
-          shardIndexDv.getUint32(0, /*littleEndian=*/ true),
-          shardIndexDv.getUint32(4, /*littleEndian=*/ true),
-        );
-        const minishardEndOffset = new Uint64(
-          shardIndexDv.getUint32(8, /*littleEndian=*/ true),
-          shardIndexDv.getUint32(12, /*littleEndian=*/ true),
-        );
-        if (Uint64.equal(minishardStartOffset, minishardEndOffset)) {
-          return { data: undefined, size: 0 };
-        }
-        // The start/end offsets in the shard index are relative to the end of the shard
-        // index.
-        Uint64.add(minishardStartOffset, minishardStartOffset, shardIndexSize);
-        Uint64.add(minishardEndOffset, minishardEndOffset, shardIndexSize);
-
-        let minishardIndexResponse = await fetchSpecialHttpByteRange(
-          credentialsProvider,
-          shardUrl,
-          minishardStartOffset,
-          minishardEndOffset,
-          abortSignal,
-        );
-        if (sharding.minishardIndexEncoding === DataEncoding.GZIP) {
-          minishardIndexResponse = await decodeGzip(
-            minishardIndexResponse,
-            "gzip",
-          );
-        }
-        if (minishardIndexResponse.byteLength % 24 !== 0) {
-          throw new Error(
-            `Invalid minishard index length: ${minishardIndexResponse.byteLength}`,
-          );
-        }
-        const minishardIndex = new Uint32Array(minishardIndexResponse);
-        convertEndian32(minishardIndex, Endianness.LITTLE);
-
-        const minishardIndexSize = minishardIndex.byteLength / 24;
-        let prevEntryKeyLow = 0;
-        let prevEntryKeyHigh = 0;
-        // Offsets in the minishard index are relative to the end of the shard index.
-        let prevStartLow = shardIndexSize.low;
-        let prevStartHigh = shardIndexSize.high;
-        for (let i = 0; i < minishardIndexSize; ++i) {
-          let entryKeyLow = prevEntryKeyLow + minishardIndex[i * 2];
-          let entryKeyHigh = prevEntryKeyHigh + minishardIndex[i * 2 + 1];
-          if (entryKeyLow >= 4294967296) {
-            entryKeyLow -= 4294967296;
-            entryKeyHigh += 1;
-          }
-          prevEntryKeyLow = minishardIndex[i * 2] = entryKeyLow;
-          prevEntryKeyHigh = minishardIndex[i * 2 + 1] = entryKeyHigh;
-          let startLow =
-            prevStartLow + minishardIndex[(minishardIndexSize + i) * 2];
-          let startHigh =
-            prevStartHigh + minishardIndex[(minishardIndexSize + i) * 2 + 1];
-          if (startLow >= 4294967296) {
-            startLow -= 4294967296;
-            startHigh += 1;
-          }
-          minishardIndex[(minishardIndexSize + i) * 2] = startLow;
-          minishardIndex[(minishardIndexSize + i) * 2 + 1] = startHigh;
-          const sizeLow = minishardIndex[(2 * minishardIndexSize + i) * 2];
-          const sizeHigh = minishardIndex[(2 * minishardIndexSize + i) * 2 + 1];
-          let endLow = startLow + sizeLow;
-          let endHigh = startHigh + sizeHigh;
-          if (endLow >= 4294967296) {
-            endLow -= 4294967296;
-            endHigh += 1;
-          }
-          prevStartLow = endLow;
-          prevStartHigh = endHigh;
-          minishardIndex[(2 * minishardIndexSize + i) * 2] = endLow;
-          minishardIndex[(2 * minishardIndexSize + i) * 2 + 1] = endHigh;
-        }
-        return {
-          data: { data: minishardIndex, shardUrl },
-          size: minishardIndex.byteLength,
-        };
-      },
-      encodeKey: (key: Uint64) => key.toString(),
-      sourceQueueLevel: 1,
-    },
-  ) as MinishardIndexSource;
-  source.sharding = sharding;
-  source.credentialsProvider = credentialsProvider;
-  return source;
-}
-
-function findMinishardEntry(
-  minishardIndex: DecodedMinishardIndex,
-  key: Uint64,
-): { startOffset: Uint64; endOffset: Uint64 } | undefined {
-  const minishardIndexData = minishardIndex.data;
-  const minishardIndexSize = minishardIndexData.length / 6;
-  const keyLow = key.low;
-  const keyHigh = key.high;
-  for (let i = 0; i < minishardIndexSize; ++i) {
-    if (
-      minishardIndexData[i * 2] !== keyLow ||
-      minishardIndexData[i * 2 + 1] !== keyHigh
-    ) {
-      continue;
-    }
-    const startOffset = new Uint64(
-      minishardIndexData[(minishardIndexSize + i) * 2],
-      minishardIndexData[(minishardIndexSize + i) * 2 + 1],
-    );
-    const endOffset = new Uint64(
-      minishardIndexData[(2 * minishardIndexSize + i) * 2],
-      minishardIndexData[(2 * minishardIndexSize + i) * 2 + 1],
-    );
-    return { startOffset, endOffset };
-  }
-  return undefined;
-}
-
-async function getShardedData(
-  minishardIndexSource: MinishardIndexSource,
-  chunk: Chunk,
-  key: Uint64,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<{ shardInfo: ShardInfo; data: ArrayBuffer } | undefined> {
-  const { sharding } = minishardIndexSource;
-  const hashFunction = shardingHashFunctions.get(sharding.hash)!;
-  const hashCode = Uint64.rshift(new Uint64(), key, sharding.preshiftBits);
-  hashFunction(hashCode);
-  const shardAndMinishard = Uint64.lowMask(
-    new Uint64(),
-    sharding.minishardBits + sharding.shardBits,
-  );
-  Uint64.and(shardAndMinishard, shardAndMinishard, hashCode);
-  const getPriority = () => ({
-    priorityTier: chunk.priorityTier,
-    priority: chunk.priority,
-  });
-  const minishardIndex = await minishardIndexSource.getData(
-    shardAndMinishard,
-    getPriority,
-    abortSignal,
-  );
-  if (minishardIndex === undefined) return undefined;
-  const minishardEntry = findMinishardEntry(minishardIndex, key);
-  if (minishardEntry === undefined) return undefined;
-  const { startOffset, endOffset } = minishardEntry;
-  let data = await fetchSpecialHttpByteRange(
-    minishardIndexSource.credentialsProvider,
-    minishardIndex.shardUrl,
-    startOffset,
-    endOffset,
-    abortSignal,
-  );
-  if (minishardIndexSource.sharding.dataEncoding === DataEncoding.GZIP) {
-    data = await decodeGzip(data, "gzip");
-  }
-  return {
-    data,
-    shardInfo: { shardUrl: minishardIndex.shardUrl, offset: startOffset },
-  };
-}
-
 function getOrNotFoundError<T>(v: T | undefined) {
   if (v === undefined) throw new Error("not found");
   return v;
@@ -365,16 +108,17 @@ chunkDecoders.set(VolumeChunkEncoding.JXL, decodeJxlChunk);
 
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class PrecomputedVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    VolumeChunkSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(VolumeChunkSource),
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 ) {
   chunkDecoder = chunkDecoders.get(this.parameters.encoding)!;
-  private minishardIndexSource = getMinishardIndexDataSource(
-    this.chunkManager,
-    this.credentialsProvider,
-    this.parameters,
+  kvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.url,
+  );
+  shardedKvStore = getShardedKvStoreIfApplicable(
+    this,
+    this.kvStore,
+    this.parameters.sharding,
   );
 
   gridShape = (() => {
@@ -386,36 +130,25 @@ export class PrecomputedVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
     return gridShape;
   })();
 
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal): Promise<void> {
-    const { parameters } = this;
-
-    const { minishardIndexSource } = this;
-    let response: ArrayBuffer | undefined;
-    if (minishardIndexSource === undefined) {
-      let url: string;
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<void> {
+    const { shardedKvStore } = this;
+    let readResponse: ReadResponse | undefined;
+    if (shardedKvStore === undefined) {
+      const { kvStore } = this;
+      let path: string;
       {
         // chunkPosition must not be captured, since it will be invalidated by the next call to
         // computeChunkBounds.
         const chunkPosition = this.computeChunkBounds(chunk);
         const chunkDataSize = chunk.chunkDataSize!;
-        url =
-          `${parameters.url}/${chunkPosition[0]}-${
+        path =
+          `${kvStore.path}${chunkPosition[0]}-${
             chunkPosition[0] + chunkDataSize[0]
           }_` +
           `${chunkPosition[1]}-${chunkPosition[1] + chunkDataSize[1]}_` +
           `${chunkPosition[2]}-${chunkPosition[2] + chunkDataSize[2]}`;
       }
-      try {
-        response = await fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, url, {
-          signal: abortSignal,
-        }).then((response) => response.arrayBuffer());
-      } catch (e) {
-        if (isNotFoundError(e)) {
-          response = undefined;
-        } else {
-          throw e;
-        }
-      }
+      readResponse = await kvStore.store.read(path, { signal });
     } else {
       this.computeChunkBounds(chunk);
       const { gridShape } = this;
@@ -424,7 +157,6 @@ export class PrecomputedVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
       const yBits = Math.ceil(Math.log2(gridShape[1]));
       const zBits = Math.ceil(Math.log2(gridShape[2]));
       const chunkIndex = encodeZIndexCompressed3d(
-        new Uint64(),
         xBits,
         yBits,
         zBits,
@@ -432,17 +164,14 @@ export class PrecomputedVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
         chunkGridPosition[1],
         chunkGridPosition[2],
       );
-      response = (
-        await getShardedData(
-          minishardIndexSource,
-          chunk,
-          chunkIndex,
-          abortSignal,
-        )
-      )?.data;
+      readResponse = await shardedKvStore.read(chunkIndex, { signal });
     }
-    if (response !== undefined) {
-      await this.chunkDecoder(chunk, abortSignal, response);
+    if (readResponse !== undefined) {
+      await this.chunkDecoder(
+        chunk,
+        signal,
+        await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer(),
+      );
     }
   }
 }
@@ -470,29 +199,30 @@ export function decodeFragmentChunk(
 
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class PrecomputedMeshSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    MeshSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(MeshSource),
   MeshSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  async download(chunk: ManifestChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    const { parameters } = this;
-    const response = await fetchSpecialOk(
-      this.credentialsProvider,
-      `${parameters.url}/${chunk.objectId}:${parameters.lod}`,
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+  kvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.url,
+  );
+  async download(chunk: ManifestChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
+    const { parameters, kvStore } = this;
+    const response = await readKvStore(
+      kvStore.store,
+      `${kvStore.path}${chunk.objectId}:${parameters.lod}`,
+      { signal, throwIfMissing: true },
     );
-    decodeManifestChunk(chunk, await response.json());
+    decodeManifestChunk(chunk, await response.response.json());
   }
 
-  async downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    const { parameters } = this;
-    const response = await fetchSpecialOk(
-      this.credentialsProvider,
-      `${parameters.url}/${chunk.fragmentId}`,
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+  async downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
+    const { kvStore } = this;
+    const response = await readKvStore(
+      kvStore.store,
+      `${kvStore.path}${chunk.fragmentId}`,
+      { signal, throwIfMissing: true },
     );
-    decodeFragmentChunk(chunk, await response.arrayBuffer());
+    decodeFragmentChunk(chunk, await response.response.arrayBuffer());
   }
 }
 
@@ -740,146 +470,128 @@ async function decodeMultiscaleFragmentChunk(
 
 @registerSharedObject() //
 export class PrecomputedMultiscaleMeshSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    MultiscaleMeshSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(MultiscaleMeshSource),
   MultiscaleMeshSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  private minishardIndexSource = getMinishardIndexDataSource(
-    this.chunkManager,
-    this.credentialsProvider,
-    { url: this.parameters.url, sharding: this.parameters.metadata.sharding },
+  kvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.url,
+  );
+  shardedKvStore = getShardedKvStoreIfApplicable(
+    this,
+    this.kvStore,
+    this.parameters.metadata.sharding,
   );
 
   async download(
     chunk: PrecomputedMultiscaleManifestChunk,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ): Promise<void> {
-    const { parameters, minishardIndexSource } = this;
-    let data: ArrayBuffer;
-    if (minishardIndexSource === undefined) {
-      data = await fetchSpecialOk(
-        this.credentialsProvider,
-        `${parameters.url}/${chunk.objectId}.index`,
-        { signal: abortSignal },
-      ).then((response) => response.arrayBuffer());
+    const { shardedKvStore } = this;
+    let readResponse: ReadResponse | undefined;
+    if (shardedKvStore === undefined) {
+      const { kvStore } = this;
+      readResponse = await kvStore.store.read(
+        `${kvStore.path}${chunk.objectId}.index`,
+        { signal },
+      );
     } else {
-      ({ data, shardInfo: chunk.shardInfo } = getOrNotFoundError(
-        await getShardedData(
-          minishardIndexSource,
-          chunk,
-          chunk.objectId,
-          abortSignal,
-        ),
-      ));
+      ({ response: readResponse, shardInfo: chunk.shardInfo } =
+        getOrNotFoundError(
+          await shardedKvStore.readWithShardInfo(chunk.objectId.toBigInt(), {
+            signal,
+          }),
+        ));
     }
+
+    const data = await getOrNotFoundError(readResponse).response.arrayBuffer();
+
     decodeMultiscaleManifestChunk(chunk, data);
   }
 
   async downloadFragment(
     chunk: MultiscaleFragmentChunk,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ): Promise<void> {
-    const { parameters } = this;
+    const { kvStore } = this;
     const manifestChunk =
       chunk.manifestChunk! as PrecomputedMultiscaleManifestChunk;
     const chunkIndex = chunk.chunkIndex;
     const { shardInfo, offsets } = manifestChunk;
     const startOffset = offsets[chunkIndex];
     const endOffset = offsets[chunkIndex + 1];
-    let requestUrl: string;
-    let adjustedStartOffset: Uint64 | number;
-    let adjustedEndOffset: Uint64 | number;
+    let requestPath: string;
+    let adjustedStartOffset: number;
+    let adjustedEndOffset: number;
     if (shardInfo !== undefined) {
-      requestUrl = shardInfo.shardUrl;
+      requestPath = shardInfo.shardPath;
       const fullDataSize = offsets[offsets.length - 1];
-      let startLow = shardInfo.offset.low - fullDataSize + startOffset;
-      let startHigh = shardInfo.offset.high;
-      let endLow = startLow + endOffset - startOffset;
-      let endHigh = startHigh;
-      while (startLow < 0) {
-        startLow += 4294967296;
-        startHigh -= 1;
-      }
-      while (endLow < 0) {
-        endLow += 4294967296;
-        endHigh -= 1;
-      }
-      while (endLow > 4294967296) {
-        endLow -= 4294967296;
-        endHigh += 1;
-      }
-      adjustedStartOffset = new Uint64(startLow, startHigh);
-      adjustedEndOffset = new Uint64(endLow, endHigh);
+      const start = shardInfo.offset - fullDataSize + startOffset;
+      const end = start + endOffset - startOffset;
+      adjustedStartOffset = start;
+      adjustedEndOffset = end;
     } else {
-      requestUrl = `${parameters.url}/${manifestChunk.objectId}`;
+      requestPath = `${kvStore.path}${manifestChunk.objectId}`;
       adjustedStartOffset = startOffset;
       adjustedEndOffset = endOffset;
     }
-    const response = await fetchSpecialHttpByteRange(
-      this.credentialsProvider,
-      requestUrl,
-      adjustedStartOffset,
-      adjustedEndOffset,
-      abortSignal,
+    const readResponse = await readKvStore(kvStore.store, requestPath, {
+      signal,
+      byteRange: {
+        offset: adjustedStartOffset,
+        length: adjustedEndOffset - adjustedStartOffset,
+      },
+      throwIfMissing: true,
+      strictByteRange: true,
+    });
+    await decodeMultiscaleFragmentChunk(
+      chunk,
+      await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer(),
     );
-    await decodeMultiscaleFragmentChunk(chunk, response);
   }
 }
 
 async function fetchByUint64(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  url: string,
-  chunk: Chunk,
-  minishardIndexSource: MinishardIndexSource | undefined,
+  chunkSource: {
+    kvStore: KvStoreWithPath;
+    shardedKvStore: ShardedKvStore | undefined;
+  },
   id: Uint64,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-) {
-  if (minishardIndexSource === undefined) {
-    try {
-      return await fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, `${url}/${id}`, {
-        signal: abortSignal,
-      }).then((response) => response.arrayBuffer());
-    } catch (e) {
-      if (isNotFoundError(e)) return undefined;
-      throw e;
-    }
+  signal: AbortSignal,
+): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+  const { shardedKvStore } = chunkSource;
+  if (shardedKvStore === undefined) {
+    const { kvStore } = chunkSource;
+    return kvStore.store.read(`${kvStore.path}${id}`, {
+      signal,
+    });
+  } else {
+    return shardedKvStore.read(id.toBigInt(), { signal });
   }
-  const result = await getShardedData(
-    minishardIndexSource,
-    chunk,
-    id,
-    abortSignal,
-  );
-  if (result === undefined) return undefined;
-  return result.data;
 }
 
 @registerSharedObject() //
 export class PrecomputedSkeletonSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    SkeletonSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(SkeletonSource),
   SkeletonSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  private minishardIndexSource = getMinishardIndexDataSource(
-    this.chunkManager,
-    this.credentialsProvider,
-    { url: this.parameters.url, sharding: this.parameters.metadata.sharding },
+  kvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.url,
+  );
+  shardedKvStore = getShardedKvStoreIfApplicable(
+    this,
+    this.kvStore,
+    this.parameters.metadata.sharding,
   );
-  async download(chunk: SkeletonChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: SkeletonChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const response = getOrNotFoundError(
-      await fetchByUint64(
-        this.credentialsProvider,
-        parameters.url,
-        chunk,
-        this.minishardIndexSource,
-        chunk.objectId,
-        abortSignal,
-      ),
+      await fetchByUint64(this, chunk.objectId, signal),
+    );
+    decodeSkeletonChunk(
+      chunk,
+      await response.response.arrayBuffer(),
+      parameters.metadata.vertexAttributes,
     );
-    decodeSkeletonChunk(chunk, response, parameters.metadata.vertexAttributes);
   }
 }
 
@@ -1022,52 +734,39 @@ function parseSingleAnnotation(
 
 @registerSharedObject() //
 export class PrecomputedAnnotationSpatialIndexSourceBackend extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    AnnotationGeometryChunkSourceBackend,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(AnnotationGeometryChunkSourceBackend),
   AnnotationSpatialIndexSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  private minishardIndexSource = getMinishardIndexDataSource(
-    this.chunkManager,
-    this.credentialsProvider,
-    this.parameters,
+  kvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.url,
+  );
+  shardedKvStore = getShardedKvStoreIfApplicable(
+    this,
+    this.kvStore,
+    this.parameters.sharding,
   );
   declare parent: PrecomputedAnnotationSourceBackend;
-  async download(chunk: AnnotationGeometryChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    const { parameters } = this;
-
-    const { minishardIndexSource } = this;
+  async download(chunk: AnnotationGeometryChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
+    const { shardedKvStore } = this;
     const { parent } = this;
-    let response: ArrayBuffer | undefined;
+    let response: ReadResponse | undefined;
     const { chunkGridPosition } = chunk;
-    if (minishardIndexSource === undefined) {
-      const url = `${parameters.url}/${chunkGridPosition.join("_")}`;
-      try {
-        response = await fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, url, {
-          signal: abortSignal,
-        }).then((response) => response.arrayBuffer());
-      } catch (e) {
-        if (!isNotFoundError(e)) throw e;
-      }
+    if (shardedKvStore === undefined) {
+      const { kvStore } = this;
+      const path = `${kvStore.path}/${chunkGridPosition.join("_")}`;
+      response = await kvStore.store.read(path, { signal });
     } else {
       const { upperChunkBound } = this.spec;
       const { chunkGridPosition } = chunk;
       const chunkIndex = encodeZIndexCompressed(
-        new Uint64(),
         chunkGridPosition,
         upperChunkBound,
       );
-      const result = await getShardedData(
-        minishardIndexSource,
-        chunk,
-        chunkIndex,
-        abortSignal,
-      );
-      if (result !== undefined) response = result.data;
+      response = await shardedKvStore.read(chunkIndex, { signal });
     }
     if (response !== undefined) {
       chunk.data = parseAnnotations(
-        response,
+        await response.response.arrayBuffer(),
         parent.parameters,
         parent.annotationPropertySerializer,
       );
@@ -1077,19 +776,26 @@ export class PrecomputedAnnotationSpatialIndexSourceBackend extends WithParamete
 
 @registerSharedObject() //
 export class PrecomputedAnnotationSourceBackend extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    AnnotationSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(AnnotationSource),
   AnnotationSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  private byIdMinishardIndexSource = getMinishardIndexDataSource(
-    this.chunkManager,
-    this.credentialsProvider,
-    this.parameters.byId,
+  kvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+    this.parameters.byId.url,
   );
-  private relationshipIndexSource = this.parameters.relationships.map((x) =>
-    getMinishardIndexDataSource(this.chunkManager, this.credentialsProvider, x),
+  shardedKvStore = getShardedKvStoreIfApplicable(
+    this,
+    this.kvStore,
+    this.parameters.byId.sharding,
   );
+  private relationshipIndexSource = this.parameters.relationships.map((x) => {
+    const kvStore = this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(x.url);
+    const shardedKvStore = getShardedKvStoreIfApplicable(
+      this,
+      kvStore,
+      x.sharding,
+    );
+    return { kvStore, shardedKvStore };
+  });
   annotationPropertySerializer = new AnnotationPropertySerializer(
     this.parameters.rank,
     annotationTypeHandlers[this.parameters.type].serializedBytes(
@@ -1101,45 +807,30 @@ export class PrecomputedAnnotationSourceBackend extends WithParameters(
   async downloadSegmentFilteredGeometry(
     chunk: AnnotationSubsetGeometryChunk,
     relationshipIndex: number,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ) {
-    const { parameters } = this;
     const response = await fetchByUint64(
-      this.credentialsProvider,
-      parameters.relationships[relationshipIndex].url,
-      chunk,
       this.relationshipIndexSource[relationshipIndex],
       chunk.objectId,
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
     );
     if (response !== undefined) {
       chunk.data = parseAnnotations(
-        response,
+        await response.response.arrayBuffer(),
         this.parameters,
         this.annotationPropertySerializer,
       );
     }
   }
 
-  async downloadMetadata(
-    chunk: AnnotationMetadataChunk,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ) {
-    const { parameters } = this;
+  async downloadMetadata(chunk: AnnotationMetadataChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const id = Uint64.parseString(chunk.key!);
-    const response = await fetchByUint64(
-      this.credentialsProvider,
-      parameters.byId.url,
-      chunk,
-      this.byIdMinishardIndexSource,
-      id,
-      abortSignal,
-    );
+    const response = await fetchByUint64(this, id, signal);
     if (response === undefined) {
       chunk.annotation = null;
     } else {
       chunk.annotation = parseSingleAnnotation(
-        response,
+        await response.response.arrayBuffer(),
         this.parameters,
         this.annotationPropertySerializer,
         chunk.key!,
@@ -1147,17 +838,3 @@ export class PrecomputedAnnotationSourceBackend extends WithParameters(
     }
   }
 }
-
-@registerSharedObject()
-export class PrecomputedIndexedSegmentPropertySourceBackend extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    IndexedSegmentPropertySourceBackend,
-  ),
-  IndexedSegmentPropertySourceParameters,
-) {
-  minishardIndexSource = getMinishardIndexDataSource(
-    this.chunkManager,
-    this.credentialsProvider,
-    this.parameters,
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/datasource/precomputed/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/precomputed/frontend.ts
index 52d29ecba4..bf532e0bbb 100644
--- a/src/datasource/precomputed/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/precomputed/frontend.ts
@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import {
   makeDataBoundsBoundingBoxAnnotationSet,
   parseAnnotationPropertySpecs,
 } from "#src/annotation/index.js";
-import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import type {
   BoundingBox,
@@ -37,16 +36,15 @@ import {
   makeIdentityTransform,
   makeIdentityTransformedBoundingBox,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
-import { WithCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/chunk_source_frontend.js";
-import type {
-  CompleteUrlOptions,
-  ConvertLegacyUrlOptions,
-  DataSource,
-  DataSubsourceEntry,
-  GetDataSourceOptions,
-  NormalizeUrlOptions,
+import {
+  KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter,
+  type ConvertLegacyUrlOptions,
+  type DataSource,
+  type DataSourceLookupResult,
+  type DataSubsourceEntry,
+  type GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  type KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider, RedirectError } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import type {
   MultiscaleMeshMetadata,
   ShardingParameters,
@@ -56,7 +54,6 @@ import {
   AnnotationSourceParameters,
   AnnotationSpatialIndexSourceParameters,
   DataEncoding,
-  IndexedSegmentPropertySourceParameters,
   MeshSourceParameters,
   MultiscaleMeshSourceParameters,
   ShardingHashFunction,
@@ -64,6 +61,16 @@ import {
   VolumeChunkEncoding,
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 } from "#src/datasource/precomputed/base.js";
+import type { AutoDetectRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import { simpleFilePresenceAutoDetectDirectorySpec } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.js";
+import type { KvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import {
+  kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl,
+  parseUrlSuffix,
+  pipelineUrlJoin,
+} from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
 import { VertexPositionFormat } from "#src/mesh/base.js";
 import { MeshSource, MultiscaleMeshSource } from "#src/mesh/frontend.js";
 import type {
@@ -71,7 +78,6 @@ import type {
   InlineSegmentPropertyMap,
 } from "#src/segmentation_display_state/property_map.js";
 import {
-  IndexedSegmentPropertySource,
   normalizeInlineSegmentPropertyMap,
   SegmentPropertyMap,
 } from "#src/segmentation_display_state/property_map.js";
@@ -90,10 +96,7 @@ import {
 } from "#src/sliceview/volume/frontend.js";
 import { transposeNestedArrays } from "#src/util/array.js";
 import { DATA_TYPE_ARRAY_CONSTRUCTOR, DataType } from "#src/util/data_type.js";
-import type { Borrowed } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { mat4, vec3 } from "#src/util/geom.js";
-import { completeHttpPath } from "#src/util/http_path_completion.js";
-import { isNotFoundError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import {
   parseArray,
   parseFixedLengthArray,
@@ -113,34 +116,27 @@ import {
   verifyOptionalBoolean,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
 import * as matrix from "#src/util/matrix.js";
-import { getObjectId } from "#src/util/object_id.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import {
-  fetchSpecialOk,
-  parseSpecialUrl,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { Uint64 } from "#src/util/uint64.js";
 
 export class PrecomputedVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(VolumeChunkSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(VolumeChunkSource),
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 ) {}
 
 class PrecomputedMeshSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(MeshSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(MeshSource),
   MeshSourceParameters,
 ) {}
 
 class PrecomputedMultiscaleMeshSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(MultiscaleMeshSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(MultiscaleMeshSource),
   MultiscaleMeshSourceParameters,
 ) {}
 
 class PrecomputedSkeletonSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(SkeletonSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(SkeletonSource),
   SkeletonSourceParameters,
 ) {
   get skeletonVertexCoordinatesInVoxels() {
@@ -151,20 +147,6 @@ class PrecomputedSkeletonSource extends WithParameters(
   }
 }
 
-export function resolvePath(a: string, b: string) {
-  const outputParts = a.split("/");
-  for (const part of b.split("/")) {
-    if (part === "..") {
-      if (outputParts.length !== 0) {
-        outputParts.length = outputParts.length - 1;
-        continue;
-      }
-    }
-    outputParts.push(part);
-  }
-  return outputParts.join("/");
-}
-
 class ScaleInfo {
   key: string;
   encoding: VolumeChunkEncoding;
@@ -325,12 +307,11 @@ export class PrecomputedMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends MultiscaleVolumeChun
   }
 
   constructor(
-    chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-    public credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+    public sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
     public url: string,
     public info: MultiscaleVolumeInfo,
   ) {
-    super(chunkManager);
+    super(sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager);
   }
 
   getSources(volumeSourceOptions: VolumeSourceOptions) {
@@ -380,10 +361,15 @@ export class PrecomputedMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends MultiscaleVolumeChun
               chunkSource: this.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
                 PrecomputedVolumeChunkSource,
                 {
-                  credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+                  sharedKvStoreContext: this.sharedKvStoreContext,
                   spec,
                   parameters: {
-                    url: resolvePath(this.url, scaleInfo.key),
+                    url: kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+                      this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.resolveRelativePath(
+                        this.url,
+                        scaleInfo.key,
+                      ),
+                    ),
                     encoding: scaleInfo.encoding,
                     sharding: scaleInfo.sharding,
                   },
@@ -400,44 +386,36 @@ export class PrecomputedMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends MultiscaleVolumeChun
 }
 
 const MultiscaleAnnotationSourceBase = WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    MultiscaleAnnotationSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(MultiscaleAnnotationSource),
   AnnotationSourceParameters,
 );
 
 class PrecomputedAnnotationSpatialIndexSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    AnnotationGeometryChunkSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(AnnotationGeometryChunkSource),
   AnnotationSpatialIndexSourceParameters,
 ) {}
 
 interface PrecomputedAnnotationSourceOptions {
   metadata: AnnotationMetadata;
   parameters: AnnotationSourceParameters;
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider;
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext;
 }
 
 export class PrecomputedAnnotationSource extends MultiscaleAnnotationSourceBase {
   declare key: any;
   metadata: AnnotationMetadata;
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider;
   declare OPTIONS: PrecomputedAnnotationSourceOptions;
-  constructor(
-    chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-    options: PrecomputedAnnotationSourceOptions,
-  ) {
+  constructor(options: PrecomputedAnnotationSourceOptions) {
     const { parameters } = options;
-    super(chunkManager, {
+    super(options.sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager, {
       rank: parameters.rank,
       relationships: parameters.relationships.map((x) => x.name),
       properties: parameters.properties,
+      sharedKvStoreContext: options.sharedKvStoreContext,
       parameters,
     } as any);
     this.readonly = true;
     this.metadata = options.metadata;
-    this.credentialsProvider = options.credentialsProvider;
   }
 
   getSources(): SliceViewSingleResolutionSource<AnnotationGeometryChunkSource>[][] {
@@ -448,7 +426,7 @@ export class PrecomputedAnnotationSource extends MultiscaleAnnotationSourceBase
           chunkSource: this.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
             PrecomputedAnnotationSpatialIndexSource,
             {
-              credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+              sharedKvStoreContext: this.sharedKvStoreContext,
               parent: this,
               spec,
               parameters: spatialIndexLevel.parameters,
@@ -462,14 +440,16 @@ export class PrecomputedAnnotationSource extends MultiscaleAnnotationSourceBase
 }
 
 function getLegacyMeshSource(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   parameters: MeshSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  return chunkManager.getChunkSource(PrecomputedMeshSource, {
-    parameters,
-    credentialsProvider,
-  });
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+    PrecomputedMeshSource,
+    {
+      parameters,
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
+    },
+  );
 }
 
 function parseTransform(data: any): mat4 {
@@ -533,20 +513,20 @@ function parseMeshMetadata(data: any): ParsedMeshMetadata {
 }
 
 async function getMeshMetadata(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<ParsedMeshMetadata> {
-  let metadata: any;
-  try {
-    metadata = await getJsonMetadata(chunkManager, credentialsProvider, url);
-  } catch (e) {
-    if (isNotFoundError(e)) {
-      // If we fail to fetch the info file, assume it is the legacy
-      // single-resolution mesh format.
-      return { metadata: undefined };
-    }
-    throw e;
+  const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
+    url,
+    /*required=*/ false,
+    options,
+  );
+  if (metadata === undefined) {
+    // If the info file is missing, assume it is the legacy
+    // single-resolution mesh format.
+    return { metadata: undefined };
   }
   return parseMeshMetadata(metadata);
 }
@@ -649,14 +629,15 @@ function parseSkeletonMetadata(data: any): ParsedSkeletonMetadata {
 }
 
 async function getSkeletonMetadata(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<ParsedSkeletonMetadata> {
   const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
-    chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
     url,
+    /*required=*/ true,
+    options,
   );
   return parseSkeletonMetadata(metadata);
 }
@@ -670,18 +651,18 @@ function getDefaultCoordinateSpace() {
 }
 
 async function getMeshSource(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
   const { metadata, segmentPropertyMap } = await getMeshMetadata(
-    chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
     url,
+    options,
   );
   if (metadata === undefined) {
     return {
-      source: getLegacyMeshSource(chunkManager, credentialsProvider, {
+      source: getLegacyMeshSource(sharedKvStoreContext, {
         url,
         lod: 0,
       }),
@@ -701,57 +682,71 @@ async function getMeshSource(
     );
   }
   return {
-    source: chunkManager.getChunkSource(PrecomputedMultiscaleMeshSource, {
-      credentialsProvider,
-      parameters: { url, metadata },
-      format: {
-        fragmentRelativeVertices: true,
-        vertexPositionFormat,
+    source: sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+      PrecomputedMultiscaleMeshSource,
+      {
+        sharedKvStoreContext,
+        parameters: { url, metadata },
+        format: {
+          fragmentRelativeVertices: true,
+          vertexPositionFormat,
+        },
       },
-    }),
+    ),
     transform: metadata.transform,
     segmentPropertyMap,
   };
 }
 
 async function getSkeletonSource(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
   const { metadata, segmentPropertyMap } = await getSkeletonMetadata(
-    chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
     url,
+    options,
   );
   return {
-    source: chunkManager.getChunkSource(PrecomputedSkeletonSource, {
-      credentialsProvider,
-      parameters: {
-        url,
-        metadata,
+    source: sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+      PrecomputedSkeletonSource,
+      {
+        sharedKvStoreContext,
+        parameters: {
+          url,
+          metadata,
+        },
       },
-    }),
+    ),
     transform: metadata.transform,
     segmentPropertyMap,
   };
 }
 
-function getJsonMetadata(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+export function getJsonMetadata(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  required: boolean,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<any> {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     {
       type: "precomputed:metadata",
       url,
-      credentialsProvider: getObjectId(credentialsProvider),
     },
-    async () => {
-      return await fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, `${url}/info`, {}).then(
-        (response) => response.json(),
-      );
+    options,
+    async (options) => {
+      const infoUrl = pipelineUrlJoin(url, "info");
+      using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+        message: `Reading neuroglancer_precomputed metadata from ${infoUrl}`,
+      });
+      const response = await sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.read(infoUrl, {
+        ...options,
+        throwIfMissing: required,
+      });
+      if (response === undefined) return undefined;
+      return await response.response.json();
     },
   );
 }
@@ -766,15 +761,14 @@ function getSubsourceToModelSubspaceTransform(info: MultiscaleVolumeInfo) {
 }
 
 async function getVolumeDataSource(
-  options: GetDataSourceOptions,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
   metadata: any,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<DataSource> {
   const info = parseMultiscaleVolumeInfo(metadata);
   const volume = new PrecomputedMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
-    options.chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
     url,
     info,
   );
@@ -796,18 +790,19 @@ async function getVolumeDataSource(
     },
   ];
   if (info.segmentPropertyMap !== undefined) {
-    const mapUrl = resolvePath(url, info.segmentPropertyMap);
-    const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      mapUrl,
+    const mapUrl = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+      sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.resolveRelativePath(
+        url,
+        info.segmentPropertyMap,
+      ),
     );
-    const segmentPropertyMap = getSegmentPropertyMap(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      metadata,
+    const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
       mapUrl,
+      /*required=*/ true,
+      options,
     );
+    const segmentPropertyMap = getSegmentPropertyMap(metadata);
     subsources.push({
       id: "properties",
       default: true,
@@ -815,11 +810,13 @@ async function getVolumeDataSource(
     });
   }
   if (info.mesh !== undefined) {
-    const meshUrl = resolvePath(url, info.mesh);
+    const meshUrl = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+      sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.resolveRelativePath(url, info.mesh),
+    );
     const { source: meshSource, transform } = await getMeshSource(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
       meshUrl,
+      options,
     );
     const subsourceToModelSubspaceTransform =
       getSubsourceToModelSubspaceTransform(info);
@@ -836,11 +833,16 @@ async function getVolumeDataSource(
     });
   }
   if (info.skeletons !== undefined) {
-    const skeletonsUrl = resolvePath(url, info.skeletons);
+    const skeletonsUrl = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+      sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.resolveRelativePath(
+        url,
+        info.skeletons,
+      ),
+    );
     const { source: skeletonSource, transform } = await getSkeletonSource(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
       skeletonsUrl,
+      options,
     );
     const subsourceToModelSubspaceTransform =
       getSubsourceToModelSubspaceTransform(info);
@@ -860,15 +862,15 @@ async function getVolumeDataSource(
 }
 
 async function getSkeletonsDataSource(
-  options: GetDataSourceOptions,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<DataSource> {
   const {
     source: skeletons,
     transform,
     segmentPropertyMap,
-  } = await getSkeletonSource(options.chunkManager, credentialsProvider, url);
+  } = await getSkeletonSource(sharedKvStoreContext, url, options);
   const subsources: DataSubsourceEntry[] = [
     {
       id: "default",
@@ -878,18 +880,19 @@ async function getSkeletonsDataSource(
     },
   ];
   if (segmentPropertyMap !== undefined) {
-    const mapUrl = resolvePath(url, segmentPropertyMap);
-    const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      mapUrl,
+    const mapUrl = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+      sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.resolveRelativePath(
+        url,
+        segmentPropertyMap,
+      ),
     );
-    const segmentPropertyMapData = getSegmentPropertyMap(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      metadata,
+    const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
       mapUrl,
+      /*required=*/ true,
+      options,
     );
+    const segmentPropertyMapData = getSegmentPropertyMap(metadata);
     subsources.push({
       id: "properties",
       default: true,
@@ -902,10 +905,17 @@ async function getSkeletonsDataSource(
   };
 }
 
-function parseKeyAndShardingSpec(url: string, obj: any) {
+function parseKeyAndShardingSpec(
+  kvStoreContext: KvStoreContext,
+  url: string,
+  obj: any,
+) {
   verifyObject(obj);
+  const relativePath = verifyObjectProperty(obj, "key", verifyString);
   return {
-    url: resolvePath(url, verifyObjectProperty(obj, "key", verifyString)),
+    url: kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+      kvStoreContext.resolveRelativePath(url, relativePath),
+    ),
     sharding: verifyObjectProperty(obj, "sharding", parseShardingParameters),
   };
 }
@@ -921,6 +931,7 @@ class AnnotationMetadata {
   parameters: AnnotationSourceParameters;
   spatialIndices: AnnotationSpatialIndexLevelMetadata[];
   constructor(
+    kvStoreContext: KvStoreContext,
     public url: string,
     metadata: any,
   ) {
@@ -970,7 +981,7 @@ class AnnotationMetadata {
         "relationships",
         (relsObj) =>
           parseArray(relsObj, (relObj) => {
-            const common = parseKeyAndShardingSpec(url, relObj);
+            const common = parseKeyAndShardingSpec(kvStoreContext, url, relObj);
             const name = verifyObjectProperty(relObj, "id", verifyString);
             return { ...common, name };
           }),
@@ -981,7 +992,7 @@ class AnnotationMetadata {
         parseAnnotationPropertySpecs,
       ),
       byId: verifyObjectProperty(metadata, "by_id", (obj) =>
-        parseKeyAndShardingSpec(url, obj),
+        parseKeyAndShardingSpec(kvStoreContext, url, obj),
       ),
     };
     this.spatialIndices = verifyObjectProperty(
@@ -990,7 +1001,7 @@ class AnnotationMetadata {
       (spatialObj) =>
         parseArray(spatialObj, (levelObj) => {
           const common: AnnotationSpatialIndexSourceParameters =
-            parseKeyAndShardingSpec(url, levelObj);
+            parseKeyAndShardingSpec(kvStoreContext, url, levelObj);
           const gridShape = verifyObjectProperty(levelObj, "grid_shape", (j) =>
             parseFixedLengthArray(new Float32Array(rank), j, verifyPositiveInt),
           );
@@ -1038,13 +1049,16 @@ class AnnotationMetadata {
   }
 }
 
-async function getAnnotationDataSource(
-  options: GetDataSourceOptions,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+function getAnnotationDataSource(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
   metadata: any,
-): Promise<DataSource> {
-  const info = new AnnotationMetadata(url, metadata);
+): DataSource {
+  const info = new AnnotationMetadata(
+    sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext,
+    url,
+    metadata,
+  );
   const dataSource: DataSource = {
     modelTransform: makeIdentityTransform(info.coordinateSpace),
     subsources: [
@@ -1052,10 +1066,10 @@ async function getAnnotationDataSource(
         id: "default",
         default: true,
         subsource: {
-          annotation: options.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+          annotation: sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
             PrecomputedAnnotationSource,
             {
-              credentialsProvider,
+              sharedKvStoreContext,
               metadata: info,
               parameters: info.parameters,
             },
@@ -1068,15 +1082,15 @@ async function getAnnotationDataSource(
 }
 
 async function getMeshDataSource(
-  options: GetDataSourceOptions,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<DataSource> {
   const {
     source: mesh,
     transform,
     segmentPropertyMap,
-  } = await getMeshSource(options.chunkManager, credentialsProvider, url);
+  } = await getMeshSource(sharedKvStoreContext, url, options);
   const subsources: DataSubsourceEntry[] = [
     {
       id: "default",
@@ -1086,18 +1100,19 @@ async function getMeshDataSource(
     },
   ];
   if (segmentPropertyMap !== undefined) {
-    const mapUrl = resolvePath(url, segmentPropertyMap);
-    const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      mapUrl,
+    const mapUrl = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+      sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.resolveRelativePath(
+        url,
+        segmentPropertyMap,
+      ),
     );
-    const segmentPropertyMapData = getSegmentPropertyMap(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      metadata,
+    const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
       mapUrl,
+      /*required=*/ true,
+      options,
     );
+    const segmentPropertyMapData = getSegmentPropertyMap(metadata);
     subsources.push({
       id: "properties",
       default: true,
@@ -1233,44 +1248,7 @@ function parseInlinePropertyMap(data: unknown): InlineSegmentPropertyMap {
   return normalizeInlineSegmentPropertyMap({ ids, properties });
 }
 
-export const PrecomputedIndexedSegmentPropertySource = WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    IndexedSegmentPropertySource,
-  ),
-  IndexedSegmentPropertySourceParameters,
-);
-
-// function parseIndexedPropertyMap(data: unknown): {
-//   sharding: ShardingParameters|undefined,
-//   properties: readonly Readonly<IndexedSegmentProperty>[]
-// } {
-//   verifyObject(data);
-//   const sharding = verifyObjectProperty(data, 'sharding', parseShardingParameters);
-//   const properties = verifyObjectProperty(
-//       data, 'properties',
-//       propertiesObj => parseArray(propertiesObj, (propertyObj): IndexedSegmentProperty => {
-//         const id = verifyObjectProperty(propertyObj, 'id', verifyString);
-//         const description = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(propertyObj, 'description', verifyString);
-//         const type = verifyObjectProperty(propertyObj, 'type', type => {
-//           if (type !== 'string') {
-//             throw new Error(`Invalid property type: ${JSON.stringify(type)}`);
-//           }
-//           return type;
-//         });
-//         return {id, description, type};
-//       }));
-//   return {sharding, properties};
-// }
-
-export function getSegmentPropertyMap(
-  chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  data: unknown,
-  url: string,
-): SegmentPropertyMap {
-  chunkManager;
-  credentialsProvider;
-  url;
+export function getSegmentPropertyMap(data: unknown): SegmentPropertyMap {
   try {
     const t = verifyObjectProperty(data, "@type", verifyString);
     if (t !== "neuroglancer_segment_properties") {
@@ -1283,25 +1261,13 @@ export function getSegmentPropertyMap(
       "inline",
       parseInlinePropertyMap,
     );
-    // const indexedProperties = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(data, 'indexed', indexedObj => {
-    //   const {sharding, properties} = parseIndexedPropertyMap(indexedObj);
-    //   return chunkManager.getChunkSource(
-    //       PrecomputedIndexedSegmentPropertySource,
-    //       {credentialsProvider, properties, parameters: {sharding, url}});
-    // });
     return new SegmentPropertyMap({ inlineProperties });
   } catch (e) {
     throw new Error(`Error parsing segment property map: ${e.message}`);
   }
 }
 
-async function getSegmentPropertyMapDataSource(
-  options: GetDataSourceOptions,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  url: string,
-  metadata: unknown,
-): Promise<DataSource> {
-  options;
+function getSegmentPropertyMapDataSource(metadata: unknown): DataSource {
   return {
     modelTransform: makeIdentityTransform(emptyValidCoordinateSpace),
     subsources: [
@@ -1309,12 +1275,7 @@ async function getSegmentPropertyMapDataSource(
         id: "default",
         default: true,
         subsource: {
-          segmentPropertyMap: getSegmentPropertyMap(
-            options.chunkManager,
-            credentialsProvider,
-            metadata,
-            url,
-          ),
+          segmentPropertyMap: getSegmentPropertyMap(metadata),
         },
       },
     ],
@@ -1340,54 +1301,47 @@ export function unparseProviderUrl(url: string, parameters: any) {
   return url;
 }
 
-export class PrecomputedDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
-  get description() {
-    return "Precomputed file-backed data source";
+export class PrecomputedDataSource implements KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "neuroglancer-precomputed";
   }
-
-  normalizeUrl(options: NormalizeUrlOptions): string {
-    const { url, parameters } = parseProviderUrl(options.providerUrl);
-    return (
-      options.providerProtocol + "://" + unparseProviderUrl(url, parameters)
-    );
+  get expectsDirectory() {
+    return true;
   }
-
-  convertLegacyUrl(options: ConvertLegacyUrlOptions): string {
-    const { url, parameters } = parseProviderUrl(options.providerUrl);
-    if (options.type === "mesh") {
-      parameters.type = "mesh";
-    }
-    return (
-      options.providerProtocol + "://" + unparseProviderUrl(url, parameters)
-    );
+  get description() {
+    return "Neuroglancer Precomputed data source";
   }
 
-  get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
-    const { url: providerUrl, parameters } = parseProviderUrl(
-      options.providerUrl,
+  get(
+    options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  ): Promise<DataSourceLookupResult> {
+    const { authorityAndPath, query, fragment } = parseUrlSuffix(
+      options.url.suffix,
     );
-    return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
-      { type: "precomputed:get", providerUrl, parameters },
-      async (): Promise<DataSource> => {
-        const { url, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-          providerUrl,
-          options.credentialsManager,
+    if (query) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Invalid URL ${JSON.stringify(options.url.url)}: query parameters not supported`,
+      );
+    }
+    if (authorityAndPath) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Invalid URL ${JSON.stringify(options.url.url)}: non-empty path not supported`,
+      );
+    }
+    const parameters = parseQueryStringParameters(fragment ?? "");
+    const url = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(options.kvStoreUrl);
+    return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
+      { type: "precomputed:get", url, parameters },
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        const { sharedKvStoreContext } = options.registry;
+        const metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
+          sharedKvStoreContext,
+          url,
+          /*required=*/ parameters.type !== "mesh",
+          progressOptions,
         );
-        let metadata: any;
-        try {
-          metadata = await getJsonMetadata(
-            options.chunkManager,
-            credentialsProvider,
-            url,
-          );
-        } catch (e) {
-          if (isNotFoundError(e)) {
-            if (parameters.type === "mesh") {
-              return await getMeshDataSource(options, credentialsProvider, url);
-            }
-          }
-          throw e;
-        }
+        const canonicalUrl = `${url}|${options.url.scheme}:`;
         verifyObject(metadata);
         const redirect = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
           metadata,
@@ -1395,52 +1349,74 @@ export class PrecomputedDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
           verifyString,
         );
         if (redirect !== undefined) {
-          throw new RedirectError(redirect);
+          return { canonicalUrl, targetUrl: redirect };
         }
         const t = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(metadata, "@type", verifyString);
+        let dataSource: DataSource;
         switch (t) {
           case "neuroglancer_skeletons":
-            return await getSkeletonsDataSource(
-              options,
-              credentialsProvider,
+            dataSource = await getSkeletonsDataSource(
+              sharedKvStoreContext,
               url,
+              progressOptions,
             );
+            break;
           case "neuroglancer_multilod_draco":
           case "neuroglancer_legacy_mesh":
-            return await getMeshDataSource(options, credentialsProvider, url);
-          case "neuroglancer_annotations_v1":
-            return await getAnnotationDataSource(
-              options,
-              credentialsProvider,
+            dataSource = await getMeshDataSource(
+              sharedKvStoreContext,
               url,
-              metadata,
+              progressOptions,
             );
-          case "neuroglancer_segment_properties":
-            return await getSegmentPropertyMapDataSource(
-              options,
-              credentialsProvider,
+            break;
+          case "neuroglancer_annotations_v1":
+            dataSource = getAnnotationDataSource(
+              sharedKvStoreContext,
               url,
               metadata,
             );
+            break;
+          case "neuroglancer_segment_properties":
+            dataSource = getSegmentPropertyMapDataSource(metadata);
+            break;
           case "neuroglancer_multiscale_volume":
           case undefined:
-            return await getVolumeDataSource(
-              options,
-              credentialsProvider,
+            dataSource = await getVolumeDataSource(
+              sharedKvStoreContext,
               url,
               metadata,
+              progressOptions,
             );
+            break;
           default:
             throw new Error(`Invalid type: ${JSON.stringify(t)}`);
         }
+        dataSource.canonicalUrl = canonicalUrl;
+        return dataSource;
       },
     );
   }
-  completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
-    return completeHttpPath(
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.providerUrl,
-      options.abortSignal,
-    );
+}
+
+export class PrecomputedLegacyUrlDataSource extends KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter {
+  constructor() {
+    super(new PrecomputedDataSource(), "precomputed");
   }
+
+  convertLegacyUrl(options: ConvertLegacyUrlOptions): string {
+    const { url, parameters } = parseProviderUrl(options.providerUrl);
+    if (options.type === "mesh") {
+      parameters.type = "mesh";
+    }
+    return options.providerScheme + "://" + unparseProviderUrl(url, parameters);
+  }
+}
+
+export function registerAutoDetect(registry: AutoDetectRegistry) {
+  registry.registerDirectoryFormat(
+    simpleFilePresenceAutoDetectDirectorySpec(new Set(["info"]), {
+      suffix: "neuroglancer-precomputed:",
+      description: "Neuroglancer Precomputed data source",
+    }),
+  );
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/precomputed/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/precomputed/register_default.ts
index ae5ed2d680..154b42bb80 100644
--- a/src/datasource/precomputed/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/precomputed/register_default.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,17 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
-import { PrecomputedDataSource } from "#src/datasource/precomputed/frontend.js";
+import {
+  dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry,
+  registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider,
+  registerProvider,
+} from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import {
+  PrecomputedDataSource,
+  PrecomputedLegacyUrlDataSource,
+  registerAutoDetect,
+} from "#src/datasource/precomputed/frontend.js";
 
-registerProvider("precomputed", () => new PrecomputedDataSource());
+registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider(new PrecomputedDataSource());
+registerProvider(new PrecomputedLegacyUrlDataSource());
+registerAutoDetect(dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry);
diff --git a/src/datasource/precomputed/sharded.ts b/src/datasource/precomputed/sharded.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..55d9bc8b71
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/datasource/precomputed/sharded.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2016 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
+import { SimpleAsyncCache } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
+import {
+  DataEncoding,
+  ShardingHashFunction,
+  type ShardingParameters,
+} from "#src/datasource/precomputed/base.js";
+import { FileByteRangeHandle } from "#src/kvstore/byte_range/file_handle.js";
+import { GzipFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/gzip/file_handle.js";
+import type {
+  ByteRange,
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  FileHandle,
+  KvStoreWithPath,
+  ReadableKvStore,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { KvStoreFileHandle, readFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import type { Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import { convertEndian64, Endianness } from "#src/util/endian.js";
+import { murmurHash3_x86_128Hash64Bits_Bigint } from "#src/util/hash.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
+const shardingHashFunctions: Map<
+  ShardingHashFunction,
+  (input: bigint) => bigint
+> = new Map([
+  [
+    ShardingHashFunction.MURMURHASH3_X86_128,
+    (input) => murmurHash3_x86_128Hash64Bits_Bigint(/*seed=*/ 0, input),
+  ],
+  [ShardingHashFunction.IDENTITY, (input) => input],
+]);
+
+export interface ShardInfo {
+  shardPath: string;
+  offset: number;
+}
+
+interface DecodedMinishardIndex {
+  data: BigUint64Array;
+  shardPath: string;
+}
+
+type MinishardIndexCache = SimpleAsyncCache<
+  bigint,
+  DecodedMinishardIndex | undefined
+>;
+
+function decodeFileHandle(handle: FileHandle, encoding: DataEncoding) {
+  if (encoding === DataEncoding.GZIP) {
+    handle = new GzipFileHandle(handle, "gzip");
+  }
+  return handle;
+}
+
+function makeMinishardIndexCache(
+  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
+  base: KvStoreWithPath,
+  sharding: ShardingParameters,
+): MinishardIndexCache {
+  return new SimpleAsyncCache(chunkManager.addRef(), {
+    encodeKey: (key) => key.toString(),
+    get: async (
+      shardAndMinishard: bigint,
+      progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+    ) => {
+      const minishard =
+        shardAndMinishard & ((1n << BigInt(sharding.minishardBits)) - 1n);
+      const shard =
+        ((1n << BigInt(sharding.shardBits)) - 1n) &
+        (shardAndMinishard >> BigInt(sharding.minishardBits));
+      const shardPath =
+        base.path +
+        shard.toString(16).padStart(Math.ceil(sharding.shardBits / 4), "0") +
+        ".shard";
+
+      const shardFileHandle = new KvStoreFileHandle(base.store, shardPath);
+
+      // Retrive minishard index start/end offsets.
+      const shardIndexSize = BigInt(16) << BigInt(sharding.minishardBits);
+
+      // Multiply minishard by 16.
+      const shardIndexStart = minishard << 4n;
+      const response = await readFileHandle(shardFileHandle, {
+        ...progressOptions,
+        byteRange: { offset: Number(shardIndexStart), length: 16 },
+        strictByteRange: true,
+      });
+      if (response === undefined) {
+        return { data: undefined, size: 0 };
+      }
+      const shardIndexResponse = await response.response.arrayBuffer();
+      const shardIndexDv = new DataView(shardIndexResponse);
+      let minishardStartOffset = shardIndexDv.getBigUint64(
+        0,
+        /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+      );
+      let minishardEndOffset = shardIndexDv.getBigUint64(
+        8,
+        /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+      );
+      if (minishardStartOffset === minishardEndOffset) {
+        return { data: undefined, size: 0 };
+      }
+      // The start/end offsets in the shard index are relative to the end of the shard
+      // index.
+      minishardStartOffset += shardIndexSize;
+      minishardEndOffset += shardIndexSize;
+
+      const minishardIndexBuffer = await (
+        await readFileHandle(
+          decodeFileHandle(
+            new FileByteRangeHandle(shardFileHandle, {
+              offset: Number(minishardStartOffset),
+              length: Number(minishardEndOffset - minishardStartOffset),
+            }),
+            sharding.minishardIndexEncoding,
+          ),
+          {
+            ...progressOptions,
+            strictByteRange: true,
+            throwIfMissing: true,
+          },
+        )
+      ).response.arrayBuffer();
+      if (minishardIndexBuffer.byteLength % 24 !== 0) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Invalid minishard index length: ${minishardIndexBuffer.byteLength}`,
+        );
+      }
+      const minishardIndex = new BigUint64Array(minishardIndexBuffer);
+      convertEndian64(minishardIndex, Endianness.LITTLE);
+
+      const minishardIndexSize = minishardIndex.byteLength / 24;
+      let prevEntryKey = 0n;
+      // Offsets in the minishard index are relative to the end of the shard index.
+      let prevStart = shardIndexSize;
+      for (let i = 0; i < minishardIndexSize; ++i) {
+        const entryKey = prevEntryKey + minishardIndex[i];
+        prevEntryKey = minishardIndex[i] = entryKey;
+        const start = prevStart + minishardIndex[minishardIndexSize + i];
+        minishardIndex[minishardIndexSize + i] = start;
+        const size = minishardIndex[2 * minishardIndexSize + i];
+        const end = start + size;
+        prevStart = end;
+        minishardIndex[2 * minishardIndexSize + i] = end;
+      }
+      return {
+        data: { data: minishardIndex, shardPath },
+        size: minishardIndex.byteLength,
+      };
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+function findMinishardEntry(
+  minishardIndex: DecodedMinishardIndex,
+  key: bigint,
+): ByteRange | undefined {
+  const minishardIndexData = minishardIndex.data;
+  const minishardIndexSize = minishardIndexData.length / 3;
+  for (let i = 0; i < minishardIndexSize; ++i) {
+    if (minishardIndexData[i] !== key) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const startOffset = minishardIndexData[minishardIndexSize + i];
+    const endOffset = minishardIndexData[2 * minishardIndexSize + i];
+
+    return {
+      offset: Number(startOffset),
+      length: Number(endOffset - startOffset),
+    };
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+export class ShardedKvStore
+  extends RefCounted
+  implements ReadableKvStore<bigint>
+{
+  private minishardIndexCache: Owned<MinishardIndexCache>;
+
+  constructor(
+    chunkManager: ChunkManager,
+    private base: KvStoreWithPath,
+    private sharding: ShardingParameters,
+  ) {
+    super();
+    this.minishardIndexCache = this.registerDisposer(
+      makeMinishardIndexCache(chunkManager, base, sharding),
+    );
+  }
+
+  getUrl(key: bigint): string {
+    return `chunk ${key} in ${this.base.store.getUrl(this.base.path)}`;
+  }
+
+  async findKey(
+    key: bigint,
+    progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ): Promise<{ minishardEntry: ByteRange; shardInfo: ShardInfo } | undefined> {
+    const { sharding } = this;
+    const hashFunction = shardingHashFunctions.get(sharding.hash)!;
+    const hashCode = hashFunction(key >> BigInt(sharding.preshiftBits));
+    const shardAndMinishard =
+      hashCode &
+      ((1n << BigInt(sharding.minishardBits + sharding.shardBits)) - 1n);
+    const minishardIndex = await this.minishardIndexCache.get(
+      shardAndMinishard,
+      progressOptions,
+    );
+    if (minishardIndex === undefined) return undefined;
+    const minishardEntry = findMinishardEntry(minishardIndex, key);
+    if (minishardEntry === undefined) return undefined;
+    return {
+      minishardEntry,
+      shardInfo: {
+        shardPath: minishardIndex.shardPath,
+        offset: minishardEntry.offset,
+      },
+    };
+  }
+
+  async readWithShardInfo(
+    key: bigint,
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<
+    | {
+        response: ReadResponse;
+        shardInfo: ShardInfo;
+      }
+    | undefined
+  > {
+    const { sharding } = this;
+    const findResult = await this.findKey(key, options);
+    if (findResult === undefined) return undefined;
+    const { minishardEntry, shardInfo } = findResult;
+    return {
+      response: (await decodeFileHandle(
+        new FileByteRangeHandle(
+          new KvStoreFileHandle(this.base.store, shardInfo.shardPath),
+          minishardEntry,
+        ),
+        sharding.dataEncoding,
+      ).read(options))!,
+      shardInfo,
+    };
+  }
+
+  async stat(
+    key: bigint,
+    options: StatOptions,
+  ): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    const findResult = await this.findKey(key, options);
+    if (findResult === undefined) return undefined;
+    const { sharding } = this;
+    if (sharding.dataEncoding !== DataEncoding.RAW) {
+      return { totalSize: undefined };
+    } else {
+      return { totalSize: findResult.minishardEntry.length };
+    }
+  }
+
+  async read(
+    key: bigint,
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    const response = await this.readWithShardInfo(key, options);
+    if (response === undefined) return undefined;
+    return response.response;
+  }
+
+  get supportsOffsetReads() {
+    return this.sharding.dataEncoding === DataEncoding.RAW;
+  }
+  get supportsSuffixReads() {
+    return this.sharding.dataEncoding === DataEncoding.RAW;
+  }
+}
+
+export function getShardedKvStoreIfApplicable(
+  chunkSource: RefCounted & {
+    chunkManager: ChunkManager;
+  },
+  base: KvStoreWithPath,
+  sharding: ShardingParameters | undefined,
+) {
+  if (sharding === undefined) return undefined;
+  return chunkSource.registerDisposer(
+    new ShardedKvStore(chunkSource.chunkManager, base, sharding),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/datasource/python/backend.ts b/src/datasource/python/backend.ts
index a947a19311..988e7533be 100644
--- a/src/datasource/python/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/python/backend.ts
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ export class PythonVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
   chunkDecoder = chunkDecoders.get(this.parameters["encoding"])!;
   encoding = VolumeChunkEncoding[this.parameters.encoding].toLowerCase();
 
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     let path = `../../neuroglancer/${this.encoding}/${parameters.key}/${parameters.scaleKey}`;
     {
@@ -71,9 +71,9 @@ export class PythonVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
       }
     }
     const response = await fetchOk(new URL(path, parameters.baseUrl).href, {
-      signal: abortSignal,
+      signal: signal,
     });
-    await this.chunkDecoder(chunk, abortSignal, await response.arrayBuffer());
+    await this.chunkDecoder(chunk, signal, await response.arrayBuffer());
   }
 }
 
@@ -105,13 +105,13 @@ export class PythonMeshSource extends WithParameters(
     return Promise.resolve(undefined);
   }
 
-  downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const requestPath = `../../neuroglancer/mesh/${parameters.key}/${
       chunk.manifestChunk!.objectId
     }`;
     return fetchOk(new URL(requestPath, parameters.baseUrl).href, {
-      signal: abortSignal,
+      signal: signal,
     })
       .then((response) => response.arrayBuffer())
       .then((response) => decodeFragmentChunk(chunk, response));
@@ -123,11 +123,11 @@ export class PythonSkeletonSource extends WithParameters(
   SkeletonSource,
   SkeletonSourceParameters,
 ) {
-  download(chunk: SkeletonChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  download(chunk: SkeletonChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const requestPath = `../../neuroglancer/skeleton/${parameters.key}/${chunk.objectId}`;
     return fetchOk(new URL(requestPath, parameters.baseUrl).href, {
-      signal: abortSignal,
+      signal: signal,
     })
       .then((response) => response.arrayBuffer())
       .then((response) =>
diff --git a/src/datasource/python/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/python/frontend.ts
index dbd188502b..a417a68e30 100644
--- a/src/datasource/python/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/python/frontend.ts
@@ -65,7 +65,6 @@ import {
   VolumeChunkSource,
 } from "#src/sliceview/volume/frontend.js";
 import { transposeNestedArrays } from "#src/util/array.js";
-import { Borrowed, Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import {
   parseFixedLengthArray,
@@ -94,20 +93,18 @@ function WithPythonDataSource<
   >,
 >(Base: TBase) {
   type Options = InstanceType<TBase>["OPTIONS"] & {
-    dataSource: Borrowed<PythonDataSource>;
+    dataSource: PythonDataSource;
     generation: number;
   };
   class C extends Base {
     declare OPTIONS: Options;
-    dataSource: Owned<PythonDataSource>;
+    dataSource: PythonDataSource;
     generation: number;
     declare parameters: PythonSourceParameters;
     constructor(...args: any[]) {
       super(...args);
       const options: Options = args[1];
-      const dataSource = (this.dataSource = this.registerDisposer(
-        options.dataSource.addRef(),
-      ));
+      const dataSource = (this.dataSource = options.dataSource);
       this.generation = options.generation;
       const key = options.parameters.key;
       dataSource.registerSource(key, this);
@@ -238,7 +235,7 @@ export class PythonMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends MultiscaleVolumeChunkSour
 
   // TODO(jbms): Properly handle reference counting of `dataSource`.
   constructor(
-    public dataSource: Borrowed<PythonDataSource>,
+    public dataSource: PythonDataSource,
     chunkManager: ChunkManager,
     public key: string,
     public response: any,
@@ -480,17 +477,19 @@ function getVolumeDataSource(
   options: GetDataSourceOptions,
   key: string,
 ) {
-  return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { type: "python:VolumeDataSource", key },
-    async () => {
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
       const response = await (
         await fetchOk(
           new URL(`../../neuroglancer/info/${key}`, window.location.href).href,
+          progressOptions,
         )
       ).json();
       const volume = new PythonMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
         dataSourceProvider,
-        options.chunkManager,
+        options.registry.chunkManager,
         key,
         response,
       );
@@ -527,14 +526,17 @@ function getVolumeDataSource(
           default: true,
           subsourceToModelSubspaceTransform,
           subsource: {
-            mesh: options.chunkManager.getChunkSource(PythonMeshSource, {
-              dataSource: dataSourceProvider,
-              generation: volume.generation,
-              parameters: {
-                baseUrl: window.location.href,
-                key: key,
+            mesh: options.registry.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+              PythonMeshSource,
+              {
+                dataSource: dataSourceProvider,
+                generation: volume.generation,
+                parameters: {
+                  baseUrl: window.location.href,
+                  key: key,
+                },
               },
-            }),
+            ),
           },
         });
       }
@@ -548,15 +550,17 @@ function getSkeletonDataSource(
   options: GetDataSourceOptions,
   key: string,
 ) {
-  return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { type: "python:SkeletonDataSource", key },
-    async () => {
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
       const response = await (
         await fetchOk(
           new URL(
             `../../neuroglancer/skeletoninfo/${key}`,
             window.location.href,
           ).href,
+          progressOptions,
         )
       ).json();
       const { baseModelSpace, subsourceToModelTransform } =
@@ -567,7 +571,7 @@ function getSkeletonDataSource(
         (x) => verifyObjectAsMap(x, parseVertexAttributeInfo),
       );
       const generation = verifyObjectProperty(response, "generation", (x) => x);
-      const skeletonSource = options.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
+      const skeletonSource = options.registry.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
         PythonSkeletonSource,
         {
           dataSource: dataSourceProvider,
@@ -597,10 +601,14 @@ function getSkeletonDataSource(
   );
 }
 
-export class PythonDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
+export class PythonDataSource implements DataSourceProvider {
   private sources = new Map<string, Set<PythonChunkSource>>();
   sourceGenerations = new Map<string, number>();
 
+  get scheme() {
+    return "python";
+  }
+
   registerSource(key: string, source: PythonChunkSource) {
     let existingSet = this.sources.get(key);
     if (existingSet === undefined) {
diff --git a/src/datasource/python/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/python/register_default.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d70ae3dfdb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/datasource/python/register_default.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import { PythonDataSource } from "#src/datasource/python/frontend.js";
+
+registerProvider(new PythonDataSource());
diff --git a/src/datasource/render/backend.ts b/src/datasource/render/backend.ts
index 97b5176cd4..bd78682201 100644
--- a/src/datasource/render/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/render/backend.ts
@@ -31,15 +31,11 @@ import { registerSharedObject } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 const chunkDecoders = new Map<string, ChunkDecoder>();
 chunkDecoders.set(
   "jpg",
-  async (
-    chunk: VolumeChunk,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-    response: ArrayBuffer,
-  ) => {
+  async (chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal, response: ArrayBuffer) => {
     const chunkDataSize = chunk.chunkDataSize!;
     const { uint8Array: decoded } = await requestAsyncComputation(
       decodeJpeg,
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
       [response],
       new Uint8Array(response),
       undefined,
@@ -48,11 +44,11 @@ chunkDecoders.set(
       3,
       true,
     );
-    await postProcessRawData(chunk, abortSignal, decoded);
+    await postProcessRawData(chunk, signal, decoded);
   },
 );
-chunkDecoders.set("raw16", (chunk, abortSignal, response) => {
-  return decodeRawChunk(chunk, abortSignal, response, Endianness.BIG);
+chunkDecoders.set("raw16", (chunk, signal, response) => {
+  return decodeRawChunk(chunk, signal, response, Endianness.BIG);
 });
 
 @registerSharedObject()
@@ -91,7 +87,7 @@ export class TileChunkSource extends WithParameters(
     return query_params.join("&");
   })();
 
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     const { parameters } = this;
     const { chunkGridPosition } = chunk;
 
@@ -122,8 +118,8 @@ export class TileChunkSource extends WithParameters(
     const path = `/render-ws/v1/owner/${parameters.owner}/project/${parameters.project}/stack/${parameters.stack}/z/${chunkPosition[2]}/box/${chunkPosition[0]},${chunkPosition[1]},${xTileSize},${yTileSize},${scale}/${imageMethod}`;
     const response = await fetchOk(
       `${parameters.baseUrl}${path}?${this.queryString}`,
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+      { signal: signal },
     );
-    await this.chunkDecoder(chunk, abortSignal, await response.arrayBuffer());
+    await this.chunkDecoder(chunk, signal, await response.arrayBuffer());
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/render/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/render/frontend.ts
index 6fd9b0225d..46d700430e 100644
--- a/src/datasource/render/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/render/frontend.ts
@@ -32,8 +32,8 @@ import type {
   CompletionResult,
   DataSource,
   GetDataSourceOptions,
+  DataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import { TileChunkSourceParameters } from "#src/datasource/render/base.js";
 import type { SliceViewSingleResolutionSource } from "#src/sliceview/frontend.js";
 import type { VolumeSourceOptions } from "#src/sliceview/volume/base.js";
@@ -64,6 +64,7 @@ import {
   verifyOptionalString,
   verifyString,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 const VALID_ENCODINGS = new Set<string>(["jpg", "raw16"]);
 
@@ -505,11 +506,13 @@ export function getOwnerInfo(
   chunkManager: ChunkManager,
   hostname: string,
   owner: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<OwnerInfo> {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { type: "render:getOwnerInfo", hostname, owner },
-    () =>
-      fetchOk(`${hostname}/render-ws/v1/owner/${owner}/stacks`)
+    options,
+    (progressOptions) =>
+      fetchOk(`${hostname}/render-ws/v1/owner/${owner}/stacks`, progressOptions)
         .then((response) => response.json())
         .then(parseOwnerInfo),
   );
@@ -519,7 +522,11 @@ const pathPattern =
   /^([^/?]+)(?:\/([^/?]+))?(?:\/([^/?]+))(?:\/([^/?]*))?(?:\?(.*))?$/;
 const urlPattern = /^((?:(?:(?:http|https):\/\/[^,/]+)[^/?]))\/(.*)$/;
 
-function getVolume(chunkManager: ChunkManager, datasourcePath: string) {
+function getVolume(
+  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
+  datasourcePath: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+) {
   let hostname: string;
   let path: string;
   {
@@ -543,10 +550,16 @@ function getVolume(chunkManager: ChunkManager, datasourcePath: string) {
 
   const parameters = parseQueryStringParameters(match[5] || "");
 
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { type: "render:MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource", hostname, path },
-    async () => {
-      const ownerInfo = await getOwnerInfo(chunkManager, hostname, owner);
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
+      const ownerInfo = await getOwnerInfo(
+        chunkManager,
+        hostname,
+        owner,
+        progressOptions,
+      );
       const volume = new RenderMultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
         chunkManager,
         hostname,
@@ -599,6 +612,7 @@ export async function stackAndProjectCompleter(
   chunkManager: ChunkManager,
   hostname: string,
   path: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<CompletionResult> {
   const stackMatch = path.match(
     /^(?:([^/]+)(?:\/([^/]*))?(?:\/([^/]*))?(\/.*?)?)?$/,
@@ -613,7 +627,12 @@ export async function stackAndProjectCompleter(
   }
   if (stackMatch[3] === undefined) {
     const projectPrefix = stackMatch[2] || "";
-    const ownerInfo = await getOwnerInfo(chunkManager, hostname, stackMatch[1]);
+    const ownerInfo = await getOwnerInfo(
+      chunkManager,
+      hostname,
+      stackMatch[1],
+      options,
+    );
     const completions = getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
       projectPrefix,
       ownerInfo.projects,
@@ -624,7 +643,12 @@ export async function stackAndProjectCompleter(
   }
   if (stackMatch[4] === undefined) {
     const stackPrefix = stackMatch[3] || "";
-    const ownerInfo = await getOwnerInfo(chunkManager, hostname, stackMatch[1]);
+    const ownerInfo = await getOwnerInfo(
+      chunkManager,
+      hostname,
+      stackMatch[1],
+      options,
+    );
     const projectInfo = ownerInfo.projects.get(stackMatch[2]);
     if (projectInfo === undefined) {
       throw null;
@@ -643,7 +667,12 @@ export async function stackAndProjectCompleter(
     };
   }
   const channelPrefix = stackMatch[4].substr(1) || "";
-  const ownerInfo = await getOwnerInfo(chunkManager, hostname, stackMatch[1]);
+  const ownerInfo = await getOwnerInfo(
+    chunkManager,
+    hostname,
+    stackMatch[1],
+    options,
+  );
   const projectInfo = ownerInfo.projects.get(stackMatch[2]);
   if (projectInfo === undefined) {
     throw null;
@@ -673,6 +702,7 @@ export async function stackAndProjectCompleter(
 export async function volumeCompleter(
   url: string,
   chunkManager: ChunkManager,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<CompletionResult> {
   const match = url.match(urlPattern);
   if (match === null) {
@@ -686,18 +716,30 @@ export async function volumeCompleter(
     chunkManager,
     hostname,
     path,
+    options,
   );
   return applyCompletionOffset(match![1].length + 1, completions);
 }
 
-export class RenderDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
+export class RenderDataSource implements DataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "render";
+  }
   get description() {
     return "Render";
   }
   get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
-    return getVolume(options.chunkManager, options.providerUrl);
+    return getVolume(
+      options.registry.chunkManager,
+      options.providerUrl,
+      options,
+    );
   }
   completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
-    return volumeCompleter(options.providerUrl, options.chunkManager);
+    return volumeCompleter(
+      options.providerUrl,
+      options.registry.chunkManager,
+      options,
+    );
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/render/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/render/register_default.ts
index ae5a9241a0..3c4f1c8d27 100644
--- a/src/datasource/render/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/render/register_default.ts
@@ -17,4 +17,4 @@
 import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
 import { RenderDataSource } from "#src/datasource/render/frontend.js";
 
-registerProvider("render", () => new RenderDataSource());
+registerProvider(new RenderDataSource());
diff --git a/src/datasource/state_share.ts b/src/datasource/state_share.ts
index 376ad438cd..27f3184872 100644
--- a/src/datasource/state_share.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/state_share.ts
@@ -1,10 +1,6 @@
-import { defaultCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
+import { HttpKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/http/index.js";
 import { StatusMessage } from "#src/status.js";
 import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
-import {
-  fetchSpecialOk,
-  parseSpecialUrl,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
 import type { Viewer } from "#src/viewer.js";
 import { makeIcon } from "#src/widget/icon.js";
 
@@ -77,24 +73,32 @@ export class StateShare extends RefCounted {
       const selectedStateServer = this.selectStateServerElement
         ? this.selectStateServerElement.value
         : Object.values(STATE_SERVERS)[0].url;
-      const protocol = new URL(selectedStateServer).protocol;
-      const { url: parsedUrl, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-        selectedStateServer,
-        defaultCredentialsManager,
-      );
+
+      const { store, path } =
+        viewer.dataSourceProvider.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+          selectedStateServer,
+        );
+
+      if (!(store instanceof HttpKvStore)) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Non-HTTP protocol not supported: ${selectedStateServer}`,
+        );
+      }
 
       StatusMessage.forPromise(
-        fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, parsedUrl, {
-          method: "POST",
-          headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
-          body: JSON.stringify(viewer.state.toJSON()),
-        })
+        store
+          .fetchOkImpl(store.baseUrl + path, {
+            method: "POST",
+            headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
+            body: JSON.stringify(viewer.state.toJSON()),
+          })
           .then((response) => response.json())
           .then((res) => {
             const stateUrlProtcol = new URL(res).protocol;
             const stateUrlWithoutProtocol = res.substring(
               stateUrlProtcol.length,
             );
+            const protocol = new URL(selectedStateServer).protocol;
             const link = `${window.location.origin}/#!${protocol}${stateUrlWithoutProtocol}`;
             navigator.clipboard.writeText(link).then(() => {
               StatusMessage.showTemporaryMessage(
diff --git a/src/datasource/vtk/backend.ts b/src/datasource/vtk/backend.ts
index b2f1f3f586..a3fd399fdc 100644
--- a/src/datasource/vtk/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/vtk/backend.ts
@@ -16,19 +16,28 @@
 
 import { requestAsyncComputation } from "#src/async_computation/request.js";
 import { parseVTKFromArrayBuffer } from "#src/async_computation/vtk_mesh_request.js";
-import { GenericSharedDataSource } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
+import { getCachedDecodedUrl } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
+import type { ReadResponse } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
 import type { SingleMesh } from "#src/single_mesh/backend.js";
 import { registerSingleMeshFactory } from "#src/single_mesh/backend.js";
 import { DataType } from "#src/util/data_type.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 /**
- * This needs to be a global function, because it identifies the instance of GenericSharedDataSource
+ * This needs to be a global function, because it identifies the instance of SimpleAsyncCache
  * to use.
  */
-function parse(buffer: ArrayBuffer, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+async function parse(
+  readResponse: ReadResponse | undefined,
+  progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+) {
+  if (readResponse === undefined) {
+    throw new Error("Not found");
+  }
+  const buffer = await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer();
   return requestAsyncComputation(
     parseVTKFromArrayBuffer,
-    abortSignal,
+    progressOptions.signal,
     [buffer],
     buffer,
   );
@@ -36,33 +45,31 @@ function parse(buffer: ArrayBuffer, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
 
 registerSingleMeshFactory("vtk", {
   description: "VTK",
-  getMesh: (chunkManager, credentialsProvider, url, getPriority, abortSignal) =>
-    GenericSharedDataSource.getUrl(
-      chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      parse,
+  getMesh: async (sharedKvStoreContext, url, options) => {
+    const mesh = await getCachedDecodedUrl(
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
       url,
-      getPriority,
-      abortSignal,
-    ).then((mesh) => {
-      const result: SingleMesh = {
-        info: {
-          numTriangles: mesh.numTriangles,
-          numVertices: mesh.numVertices,
-          vertexAttributes: [],
-        },
-        indices: mesh.indices,
-        vertexPositions: mesh.vertexPositions,
+      parse,
+      options,
+    );
+    const result: SingleMesh = {
+      info: {
+        numTriangles: mesh.numTriangles,
+        numVertices: mesh.numVertices,
         vertexAttributes: [],
-      };
-      for (const attribute of mesh.vertexAttributes) {
-        result.info.vertexAttributes.push({
-          name: attribute.name,
-          dataType: DataType.FLOAT32,
-          numComponents: attribute.numComponents,
-        });
-        result.vertexAttributes.push(attribute.data);
-      }
-      return result;
-    }),
+      },
+      indices: mesh.indices,
+      vertexPositions: mesh.vertexPositions,
+      vertexAttributes: [],
+    };
+    for (const attribute of mesh.vertexAttributes) {
+      result.info.vertexAttributes.push({
+        name: attribute.name,
+        dataType: DataType.FLOAT32,
+        numComponents: attribute.numComponents,
+      });
+      result.vertexAttributes.push(attribute.data);
+    }
+    return result;
+  },
 });
diff --git a/src/datasource/vtk/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/vtk/frontend.ts
index ce59208e64..824773c572 100644
--- a/src/datasource/vtk/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/vtk/frontend.ts
@@ -19,24 +19,30 @@ import {
   makeIdentityTransform,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
 import type {
-  CompleteUrlOptions,
   DataSource,
-  GetDataSourceOptions,
+  GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import { ensureEmptyUrlSuffix } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
 import { getSingleMeshSource } from "#src/single_mesh/frontend.js";
-import { completeHttpPath } from "#src/util/http_path_completion.js";
 
-export class VtkDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
+export class VtkDataSource implements KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider {
+  get scheme() {
+    return "vtk";
+  }
   get description() {
-    return "VTK mesh file";
+    return "VTK mesh";
+  }
+  get singleFile() {
+    return true;
   }
 
-  async get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+  async get(options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+    ensureEmptyUrlSuffix(options.url);
     const meshSource = await getSingleMeshSource(
-      options.chunkManager,
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.url,
+      options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext,
+      options.kvStoreUrl,
+      options,
     );
     const modelSpace = makeCoordinateSpace({
       rank: 3,
@@ -56,11 +62,4 @@ export class VtkDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
     };
     return dataSource;
   }
-  completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
-    return completeHttpPath(
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.providerUrl,
-      options.abortSignal,
-    );
-  }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/vtk/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/vtk/register_default.ts
index 3c3b4e571f..e960750f7b 100644
--- a/src/datasource/vtk/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/vtk/register_default.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import {
+  registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider,
+  registerProvider,
+} from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import { KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import { VtkDataSource } from "#src/datasource/vtk/frontend.js";
 
-registerProvider("vtk", () => new VtkDataSource());
+const provider = new VtkDataSource();
+registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider(provider);
+registerProvider(new KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter(provider));
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/backend.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/backend.ts
index bbcbdda792..7370f7af0e 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/backend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/backend.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,6 @@ import "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/bytes/decode.js";
 import "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/crc32c/decode.js";
 
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
-import { WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
 import { VolumeChunkSourceParameters } from "#src/datasource/zarr/base.js";
 import {
   applySharding,
@@ -30,30 +29,24 @@ import "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/gzip/decode.js";
 import "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/decode.js";
 import "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/transpose/decode.js";
 import { ChunkKeyEncoding } from "#src/datasource/zarr/metadata/index.js";
-import { getSpecialProtocolKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/special/index.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
 import { postProcessRawData } from "#src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/postprocess.js";
 import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 import { VolumeChunkSource } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentials } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
 import { registerSharedObject } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class ZarrVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    VolumeChunkSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(VolumeChunkSource),
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 ) {
   private chunkKvStore = applySharding(
     this.chunkManager,
     this.parameters.metadata.codecs,
-    getSpecialProtocolKvStore(
-      this.credentialsProvider,
-      this.parameters.url + "/",
-    ),
+    this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(this.parameters.url),
   );
 
-  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  async download(chunk: VolumeChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
     chunk.chunkDataSize = this.spec.chunkDataSize;
     const { parameters } = this;
     const { chunkGridPosition } = chunk;
@@ -93,15 +86,15 @@ export class ZarrVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
     const { chunkKvStore } = this;
     const response = await chunkKvStore.kvStore.read(
       chunkKvStore.getChunkKey(chunkGridPosition, baseKey),
-      { abortSignal },
+      { signal },
     );
     if (response !== undefined) {
       const decoded = await decodeArray(
         chunkKvStore.decodeCodecs,
-        response.data,
-        abortSignal,
+        new Uint8Array(await response.response.arrayBuffer()),
+        signal,
       );
-      await postProcessRawData(chunk, abortSignal, decoded);
+      await postProcessRawData(chunk, signal, decoded);
     }
   }
 }
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/blosc/decode.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/blosc/decode.ts
index a6c47d725a..6931f9c8dc 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/blosc/decode.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/blosc/decode.ts
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ import { CodecKind } from "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/index.js";
 registerCodec({
   name: "blosc",
   kind: CodecKind.bytesToBytes,
-  decode(configuration: Configuration, encoded, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  decode(configuration: Configuration, encoded, signal: AbortSignal) {
     configuration;
     return requestAsyncComputation(
       decodeBlosc,
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
       [encoded.buffer],
       encoded,
     );
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/bytes/decode.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/bytes/decode.ts
index e38c163a0f..d94353e097 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/bytes/decode.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/bytes/decode.ts
@@ -28,9 +28,9 @@ registerCodec({
     configuration: Configuration,
     decodedArrayInfo: CodecArrayInfo,
     encoded,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ) {
-    abortSignal;
+    signal;
     const { dataType, chunkShape } = decodedArrayInfo;
     const numElements = chunkShape.reduce((a, b) => a * b, 1);
     const bytesPerElement = DATA_TYPE_BYTES[dataType];
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/crc32c/decode.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/crc32c/decode.ts
index f225f18cee..6cf60c8c01 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/crc32c/decode.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/crc32c/decode.ts
@@ -23,13 +23,9 @@ const checksumSize = 4;
 registerCodec({
   name: "crc32c",
   kind: CodecKind.bytesToBytes,
-  async decode(
-    configuration: Configuration,
-    encoded,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ) {
+  async decode(configuration: Configuration, encoded, signal: AbortSignal) {
     configuration;
-    abortSignal;
+    signal;
     if (encoded.length < checksumSize) {
       throw new Error(
         `Expected buffer of size at least ${checksumSize} bytes but received: ${encoded.length} bytes`,
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/decode.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/decode.ts
index dcc4726e0b..2cc3ea9184 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/decode.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/decode.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import type {
   CodecChainSpec,
 } from "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/index.js";
 import { CodecKind } from "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/index.js";
-import type { ReadableKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import type { KvStoreWithPath, ReadableKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
 import type { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 
 export interface Codec {
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ export interface ArrayToArrayCodec<Configuration = unknown> extends Codec {
     configuration: Configuration,
     decodedArrayInfo: CodecArrayInfo,
     encoded: ArrayBufferView<ArrayBuffer>,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ): Promise<ArrayBufferView<ArrayBuffer>>;
 }
 
@@ -44,7 +44,7 @@ export interface ArrayToBytesCodec<Configuration = unknown> extends Codec {
     configuration: Configuration,
     decodedArrayInfo: CodecArrayInfo,
     encoded: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ): Promise<ArrayBufferView<ArrayBuffer>>;
 }
 
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ export interface BytesToBytesCodec<Configuration = unknown> extends Codec {
   decode(
     configuration: Configuration,
     encoded: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ): Promise<Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>>;
 }
 
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ export function registerCodec<Configuration>(
 export async function decodeArray(
   codecs: CodecChainSpec,
   encoded: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<ArrayBufferView<ArrayBuffer>> {
   const bytesToBytes = codecs[CodecKind.bytesToBytes];
   for (let i = bytesToBytes.length; i--; ) {
@@ -104,7 +104,7 @@ export async function decodeArray(
     if (impl === undefined) {
       throw new Error(`Unsupported codec: ${JSON.stringify(codec.name)}`);
     }
-    encoded = await impl.decode(codec.configuration, encoded, abortSignal);
+    encoded = await impl.decode(codec.configuration, encoded, signal);
   }
 
   let decoded: ArrayBufferView<ArrayBuffer>;
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ export async function decodeArray(
       codec.configuration,
       codecs.arrayInfo[codecs.arrayInfo.length - 1],
       encoded,
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
     );
   }
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ export async function decodeArray(
       codec.configuration,
       codecs.arrayInfo[i],
       decoded,
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
     );
   }
 
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ export async function decodeArray(
 export function applySharding(
   chunkManager: ChunkManager,
   codecs: CodecChainSpec,
-  baseKvStore: ReadableKvStore<string>,
+  baseKvStore: KvStoreWithPath,
 ): {
   kvStore: ReadableKvStore<unknown>;
   getChunkKey: (
@@ -152,7 +152,7 @@ export function applySharding(
   ) => unknown;
   decodeCodecs: CodecChainSpec;
 } {
-  let kvStore: ReadableKvStore<unknown> = baseKvStore;
+  let kvStore: ReadableKvStore<unknown> = baseKvStore.store;
   let curCodecs = codecs;
   while (true) {
     const { shardingInfo } = curCodecs;
@@ -172,11 +172,13 @@ export function applySharding(
 
   const decodeCodecs = curCodecs;
 
+  const pathPrefix = baseKvStore.path;
+
   function getChunkKey(
     chunkGridPosition: ArrayLike<number>,
     baseKey: string,
   ): unknown {
-    let key: unknown = baseKey;
+    let key: unknown = pathPrefix + baseKey;
     const rank = chunkGridPosition.length;
     let curCodecs = codecs;
     while (curCodecs.shardingInfo !== undefined) {
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/gzip/decode.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/gzip/decode.ts
index 75a713416e..f2f9263df7 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/gzip/decode.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/gzip/decode.ts
@@ -26,14 +26,10 @@ for (const [name, compressionFormat] of [
   registerCodec({
     name,
     kind: CodecKind.bytesToBytes,
-    async decode(
-      configuration: Configuration,
-      encoded,
-      abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-    ) {
+    async decode(configuration: Configuration, encoded, signal: AbortSignal) {
       configuration;
       return new Uint8Array(
-        await decodeGzip(encoded, compressionFormat, abortSignal),
+        await decodeGzip(encoded, compressionFormat, signal),
       );
     },
   });
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/decode.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/decode.ts
index 68ad0adf39..dbcb08bdaf 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/decode.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/decode.ts
@@ -21,27 +21,80 @@ import {
   registerCodec,
 } from "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/decode.js";
 import { CodecKind } from "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/index.js";
-import type { Configuration } from "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/resolve.js";
+import type {
+  Configuration,
+  IndexConfiguration,
+} from "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/resolve.js";
 import { ShardIndexLocation } from "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/resolve.js";
+import { FileByteRangeHandle } from "#src/kvstore/byte_range/file_handle.js";
 import type {
   ByteRangeRequest,
   ReadableKvStore,
-  ReadOptions,
+  DriverReadOptions,
   ReadResponse,
+  StatResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  ByteRange,
 } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
-import { composeByteRangeRequest } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { KvStoreFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
 import type { Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 type ShardIndex = BigUint64Array | undefined;
 
 const MISSING_VALUE = BigInt("18446744073709551615");
 
+type ShardIndexCache<BaseKey> = SimpleAsyncCache<BaseKey, ShardIndex>;
+
+function makeIndexCache<BaseKey>(
+  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
+  base: ReadableKvStore<BaseKey>,
+  configuration: IndexConfiguration,
+): ShardIndexCache<BaseKey> {
+  return new SimpleAsyncCache(chunkManager.addRef(), {
+    get: async (key: BaseKey, progressOptions: ProgressOptions) => {
+      const { indexCodecs } = configuration;
+      const encodedSize =
+        indexCodecs.encodedSize[indexCodecs.encodedSize.length - 1];
+      let byteRange: ByteRangeRequest;
+      switch (configuration.indexLocation) {
+        case ShardIndexLocation.START:
+          byteRange = { offset: 0, length: encodedSize! };
+          break;
+        case ShardIndexLocation.END:
+          byteRange = { suffixLength: encodedSize! };
+          break;
+      }
+      const response = await base.read(key, {
+        ...progressOptions,
+        byteRange,
+      });
+      if (response === undefined) {
+        return { size: 0, data: undefined };
+      }
+      const index = await decodeArray(
+        configuration.indexCodecs,
+        new Uint8Array(await response.response.arrayBuffer()),
+        progressOptions.signal,
+      );
+      return {
+        size: index.byteLength,
+        data: new BigUint64Array(
+          index.buffer,
+          index.byteOffset,
+          index.byteLength / 8,
+        ),
+      };
+    },
+  });
+}
+
 class ShardedKvStore<BaseKey>
   extends RefCounted
   implements ReadableKvStore<{ base: BaseKey; subChunk: number[] }>
 {
-  private indexCache: Owned<SimpleAsyncCache<BaseKey, ShardIndex>>;
+  private indexCache: Owned<ShardIndexCache<BaseKey>>;
   private indexStrides: number[];
   constructor(
     private configuration: Configuration,
@@ -50,42 +103,7 @@ class ShardedKvStore<BaseKey>
   ) {
     super();
     this.indexCache = this.registerDisposer(
-      new SimpleAsyncCache(chunkManager.addRef(), {
-        get: async (key: BaseKey, abortSignal: AbortSignal) => {
-          const { indexCodecs } = configuration;
-          const encodedSize =
-            indexCodecs.encodedSize[indexCodecs.encodedSize.length - 1];
-          let byteRange: ByteRangeRequest;
-          switch (configuration.indexLocation) {
-            case ShardIndexLocation.START:
-              byteRange = { offset: 0, length: encodedSize! };
-              break;
-            case ShardIndexLocation.END:
-              byteRange = { suffixLength: encodedSize! };
-              break;
-          }
-          const response = await base.read(key, {
-            abortSignal,
-            byteRange,
-          });
-          if (response === undefined) {
-            return { size: 0, data: undefined };
-          }
-          const index = await decodeArray(
-            configuration.indexCodecs,
-            response.data,
-            abortSignal,
-          );
-          return {
-            size: index.byteLength,
-            data: new BigUint64Array(
-              index.buffer,
-              index.byteOffset,
-              index.byteLength / 8,
-            ),
-          };
-        },
-      }),
+      makeIndexCache(chunkManager, base, configuration),
     );
     const { subChunkGridShape } = this.configuration;
     const rank = subChunkGridShape.length;
@@ -105,11 +123,14 @@ class ShardedKvStore<BaseKey>
     }
   }
 
-  async read(
-    key: { base: BaseKey; subChunk: number[] },
-    options: ReadOptions,
-  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
-    const shardIndex = await this.indexCache.get(key.base, options.abortSignal);
+  private async findKey(
+    key: {
+      base: BaseKey;
+      subChunk: number[];
+    },
+    progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ): Promise<ByteRange | undefined> {
+    const shardIndex = await this.indexCache.get(key.base, progressOptions);
     if (shardIndex === undefined) {
       // Shard not present.
       return undefined;
@@ -128,42 +149,42 @@ class ShardedKvStore<BaseKey>
       // Sub-chunk not present.
       return undefined;
     }
-    const fullByteRange = {
+    return {
       offset: Number(dataOffset),
       length: Number(dataLength),
     };
-    const { outer: outerByteRange, inner: innerByteRange } =
-      composeByteRangeRequest(fullByteRange, options.byteRange);
-    if (outerByteRange.length === 0) {
-      return {
-        data: new Uint8Array(0),
-        dataRange: innerByteRange,
-        totalSize: fullByteRange.length,
-      };
-    }
-    const response = await this.base.read(key.base, {
-      abortSignal: options.abortSignal,
-      byteRange: outerByteRange,
-    });
-    if (response === undefined) {
-      // Shard unexpectedly deleted.
-      return undefined;
-    }
-    if (
-      response.dataRange.offset !== outerByteRange.offset ||
-      response.dataRange.length !== outerByteRange.length
-    ) {
-      throw new Error(
-        `Received truncated response, expected ${JSON.stringify(
-          outerByteRange,
-        )} but received ${JSON.stringify(response.dataRange)}`,
-      );
-    }
-    return {
-      data: response.data,
-      dataRange: innerByteRange,
-      totalSize: fullByteRange.length,
-    };
+  }
+
+  async stat(
+    key: { base: BaseKey; subChunk: number[] },
+    options: StatOptions,
+  ): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    const fullByteRange = await this.findKey(key, options);
+    if (fullByteRange === undefined) return undefined;
+    return { totalSize: fullByteRange.length };
+  }
+
+  async read(
+    key: { base: BaseKey; subChunk: number[] },
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    const fullByteRange = await this.findKey(key, options);
+    if (fullByteRange === undefined) return undefined;
+    return new FileByteRangeHandle(
+      new KvStoreFileHandle(this.base, key.base),
+      fullByteRange,
+    ).read(options);
+  }
+
+  getUrl(key: { base: BaseKey; subChunk: number[] }): string {
+    return `subchunk ${JSON.stringify(key.subChunk)} within shard ${this.base.getUrl(key.base)}`;
+  }
+
+  get supportsOffsetReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  get supportsSuffixReads() {
+    return true;
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/resolve.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/resolve.ts
index 58fd2212d5..53aa858d02 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/resolve.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/sharding_indexed/resolve.ts
@@ -38,9 +38,12 @@ export enum ShardIndexLocation {
   END,
 }
 
-export interface Configuration {
+export interface IndexConfiguration {
   indexCodecs: CodecChainSpec;
   indexLocation: ShardIndexLocation;
+}
+
+export interface Configuration extends IndexConfiguration {
   subChunkCodecs: CodecChainSpec;
   subChunkShape: number[];
   subChunkGridShape: number[];
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/transpose/decode.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/transpose/decode.ts
index 6eafd6bb90..3b15e228a6 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/transpose/decode.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/transpose/decode.ts
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@ registerCodec({
     configuration: Configuration,
     decodedArrayInfo: CodecArrayInfo,
     encoded,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ) {
     decodedArrayInfo;
-    abortSignal;
+    signal;
     configuration;
     return encoded;
   },
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/zstd/decode.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/zstd/decode.ts
index eed9654ab7..157ebf7a57 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/codec/zstd/decode.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/codec/zstd/decode.ts
@@ -23,11 +23,11 @@ import type { Configuration } from "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/zstd/resolve.js";
 registerCodec({
   name: "zstd",
   kind: CodecKind.bytesToBytes,
-  decode(configuration: Configuration, encoded, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+  decode(configuration: Configuration, encoded, signal: AbortSignal) {
     configuration;
     return requestAsyncComputation(
       decodeZstd,
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
       [encoded.buffer],
       encoded,
     );
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/frontend.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/frontend.ts
index 8cb1ee27e3..3060a75fe6 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/frontend.ts
@@ -18,7 +18,6 @@ import "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/blosc/resolve.js";
 import "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/zstd/resolve.js";
 
 import { makeDataBoundsBoundingBoxAnnotationSet } from "#src/annotation/index.js";
-import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import { WithParameters } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import type { CoordinateSpace } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
 import {
@@ -26,13 +25,12 @@ import {
   makeIdentityTransform,
   makeIdentityTransformedBoundingBox,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
-import { WithCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/chunk_source_frontend.js";
 import type {
-  CompleteUrlOptions,
   DataSource,
-  GetDataSourceOptions,
+  GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { DataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import { getKvStorePathCompletions } from "#src/datasource/kvstore_completions.js";
 import { VolumeChunkSourceParameters } from "#src/datasource/zarr/base.js";
 import "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/bytes/resolve.js";
 import "#src/datasource/zarr/codec/crc32c/resolve.js";
@@ -53,6 +51,16 @@ import {
 } from "#src/datasource/zarr/metadata/parse.js";
 import type { OmeMultiscaleMetadata } from "#src/datasource/zarr/ome.js";
 import { parseOmeMetadata } from "#src/datasource/zarr/ome.js";
+import type { AutoDetectRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import { simpleFilePresenceAutoDetectDirectorySpec } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.js";
+import type { CompletionResult } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import {
+  kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl,
+  parseUrlSuffix,
+  pipelineUrlJoin,
+} from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
 import type { SliceViewSingleResolutionSource } from "#src/sliceview/frontend.js";
 import type { VolumeSourceOptions } from "#src/sliceview/volume/base.js";
 import {
@@ -69,27 +77,17 @@ import {
   applyCompletionOffset,
   completeQueryStringParametersFromTable,
 } from "#src/util/completion.js";
-import type { Borrowed } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
-import { completeHttpPath } from "#src/util/http_path_completion.js";
-import { isNotFoundError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import {
   parseQueryStringParameters,
   verifyObject,
   verifyOptionalObjectProperty,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
 import * as matrix from "#src/util/matrix.js";
-import { getObjectId } from "#src/util/object_id.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import {
-  fetchSpecialOk,
-  parseSpecialUrl,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 class ZarrVolumeChunkSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(VolumeChunkSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(VolumeChunkSource),
   VolumeChunkSourceParameters,
 ) {}
 
@@ -109,11 +107,10 @@ export class MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends GenericMultiscaleVolumeChunkSou
   }
 
   constructor(
-    chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>,
-    public credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+    public sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
     public multiscale: ZarrMultiscaleInfo,
   ) {
-    super(chunkManager);
+    super(sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager);
     this.volumeType = VolumeType.IMAGE;
   }
 
@@ -160,7 +157,7 @@ export class MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends GenericMultiscaleVolumeChunkSou
             chunkSource: this.chunkManager.getChunkSource(
               ZarrVolumeChunkSource,
               {
-                credentialsProvider: this.credentialsProvider,
+                sharedKvStoreContext: this.sharedKvStoreContext,
                 spec,
                 parameters: {
                   url: scale.url,
@@ -177,25 +174,27 @@ export class MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource extends GenericMultiscaleVolumeChunkSou
 }
 
 function getJsonResource(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  description: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<any | undefined> {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     {
       type: "zarr:json",
       url,
-      credentialsProvider: getObjectId(credentialsProvider),
     },
-    async () => {
-      try {
-        return await fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, url, {}).then(
-          (response) => response.json(),
-        );
-      } catch (e) {
-        if (isNotFoundError(e)) return undefined;
-        throw e;
-      }
+    options,
+    async (options) => {
+      using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+        message: `Reading ${description} from ${url}`,
+      });
+      const response = await sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.read(
+        url,
+        options,
+      );
+      if (response === undefined) return undefined;
+      return await response.response.json();
     },
   );
 }
@@ -294,26 +293,19 @@ function getMultiscaleInfoForSingleArray(
 }
 
 async function resolveOmeMultiscale(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   multiscale: OmeMultiscaleMetadata,
   options: {
     explicitDimensionSeparator: DimensionSeparator | undefined;
     zarrVersion: 2 | 3;
-  },
+  } & Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<ZarrMultiscaleInfo> {
   const scaleZarrMetadata = await Promise.all(
     multiscale.scales.map(async (scale) => {
-      const metadata = await getMetadata(
-        chunkManager,
-        credentialsProvider,
-        scale.url,
-        {
-          zarrVersion: options.zarrVersion,
-          expectedNodeType: "array",
-          explicitDimensionSeparator: options.explicitDimensionSeparator,
-        },
-      );
+      const metadata = await getMetadata(sharedKvStoreContext, scale.url, {
+        ...options,
+        expectedNodeType: "array",
+      });
       if (metadata === undefined) {
         throw new Error(
           `zarr v{zarrVersion} array metadata not found at ${scale.url}`,
@@ -383,19 +375,28 @@ async function resolveOmeMultiscale(
 }
 
 async function getMetadata(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
   options: {
     zarrVersion?: 2 | 3 | undefined;
     expectedNodeType?: NodeType | undefined;
     explicitDimensionSeparator?: DimensionSeparator | undefined;
-  },
+  } & Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ): Promise<Metadata | undefined> {
   if (options.zarrVersion === 2) {
     const [zarray, zattrs] = await Promise.all([
-      getJsonResource(chunkManager, credentialsProvider, `${url}/.zarray`),
-      getJsonResource(chunkManager, credentialsProvider, `${url}/.zattrs`),
+      getJsonResource(
+        sharedKvStoreContext,
+        `${url}.zarray`,
+        "zarr v2 array metadata",
+        options,
+      ),
+      getJsonResource(
+        sharedKvStoreContext,
+        `${url}.zattrs`,
+        "zarr v2 attributes",
+        options,
+      ),
     ]);
     if (zarray === undefined) {
       if (zattrs === undefined) {
@@ -421,9 +422,10 @@ async function getMetadata(
   }
   if (options.zarrVersion === 3) {
     const zarrJson = await getJsonResource(
-      chunkManager,
-      credentialsProvider,
-      `${url}/zarr.json`,
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
+      `${url}zarr.json`,
+      "zarr v3 metadata",
+      options,
     );
     if (zarrJson === undefined) return undefined;
     if (options.explicitDimensionSeparator !== undefined) {
@@ -434,11 +436,11 @@ async function getMetadata(
     return parseV3Metadata(zarrJson, options.expectedNodeType);
   }
   const [v2Result, v3Result] = await Promise.all([
-    getMetadata(chunkManager, credentialsProvider, url, {
+    getMetadata(sharedKvStoreContext, url, {
       ...options,
       zarrVersion: 2,
     }),
-    getMetadata(chunkManager, credentialsProvider, url, {
+    getMetadata(sharedKvStoreContext, url, {
       ...options,
       zarrVersion: 3,
     }),
@@ -449,49 +451,64 @@ async function getMetadata(
   return v2Result ?? v3Result;
 }
 
-export class ZarrDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
-  constructor(public zarrVersion: 2 | 3 | undefined = undefined) {
-    super();
+function resolveUrl(options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions) {
+  const {
+    authorityAndPath: additionalPath,
+    query,
+    fragment,
+  } = parseUrlSuffix(options.url.suffix);
+
+  if (query) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Invalid URL ${JSON.stringify(options.url.url)}: query parameters not supported`,
+    );
+  }
+  return {
+    kvStoreUrl: kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(options.kvStoreUrl),
+    additionalPath: additionalPath ?? "",
+    fragment,
+  };
+}
+
+export class ZarrDataSource implements KvStoreBasedDataSourceProvider {
+  constructor(public zarrVersion: 2 | 3 | undefined = undefined) {}
+  get scheme() {
+    return `zarr${this.zarrVersion ?? ""}`;
+  }
+  get expectsDirectory() {
+    return true;
   }
   get description() {
     const versionStr =
       this.zarrVersion === undefined ? "" : ` v${this.zarrVersion}`;
     return `Zarr${versionStr} data source`;
   }
-  get(options: GetDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
-    // Pattern is infallible.
-    let [, providerUrl, query] =
-      options.providerUrl.match(/([^?]*)(?:\?(.*))?$/)!;
-    const parameters = parseQueryStringParameters(query || "");
+  get(options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions): Promise<DataSource> {
+    let { kvStoreUrl, additionalPath, fragment } = resolveUrl(options);
+    kvStoreUrl = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(
+      pipelineUrlJoin(kvStoreUrl, additionalPath),
+    );
+    const parameters = parseQueryStringParameters(fragment || "");
     verifyObject(parameters);
     const dimensionSeparator = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
       parameters,
       "dimension_separator",
       parseDimensionSeparator,
     );
-    if (providerUrl.endsWith("/")) {
-      providerUrl = providerUrl.substring(0, providerUrl.length - 1);
-    }
-    return options.chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+    return options.registry.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
       {
         type: "zarr:MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource",
-        providerUrl,
+        kvStoreUrl,
         dimensionSeparator,
       },
-      async () => {
-        const { url, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-          providerUrl,
-          options.credentialsManager,
-        );
-        const metadata = await getMetadata(
-          options.chunkManager,
-          credentialsProvider,
-          url,
-          {
-            zarrVersion: this.zarrVersion,
-            explicitDimensionSeparator: dimensionSeparator,
-          },
-        );
+      options,
+      async (progressOptions) => {
+        const { sharedKvStoreContext } = options.registry;
+        const metadata = await getMetadata(sharedKvStoreContext, kvStoreUrl, {
+          ...progressOptions,
+          zarrVersion: this.zarrVersion,
+          explicitDimensionSeparator: dimensionSeparator,
+        });
         if (metadata === undefined) {
           throw new Error("No zarr metadata found");
         }
@@ -499,31 +516,34 @@ export class ZarrDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
         if (metadata.nodeType === "group") {
           // May be an OME-zarr multiscale dataset.
           const multiscale = parseOmeMetadata(
-            url,
+            kvStoreUrl,
             metadata.userAttributes,
             metadata.zarrVersion,
           );
           if (multiscale === undefined) {
-            throw new Error("Neithre array nor OME multiscale metadata found");
+            throw new Error("Neither array nor OME multiscale metadata found");
           }
           multiscaleInfo = await resolveOmeMultiscale(
-            options.chunkManager,
-            credentialsProvider,
+            sharedKvStoreContext,
             multiscale,
             {
+              ...progressOptions,
               zarrVersion: metadata.zarrVersion,
               explicitDimensionSeparator: dimensionSeparator,
             },
           );
         } else {
-          multiscaleInfo = getMultiscaleInfoForSingleArray(url, metadata);
+          multiscaleInfo = getMultiscaleInfoForSingleArray(
+            kvStoreUrl,
+            metadata,
+          );
         }
         const volume = new MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource(
-          options.chunkManager,
-          credentialsProvider,
+          sharedKvStoreContext,
           multiscaleInfo,
         );
         return {
+          canonicalUrl: `${kvStoreUrl}|zarr${metadata.zarrVersion}:`,
           modelTransform: makeIdentityTransform(volume.modelSpace),
           subsources: [
             {
@@ -547,23 +567,46 @@ export class ZarrDataSource extends DataSourceProvider {
       },
     );
   }
-
-  async completeUrl(options: CompleteUrlOptions) {
-    // Pattern is infallible.
-    const [, , query] = options.providerUrl.match(/([^?]*)(?:\?(.*))?$/)!;
-    if (query !== undefined) {
-      return applyCompletionOffset(
-        options.providerUrl.length - query.length,
-        await completeQueryStringParametersFromTable(
-          query,
-          supportedQueryParameters,
-        ),
-      );
+  async completeUrl(
+    options: GetKvStoreBasedDataSourceOptions,
+  ): Promise<CompletionResult> {
+    const { kvStoreUrl, additionalPath, fragment } = resolveUrl(options);
+    if (fragment === undefined) {
+      return getKvStorePathCompletions(options.registry.sharedKvStoreContext, {
+        baseUrl: kvStoreUrl,
+        path: additionalPath,
+        directoryOnly: true,
+        signal: options.signal,
+        progressListener: options.progressListener,
+      });
+    }
+    if (this.zarrVersion === 3) {
+      throw new Error("URL fragment parameters not supported");
     }
-    return await completeHttpPath(
-      options.credentialsManager,
-      options.providerUrl,
-      options.abortSignal,
+    return applyCompletionOffset(
+      options.url.url.length - fragment.length,
+      await completeQueryStringParametersFromTable(
+        fragment,
+        supportedQueryParameters,
+      ),
     );
   }
 }
+
+export function registerAutoDetectV2(registry: AutoDetectRegistry) {
+  registry.registerDirectoryFormat(
+    simpleFilePresenceAutoDetectDirectorySpec(new Set([".zarray", ".zattrs"]), {
+      suffix: "zarr2:",
+      description: "Zarr v2 data source",
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+export function registerAutoDetectV3(registry: AutoDetectRegistry) {
+  registry.registerDirectoryFormat(
+    simpleFilePresenceAutoDetectDirectorySpec(new Set(["zarr.json"]), {
+      suffix: "zarr3:",
+      description: "Zarr v3 data source",
+    }),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/ome.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/ome.ts
index ebeed9b195..e3f049af56 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/ome.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/ome.ts
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ function parseMultiscaleScale(
     "coordinateTransformations",
     (x) => parseOmeCoordinateTransforms(rank, x),
   );
-  const scaleUrl = `${url}/${path}`;
+  const scaleUrl = `${url}${path}/`;
   return { url: scaleUrl, transform };
 }
 
diff --git a/src/datasource/zarr/register_default.ts b/src/datasource/zarr/register_default.ts
index 7046d2bc82..a1813881b7 100644
--- a/src/datasource/zarr/register_default.ts
+++ b/src/datasource/zarr/register_default.ts
@@ -14,9 +14,25 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { registerProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
-import { ZarrDataSource } from "#src/datasource/zarr/frontend.js";
+import {
+  registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider,
+  dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry,
+  registerProvider,
+} from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import { KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import {
+  ZarrDataSource,
+  registerAutoDetectV2,
+  registerAutoDetectV3,
+} from "#src/datasource/zarr/frontend.js";
 
-registerProvider("zarr", () => new ZarrDataSource());
-registerProvider("zarr2", () => new ZarrDataSource(2));
-registerProvider("zarr3", () => new ZarrDataSource(3));
+for (const provider of [
+  new ZarrDataSource(),
+  new ZarrDataSource(2),
+  new ZarrDataSource(3),
+]) {
+  registerKvStoreBasedDataProvider(provider);
+  registerProvider(new KvStoreBasedDataSourceLegacyUrlAdapter(provider));
+}
+registerAutoDetectV2(dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry);
+registerAutoDetectV3(dataSourceAutoDetectRegistry);
diff --git a/src/kvstore/auto_detect.ts b/src/kvstore/auto_detect.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d13f19482d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/auto_detect.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,332 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { KvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import { readKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { pathIsDirectory } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import { isGzipFormat } from "#src/util/gzip.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
+export interface AutoDetectDirectoryOptions {
+  url: string;
+  fileNames: Set<string>;
+  signal?: AbortSignal;
+}
+
+export interface AutoDetectMatch {
+  suffix: string;
+  description: string;
+}
+
+export interface AutoDetectDirectorySpec {
+  fileNames: Set<string>;
+  match: (options: AutoDetectDirectoryOptions) => Promise<AutoDetectMatch[]>;
+}
+
+export function simpleFilePresenceAutoDetectDirectorySpec(
+  fileNames: Set<string>,
+  match: AutoDetectMatch,
+): AutoDetectDirectorySpec {
+  return {
+    fileNames,
+    match: async (options) => {
+      const detectedFileNames = options.fileNames;
+      for (const fileName of fileNames) {
+        if (detectedFileNames.has(fileName)) {
+          return [match];
+        }
+      }
+      return [];
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+export interface AutoDetectFileOptions {
+  url: string;
+  prefix: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+  suffix?: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+  totalSize: number | undefined;
+  signal?: AbortSignal;
+}
+
+export interface AutoDetectFileSpec {
+  prefixLength: number;
+  suffixLength: number;
+  match: (options: AutoDetectFileOptions) => Promise<AutoDetectMatch[]>;
+}
+
+function composeMatchFunctions<Options>(
+  specs: {
+    match: (options: Options) => Promise<AutoDetectMatch[]>;
+  }[],
+): (options: Options) => Promise<AutoDetectMatch[]> {
+  return async (options: Options) => {
+    const matches: AutoDetectMatch[] = [];
+    const results = await Promise.allSettled(
+      specs.map((spec) => spec.match(options)),
+    );
+    for (const result of results) {
+      if (result.status !== "fulfilled") continue;
+      matches.push(...result.value);
+    }
+    return matches;
+  };
+}
+
+export function composeAutoDetectDirectorySpecs(
+  specs: AutoDetectDirectorySpec[],
+): AutoDetectDirectorySpec {
+  const fileNames = new Set<string>();
+  for (const spec of specs) {
+    for (const fileName of spec.fileNames) {
+      fileNames.add(fileName);
+    }
+  }
+  return { fileNames, match: composeMatchFunctions(specs) };
+}
+
+export function composeAutoDetectFileSpecs(
+  specs: AutoDetectFileSpec[],
+): AutoDetectFileSpec {
+  let prefixLength = 0;
+  let suffixLength = 0;
+  for (const spec of specs) {
+    prefixLength = Math.max(prefixLength, spec.prefixLength);
+    suffixLength = Math.max(suffixLength, spec.suffixLength);
+  }
+  return { prefixLength, suffixLength, match: composeMatchFunctions(specs) };
+}
+
+export class AutoDetectRegistry {
+  directorySpecs: AutoDetectDirectorySpec[] = [];
+  fileSpecs: AutoDetectFileSpec[] = [];
+  gzipFileSpecs: AutoDetectFileSpec[] = [];
+  private _directorySpec: AutoDetectDirectorySpec | undefined;
+  private _fileSpec: AutoDetectFileSpec | undefined;
+
+  registerDirectoryFormat(spec: AutoDetectDirectorySpec) {
+    this.directorySpecs.push(spec);
+    this._directorySpec = undefined;
+  }
+
+  registerFileFormat(
+    spec: AutoDetectFileSpec,
+    supportedEncodings?: { gzip?: boolean },
+  ) {
+    this.fileSpecs.push(spec);
+    if (supportedEncodings?.gzip) {
+      this.gzipFileSpecs.push(spec);
+    }
+    this._fileSpec = undefined;
+  }
+
+  copyTo(registry: AutoDetectRegistry) {
+    registry.directorySpecs.push(...this.directorySpecs);
+    registry.fileSpecs.push(...this.fileSpecs);
+    registry.gzipFileSpecs.push(...this.gzipFileSpecs);
+    registry._fileSpec = undefined;
+    registry._directorySpec = undefined;
+  }
+
+  get directorySpec() {
+    return (
+      this._directorySpec ?? (this._directorySpec = this.getDirectorySpec())
+    );
+  }
+
+  private getDirectorySpec() {
+    return composeAutoDetectDirectorySpecs(this.directorySpecs);
+  }
+
+  get fileSpec() {
+    return this._fileSpec ?? (this._fileSpec = this.getFileSpec());
+  }
+
+  private getFileSpec() {
+    const { fileSpecs, gzipFileSpecs } = this;
+    const specs = [...fileSpecs];
+    if (gzipFileSpecs.length > 0) {
+      specs.push(getGzipFileSpec(composeAutoDetectFileSpecs(gzipFileSpecs)));
+    }
+    return composeAutoDetectFileSpecs(specs);
+  }
+}
+
+export interface AutoDetectFormatOptions extends Partial<ProgressOptions> {
+  kvStoreContext: KvStoreContext;
+  url: string;
+  autoDetectDirectory: () => AutoDetectDirectorySpec;
+  autoDetectFile: () => AutoDetectFileSpec;
+}
+
+export async function autoDetectFormat(
+  options: AutoDetectFormatOptions,
+): Promise<{ matches: AutoDetectMatch[]; url: string }> {
+  const kvStore = options.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(options.url);
+  const { progressListener } = options;
+  using _span =
+    progressListener &&
+    new ProgressSpan(progressListener, {
+      message: `Auto-detecting data format at ${options.url}`,
+    });
+  if (!pathIsDirectory(kvStore.path) || kvStore.store.singleKey === true) {
+    const statResponse = await kvStore.store.stat(kvStore.path, {
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+    });
+    if (statResponse !== undefined) {
+      // Match as file.
+      const autoDetectFile = options.autoDetectFile();
+      const { totalSize } = statResponse;
+      let prefix: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+      let suffix: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> | undefined;
+      if (totalSize !== undefined && autoDetectFile.suffixLength > 0) {
+        if (
+          totalSize <=
+          autoDetectFile.prefixLength + autoDetectFile.suffixLength
+        ) {
+          // Perform a single read
+          const readResponse = await readKvStore(kvStore.store, kvStore.path, {
+            signal: options.signal,
+            progressListener: options.progressListener,
+            throwIfMissing: true,
+          });
+          prefix = suffix = new Uint8Array(
+            await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer(),
+          );
+        } else {
+          [prefix, suffix] = await Promise.all(
+            [
+              { offset: 0, length: autoDetectFile.prefixLength },
+              {
+                offset: totalSize - autoDetectFile.suffixLength,
+                length: autoDetectFile.suffixLength,
+              },
+            ].map((byteRange) =>
+              readKvStore(kvStore.store, kvStore.path, {
+                signal: options.signal,
+                progressListener: options.progressListener,
+                throwIfMissing: true,
+                byteRange,
+              })
+                .then((readResponse) => readResponse.response.arrayBuffer())
+                .then((arrayBuffer) => new Uint8Array(arrayBuffer)),
+            ),
+          );
+        }
+      } else {
+        prefix = new Uint8Array(
+          await (
+            await readKvStore(kvStore.store, kvStore.path, {
+              signal: options.signal,
+              progressListener: options.progressListener,
+              throwIfMissing: true,
+              byteRange: { offset: 0, length: autoDetectFile.prefixLength },
+            })
+          ).response.arrayBuffer(),
+        );
+      }
+      return {
+        matches: await autoDetectFile.match({
+          url: options.url,
+          prefix,
+          suffix,
+          totalSize,
+          signal: options.signal,
+        }),
+        url: options.url,
+      };
+    }
+
+    if (kvStore.store.singleKey === true) {
+      return { matches: [], url: options.url };
+    }
+    kvStore.path += "/";
+  }
+
+  const autoDetectDirectory = options.autoDetectDirectory();
+  const detectedFileNames = new Set<string>();
+  await Promise.all(
+    Array.from(autoDetectDirectory.fileNames, async (fileName) => {
+      const response = await kvStore.store.stat(kvStore.path + fileName, {
+        signal: options.signal,
+        progressListener: options.progressListener,
+      });
+      if (response !== undefined) {
+        detectedFileNames.add(fileName);
+      }
+    }),
+  );
+  const url = kvStore.store.getUrl(kvStore.path);
+  const matches = await autoDetectDirectory.match({
+    url,
+    fileNames: detectedFileNames,
+    signal: options.signal,
+  });
+  return { matches, url };
+}
+
+function getGzipFileSpec(decodedSpec: AutoDetectFileSpec): AutoDetectFileSpec {
+  // Heuristic, assume gzip adds at most 100 bytes of overhead.
+  const prefixLength = decodedSpec.prefixLength + 100;
+
+  async function detect(
+    options: AutoDetectFileOptions,
+  ): Promise<AutoDetectMatch[]> {
+    if (!isGzipFormat(options.prefix)) return [];
+    const decompressedStream = new Response(options.prefix).body!.pipeThrough(
+      new DecompressionStream("gzip"),
+      { signal: options.signal },
+    );
+    let decodedPrefix = new Uint8Array(decodedSpec.prefixLength);
+    // Decode as much as possible.
+    let totalLength = 0;
+
+    try {
+      const reader = decompressedStream.getReader();
+      while (true) {
+        let { value } = await reader.read();
+        if (value === undefined) break;
+        const remainingLength = decodedPrefix.length - totalLength;
+        if (value.length > remainingLength) {
+          value = value.subarray(0, remainingLength);
+        }
+        decodedPrefix.set(value, totalLength);
+        totalLength += value.length;
+        if (totalLength === decodedPrefix.length) {
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    } catch {
+      // Ignore failure, likely due to truncated input.
+    }
+    decodedPrefix = decodedPrefix.subarray(0, totalLength);
+
+    const matches = await decodedSpec.match({
+      url: options.url,
+      signal: options.signal,
+      prefix: decodedPrefix,
+      totalSize: undefined,
+    });
+    return matches.map(({ suffix, description }) => ({
+      suffix,
+      description: `${description} (gzip-compressed)`,
+    }));
+  }
+
+  return { prefixLength, suffixLength: 0, match: detect };
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/backend.ts b/src/kvstore/backend.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..96748c9d13
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/backend.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,147 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
+import type { SharedCredentialsManagerCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
+import { KvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import {
+  frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry,
+  KvStoreProviderRegistry,
+} from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import {
+  LIST_RPC_ID,
+  READ_RPC_ID,
+  SHARED_KVSTORE_CONTEXT_RPC_ID,
+  STAT_RPC_ID,
+} from "#src/kvstore/shared_common.js";
+import type { RPC } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
+import {
+  registerPromiseRPC,
+  registerSharedObject,
+  SharedObjectCounterpart,
+} from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
+import type { ByteRange } from ".";
+
+@registerSharedObject(SHARED_KVSTORE_CONTEXT_RPC_ID)
+export class SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart extends SharedObjectCounterpart {
+  kvStoreContext: KvStoreContext;
+
+  chunkManager: ChunkManager;
+  credentialsManager: SharedCredentialsManagerCounterpart;
+
+  constructor(rpc: RPC, options: any) {
+    super(rpc, options);
+    this.chunkManager = rpc.get(options.chunkManager) as ChunkManager;
+    this.credentialsManager = rpc.get(
+      options.credentialsManager,
+    ) as SharedCredentialsManagerCounterpart;
+    this.kvStoreContext = new KvStoreContext();
+    frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.applyToContext(this);
+    backendOnlyKvStoreProviderRegistry.applyToContext(this);
+  }
+}
+
+export const backendOnlyKvStoreProviderRegistry =
+  new KvStoreProviderRegistry<SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart>();
+
+export function WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart<
+  TBase extends { new (...args: any[]): SharedObjectCounterpart },
+>(Base: TBase) {
+  return class extends Base {
+    sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart;
+    constructor(...args: any[]) {
+      super(...args);
+      const options = args[1];
+      this.sharedKvStoreContext = this.rpc!.get(options.sharedKvStoreContext);
+    }
+  };
+}
+
+registerPromiseRPC(
+  STAT_RPC_ID,
+  async function (
+    this: RPC,
+    options: { sharedKvStoreContext: number; url: string },
+    progressOptions,
+  ) {
+    const sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart = this.get(
+      options.sharedKvStoreContext,
+    );
+    return {
+      value: await sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.stat(
+        options.url,
+        progressOptions,
+      ),
+    };
+  },
+);
+
+registerPromiseRPC(
+  READ_RPC_ID,
+  async function (
+    this: RPC,
+    options: {
+      sharedKvStoreContext: number;
+      url: string;
+      byteRange?: ByteRange;
+      throwIfMissing?: boolean;
+    },
+    progressOptions,
+  ) {
+    const sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart = this.get(
+      options.sharedKvStoreContext,
+    );
+    const readResponse = await sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.read(
+      options.url,
+      {
+        ...progressOptions,
+        byteRange: options.byteRange,
+        throwIfMissing: options.throwIfMissing,
+      },
+    );
+    if (readResponse === undefined) {
+      return { value: undefined };
+    }
+    const arrayBuffer = await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer();
+    return {
+      value: {
+        data: arrayBuffer,
+        offset: readResponse.offset,
+        totalSize: readResponse.totalSize,
+      },
+      transfers: [arrayBuffer],
+    };
+  },
+);
+
+registerPromiseRPC(
+  LIST_RPC_ID,
+  async function (
+    this: RPC,
+    options: { sharedKvStoreContext: number; url: string },
+    progressOptions,
+  ) {
+    const sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart = this.get(
+      options.sharedKvStoreContext,
+    );
+    const { store, path } = sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext.getKvStore(
+      options.url,
+    );
+    return {
+      value: await store.list!(path, progressOptions),
+    };
+  },
+);
diff --git a/src/kvstore/byte_range/file_handle.ts b/src/kvstore/byte_range/file_handle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..865ac9068e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/byte_range/file_handle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2023 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  ByteRange,
+  ByteRangeRequest,
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  FileHandle,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { readFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+
+export function composeByteRangeRequest(
+  outer: ByteRange,
+  inner: ByteRangeRequest | undefined,
+): { outer: ByteRange; inner: ByteRange } {
+  if (inner === undefined) {
+    return { outer, inner: { offset: 0, length: outer.length } };
+  }
+  if ("suffixLength" in inner) {
+    const length = Math.min(outer.length, inner.suffixLength);
+    return {
+      outer: { offset: outer.offset + (outer.length - length), length },
+      inner: { offset: outer.length - length, length },
+    };
+  }
+  if (inner.offset + inner.length > outer.length) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Requested byte range ${JSON.stringify(
+        inner,
+      )} not valid for value of length ${outer.length}`,
+    );
+  }
+  return {
+    outer: { offset: outer.offset + inner.offset, length: inner.length },
+    inner,
+  };
+}
+
+export class FileByteRangeHandle implements FileHandle {
+  constructor(
+    public base: FileHandle,
+    public byteRange: ByteRange,
+  ) {}
+
+  async stat(options: StatOptions): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    options;
+    return { totalSize: this.byteRange.length };
+  }
+
+  async read(options: DriverReadOptions): Promise<ReadResponse> {
+    const { byteRange } = this;
+    const { outer: outerByteRange, inner: innerByteRange } =
+      composeByteRangeRequest(byteRange, options.byteRange);
+    if (outerByteRange.length === 0) {
+      return {
+        response: new Response(new Uint8Array(0)),
+        totalSize: byteRange.length,
+        ...innerByteRange,
+      };
+    }
+    const response = await readFileHandle(this.base, {
+      signal: options.signal,
+      byteRange: outerByteRange,
+      strictByteRange: true,
+      throwIfMissing: true,
+    });
+    return {
+      response: response.response,
+      totalSize: byteRange.length,
+      ...innerByteRange,
+    };
+  }
+
+  getUrl() {
+    const { offset, length } = this.byteRange;
+    return `${this.base.getUrl()}|range:${offset}-${offset + length}`;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/byte_range/index.ts b/src/kvstore/byte_range/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..93c9ae606e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/byte_range/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { FileByteRangeHandle } from "#src/kvstore/byte_range/file_handle.js";
+import type {
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  KvStore,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+  FileHandle,
+  ByteRange,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+
+function parseKey(key: string): ByteRange {
+  const m = key.match(/^([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)$/);
+  if (m !== null) {
+    const begin = Number(m[1]);
+    const end = Number(m[2]);
+    if (end >= begin) {
+      return { offset: begin, length: end - begin };
+    }
+  }
+  throw new Error(
+    `Invalid key ${JSON.stringify(key)} for "byte-range:", expected "<begin>-<end>"`,
+  );
+}
+
+export class ByteRangeKvStore implements KvStore {
+  constructor(public base: FileHandle) {}
+
+  getUrl(key: string) {
+    return this.base.getUrl() + `|byte-range:${key}`;
+  }
+
+  async stat(
+    key: string,
+    options: StatOptions,
+  ): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    const { length } = parseKey(key);
+    options;
+    return { totalSize: length };
+  }
+
+  async read(
+    key: string,
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    const byteRange = parseKey(key);
+    return new FileByteRangeHandle(this.base, byteRange).read(options);
+  }
+
+  get supportsOffsetReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  get supportsSuffixReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  get singleKey() {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/byte_range/register.ts b/src/kvstore/byte_range/register.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4bdacc9f70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/byte_range/register.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { ByteRangeKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/byte_range/index.js";
+import type { KvStoreAdapterProvider } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import { KvStoreFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import { ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+
+function byteRangeProvider(): KvStoreAdapterProvider {
+  return {
+    scheme: "byte-range",
+    description: `byte range slicing`,
+    getKvStore(url, base) {
+      ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters(url);
+      return {
+        store: new ByteRangeKvStore(
+          new KvStoreFileHandle(base.store, base.path),
+        ),
+        path: url.suffix ?? "",
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.registerKvStoreAdapterProvider(
+  byteRangeProvider,
+);
diff --git a/src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.ts b/src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a626923c12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2017 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+/**
+ * @file Facilities to simplify defining subclasses of ChunkSource that use a CredentialsProvider.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  ChunkManager,
+  ChunkSourceConstructor,
+  GettableChunkSource,
+} from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import type { RPC } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
+
+/**
+ * Mixin for adding a credentialsProvider member to a ChunkSource.
+ */
+export function WithSharedKvStoreContext<
+  TBase extends ChunkSourceConstructor<
+    GettableChunkSource & { chunkManager: ChunkManager }
+  >,
+>(Base: TBase) {
+  type WithSharedKvStoreContextOptions = InstanceType<TBase>["OPTIONS"] & {
+    sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext;
+  };
+  class C extends Base {
+    sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext;
+    declare OPTIONS: WithSharedKvStoreContextOptions;
+    constructor(...args: any[]) {
+      super(...args);
+      const options: WithSharedKvStoreContextOptions = args[1];
+      this.sharedKvStoreContext = options.sharedKvStoreContext.addRef();
+    }
+    initializeCounterpart(rpc: RPC, options: any) {
+      const { sharedKvStoreContext } = this;
+      options.sharedKvStoreContext = sharedKvStoreContext.rpcId;
+      super.initializeCounterpart(rpc, options);
+    }
+  }
+  return C;
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/context.ts b/src/kvstore/context.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..564574c027
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/context.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { AutoDetectRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import type {
+  KvStoreWithPath,
+  ListResponse,
+  ReadResponse,
+  ReadOptions,
+  ListOptions,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { listKvStore, readKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import type { UrlWithParsedScheme } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import { resolveRelativePath, splitPipelineUrl } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import type {
+  BasicCompletionResult,
+  CompletionWithDescription,
+} from "#src/util/completion.js";
+
+export type CompletionResult = BasicCompletionResult<CompletionWithDescription>;
+
+export interface BaseKvStoreProvider {
+  scheme: string;
+  hidden?: boolean;
+  description?: string;
+  getKvStore(parsedUrl: UrlWithParsedScheme): KvStoreWithPath;
+}
+
+export interface KvStoreAdapterProvider {
+  scheme: string;
+  hidden?: boolean;
+  description?: string;
+  getKvStore(
+    parsedUrl: UrlWithParsedScheme,
+    base: KvStoreWithPath,
+  ): KvStoreWithPath;
+}
+
+export class KvStoreContext {
+  baseKvStoreProviders = new Map<string, BaseKvStoreProvider>();
+  kvStoreAdapterProviders = new Map<string, KvStoreAdapterProvider>();
+  autoDetectRegistry = new AutoDetectRegistry();
+
+  getKvStore(url: string): KvStoreWithPath {
+    const pipeline = splitPipelineUrl(url);
+    let kvStore: KvStoreWithPath;
+    {
+      const basePart = pipeline[0];
+      const provider = this.baseKvStoreProviders.get(basePart.scheme);
+      if (provider === undefined) {
+        const usage = this.describeProtocolUsage(basePart.scheme);
+        let message = `Invalid base kvstore protocol "${basePart.scheme}:"`;
+        if (usage !== undefined) {
+          message += `; ${usage}`;
+        }
+        throw new Error(message);
+      }
+      kvStore = provider.getKvStore(basePart);
+    }
+
+    for (let i = 1; i < pipeline.length; ++i) {
+      const part = pipeline[i];
+      const provider = this.kvStoreAdapterProviders.get(part.scheme);
+      if (provider === undefined) {
+        const usage = this.describeProtocolUsage(part.scheme);
+        let message = `Invalid kvstore adapter protocol "${part.scheme}:" in ${JSON.stringify(url)}`;
+        if (usage !== undefined) {
+          message += `; ${usage}`;
+        }
+        throw new Error(message);
+      }
+      kvStore = provider.getKvStore(part, kvStore);
+    }
+    return kvStore;
+  }
+
+  // Describes valid uses of `protocol`, for error messages indicating an
+  // invalid protocol.  If the protocol is unknown, returns `undefined`.
+  describeProtocolUsage(protocol: string): string | undefined {
+    if (this.baseKvStoreProviders.has(protocol)) {
+      return `"${protocol}:" may only be used as a base kvstore protocol`;
+    }
+    if (this.kvStoreAdapterProviders.has(protocol)) {
+      return `"${protocol}:" may only be used as a kvstore adapter protocol`;
+    }
+    return undefined;
+  }
+
+  stat(
+    url: string,
+    options: StatOptions = {},
+  ): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    const kvStore = this.getKvStore(url);
+    return kvStore.store.stat(kvStore.path, options);
+  }
+
+  read(
+    url: string,
+    options: ReadOptions & { throwIfMissing: true },
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse>;
+
+  read(url: string, options?: ReadOptions): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined>;
+
+  read(
+    url: string,
+    options: ReadOptions = {},
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    const kvStore = this.getKvStore(url);
+    return readKvStore(kvStore.store, kvStore.path, options);
+  }
+
+  list(urlPrefix: string, options: ListOptions = {}): Promise<ListResponse> {
+    const kvStore = this.getKvStore(urlPrefix);
+    return listKvStore(kvStore.store, kvStore.path, options);
+  }
+
+  resolveRelativePath(baseUrl: string, relativePath: string): string {
+    const kvStore = this.getKvStore(baseUrl);
+    return kvStore.store.getUrl(
+      resolveRelativePath(kvStore.path, relativePath),
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/enabled_backend_modules.ts b/src/kvstore/enabled_backend_modules.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..873feeb4be
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/enabled_backend_modules.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+// DO NOT EDIT: Generated by config/update_conditions.ts
+import "#kvstore/byte_range/register";
+import "#kvstore/gcs/register";
+import "#kvstore/gzip/register";
+import "#kvstore/http/register";
+import "#kvstore/middleauth/register";
+import "#kvstore/ngauth/register";
+import "#kvstore/s3/register";
+import "#kvstore/zip/register_backend";
diff --git a/src/kvstore/enabled_frontend_modules.ts b/src/kvstore/enabled_frontend_modules.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..051976e929
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/enabled_frontend_modules.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+// DO NOT EDIT: Generated by config/update_conditions.ts
+import "#kvstore/byte_range/register";
+import "#kvstore/gcs/register";
+import "#kvstore/gzip/register";
+import "#kvstore/http/register";
+import "#kvstore/middleauth/register";
+import "#kvstore/middleauth/register_credentials_provider";
+import "#kvstore/ngauth/register";
+import "#kvstore/ngauth/register_credentials_provider";
+import "#kvstore/s3/register";
+import "#kvstore/zip/register_frontend";
diff --git a/src/kvstore/frontend.ts b/src/kvstore/frontend.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4de55f8519
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/frontend.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
+import type { SharedCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared.js";
+import { KvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import type {
+  DriverListOptions,
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  ListResponse,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextBase } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import {
+  frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry,
+  KvStoreProviderRegistry,
+} from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import {
+  LIST_RPC_ID,
+  READ_RPC_ID,
+  SHARED_KVSTORE_CONTEXT_RPC_ID,
+  STAT_RPC_ID,
+} from "#src/kvstore/shared_common.js";
+import { registerSharedObjectOwner, SharedObject } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
+
+@registerSharedObjectOwner(SHARED_KVSTORE_CONTEXT_RPC_ID)
+export class SharedKvStoreContext
+  extends SharedObject
+  implements SharedKvStoreContextBase
+{
+  kvStoreContext = new KvStoreContext();
+
+  constructor(
+    public chunkManager: ChunkManager,
+    public credentialsManager: SharedCredentialsManager,
+  ) {
+    super();
+    this.initializeCounterpart(chunkManager.rpc!, {
+      chunkManager: chunkManager.rpcId,
+      credentialsManager: credentialsManager.rpcId,
+    });
+    frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.applyToContext(this);
+    frontendOnlyKvStoreProviderRegistry.applyToContext(this);
+  }
+}
+
+export const frontendOnlyKvStoreProviderRegistry =
+  new KvStoreProviderRegistry<SharedKvStoreContext>();
+
+export function proxyStatToBackendKvStore(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
+  url: string,
+  options: StatOptions,
+): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.rpc!.promiseInvoke<StatResponse | undefined>(
+    STAT_RPC_ID,
+    { sharedKvStoreContext: sharedKvStoreContext.rpcId, url },
+    { signal: options.signal, progressListener: options.progressListener },
+  );
+}
+
+export async function proxyReadToBackendKvStore(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
+  url: string,
+  options: DriverReadOptions,
+): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+  const response = await sharedKvStoreContext.rpc!.promiseInvoke<
+    | { data: ArrayBuffer; offset: number; totalSize: number | undefined }
+    | undefined
+  >(
+    READ_RPC_ID,
+    {
+      sharedKvStoreContext: sharedKvStoreContext.rpcId,
+      url,
+      byteRange: options.byteRange,
+      throwIfMissing: options.throwIfMissing,
+    },
+    { signal: options.signal, progressListener: options.progressListener },
+  );
+  if (response === undefined) return undefined;
+  return {
+    response: new Response(response.data),
+    offset: response.offset,
+    length: response.data.byteLength,
+    totalSize: response.totalSize,
+  };
+}
+
+export function proxyListToBackendKvStore(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
+  url: string,
+  options: DriverListOptions,
+): Promise<ListResponse> {
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.rpc!.promiseInvoke<ListResponse>(
+    LIST_RPC_ID,
+    {
+      sharedKvStoreContext: sharedKvStoreContext.rpcId,
+      url,
+    },
+    { signal: options.signal, progressListener: options.progressListener },
+  );
+}
+
+export abstract class ProxyReadableKvStore<Key> {
+  constructor(public sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext) {}
+
+  abstract getUrl(key: Key): string;
+
+  stat(key: Key, options: StatOptions): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    return proxyStatToBackendKvStore(
+      this.sharedKvStoreContext,
+      this.getUrl(key),
+      options,
+    );
+  }
+  read(
+    key: Key,
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    return proxyReadToBackendKvStore(
+      this.sharedKvStoreContext,
+      this.getUrl(key),
+      options,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export abstract class ProxyKvStore extends ProxyReadableKvStore<string> {
+  list(prefix: string, options: DriverListOptions): Promise<ListResponse> {
+    return proxyListToBackendKvStore(
+      this.sharedKvStoreContext,
+      this.getUrl(prefix),
+      options,
+    );
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/gcs/index.ts b/src/kvstore/gcs/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13e893f0d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/gcs/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { read, stat } from "#src/kvstore/http/read.js";
+import type {
+  KvStore,
+  DriverListOptions,
+  ListResponse,
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { encodePathForUrl } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import type { FetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import {
+  parseArray,
+  verifyObject,
+  verifyObjectProperty,
+  verifyOptionalObjectProperty,
+  verifyString,
+  verifyStringArray,
+} from "#src/util/json.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { getRandomHexString } from "#src/util/random.js";
+
+export class GcsKvStore implements KvStore {
+  constructor(
+    public bucket: string,
+    public baseUrlForDisplay: string = `gs://${bucket}/`,
+    private fetchOkImpl: FetchOk = fetchOk,
+  ) {}
+
+  private getObjectUrl(key: string): string {
+    // Include random query string parameter (ignored by GCS) to bypass GCS cache
+    // and ensure a cached response is never used.
+    //
+    // This addresses two issues related to GCS:
+    //
+    // 1. GCS fails to send an updated `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` header in 304
+    //    responses to cache revalidation requests.
+    //
+    //    https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1214563#c2
+    //
+    //    The random query string parameter ensures cached responses are never used.
+    //
+    //    Note: This issue does not apply to gs+xml because with the XML API, the
+    //    Access-Control-Allow-Origin response header does not vary with the Origin.
+    //
+    // 2. If the object does not prohibit caching (e.g. public bucket and default
+    //    `cache-control` metadata value), GCS may return stale responses.
+    return (
+      `https://storage.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/${this.bucket}/o/` +
+      `${encodeURIComponent(key)}?alt=media` +
+      `&neuroglancer=${getRandomHexString()}`
+    );
+  }
+
+  stat(key: string, options: StatOptions): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    return stat(this, key, this.getObjectUrl(key), options, this.fetchOkImpl);
+  }
+
+  read(
+    key: string,
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    return read(this, key, this.getObjectUrl(key), options, this.fetchOkImpl);
+  }
+
+  async list(
+    prefix: string,
+    options: DriverListOptions,
+  ): Promise<ListResponse> {
+    const { progressListener } = options;
+    using _span =
+      progressListener === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : new ProgressSpan(progressListener, {
+            message: `Listing prefix ${this.getUrl(prefix)}`,
+          });
+    const delimiter = "/";
+    // Include `neuroglancerOrigin` query parameter that is ignored by GCS to
+    // workaround
+    // https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1214563#c2 (though
+    // it is not clear it would ever apply to bucket listing).
+    const response = await this.fetchOkImpl(
+      `https://storage.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/${this.bucket}/o?` +
+        `delimiter=${encodeURIComponent(delimiter)}&prefix=${encodeURIComponent(
+          prefix,
+        )}&` +
+        `neuroglancerOrigin=${encodeURIComponent(location.origin)}`,
+      {
+        signal: options.signal,
+        progressListener: options.progressListener,
+      },
+    );
+    const responseJson = await response.json();
+
+    verifyObject(responseJson);
+    const directories = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
+      responseJson,
+      "prefixes",
+      verifyStringArray,
+      [],
+    ).map((prefix) => prefix.substring(0, prefix.length - 1));
+
+    const entries = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
+      responseJson,
+      "items",
+      (items) =>
+        parseArray(items, (item) => {
+          verifyObject(item);
+          return verifyObjectProperty(item, "name", verifyString);
+        }),
+      [],
+    )
+      .filter((name) => !name.endsWith("_$folder$"))
+      .map((name) => ({ key: name }));
+
+    return {
+      directories,
+      entries,
+    };
+  }
+
+  getUrl(path: string) {
+    return this.baseUrlForDisplay + encodePathForUrl(path);
+  }
+
+  get supportsOffsetReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  get supportsSuffixReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/gcs/register.ts b/src/kvstore/gcs/register.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4eb612bf77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/gcs/register.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import pythonIntegration from "#python_integration_build";
+import type { BaseKvStoreProvider } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import { GcsKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/gcs/index.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextBase } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import { frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+
+function gcsProvider(_context: SharedKvStoreContextBase): BaseKvStoreProvider {
+  return {
+    scheme: "gs",
+    description: pythonIntegration
+      ? "Google Cloud Storage"
+      : "Google Cloud Storage (anonymous)",
+    getKvStore(url) {
+      const m = (url.suffix ?? "").match(/^\/\/([^/]+)(\/.*)?$/);
+      if (m === null) {
+        throw new Error("Invalid URL, expected `gs://<bucket>/<path>`");
+      }
+      const [, bucket, path] = m;
+      return {
+        store: new GcsKvStore(bucket),
+        path: decodeURIComponent((path ?? "").substring(1)),
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.registerBaseKvStoreProvider(
+  gcsProvider,
+);
diff --git a/src/kvstore/gzip/file_handle.ts b/src/kvstore/gzip/file_handle.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c12f83882c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/gzip/file_handle.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  FileHandle,
+  ReadableKvStore,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { decodeGzipStream } from "#src/util/gzip.js";
+
+export const EXPECTED_HEADER_OVERHEAD = 100;
+
+export class GzipFileHandle<BaseHandle extends FileHandle = FileHandle>
+  implements FileHandle
+{
+  constructor(
+    public base: BaseHandle,
+    public format: CompressionFormat,
+  ) {}
+
+  async stat(options: StatOptions): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    await this.base.stat(options);
+    return { totalSize: undefined };
+  }
+
+  async read(options: DriverReadOptions): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    const { byteRange } = options;
+    if (byteRange === undefined) {
+      const readResponse = await this.base.read(options);
+      if (readResponse === undefined) return undefined;
+      return {
+        response: new Response(
+          decodeGzipStream(readResponse.response, this.format),
+        ),
+        offset: 0,
+        length: undefined,
+        totalSize: undefined,
+      };
+    }
+    if ("suffixLength" in byteRange || byteRange.offset !== 0) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `Byte range with offset not supported: ${JSON.stringify(byteRange)}`,
+      );
+    }
+
+    // There is no way to force a flush on a `DecompressionStream`; to ensure we
+    // have all available output from the input, we must close the readable
+    // stream, which prevents any further writes. This means if more input is
+    // required, we have to redo the decode. In almost all cases, though,
+    // `EXPECTED_HEADER_OVERHEAD` should be sufficient and it won't be necessary
+    // to fetch additional encoded data.
+    let decodedArray = new Uint8Array(byteRange.length);
+    const parts: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>[] = [];
+    let encodedBytesReceived = 0;
+    let expectedEncodedBytes = byteRange.length + EXPECTED_HEADER_OVERHEAD;
+    while (true) {
+      const readResponse = await this.base.read({
+        ...options,
+        byteRange: {
+          offset: encodedBytesReceived,
+          length: expectedEncodedBytes - encodedBytesReceived,
+        },
+      });
+      if (readResponse === undefined) return undefined;
+      {
+        const part = new Uint8Array(await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer());
+        parts.push(part);
+        encodedBytesReceived += part.length;
+      }
+
+      const decompressionStream = new DecompressionStream("gzip");
+      const writer = decompressionStream.writable.getWriter();
+      const writePromises: Promise<void>[] = [];
+      for (const part of parts) {
+        writePromises.push(writer.write(part));
+      }
+      writePromises.push(writer.close());
+      const reader = decompressionStream.readable.getReader();
+      let decodedOffset = 0;
+      try {
+        while (decodedOffset < decodedArray.length) {
+          let { value } = await reader.read();
+          if (value === undefined) {
+            // no more decoded data available
+            break;
+          }
+          const remainingLength = decodedArray.length - decodedOffset;
+          if (value.length > remainingLength) {
+            value = value.subarray(0, remainingLength);
+          }
+          decodedArray.set(value, decodedOffset);
+          decodedOffset += value.length;
+        }
+
+        if (
+          decodedOffset === decodedArray.length ||
+          encodedBytesReceived === readResponse.totalSize
+        ) {
+          if (decodedOffset < decodedArray.length) {
+            decodedArray = decodedArray.subarray(0, decodedOffset);
+          }
+          return {
+            response: new Response(decodedArray),
+            offset: 0,
+            length: decodedArray.length,
+            totalSize: undefined,
+          };
+        }
+      } finally {
+        await reader.cancel();
+        await Promise.allSettled(writePromises);
+      }
+
+      expectedEncodedBytes += Math.min(
+        100,
+        decodedArray.length - decodedOffset,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  getUrl() {
+    return this.base.getUrl() + "|gzip";
+  }
+}
+
+export async function gzipRead<Key>(
+  base: ReadableKvStore<Key>,
+  baseKey: Key,
+  format: CompressionFormat,
+  options: DriverReadOptions,
+) {
+  const { byteRange } = options;
+  if (byteRange === undefined) {
+    const readResponse = await base.read(baseKey, options);
+    if (readResponse === undefined) return undefined;
+    return {
+      response: new Response(decodeGzipStream(readResponse.response, format)),
+      offset: 0,
+      length: undefined,
+      totalSize: undefined,
+    };
+  }
+  if ("suffixLength" in byteRange || byteRange.offset !== 0) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Byte range with offset not supported: ${JSON.stringify(byteRange)}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  // There is no way to force a flush on a `DecompressionStream`; to ensure we
+  // have all available output from the input, we must close the readable
+  // stream, which prevents any further writes. This means if more input is
+  // required, we have to redo the decode. In almost all cases, though,
+  // `EXPECTED_HEADER_OVERHEAD` should be sufficient and it won't be necessary
+  // to fetch additional encoded data.
+  let decodedArray = new Uint8Array(byteRange.length);
+  const parts: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>[] = [];
+  let encodedBytesReceived = 0;
+  let expectedEncodedBytes = byteRange.length + EXPECTED_HEADER_OVERHEAD;
+  while (true) {
+    const readResponse = await base.read(baseKey, {
+      ...options,
+      byteRange: {
+        offset: encodedBytesReceived,
+        length: expectedEncodedBytes - encodedBytesReceived,
+      },
+    });
+    if (readResponse === undefined) return undefined;
+    {
+      const part = new Uint8Array(await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer());
+      parts.push(part);
+      encodedBytesReceived += part.length;
+    }
+
+    const decompressionStream = new DecompressionStream("gzip");
+    const writer = decompressionStream.writable.getWriter();
+    const writePromises: Promise<void>[] = [];
+    for (const part of parts) {
+      writePromises.push(writer.write(part));
+    }
+    writePromises.push(writer.close());
+    const reader = decompressionStream.readable.getReader();
+    let decodedOffset = 0;
+    try {
+      while (decodedOffset < decodedArray.length) {
+        let { value } = await reader.read();
+        if (value === undefined) {
+          // no more decoded data available
+          break;
+        }
+        const remainingLength = decodedArray.length - decodedOffset;
+        if (value.length > remainingLength) {
+          value = value.subarray(0, remainingLength);
+        }
+        decodedArray.set(value, decodedOffset);
+        decodedOffset += value.length;
+      }
+
+      if (
+        decodedOffset === decodedArray.length ||
+        encodedBytesReceived === readResponse.totalSize
+      ) {
+        if (decodedOffset < decodedArray.length) {
+          decodedArray = decodedArray.subarray(0, decodedOffset);
+        }
+        return {
+          response: new Response(decodedArray),
+          offset: 0,
+          length: decodedArray.length,
+          totalSize: undefined,
+        };
+      }
+    } finally {
+      await reader.cancel();
+      await Promise.allSettled(writePromises);
+    }
+
+    expectedEncodedBytes += Math.min(100, decodedArray.length - decodedOffset);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/gzip/index.ts b/src/kvstore/gzip/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..741e67d21c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/gzip/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  AutoDetectFileOptions,
+  AutoDetectMatch,
+  AutoDetectRegistry,
+} from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import { GzipFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/gzip/file_handle.js";
+import type {
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  KvStore,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+  FileHandle,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { isGzipFormat } from "#src/util/gzip.js";
+
+export class GzipKvStore implements KvStore {
+  constructor(
+    public base: FileHandle,
+    public scheme: string,
+    public format: CompressionFormat,
+  ) {}
+
+  getUrl(key: string) {
+    this.validatePath(key);
+    return this.base.getUrl() + `|${this.scheme}`;
+  }
+
+  private validatePath(path: string) {
+    if (path) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `"${this.scheme}:" does not support non-empty path ${JSON.stringify(path)}`,
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  async stat(
+    key: string,
+    options: StatOptions,
+  ): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    this.validatePath(key);
+    await this.base.stat(options);
+    return { totalSize: undefined };
+  }
+
+  async read(
+    key: string,
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    this.validatePath(key);
+    return new GzipFileHandle(this.base, this.format).read(options);
+  }
+
+  get supportsOffsetReads() {
+    return false;
+  }
+  get supportsSuffixReads() {
+    return false;
+  }
+  get singleKey() {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+async function detectGzip(
+  options: AutoDetectFileOptions,
+): Promise<AutoDetectMatch[]> {
+  if (!isGzipFormat(options.prefix)) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  return [{ suffix: "gzip:", description: "gzip-compressed" }];
+}
+
+export function registerAutoDetect(registry: AutoDetectRegistry) {
+  registry.registerFileFormat({
+    prefixLength: 3,
+    suffixLength: 0,
+    match: detectGzip,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/gzip/register.ts b/src/kvstore/gzip/register.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c5357ce53
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/gzip/register.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { KvStoreAdapterProvider } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import { GzipKvStore, registerAutoDetect } from "#src/kvstore/gzip/index.js";
+import { KvStoreFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import { ensureEmptyUrlSuffix } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+
+function gzipProvider(
+  scheme: string,
+  format: CompressionFormat,
+): KvStoreAdapterProvider {
+  return {
+    scheme,
+    description: `transparent ${scheme} decoding`,
+    getKvStore(url, base) {
+      ensureEmptyUrlSuffix(url);
+      return {
+        store: new GzipKvStore(
+          new KvStoreFileHandle(base.store, base.path),
+          scheme,
+          format,
+        ),
+        path: "",
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.registerKvStoreAdapterProvider(
+  () => gzipProvider("gzip", "gzip"),
+);
+
+registerAutoDetect(
+  frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.autoDetectRegistry,
+);
diff --git a/src/kvstore/http/html_directory_listing.ts b/src/kvstore/http/html_directory_listing.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..06de731833
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/http/html_directory_listing.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,114 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  ListEntry,
+  DriverListOptions,
+  ListResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { extractQueryAndFragment } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import type { FetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import {
+  ProgressSpan,
+  type ProgressOptions,
+} from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
+/**
+ * Obtains a directory listing from a server that supports HTML directory listings.
+ */
+export async function getHtmlDirectoryListing(
+  url: string,
+  options: {
+    fetchOkImpl?: FetchOk;
+  } & Partial<ProgressOptions> = {},
+): Promise<string[]> {
+  const baseUrl = extractQueryAndFragment(url).base;
+  const { fetchOkImpl = fetchOk, signal, progressListener } = options;
+  const response = await fetchOkImpl(
+    url,
+    /*init=*/ {
+      headers: { accept: "text/html" },
+      signal: signal,
+      progressListener,
+    },
+  );
+  const contentType = response.headers.get("content-type");
+  if (contentType === null || /\btext\/html\b/i.exec(contentType) === null) {
+    return [];
+  }
+  const text = await response.text();
+  const doc = new DOMParser().parseFromString(text, "text/html");
+  const nodes = doc.evaluate(
+    "//a/@href",
+    doc,
+    null,
+    XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE,
+    null,
+  );
+  const results = new Set<string>();
+  for (let i = 0, n = nodes.snapshotLength; i < n; ++i) {
+    const node = nodes.snapshotItem(i)!;
+    const href = node.textContent;
+    if (href === null) continue;
+    const withoutQuery = extractQueryAndFragment(href).base;
+    if (withoutQuery) {
+      const resolvedUrl = new URL(withoutQuery, baseUrl).toString();
+      if (resolvedUrl.startsWith(baseUrl) && resolvedUrl !== baseUrl) {
+        results.add(resolvedUrl);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return Array.from(results);
+}
+
+export async function listFromHtmlDirectoryListing(
+  baseUrl: string,
+  prefix: string,
+  options: DriverListOptions,
+): Promise<ListResponse> {
+  const { progressListener } = options;
+  using _span =
+    progressListener &&
+    new ProgressSpan(progressListener, {
+      message: `Requesting HTML directory listing for ${baseUrl}`,
+    });
+  const { base, queryAndFragment } = extractQueryAndFragment(baseUrl);
+  const baseAndPrefix = base + prefix;
+  const fullUrl = baseAndPrefix + queryAndFragment;
+  const m = fullUrl.match(/^([a-z]+:\/\/.*\/)([^/?#]*)$/);
+  if (m === null) throw null;
+  const [, directoryUrl] = m;
+  const listing = await getHtmlDirectoryListing(
+    directoryUrl + queryAndFragment,
+    {
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+    },
+  );
+  const entries: ListEntry[] = [];
+  const directories: string[] = [];
+  for (const entry of listing) {
+    if (!entry.startsWith(baseAndPrefix)) continue;
+    const p = decodeURIComponent(entry.substring(base.length));
+    if (p.endsWith("/")) {
+      directories.push(p.substring(0, p.length - 1));
+    } else {
+      entries.push({ key: p });
+    }
+  }
+  return { entries, directories };
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/http/index.ts b/src/kvstore/http/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d4e1caacd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/http/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2023 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { listFromHtmlDirectoryListing } from "#src/kvstore/http/html_directory_listing.js";
+import { read, stat } from "#src/kvstore/http/read.js";
+import type {
+  KvStore,
+  DriverListOptions,
+  ListResponse,
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { extractQueryAndFragment } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import type { FetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+
+function joinBaseUrlAndPath(baseUrl: string, path: string) {
+  const { base, queryAndFragment } = extractQueryAndFragment(baseUrl);
+  return base + path + queryAndFragment;
+}
+
+export class HttpKvStore implements KvStore {
+  constructor(
+    public baseUrl: string,
+    public baseUrlForDisplay: string = baseUrl,
+    public fetchOkImpl: FetchOk = fetchOk,
+  ) {}
+
+  stat(key: string, options: StatOptions): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    return stat(
+      this,
+      key,
+      joinBaseUrlAndPath(this.baseUrl, key),
+      options,
+      this.fetchOkImpl,
+    );
+  }
+
+  read(
+    key: string,
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    return read(
+      this,
+      key,
+      joinBaseUrlAndPath(this.baseUrl, key),
+      options,
+      this.fetchOkImpl,
+    );
+  }
+
+  list(prefix: string, options: DriverListOptions): Promise<ListResponse> {
+    return listFromHtmlDirectoryListing(this.baseUrl, prefix, options);
+  }
+
+  getUrl(path: string) {
+    return joinBaseUrlAndPath(this.baseUrlForDisplay, path);
+  }
+
+  get supportsOffsetReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  get supportsSuffixReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+export function getBaseUrlAndPath(url: string) {
+  const parsed = new URL(url);
+  if (parsed.hash) {
+    throw new Error("fragment not supported");
+  }
+  if (parsed.username || parsed.password) {
+    throw new Error("basic auth credentials not supported");
+  }
+  return {
+    baseUrl: `${parsed.origin}/${parsed.search}`,
+    path: decodeURI(parsed.pathname.substring(1)),
+  };
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/http/read.ts b/src/kvstore/http/read.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..721dd98a5d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/http/read.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,282 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2023 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { composeByteRangeRequest } from "#src/kvstore/byte_range/file_handle.js";
+import type {
+  ByteRange,
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  ReadableKvStore,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { KvStoreFileHandle, NotFoundError } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import type { FetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOk, HttpError, isNotFoundError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import type { ProgressListener } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
+function getRangeHeader(request: ByteRange | undefined): string | undefined {
+  if (request === undefined) return undefined;
+  return `bytes=${request.offset}-${request.offset + request.length - 1}`;
+}
+
+/**
+ * On Chromium, multiple concurrent byte range requests to the same URL are serialized unless the
+ * cache is disabled.  Disabling the cache works around the problem.
+ *
+ * https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=969828
+ */
+const byteRangeCacheMode =
+  navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Chrome") !== -1 ? "no-store" : "default";
+
+function wasRedirectedToDirectoryListing(url: string, response: Response) {
+  return new URL(url).pathname + "/" === new URL(response.url).pathname;
+}
+
+function parse206ContentRangeHeader(contentRange: string) {
+  const m = contentRange.match(/bytes ([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\/([0-9]+|\*)/);
+  if (m === null) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Invalid content-range header: ${JSON.stringify(contentRange)}`,
+    );
+  }
+  const offset = parseInt(m[1], 10);
+  const endPos = parseInt(m[2], 10);
+  let totalSize: number | undefined;
+  if (m[3] !== "*") {
+    totalSize = parseInt(m[3], 10);
+  }
+  const length = endPos - offset + 1;
+  return { offset, length, totalSize };
+}
+
+export async function read<Key>(
+  store: ReadableKvStore<Key>,
+  key: Key,
+  url: string,
+  options: DriverReadOptions,
+  fetchOkImpl: FetchOk = fetchOk,
+): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+  let resolvedByteRange: ByteRange | undefined;
+  try {
+    const { byteRange: byteRangeRequest } = options;
+    let rangeHeader: string | undefined;
+    // The HTTP spec supports suffixLength requests directly via "Range:
+    // bytes=-N" requests, which avoids the need for a separate HEAD request.
+    // However, per
+    // https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#cors-safelisted-request-header a suffix
+    // length byte range request header will always trigger an OPTIONS preflight
+    // request, which would otherwise be avoided. This negates the benefit of
+    // using a suffixLength request directly. Additionally, some servers such as
+    // the npm http-server package and https://uk1s3.embassy.ebi.ac.uk/ do not
+    // correctly handle suffixLength requests or do not correctly handle CORS
+    // preflight requests. To avoid those issues, always just issue a separate
+    // HEAD request to determine the length.
+    if (byteRangeRequest !== undefined) {
+      if ("suffixLength" in byteRangeRequest) {
+        const statResponse = await stat(store, key, url, options, fetchOkImpl);
+        if (statResponse === undefined) return undefined;
+        const { totalSize } = statResponse;
+        if (totalSize === undefined) {
+          throw new Error(
+            `Failed to determine total size of ${store.getUrl(key)} in order to fetch suffix ${JSON.stringify(byteRangeRequest)}`,
+          );
+        }
+        resolvedByteRange = composeByteRangeRequest(
+          { offset: 0, length: totalSize },
+          byteRangeRequest,
+        ).outer;
+        if (resolvedByteRange.length === 0) {
+          // Skip zero-byte read, since totalSize is already known.
+          return {
+            ...resolvedByteRange,
+            totalSize,
+            response: new Response(new Uint8Array(0)),
+          };
+        }
+        rangeHeader = getRangeHeader(resolvedByteRange);
+      } else {
+        resolvedByteRange = byteRangeRequest;
+        if (resolvedByteRange.length === 0) {
+          // The HTTP range header does not support zero-length byte range
+          // requests.
+          //
+          // Convert zero-length byte range to length-1 byte range, and then
+          // discard the response. If the requested offset is 0, and the file is
+          // empty, then this will result in a 416 Range Not Satisfiable
+          // response.
+          rangeHeader = getRangeHeader({
+            offset: Math.max(resolvedByteRange.offset - 1, 0),
+            length: 1,
+          });
+        } else {
+          rangeHeader = getRangeHeader(resolvedByteRange);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    const requestInit: RequestInit & { progressListener?: ProgressListener } = {
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+    };
+    if (rangeHeader !== undefined) {
+      requestInit.headers = { range: rangeHeader };
+      requestInit.cache = byteRangeCacheMode;
+    }
+    let response = await fetchOkImpl(url, requestInit);
+    if (wasRedirectedToDirectoryListing(url, response)) {
+      return undefined;
+    }
+    let offset: number | undefined;
+    let length: number | undefined;
+    let totalSize: number | undefined;
+    if (response.status === 206) {
+      const contentRange = response.headers.get("content-range");
+      if (contentRange === null) {
+        // Content-range should always be sent, but some buggy servers don't
+        // send it.
+        if (resolvedByteRange !== undefined) {
+          offset = resolvedByteRange.offset;
+        } else {
+          throw new Error(
+            "Unexpected HTTP 206 response when no byte range specified.",
+          );
+        }
+      }
+      if (contentRange !== null) {
+        ({ offset, length, totalSize } =
+          parse206ContentRangeHeader(contentRange));
+      }
+    } else {
+      length = totalSize = getBodyLength(response.headers);
+    }
+    if (offset === undefined) {
+      offset = 0;
+    }
+    if (length === undefined) {
+      length = getBodyLength(response.headers);
+    }
+    if (resolvedByteRange?.length === 0) {
+      response = new Response(new Uint8Array(0));
+      offset = resolvedByteRange.offset;
+      length = 0;
+    }
+    return {
+      response,
+      offset,
+      length,
+      totalSize,
+    };
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (
+      e instanceof HttpError &&
+      e.status === 416 &&
+      resolvedByteRange?.length === 0 &&
+      resolvedByteRange.offset === 0
+    ) {
+      return {
+        response: new Response(new Uint8Array(0)),
+        offset: 0,
+        length: 0,
+        totalSize: 0,
+      };
+    }
+    return handleThrowIfMissing(store, key, options, e);
+  }
+}
+
+function getBodyLength(headers: Headers): number | undefined {
+  const contentLength = headers.get("content-length");
+  const contentEncoding = headers.get("content-encoding");
+  if (contentEncoding === null && contentLength !== null) {
+    const size = Number(contentLength);
+    if (!Number.isFinite(size) || size < 0) {
+      throw new Error(`Invalid content-length: {contentLength}`);
+    }
+    return size;
+  }
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+function handleThrowIfMissing<Key>(
+  store: ReadableKvStore<Key>,
+  key: Key,
+  options: { throwIfMissing?: boolean },
+  error: unknown,
+) {
+  if (isNotFoundError(error)) {
+    if (options.throwIfMissing === true) {
+      throw new NotFoundError(new KvStoreFileHandle(store, key), {
+        cause: error,
+      });
+    }
+    return undefined;
+  }
+  throw error;
+}
+
+export async function stat<Key>(
+  store: ReadableKvStore<Key>,
+  key: Key,
+  url: string,
+  options: StatOptions,
+  fetchOkImpl: FetchOk = fetchOk,
+): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+  // First try HEAD request.
+  try {
+    const response = await fetchOkImpl(url, {
+      method: "HEAD",
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+    });
+    if (wasRedirectedToDirectoryListing(url, response)) return undefined;
+    return { totalSize: getBodyLength(response.headers) };
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof HttpError && e.status === 405 /* method not allowed */) {
+      // HEAD may not be supported, use GET with one byte range instead.
+      //
+      // For example,
+      // https://data-proxy.ebrains.eu/api/v1/buckets/localizoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.tif/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.dzi
+      // returns HTTP 405 Method Not Allowed in response to HEAD requests.
+    } else {
+      return handleThrowIfMissing(store, key, options, e);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Try GET with one-byte range instead.
+  try {
+    const response = await fetchOkImpl(url, {
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+      headers: { range: "bytes=0-0" },
+    });
+    if (wasRedirectedToDirectoryListing(url, response)) return undefined;
+    let totalSize: number | undefined;
+    if (response.status === 200) {
+      totalSize = getBodyLength(response.headers);
+    } else {
+      const contentRange = response.headers.get("content-range");
+      if (contentRange !== null) {
+        ({ totalSize } = parse206ContentRangeHeader(contentRange));
+      }
+    }
+    return { totalSize };
+  } catch (e) {
+    if (e instanceof HttpError && e.status === 416) {
+      return { totalSize: 0 };
+    }
+    return handleThrowIfMissing(store, key, options, e);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/http/register.ts b/src/kvstore/http/register.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b593a3148
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/http/register.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { BaseKvStoreProvider } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import { getBaseUrlAndPath, HttpKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/http/index.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextBase } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import { frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+
+function httpProvider(
+  scheme: string,
+  _context: SharedKvStoreContextBase,
+): BaseKvStoreProvider {
+  return {
+    scheme,
+    description: `${scheme} (unauthenticated)`,
+    getKvStore(url) {
+      try {
+        const { baseUrl, path } = getBaseUrlAndPath(url.url);
+        return {
+          store: new HttpKvStore(baseUrl),
+          path,
+        };
+      } catch (e) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid URL ${JSON.stringify(url.url)}`, {
+          cause: e,
+        });
+      }
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+for (const protocol of ["http", "https"]) {
+  frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.registerBaseKvStoreProvider(
+    (context) => httpProvider(protocol, context),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/index.ts b/src/kvstore/index.ts
index 3bd16631b7..980239a303 100644
--- a/src/kvstore/index.ts
+++ b/src/kvstore/index.ts
@@ -14,38 +14,13 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
 export interface ByteRange {
   offset: number;
   length: number;
 }
 
-export function composeByteRangeRequest(
-  outer: ByteRange,
-  inner: ByteRangeRequest | undefined,
-): { outer: ByteRange; inner: ByteRange } {
-  if (inner === undefined) {
-    return { outer, inner: { offset: 0, length: outer.length } };
-  }
-  if ("suffixLength" in inner) {
-    const length = Math.min(outer.length, inner.suffixLength);
-    return {
-      outer: { offset: outer.offset + (outer.length - length), length },
-      inner: { offset: outer.length - length, length },
-    };
-  }
-  if (inner.offset + inner.length > outer.length) {
-    throw new Error(
-      `Requested byte range ${JSON.stringify(
-        inner,
-      )} not valid for value of length ${outer.length}`,
-    );
-  }
-  return {
-    outer: { offset: outer.offset + inner.offset, length: inner.length },
-    inner,
-  };
-}
-
 export type ByteRangeRequest =
   | ByteRange
   | {
@@ -53,19 +28,33 @@ export type ByteRangeRequest =
     };
 
 export interface ReadResponse {
-  data: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
-  dataRange: ByteRange;
+  response: Response;
+  offset: number;
+  length: number | undefined;
   totalSize: number | undefined;
 }
 
-export interface ReadOptions {
+export interface DriverReadOptions extends Partial<ProgressOptions> {
   byteRange?: ByteRangeRequest;
-  abortSignal?: AbortSignal;
+  throwIfMissing?: boolean;
 }
 
-export interface ListOptions {
-  prefix: string;
-  abortSignal?: AbortSignal;
+export class NotFoundError extends Error {
+  constructor(handle: FileHandle, options?: { cause: any }) {
+    super(`${handle.getUrl()} not found`, options);
+  }
+}
+
+export interface ReadOptions extends DriverReadOptions {
+  strictByteRange?: boolean;
+}
+
+export type DriverListOptions = Partial<ProgressOptions>;
+
+export type ListResponseKeyKind = "path" | "suffix" | "url";
+
+export interface ListOptions extends DriverListOptions {
+  responseKeys?: ListResponseKeyKind;
 }
 
 export interface ListEntry {
@@ -77,12 +66,204 @@ export interface ListResponse {
   directories: string[];
 }
 
+export interface StatOptions extends Partial<ProgressOptions> {
+  throwIfMissing?: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface StatResponse {
+  totalSize: number | undefined;
+}
+
 export interface ReadableKvStore<Key = string> {
-  read(key: Key, options: ReadOptions): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined>;
+  stat(key: Key, options: StatOptions): Promise<StatResponse | undefined>;
+  read(key: Key, options: DriverReadOptions): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined>;
+  getUrl(key: Key): string;
+
+  // Reads with non-zero byte offset are supported.
+  supportsOffsetReads: boolean;
+
+  // Reads with `suffixLength` byte range are supported.
+  supportsSuffixReads: boolean;
 }
 
 export interface ListableKvStore {
-  list(options: ListOptions): Promise<ListResponse>;
+  list?: (prefix: string, options: DriverListOptions) => Promise<ListResponse>;
 }
 
-export interface KvStore extends ReadableKvStore, ListableKvStore {}
+export interface KvStore extends ReadableKvStore, ListableKvStore {
+  // Indicates that the only valid key is the empty string.
+  singleKey?: boolean;
+}
+
+export interface KvStoreWithPath {
+  store: KvStore;
+  path: string;
+}
+
+export function getKvStoreUrl(kvstore: KvStoreWithPath): string {
+  return kvstore.store.getUrl(kvstore.path);
+}
+
+export function readKvStore<Key>(
+  store: ReadableKvStore<Key>,
+  key: Key,
+  options: ReadOptions & { throwIfMissing: true },
+): Promise<ReadResponse>;
+
+export function readKvStore<Key>(
+  store: ReadableKvStore<Key>,
+  key: Key,
+  options?: ReadOptions,
+): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined>;
+
+export async function readKvStore<Key>(
+  store: ReadableKvStore<Key>,
+  key: Key,
+  options: ReadOptions = {},
+): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+  return readFileHandle(new KvStoreFileHandle(store, key), options);
+}
+
+export function readFileHandle(
+  handle: FileHandle,
+  options: ReadOptions & { throwIfMissing: true },
+): Promise<ReadResponse>;
+
+export function readFileHandle(
+  handle: FileHandle,
+  options?: ReadOptions,
+): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined>;
+
+export async function readFileHandle(
+  handle: FileHandle,
+  options: ReadOptions = {},
+): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+  const response = await handle.read(options);
+  if (options?.throwIfMissing === true) {
+    if (response === undefined) {
+      throw new NotFoundError(handle);
+    }
+  }
+  if (options?.strictByteRange === true && response !== undefined) {
+    const { byteRange } = options;
+    const { offset, length } = response;
+    if (byteRange !== undefined) {
+      if (
+        "suffixLength" in byteRange
+          ? length !== byteRange.suffixLength
+          : offset !== byteRange.offset ||
+            (length !== undefined && length !== byteRange.length)
+      ) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Received truncated response for ${handle.getUrl()}, expected ${JSON.stringify(
+            byteRange,
+          )} but received offset=${offset}, length=${length}`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return response;
+}
+
+function transformListResponse(
+  response: ListResponse,
+  prefix: string,
+  kvStore: KvStore,
+  responseKeys?: ListResponseKeyKind,
+) {
+  switch (responseKeys) {
+    case "suffix": {
+      const offset = prefix.length;
+      return {
+        directories: response.directories.map((key) => key.substring(offset)),
+        entries: response.entries.map(({ key, ...entry }) => ({
+          ...entry,
+          key: key.substring(offset),
+        })),
+      };
+    }
+    case "url": {
+      return {
+        directories: response.directories.map((key) => kvStore.getUrl(key)),
+        entries: response.entries.map(({ key, ...entry }) => ({
+          ...entry,
+          key: kvStore.getUrl(key),
+        })),
+      };
+    }
+    default: {
+      return response;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export async function listKvStore(
+  kvStore: KvStore,
+  prefix: string,
+  options: ListOptions = {},
+): Promise<ListResponse> {
+  if (!kvStore.list) {
+    throw new Error("Listing not supported");
+  }
+  return transformListResponse(
+    await kvStore.list(prefix, options),
+    prefix,
+    kvStore,
+    options.responseKeys,
+  );
+}
+
+export async function listKvStoreRecursively(
+  kvStore: KvStore,
+  prefix: string,
+  options: ListOptions = {},
+): Promise<ListEntry[]> {
+  if (!kvStore.list) {
+    throw new Error("Listing not supported");
+  }
+  const entries: ListEntry[] = [];
+  async function process(path: string) {
+    const response = await kvStore.list!(path, options);
+    entries.push(...response.entries);
+    await Promise.all(response.directories.map((name) => process(name + "/")));
+  }
+  await process(prefix);
+  return transformListResponse(
+    { entries, directories: [] },
+    prefix,
+    kvStore,
+    options.responseKeys,
+  ).entries;
+}
+
+export function kvStoreAppendPath(
+  kvstore: KvStoreWithPath,
+  suffix: string,
+): KvStoreWithPath {
+  return { store: kvstore.store, path: kvstore.path + suffix };
+}
+
+export interface FileHandle {
+  stat(options: StatOptions): Promise<StatResponse | undefined>;
+  read(options: DriverReadOptions): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined>;
+  getUrl(): string;
+}
+
+export class KvStoreFileHandle<Key> implements FileHandle {
+  constructor(
+    public store: ReadableKvStore<Key>,
+    public key: Key,
+  ) {}
+
+  stat(options: StatOptions): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    return this.store.stat(this.key, options);
+  }
+
+  read(options: DriverReadOptions): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    return this.store.read(this.key, options);
+  }
+
+  getUrl() {
+    return this.store.getUrl(this.key);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/datasource/middleauth/credentials_provider.ts b/src/kvstore/middleauth/credentials_provider.ts
similarity index 84%
rename from src/datasource/middleauth/credentials_provider.ts
rename to src/kvstore/middleauth/credentials_provider.ts
index 719ed4738a..554ce79933 100644
--- a/src/datasource/middleauth/credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/kvstore/middleauth/credentials_provider.ts
@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ import {
   verifyString,
   verifyStringArray,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 export type MiddleAuthToken = {
   tokenType: string;
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ function openPopupCenter(url: string, width: number, height: number) {
 function waitForAuthResponseMessage(
   serverUrl: string,
   source: Window,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<MiddleAuthToken> {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     window.addEventListener(
@@ -91,17 +92,17 @@ function waitForAuthResponseMessage(
           console.error("Response received: ", event.data);
         }
       },
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+      { signal: signal },
     );
   });
 }
 
 async function waitForLogin(
   serverUrl: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<MiddleAuthToken> {
   const abortController = new AbortController();
-  abortSignal = AbortSignal.any([abortController.signal, abortSignal]);
+  signal = AbortSignal.any([abortController.signal, signal]);
   try {
     const newWindow = openPopupCenter(
       `${serverUrl}/api/v1/authorize`,
@@ -114,7 +115,7 @@ async function waitForLogin(
     monitorAuthPopupWindow(newWindow, abortController);
     return await raceWithAbort(
       waitForAuthResponseMessage(serverUrl, newWindow, abortController.signal),
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
     );
   } finally {
     abortController.abort();
@@ -144,7 +145,7 @@ export class MiddleAuthCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<MiddleAut
   constructor(private serverUrl: string) {
     super();
   }
-  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (abortSignal) => {
+  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (options) => {
     let token = undefined;
 
     if (!this.alreadyTriedLocalStorage) {
@@ -153,13 +154,16 @@ export class MiddleAuthCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<MiddleAut
     }
 
     if (!token) {
+      using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+        message: "Waiting for middleauth login to ${this.serverUrl}",
+      });
       token = await getCredentialsWithStatus(
         {
           description: `middleauth server ${this.serverUrl}`,
           requestDescription: "login",
-          get: (abortSignal) => waitForLogin(this.serverUrl, abortSignal),
+          get: (signal) => waitForLogin(this.serverUrl, signal),
         },
-        abortSignal,
+        options.signal,
       );
       saveAuthTokenToLocalStorage(this.serverUrl, token);
     }
@@ -188,16 +192,23 @@ export class MiddleAuthAppCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<Middle
     super();
   }
 
-  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async () => {
-    const authInfo = await fetch(`${this.serverUrl}/auth_info`).then((res) =>
-      res.json(),
-    );
+  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (options) => {
+    let authInfo: any;
+    {
+      using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+        message: `Determining authentication server for ${this.serverUrl}`,
+      });
+      const response = await fetch(`${this.serverUrl}/auth_info`, {
+        signal: options.signal,
+      });
+      authInfo = await response.json();
+    }
     const provider = this.credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider(
       "middleauth",
       authInfo.login_url,
     ) as MiddleAuthCredentialsProvider;
 
-    this.credentials = await provider.get(this.credentials);
+    this.credentials = await provider.get(this.credentials, options);
 
     if (this.credentials.credentials.appUrls.includes(this.serverUrl)) {
       return this.credentials.credentials;
diff --git a/src/kvstore/middleauth/register.ts b/src/kvstore/middleauth/register.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e772a05bb8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/middleauth/register.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  CredentialsManager,
+  CredentialsProvider,
+} from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import type { OAuth2Credentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
+import { fetchOkWithOAuth2CredentialsAdapter } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
+import type { BaseKvStoreProvider } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import { getBaseUrlAndPath, HttpKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/http/index.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextBase } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import { frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+
+const SCHEME_PREFIX = "middleauth+";
+
+function getMiddleAuthCredentialsProvider(
+  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
+  url: string,
+): CredentialsProvider<OAuth2Credentials> {
+  return credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider(
+    "middleauthapp",
+    new URL(url).origin,
+  );
+}
+
+function middleauthProvider(
+  scheme: string,
+  context: SharedKvStoreContextBase,
+): BaseKvStoreProvider {
+  return {
+    scheme: SCHEME_PREFIX + scheme,
+    description: `${scheme} with middleauth`,
+    getKvStore(url) {
+      const httpUrl = url.url.substring(SCHEME_PREFIX.length);
+      const credentialsProvider = getMiddleAuthCredentialsProvider(
+        context.credentialsManager,
+        httpUrl,
+      );
+      try {
+        const { baseUrl, path } = getBaseUrlAndPath(httpUrl);
+        return {
+          store: new HttpKvStore(
+            baseUrl,
+            SCHEME_PREFIX + baseUrl,
+            fetchOkWithOAuth2CredentialsAdapter(credentialsProvider),
+          ),
+          path,
+        };
+      } catch (e) {
+        throw new Error(`Invalid URL ${JSON.stringify(url.url)}`, {
+          cause: e,
+        });
+      }
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.registerBaseKvStoreProvider(
+  (context) => middleauthProvider("https", context),
+);
diff --git a/src/datasource/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts b/src/kvstore/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
similarity index 75%
rename from src/datasource/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
rename to src/kvstore/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
index 90f6a3b634..42ad01323e 100644
--- a/src/datasource/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/kvstore/middleauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
@@ -14,19 +14,19 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { defaultCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
+import { registerDefaultCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
 import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 import {
   MiddleAuthCredentialsProvider,
   MiddleAuthAppCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/datasource/middleauth/credentials_provider.js";
+} from "#src/kvstore/middleauth/credentials_provider.js";
 
-defaultCredentialsManager.register(
+registerDefaultCredentialsProvider(
   "middleauth",
-  (serverUrl) => new MiddleAuthCredentialsProvider(serverUrl),
+  (serverUrl: string) => new MiddleAuthCredentialsProvider(serverUrl),
 );
 
-defaultCredentialsManager.register(
+registerDefaultCredentialsProvider(
   "middleauthapp",
   (serverUrl: string, credentialsManager: CredentialsManager) =>
     new MiddleAuthAppCredentialsProvider(serverUrl, credentialsManager),
diff --git a/src/datasource/ngauth/README.md b/src/kvstore/ngauth/README.md
similarity index 100%
rename from src/datasource/ngauth/README.md
rename to src/kvstore/ngauth/README.md
diff --git a/src/datasource/ngauth/credentials_provider.ts b/src/kvstore/ngauth/credentials_provider.ts
similarity index 71%
rename from src/datasource/ngauth/credentials_provider.ts
rename to src/kvstore/ngauth/credentials_provider.ts
index ed24973eba..7d2208f0ee 100644
--- a/src/datasource/ngauth/credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/kvstore/ngauth/credentials_provider.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { fetchWithCredentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOkWithCredentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/http_request.js";
 import {
   CredentialsProvider,
   makeCredentialsGetter,
@@ -25,12 +25,13 @@ import {
 } from "#src/credentials_provider/interactive_credentials_provider.js";
 import type { OAuth2Credentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
 import { raceWithAbort } from "#src/util/abort.js";
-import { HttpError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOk, HttpError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
 import {
   verifyObject,
   verifyObjectProperty,
   verifyString,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 function makeOriginError(serverUrl: string): Error {
   return new Error(
@@ -45,10 +46,10 @@ export interface Credentials {
 
 async function waitForLogin(
   serverUrl: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<Credentials> {
   const abortController = new AbortController();
-  abortSignal = AbortSignal.any([abortController.signal, abortSignal]);
+  signal = AbortSignal.any([abortController.signal, signal]);
   try {
     const newWindow = window.open(
       `${serverUrl}/login?origin=${encodeURIComponent(self.origin)}`,
@@ -59,7 +60,7 @@ async function waitForLogin(
     monitorAuthPopupWindow(newWindow, abortController);
     return await raceWithAbort(
       waitForAuthResponseMessage(serverUrl, newWindow, abortController.signal),
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
     );
   } finally {
     abortController.abort();
@@ -69,7 +70,7 @@ async function waitForLogin(
 function waitForAuthResponseMessage(
   serverUrl: string,
   source: Window,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<Credentials> {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     window.addEventListener(
@@ -102,7 +103,7 @@ function waitForAuthResponseMessage(
           );
         }
       },
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+      { signal: signal },
     );
   });
 }
@@ -111,28 +112,34 @@ export class NgauthCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<Credentials>
   constructor(public serverUrl: string) {
     super();
   }
-  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (abortSignal) => {
-    const response = await fetch(`${this.serverUrl}/token`, {
-      method: "POST",
-      credentials: "include",
-      signal: abortSignal,
+  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (options) => {
+    using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+      message: `Requesting ngauth login token from ${this.serverUrl}`,
     });
-    switch (response.status) {
-      case 200:
-        return { token: await response.text() };
-      case 401:
-        return await getCredentialsWithStatus(
-          {
-            description: `ngauth server ${this.serverUrl}`,
-            requestDescription: "login",
-            get: (abortSignal) => waitForLogin(this.serverUrl, abortSignal),
-          },
-          abortSignal,
-        );
-      case 403:
-        throw makeOriginError(this.serverUrl);
-      default:
-        throw HttpError.fromResponse(response);
+    try {
+      const response = await fetchOk(`${this.serverUrl}/token`, {
+        method: "POST",
+        credentials: "include",
+        signal: options.signal,
+      });
+      return { token: await response.text() };
+    } catch (e) {
+      if (e instanceof HttpError) {
+        switch (e.status) {
+          case 401:
+            return await getCredentialsWithStatus(
+              {
+                description: `ngauth server ${this.serverUrl}`,
+                requestDescription: "login",
+                get: (signal) => waitForLogin(this.serverUrl, signal),
+              },
+              options.signal,
+            );
+          case 403:
+            throw makeOriginError(this.serverUrl);
+        }
+      }
+      throw e;
     }
   });
 }
@@ -145,11 +152,14 @@ export class NgauthGcsCredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<OAuth2Cred
   ) {
     super();
   }
-  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async () => {
-    const response = await fetchWithCredentials(
+  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (options) => {
+    using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+      message: `Requesting access token for gs://${this.bucket} from ${this.serverUrl}`,
+    });
+    const response = await fetchOkWithCredentials(
       this.ngauthCredentialsProvider,
       `${this.serverUrl}/gcs_token`,
-      { method: "POST" },
+      { method: "POST", signal: options.signal },
       (credentials, init) => {
         return {
           ...init,
diff --git a/src/kvstore/ngauth/register.ts b/src/kvstore/ngauth/register.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7ef1067cf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/ngauth/register.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,84 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import pythonIntegration from "#python_integration_build";
+import type {
+  CredentialsManager,
+  CredentialsProvider,
+} from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import type { OAuth2Credentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
+import { fetchOkWithOAuth2CredentialsAdapter } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
+import type { BaseKvStoreProvider } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import { GcsKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/gcs/index.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextBase } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import { frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+
+function getNgauthCredentialsProvider(
+  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
+  authServer: string,
+  bucket: string,
+): CredentialsProvider<OAuth2Credentials> {
+  return pythonIntegration
+    ? credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider("gcs", { bucket })
+    : credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider("ngauth_gcs", {
+        authServer: authServer,
+        bucket,
+      });
+}
+
+const SCHEME_PREFIX = "gs+ngauth+";
+
+function gcsNgauthProvider(
+  scheme: string,
+  context: SharedKvStoreContextBase,
+): BaseKvStoreProvider {
+  return {
+    scheme,
+    description: pythonIntegration
+      ? "Google Cloud Storage"
+      : "Google Cloud Storage (ngauth)",
+    getKvStore(url) {
+      const m = (url.suffix ?? "").match(/^\/\/([^/]+)\/([^/]+)(\/.*)?$/);
+      if (m === null) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Invalid URL, expected ${url.scheme}://<ngauth-server>/<bucket>/<path>`,
+        );
+      }
+      const [, authHost, bucket, path] = m;
+      const authUrl =
+        url.scheme.substring(SCHEME_PREFIX.length) + "://" + authHost;
+      const credentialsProvider = getNgauthCredentialsProvider(
+        context.credentialsManager,
+        authUrl,
+        bucket,
+      );
+      return {
+        store: new GcsKvStore(
+          bucket,
+          `${url.scheme}://${authHost}/${bucket}/`,
+          fetchOkWithOAuth2CredentialsAdapter(credentialsProvider),
+        ),
+        path: decodeURIComponent((path ?? "").substring(1)),
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+for (const scheme of ["http", "https"]) {
+  frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.registerBaseKvStoreProvider(
+    (context) => gcsNgauthProvider(`${SCHEME_PREFIX}${scheme}`, context),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/datasource/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts b/src/kvstore/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
similarity index 83%
rename from src/datasource/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
rename to src/kvstore/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
index d500e1ee54..ff7ce554f7 100644
--- a/src/datasource/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
+++ b/src/kvstore/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.ts
@@ -14,18 +14,18 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { defaultCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
+import { registerDefaultCredentialsProvider } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
 import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
 import {
   NgauthCredentialsProvider,
   NgauthGcsCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/datasource/ngauth/credentials_provider.js";
+} from "#src/kvstore/ngauth/credentials_provider.js";
 
-defaultCredentialsManager.register(
+registerDefaultCredentialsProvider(
   "ngauth",
   (serverUrl) => new NgauthCredentialsProvider(serverUrl),
 );
-defaultCredentialsManager.register(
+registerDefaultCredentialsProvider(
   "ngauth_gcs",
   (
     parameters: { authServer: string; bucket: string },
diff --git a/src/kvstore/register.ts b/src/kvstore/register.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..86f316b61d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/register.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import { AutoDetectRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import type {
+  BaseKvStoreProvider,
+  KvStoreAdapterProvider,
+  KvStoreContext,
+} from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+
+export interface SharedKvStoreContextBase {
+  kvStoreContext: KvStoreContext;
+  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager;
+}
+
+export class KvStoreProviderRegistry<
+  SharedKvStoreContext extends SharedKvStoreContextBase,
+> {
+  baseKvStoreProviders: Array<
+    (context: SharedKvStoreContext) => BaseKvStoreProvider
+  > = [];
+  kvStoreAdapterProviders: Array<
+    (context: SharedKvStoreContext) => KvStoreAdapterProvider
+  > = [];
+  autoDetectRegistry = new AutoDetectRegistry();
+
+  registerBaseKvStoreProvider(
+    provider: (context: SharedKvStoreContext) => BaseKvStoreProvider,
+  ) {
+    this.baseKvStoreProviders.push(provider);
+  }
+
+  registerKvStoreAdapterProvider(
+    provider: (context: SharedKvStoreContext) => KvStoreAdapterProvider,
+  ) {
+    this.kvStoreAdapterProviders.push(provider);
+  }
+
+  applyToContext(context: SharedKvStoreContext) {
+    const { kvStoreContext } = context;
+    for (const key of [
+      "baseKvStoreProviders",
+      "kvStoreAdapterProviders",
+    ] as const) {
+      const map = kvStoreContext[key];
+      for (const providerFactory of this[key]) {
+        const provider = providerFactory(context);
+        const { scheme } = provider;
+        if (map.has(scheme)) {
+          throw new Error(`Duplicate kvstore scheme ${scheme}`);
+        }
+        map.set(scheme, provider as any);
+      }
+    }
+    this.autoDetectRegistry.copyTo(context.kvStoreContext.autoDetectRegistry);
+  }
+}
+
+export const frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry =
+  new KvStoreProviderRegistry<SharedKvStoreContextBase>();
diff --git a/src/kvstore/s3/index.ts b/src/kvstore/s3/index.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d412406174
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/s3/index.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { read, stat } from "#src/kvstore/http/read.js";
+import type {
+  KvStore,
+  DriverListOptions,
+  ListResponse,
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { getS3BucketListing } from "#src/kvstore/s3/list.js";
+import { encodePathForUrl } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import type { FetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
+export class S3KvStore implements KvStore {
+  constructor(
+    public baseUrl: string,
+    public baseUrlForDisplay: string,
+    private fetchOkImpl: FetchOk = fetchOk,
+  ) {}
+
+  stat(key: string, options: StatOptions): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    const url = `${this.baseUrl}${key}`;
+    return stat(this, key, url, options, this.fetchOkImpl);
+  }
+
+  read(
+    key: string,
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    const url = `${this.baseUrl}${key}`;
+    return read(this, key, url, options, this.fetchOkImpl);
+  }
+
+  list(prefix: string, options: DriverListOptions): Promise<ListResponse> {
+    const { progressListener } = options;
+    using _span =
+      progressListener === undefined
+        ? undefined
+        : new ProgressSpan(progressListener, {
+            message: `Listing prefix ${this.getUrl(prefix)}`,
+          });
+    return getS3BucketListing(this.baseUrl, prefix, {
+      fetchOkImpl: this.fetchOkImpl,
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener,
+    });
+  }
+
+  getUrl(path: string) {
+    return this.baseUrlForDisplay + encodePathForUrl(path);
+  }
+
+  get supportsOffsetReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  get supportsSuffixReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/s3/list.ts b/src/kvstore/s3/list.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3580689ddd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/s3/list.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { ListEntry, ListResponse } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import type { FetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
+export async function getS3BucketListing(
+  bucketUrl: string,
+  prefix: string,
+  options: {
+    delimiter?: string;
+    fetchOkImpl?: FetchOk;
+  } & Partial<ProgressOptions> = {},
+): Promise<ListResponse> {
+  const {
+    delimiter = "/",
+    fetchOkImpl = fetchOk,
+    signal,
+    progressListener,
+  } = options;
+  const response = await fetchOkImpl(
+    `${bucketUrl}?prefix=${encodeURIComponent(prefix)}` +
+      `&delimiter=${encodeURIComponent(delimiter)}`,
+    /*init=*/ {
+      signal: signal,
+      progressListener,
+    },
+  );
+  const text = await response.text();
+  const doc = new DOMParser().parseFromString(text, "application/xml");
+  const namespaceResolver: XPathNSResolver = () =>
+    "http://doc.s3.amazonaws.com/2006-03-01/";
+  const commonPrefixNodes = doc.evaluate(
+    "//CommonPrefixes/Prefix",
+    doc,
+    namespaceResolver,
+    XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE,
+    null,
+  );
+  const directories: string[] = [];
+  for (let i = 0, n = commonPrefixNodes.snapshotLength; i < n; ++i) {
+    const name = commonPrefixNodes.snapshotItem(i)!.textContent;
+    if (name === null) continue;
+    // Exclude delimiter from end of `name`.
+    directories.push(name.substring(0, name.length - delimiter.length));
+  }
+
+  const entries: ListEntry[] = [];
+  const contents = doc.evaluate(
+    "//Contents/Key",
+    doc,
+    namespaceResolver,
+    XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE,
+    null,
+  );
+  for (let i = 0, n = contents.snapshotLength; i < n; ++i) {
+    const name = contents.snapshotItem(i)!.textContent;
+    if (name === null) continue;
+    entries.push({ key: name });
+  }
+  return { directories, entries };
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/s3/register.ts b/src/kvstore/s3/register.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b6545d5a01
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/s3/register.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { BaseKvStoreProvider } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextBase } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+import { frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/register.js";
+
+import { S3KvStore } from "#src/kvstore/s3/index.js";
+
+function s3Provider(_context: SharedKvStoreContextBase): BaseKvStoreProvider {
+  return {
+    scheme: "s3",
+    description: "S3 (anonymous)",
+    getKvStore(url) {
+      const m = (url.suffix ?? "").match(/^\/\/([^/]+)(\/.*)?$/);
+      if (m === null) {
+        throw new Error("Invalid URL, expected `s3://<bucket>/<path>`");
+      }
+      const [, bucket, path] = m;
+      return {
+        store: new S3KvStore(
+          `https://${bucket}.s3.amazonaws.com/`,
+          `s3://${bucket}/`,
+        ),
+        path: decodeURIComponent((path ?? "").substring(1)),
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+frontendBackendIsomorphicKvStoreProviderRegistry.registerBaseKvStoreProvider(
+  s3Provider,
+);
diff --git a/src/kvstore/shared_common.ts b/src/kvstore/shared_common.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3bfb367ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/shared_common.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+export const SHARED_KVSTORE_CONTEXT_RPC_ID = "SharedKvStoreContext";
+
+export const STAT_RPC_ID = "SharedKvStoreContext.stat";
+export const READ_RPC_ID = "SharedKvStoreContext.read";
+export const LIST_RPC_ID = "SharedKvStoreContext.list";
diff --git a/src/kvstore/special/index.ts b/src/kvstore/special/index.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index f8f6e3a503..0000000000
--- a/src/kvstore/special/index.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,175 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2023 Google Inc.
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import type {
-  ByteRange,
-  ByteRangeRequest,
-  ReadableKvStore,
-  ReadOptions,
-  ReadResponse,
-} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
-import { composeByteRangeRequest } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
-import { isNotFoundError } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import { fetchSpecialOk } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-
-function getRangeHeader(
-  request: ByteRangeRequest | undefined,
-): string | undefined {
-  if (request === undefined) return undefined;
-  if ("suffixLength" in request) {
-    return `bytes=-${request.suffixLength}`;
-  }
-  return `bytes=${request.offset}-${request.offset + request.length - 1}`;
-}
-
-/**
- * On Chromium, multiple concurrent byte range requests to the same URL are serialized unless the
- * cache is disabled.  Disabling the cache works around the problem.
- *
- * https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=969828
- */
-const byteRangeCacheMode =
-  navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Chrome") !== -1 ? "no-store" : "default";
-
-class SpecialProtocolKvStore implements ReadableKvStore {
-  constructor(
-    public credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-    public baseUrl: string,
-  ) {}
-
-  async getObjectLength(url: string, options: ReadOptions) {
-    // Use a HEAD request to get the length of an object
-    const headResponse = await fetchSpecialOk(this.credentialsProvider, url, {
-      method: "HEAD",
-      signal: options.abortSignal,
-    });
-
-    if (headResponse.status !== 200) {
-      throw new Error(
-        "Failed to determine total size in order to fetch suffix",
-      );
-    }
-    const contentLength = headResponse.headers.get("content-length");
-    if (contentLength === undefined) {
-      throw new Error(
-        "Failed to determine total size in order to fetch suffix",
-      );
-    }
-    const contentLengthNumber = Number(contentLength);
-    return contentLengthNumber;
-  }
-
-  async read(
-    key: string,
-    options: ReadOptions,
-  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
-    let { byteRange: byteRangeRequest } = options;
-    const url = this.baseUrl + key;
-
-    try {
-      // The HTTP spec supports suffixLength requests directly via "Range:
-      // bytes=-N" requests, which avoids the need for a separate HEAD request.
-      // However, per
-      // https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#cors-safelisted-request-header a suffix
-      // length byte range request header will always trigger an OPTIONS preflight
-      // request, which would otherwise be avoided. This negates the benefit of
-      // using a suffixLength request directly. Additionally, some servers such as
-      // the npm http-server package and https://uk1s3.embassy.ebi.ac.uk/ do not
-      // correctly handle suffixLength requests or do not correctly handle CORS
-      // preflight requests. To avoid those issues, always just issue a separate
-      // HEAD request to determine the length.
-      let totalSize: number | undefined;
-      if (
-        byteRangeRequest !== undefined &&
-        "suffixLength" in byteRangeRequest
-      ) {
-        const totalSize = await this.getObjectLength(url, options);
-        byteRangeRequest = composeByteRangeRequest(
-          { offset: 0, length: totalSize },
-          byteRangeRequest,
-        ).outer;
-      }
-      const requestInit: RequestInit = { signal: options.abortSignal };
-      const rangeHeader = getRangeHeader(byteRangeRequest);
-      if (rangeHeader !== undefined) {
-        requestInit.headers = { range: rangeHeader };
-        requestInit.cache = byteRangeCacheMode;
-      }
-      const response = await fetchSpecialOk(
-        this.credentialsProvider,
-        url,
-        requestInit,
-      );
-      const data = await response.arrayBuffer();
-      let byteRange: ByteRange | undefined;
-      if (response.status === 206) {
-        const contentRange = response.headers.get("content-range");
-        if (contentRange === null) {
-          // Content-range should always be sent, but some buggy servers don't
-          // send it.
-          if (byteRangeRequest !== undefined) {
-            byteRange = {
-              offset: byteRangeRequest.offset,
-              length: data.byteLength,
-            };
-          } else {
-            throw new Error(
-              "Unexpected HTTP 206 response when no byte range specified.",
-            );
-          }
-        }
-        if (contentRange !== null) {
-          const m = contentRange.match(/bytes ([0-9]+)-([0-9]+)\/([0-9]+|\*)/);
-          if (m === null) {
-            throw new Error(
-              `Invalid content-range header: ${JSON.stringify(contentRange)}`,
-            );
-          }
-          const beginPos = parseInt(m[1], 10);
-          const endPos = parseInt(m[2], 10);
-          if (endPos !== beginPos + data.byteLength - 1) {
-            throw new Error(
-              `Length in content-range header ${JSON.stringify(
-                contentRange,
-              )} does not match content length ${data.byteLength}`,
-            );
-          }
-          if (m[3] !== "*") {
-            totalSize = parseInt(m[3], 10);
-          }
-          byteRange = { offset: beginPos, length: data.byteLength };
-        }
-      }
-      if (byteRange === undefined) {
-        byteRange = { offset: 0, length: data.byteLength };
-        totalSize = data.byteLength;
-      }
-      return { data: new Uint8Array(data), dataRange: byteRange, totalSize };
-    } catch (e) {
-      if (isNotFoundError(e)) {
-        return undefined;
-      }
-      throw e;
-    }
-  }
-}
-export function getSpecialProtocolKvStore(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  baseUrl: string,
-): ReadableKvStore {
-  return new SpecialProtocolKvStore(credentialsProvider, baseUrl);
-}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/url.ts b/src/kvstore/url.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89a29298b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/url.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,200 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+export function kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(url: string): string {
+  const m = url.match(
+    /^((?:.*?|)?)([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9-+.]*)(?:(:[^?#|]*)((?:[?#][^|]*)?))?$/,
+  );
+  if (m === null) {
+    throw new Error(`Invalid URL: ${url}`);
+  }
+  const [, pipelinePrefix, scheme, path, queryAndFragment] = m;
+  if (path === undefined) {
+    return `${pipelinePrefix}${scheme}:`;
+  }
+  if (path === ":" || path.endsWith("/")) return url;
+  return `${pipelinePrefix}${scheme}${path}/${queryAndFragment ?? ""}`;
+}
+
+export function finalPipelineUrlComponent(url: string) {
+  // match is infallible
+  const m = url.match(/.*?([^|]*)$/)!;
+  return m[1];
+}
+
+export const schemePattern = /^(?:([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9-+.]*):)?(.*)$/;
+
+export function parsePipelineUrlComponent(url: string): UrlWithParsedScheme {
+  // schemePattern always matches
+  const m = url.match(schemePattern)!;
+  const scheme = m[1];
+  const suffix = m[2];
+  if (scheme === undefined) {
+    return { url, scheme: url, suffix: undefined };
+  } else {
+    return { url, scheme: scheme, suffix };
+  }
+}
+
+export const urlComponentPattern =
+  /^(?:([a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9-+.]*):)?([^?#]*)(?:\?([^#]*))?(?:#(.*))?$/;
+
+export function parseUrlSuffix(suffix: string | undefined): {
+  authorityAndPath: string | undefined;
+  query: string | undefined;
+  fragment: string | undefined;
+} {
+  if (suffix === undefined) {
+    return {
+      authorityAndPath: undefined,
+      query: undefined,
+      fragment: undefined,
+    };
+  }
+  // Infallible pattern.
+  const [, authorityAndPath, query, fragment] = suffix.match(
+    /^([^?#]*)(?:\?([^#]*))?(?:#(.*))?$/,
+  )!;
+  return {
+    authorityAndPath,
+    query: query ?? undefined,
+    fragment: fragment ?? undefined,
+  };
+}
+
+export interface UrlWithParsedScheme {
+  // Full original URL.
+  url: string;
+
+  // Scheme (excluding ":").
+  scheme: string;
+
+  // Suffix following "<scheme>:", including initial "//" if present.
+  suffix: string | undefined;
+}
+
+// Splits a URL containing multiple "|"-separate parts.
+export function splitPipelineUrl(url: string): UrlWithParsedScheme[] {
+  return url.split("|").map(parsePipelineUrlComponent);
+}
+
+export function pipelineUrlJoin(
+  baseUrl: string,
+  ...additionalParts: string[]
+): string {
+  // Strip off any ? or # parameters, since they are not part of the path.
+  // Infallible pattern
+  let [, base, queryAndFragment] = baseUrl.match(/^(.*?[^|?#]*)([^|]*)$/)!;
+  for (let part of additionalParts) {
+    if (part.startsWith("/")) {
+      part = part.substring(1);
+    }
+    if (part === "") continue;
+    base = kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl(base);
+    base += part;
+  }
+  return base + queryAndFragment;
+}
+
+export function joinPath(base: string, ...additionalParts: string[]) {
+  for (let part of additionalParts) {
+    if (part.startsWith("/")) {
+      part = part.substring(1);
+    }
+    if (part === "") continue;
+    base = ensurePathIsDirectory(base);
+    base += part;
+  }
+  return base;
+}
+
+export function ensurePathIsDirectory(path: string) {
+  if (!pathIsDirectory(path)) {
+    path += "/";
+  }
+  return path;
+}
+
+export function ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters(url: UrlWithParsedScheme) {
+  const { suffix } = url;
+  if (suffix === undefined) return;
+  if (suffix.match(/[#?]/)) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Invalid URL ${url.url}: query parameters and/or fragment not supported`,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export function ensureEmptyUrlSuffix(url: UrlWithParsedScheme) {
+  if (url.suffix) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Invalid URL syntax ${JSON.stringify(url.url)}, expected "${url.scheme}:"`,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export function extractQueryAndFragment(url: string): {
+  base: string;
+  queryAndFragment: string;
+} {
+  const [, base, queryAndFragment] = url.match(/^(.*?[^|?#]*)([^|]*)$/)!;
+  return { base, queryAndFragment };
+}
+
+// Resolves `relativePath` relative to `basePath`.
+//
+// Note that the parameters are both expected to be plain paths, not full URLs
+// or URL pipelines.
+export function resolveRelativePath(basePath: string, relativePath: string) {
+  const origBasePath = basePath;
+  if (basePath.endsWith("/")) {
+    basePath = basePath.substring(0, basePath.length - 1);
+  }
+  for (const component of relativePath.split("/")) {
+    if (component === "" || component === ".") {
+      continue;
+    }
+    if (component === "..") {
+      const prevSlash = basePath.lastIndexOf("/");
+      if (prevSlash <= 0) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `Invalid relative path ${JSON.stringify(relativePath)} from base path ${JSON.stringify(origBasePath)}`,
+        );
+      }
+      basePath = basePath.substring(0, prevSlash - 1);
+      continue;
+    }
+    basePath += "/";
+    basePath += component;
+  }
+  if (relativePath.endsWith("/")) {
+    basePath += "/";
+  }
+  return basePath;
+}
+
+export function pathIsDirectory(path: string) {
+  return path === "" || path.endsWith("/");
+}
+
+// Plain paths can have arbitrary characters, but to be included in a URL
+// pipeline, special characters must be percent encoded.
+export function encodePathForUrl(path: string) {
+  return encodeURI(path).replace(
+    /[?#]/g,
+    (c) => `%${c.charCodeAt(0).toString(16).toUpperCase()}`,
+  );
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/zip/auto_detect.ts b/src/kvstore/zip/auto_detect.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..521002f6f7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/zip/auto_detect.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  AutoDetectFileOptions,
+  AutoDetectMatch,
+  AutoDetectRegistry,
+} from "#src/kvstore/auto_detect.js";
+import {
+  EOCDR_WITHOUT_COMMENT_SIZE,
+  parseEndOfCentralDirectoryRecord,
+} from "#src/kvstore/zip/metadata.js";
+
+async function detectZip(
+  options: AutoDetectFileOptions,
+): Promise<AutoDetectMatch[]> {
+  const { suffix } = options;
+  if (suffix === undefined) return [];
+  if (parseEndOfCentralDirectoryRecord(suffix) === undefined) return [];
+  return [{ suffix: "zip:", description: "ZIP archive" }];
+}
+
+export function registerAutoDetect(registry: AutoDetectRegistry) {
+  registry.registerFileFormat({
+    prefixLength: 0,
+    // To ensure all valid zip file are detected, this should be set to
+    // `EOCDR_WITHOUT_COMMENT_SIZE + MAX_COMMENT_SIZE`. In practice, though, zip
+    // files with comments are rare and 4096 should be sufficient for most
+    // cases while avoiding reading an excessive amount for auto-detection.
+    suffixLength: EOCDR_WITHOUT_COMMENT_SIZE + 4096,
+    match: detectZip,
+  });
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/zip/backend.ts b/src/kvstore/zip/backend.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..00d021fe98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/zip/backend.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
+import { makeSimpleAsyncCache } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
+import { FileByteRangeHandle } from "#src/kvstore/byte_range/file_handle.js";
+import { GzipFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/gzip/file_handle.js";
+import type {
+  DriverListOptions,
+  DriverReadOptions,
+  FileHandle,
+  KvStore,
+  ListEntry,
+  ListResponse,
+  ReadResponse,
+  StatOptions,
+  StatResponse,
+} from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { readFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { encodePathForUrl } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import type {
+  ZipMetadata,
+  Reader,
+  ZipEntry,
+} from "#src/kvstore/zip/metadata.js";
+import {
+  readZipMetadata,
+  readEntryDataHeader,
+  ZipCompressionMethod,
+} from "#src/kvstore/zip/metadata.js";
+import {
+  binarySearch,
+  binarySearchLowerBound,
+  filterArrayInplace,
+} from "#src/util/array.js";
+import {
+  ProgressSpan,
+  type ProgressOptions,
+} from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { defaultStringCompare } from "#src/util/string.js";
+
+function makeZipReader(base: FileHandle): Reader {
+  return async (
+    offset: number,
+    length: number,
+    options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ) => {
+    const readResponse = await readFileHandle(base, {
+      throwIfMissing: true,
+      byteRange: { offset, length },
+      strictByteRange: true,
+      signal: options.signal,
+      progressListener: options.progressListener,
+    });
+    return new Uint8Array(await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer());
+  };
+}
+
+interface CachedZipEntry extends ZipEntry {
+  fileDataStart?: number;
+}
+
+interface CachedZipMetadata extends ZipMetadata {
+  entries: CachedZipEntry[];
+}
+
+function getZipMetadataCache(chunkManager: ChunkManager, base: FileHandle) {
+  const url = base.getUrl();
+  return makeSimpleAsyncCache(chunkManager, `zipMetadata:${url}`, {
+    get: async (_unusedCacheKey: undefined, progressOptions) => {
+      using _span = new ProgressSpan(progressOptions.progressListener, {
+        message: `Reading ZIP central directory from ${url}`,
+      });
+      const statResponse = await base.stat(progressOptions);
+      if (statResponse?.totalSize === undefined) {
+        throw new Error(`Failed to determine ZIP file size: ${url}`);
+      }
+      const metadata = await readZipMetadata(
+        makeZipReader(base),
+        statResponse.totalSize,
+        progressOptions,
+      );
+      // Zip files sometimes contain zero-length files corresponding to
+      // directories.
+      filterArrayInplace(
+        metadata.entries,
+        (entry) => !entry.fileName.endsWith("/"),
+      );
+      metadata.entries.sort((a, b) =>
+        defaultStringCompare(a.fileName, b.fileName),
+      );
+      return { data: metadata, size: metadata.sizeEstimate };
+    },
+  });
+}
+
+async function getZipMetadata(
+  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
+  base: FileHandle,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+): Promise<CachedZipMetadata> {
+  const cache = getZipMetadataCache(chunkManager, base);
+  try {
+    return (await cache.get(undefined, options)) as CachedZipMetadata;
+  } finally {
+    cache.dispose();
+  }
+}
+
+function findEntry(
+  metadata: CachedZipMetadata,
+  key: string,
+): CachedZipEntry | undefined {
+  const { entries } = metadata;
+  const index = binarySearch(entries, key, (key, entry) =>
+    defaultStringCompare(key, entry.fileName),
+  );
+  if (index < 0) return undefined;
+  return entries[index];
+}
+
+function list(metadata: ZipMetadata, prefix: string) {
+  const { entries } = metadata;
+  const startIndex = binarySearchLowerBound(
+    0,
+    entries.length,
+    (index) => entries[index].fileName >= prefix,
+  );
+
+  const endIndex = binarySearchLowerBound(
+    Math.min(entries.length, startIndex + 1),
+    entries.length,
+    (index) => !entries[index].fileName.startsWith(prefix),
+  );
+
+  const listEntries: ListEntry[] = [];
+  const directories: string[] = [];
+
+  for (let index = startIndex; index < endIndex; ) {
+    const entry = entries[index];
+    const i = entry.fileName.indexOf("/", prefix.length);
+    if (i === -1) {
+      // Filename
+      listEntries.push({ key: entry.fileName });
+      ++index;
+    } else {
+      // Directory
+      directories.push(entry.fileName.substring(0, i));
+      const directoryPrefix = entry.fileName.substring(0, i + 1);
+      index = binarySearchLowerBound(
+        index + 1,
+        endIndex,
+        (index) => !entries[index].fileName.startsWith(directoryPrefix),
+      );
+    }
+  }
+
+  return { entries: listEntries, directories };
+}
+
+export class ZipKvStore<BaseFileHandle extends FileHandle = FileHandle>
+  implements KvStore
+{
+  constructor(
+    public chunkManager: ChunkManager,
+    public base: BaseFileHandle,
+  ) {}
+
+  private metadata: ZipMetadata | undefined;
+
+  private async getMetadata(options: Partial<ProgressOptions>) {
+    let { metadata } = this;
+    if (metadata === undefined) {
+      metadata = this.metadata = await getZipMetadata(
+        this.chunkManager,
+        this.base,
+        options,
+      );
+    }
+    return metadata;
+  }
+
+  getUrl(key: string) {
+    return this.base.getUrl() + `|zip:${encodePathForUrl(key)}`;
+  }
+
+  async stat(
+    key: string,
+    options: StatOptions,
+  ): Promise<StatResponse | undefined> {
+    const entry = findEntry(await this.getMetadata(options), key);
+    if (entry === undefined) return undefined;
+    return { totalSize: entry.uncompressedSize };
+  }
+
+  async read(
+    key: string,
+    options: DriverReadOptions,
+  ): Promise<ReadResponse | undefined> {
+    const entry = findEntry(await this.getMetadata(options), key);
+    if (entry === undefined) return undefined;
+    let { fileDataStart } = entry;
+    if (fileDataStart === undefined) {
+      fileDataStart = entry.fileDataStart = await readEntryDataHeader(
+        makeZipReader(this.base),
+        entry,
+        options,
+      );
+    }
+    let handle: FileHandle = new FileByteRangeHandle(this.base, {
+      offset: fileDataStart,
+      length: entry.compressedSize,
+    });
+    switch (entry.compressionMethod) {
+      case ZipCompressionMethod.STORE:
+        break;
+      case ZipCompressionMethod.DEFLATE:
+        handle = new GzipFileHandle(handle, "deflate-raw");
+        break;
+      default:
+        throw new Error(
+          `Unsupported compression method: ${entry.compressionMethod}`,
+        );
+    }
+    return handle.read(options);
+  }
+
+  async list(
+    prefix: string,
+    options: DriverListOptions,
+  ): Promise<ListResponse> {
+    const metadata = await this.getMetadata(options);
+    return list(metadata, prefix);
+  }
+
+  get supportsOffsetReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  get supportsSuffixReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/zip/frontend.ts b/src/kvstore/zip/frontend.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..959254c444
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/zip/frontend.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import { ProxyKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import type { KvStore, KvStoreFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { encodePathForUrl } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+
+export class ZipKvStore extends ProxyKvStore implements KvStore {
+  constructor(
+    sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
+    public base: KvStoreFileHandle<string>,
+  ) {
+    super(sharedKvStoreContext);
+  }
+
+  getUrl(key: string) {
+    return this.base.getUrl() + `|zip:${encodePathForUrl(key)}`;
+  }
+
+  get supportsOffsetReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+  get supportsSuffixReads() {
+    return true;
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/zip/metadata.ts b/src/kvstore/zip/metadata.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dbf864ab05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/zip/metadata.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,658 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+/**
+ * Derived from https://github.com/greggman/unzipit/blob/4d94c9b77f7815062ff4460311e8b3ce4f7d5deb/src/unzipit.js
+ *
+ * Includes only parsing of raw entries.
+ *
+ * @license
+ *
+ * The MIT License (MIT)
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2014 Josh Wolfe
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ *
+ * MIT License
+ *
+ * Copyright (c) 2019 Gregg Tavares
+ *
+ * Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+ * of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+ * in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+ * to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+ * copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+ * furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+ *
+ * The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+ * all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+ *
+ * THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+ * IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+ * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+ * AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+ * LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+ * OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+ * SOFTWARE.
+ */
+
+import { buf as crc32buf } from "crc-32";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
+export interface ZipEntry {
+  versionMadeBy: number;
+  versionNeededToExtract: number;
+  generalPurposeBitFlag: number;
+  compressionMethod: number;
+  lastModFileTime: number;
+  lastModFileDate: number;
+  crc32: number;
+  compressedSize: number;
+  uncompressedSize: number;
+  nameBytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+  commentBytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+  internalFileAttributes: number;
+  externalFileAttributes: number;
+  relativeOffsetOfLocalHeader: number;
+  fileName: string;
+}
+
+export interface ZipMetadata {
+  entries: ZipEntry[];
+  commentBytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>;
+  // Estimated size in bytes of metadata.
+  sizeEstimate: number;
+}
+
+export const EOCDR_WITHOUT_COMMENT_SIZE = 22;
+export const MAX_COMMENT_SIZE = 0xffff; // 2-byte size
+const EOCDR_SIGNATURE = 0x06054b50;
+const ZIP64_EOCDR_SIGNATURE = 0x06064b50;
+
+export interface Reader {
+  (
+    offset: number,
+    length: number,
+    progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ): Promise<Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>>;
+}
+
+function lastReadCachingReader(base: Reader) {
+  let lastReadOffset: number = 0;
+  let lastReadBuffer: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer> | undefined;
+
+  return async function lastReadCachingRead(
+    offset: number,
+    length: number,
+    progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ): Promise<Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>> {
+    if (lastReadBuffer !== undefined) {
+      if (
+        offset > lastReadOffset &&
+        offset + length <= lastReadOffset + lastReadBuffer.length
+      ) {
+        return lastReadBuffer.subarray(
+          offset - lastReadOffset,
+          offset + length - lastReadOffset,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    const newBuffer = await base(offset, length, progressOptions);
+    lastReadOffset = offset;
+    lastReadBuffer = newBuffer;
+    return newBuffer;
+  };
+}
+
+export function parseEndOfCentralDirectoryRecord(data: Uint8Array):
+  | {
+      eocdrOffset: number;
+      diskNumber: number;
+      entryCount: number;
+      centralDirectorySize: number;
+      centralDirectoryOffset: number;
+    }
+  | undefined {
+  const dv = new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+  const size = data.length;
+  for (let i = size - EOCDR_WITHOUT_COMMENT_SIZE; i >= 0; --i) {
+    // 0 - End of central directory signature
+    if (dv.getUint32(i, /*littleEndian=*/ true) !== EOCDR_SIGNATURE) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // 20 - Comment length
+    const commentLength = dv.getUint16(i + 20, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+    const expectedCommentLength = size - i - EOCDR_WITHOUT_COMMENT_SIZE;
+    if (commentLength !== expectedCommentLength) {
+      continue;
+    }
+
+    // 4 - Number of this disk
+    const diskNumber = dv.getUint16(i + 4, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+
+    // 6 - Disk where central directory starts
+    // 8 - Number of central directory records on this disk
+    // 10 - Total number of central directory records
+    const entryCount = dv.getUint16(i + 10, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+    // 12 - Size of central directory (bytes)
+    const centralDirectorySize = dv.getUint32(i + 12, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+    // 16 - Offset of start of central directory, relative to start of archive
+    const centralDirectoryOffset = dv.getUint32(i + 16, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+
+    return {
+      eocdrOffset: i,
+      diskNumber,
+      entryCount,
+      centralDirectorySize,
+      centralDirectoryOffset,
+    };
+  }
+
+  return undefined;
+}
+
+async function findEndOfCentralDirectory(
+  reader: Reader,
+  totalLength: number,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+) {
+  const size = Math.min(
+    EOCDR_WITHOUT_COMMENT_SIZE + MAX_COMMENT_SIZE,
+    totalLength,
+  );
+  const readStart = totalLength - size;
+  const data = await reader(readStart, size, options);
+  const record = parseEndOfCentralDirectoryRecord(data);
+  if (record === undefined) {
+    throw new Error(
+      "End of central directory record signature not found; either not a zip file or file is truncated.",
+    );
+  }
+  const {
+    eocdrOffset,
+    diskNumber,
+    entryCount,
+    centralDirectorySize,
+    centralDirectoryOffset,
+  } = record;
+  if (diskNumber !== 0) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `Multi-volume zip files are not supported. This is volume: ${diskNumber}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  // 22 - Comment
+  // the encoding is always cp437.
+  const commentBytes = data.slice(eocdrOffset + 22, data.length);
+
+  if (entryCount === 0xffff || centralDirectoryOffset === 0xffffffff) {
+    return await readZip64CentralDirectory(
+      reader,
+      eocdrOffset,
+      commentBytes,
+      options,
+    );
+  } else {
+    return await readEntries(
+      reader,
+      centralDirectoryOffset,
+      centralDirectorySize,
+      entryCount,
+      commentBytes,
+      options,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+const END_OF_CENTRAL_DIRECTORY_LOCATOR_SIGNATURE = 0x07064b50;
+
+async function readZip64CentralDirectory(
+  reader: Reader,
+  offset: number,
+  commentBytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>,
+  progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+) {
+  // ZIP64 Zip64 end of central directory locator
+  const zip64EocdlOffset = offset - 20;
+  const eocdl = await reader(zip64EocdlOffset, 20, progressOptions);
+
+  const eocdlDv = new DataView(
+    eocdl.buffer,
+    eocdl.byteOffset,
+    eocdl.byteLength,
+  );
+
+  // 0 - zip64 end of central dir locator signature
+  if (
+    eocdlDv.getUint32(0, /*littleEndian=*/ true) !==
+    END_OF_CENTRAL_DIRECTORY_LOCATOR_SIGNATURE
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("invalid zip64 end of central directory locator signature");
+  }
+
+  // 4 - number of the disk with the start of the zip64 end of central directory
+  // 8 - relative offset of the zip64 end of central directory record
+  const zip64EocdrOffset = eocdlDv.getBigUint64(8, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+  // 16 - total number of disks
+
+  // ZIP64 end of central directory record
+  const zip64Eocdr = await reader(
+    Number(zip64EocdrOffset),
+    56,
+    progressOptions,
+  );
+
+  const zip64EocdrDv = new DataView(
+    zip64Eocdr.buffer,
+    zip64Eocdr.byteOffset,
+    zip64Eocdr.byteLength,
+  );
+
+  // 0 - zip64 end of central dir signature                           4 bytes  (0x06064b50)
+  if (
+    zip64EocdrDv.getUint32(0, /*littleEndian=*/ true) !== ZIP64_EOCDR_SIGNATURE
+  ) {
+    throw new Error("invalid zip64 end of central directory record signature");
+  }
+  // 4 - size of zip64 end of central directory record                8 bytes
+  // 12 - version made by                                             2 bytes
+  // 14 - version needed to extract                                   2 bytes
+  // 16 - number of this disk                                         4 bytes
+  // 20 - number of the disk with the start of the central directory  4 bytes
+  // 24 - total number of entries in the central directory on this disk         8 bytes
+  // 32 - total number of entries in the central directory            8 bytes
+  const entryCount = zip64EocdrDv.getBigUint64(32, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+  // 40 - size of the central directory                               8 bytes
+  const centralDirectorySize = zip64EocdrDv.getBigUint64(
+    40,
+    /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+  );
+  // 48 - offset of start of central directory with respect to the starting disk number     8 bytes
+  const centralDirectoryOffset = zip64EocdrDv.getBigUint64(
+    48,
+    /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+  );
+  // 56 - zip64 extensible data sector                                (variable size)
+  return readEntries(
+    reader,
+    Number(centralDirectoryOffset),
+    Number(centralDirectorySize),
+    Number(entryCount),
+    commentBytes,
+    progressOptions,
+  );
+}
+
+const CENTRAL_DIRECTORY_FILE_HEADER_SIGNATURE = 0x02014b50;
+
+async function readEntries(
+  reader: Reader,
+  centralDirectoryOffset: number,
+  centralDirectorySize: number,
+  rawEntryCount: number,
+  commentBytes: Uint8Array<ArrayBuffer>,
+  progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+): Promise<ZipMetadata> {
+  let readEntryCursor = 0;
+  const allEntriesBuffer = await reader(
+    centralDirectoryOffset,
+    centralDirectorySize,
+    progressOptions,
+  );
+  const rawEntries = [];
+
+  const dv = new DataView(
+    allEntriesBuffer.buffer,
+    allEntriesBuffer.byteOffset,
+    allEntriesBuffer.byteLength,
+  );
+
+  const textDecoder = new TextDecoder();
+
+  for (let e = 0; e < rawEntryCount; ++e) {
+    // 0 - Central directory file header signature
+    const signature = dv.getUint32(readEntryCursor + 0, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+    if (signature !== CENTRAL_DIRECTORY_FILE_HEADER_SIGNATURE) {
+      throw new Error(
+        `invalid central directory file header signature: 0x${signature.toString(16)}`,
+      );
+    }
+    // 4 - Version made by
+    const versionMadeBy = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 4,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 6 - Version needed to extract (minimum)
+    const versionNeededToExtract = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 6,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 8 - General purpose bit flag
+    const generalPurposeBitFlag = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 8,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 10 - Compression method
+    const compressionMethod = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 10,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 12 - File last modification time
+    const lastModFileTime = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 12,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 14 - File last modification date
+    const lastModFileDate = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 14,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 16 - CRC-32
+    const crc32 = dv.getUint32(readEntryCursor + 16, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+    // 20 - Compressed size
+    let compressedSize = dv.getUint32(
+      readEntryCursor + 20,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 24 - Uncompressed size
+    let uncompressedSize = dv.getUint32(
+      readEntryCursor + 24,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 28 - File name length (n)
+    const fileNameLength = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 28,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 30 - Extra field length (m)
+    const extraFieldLength = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 30,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 32 - File comment length (k)
+    const fileCommentLength = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 32,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 34 - Disk number where file starts
+    // 36 - Internal file attributes
+    const internalFileAttributes = dv.getUint16(
+      readEntryCursor + 36,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 38 - External file attributes
+    const externalFileAttributes = dv.getUint32(
+      readEntryCursor + 38,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+    // 42 - Relative offset of local file header
+    let relativeOffsetOfLocalHeader = dv.getUint32(
+      readEntryCursor + 42,
+      /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+    );
+
+    if (generalPurposeBitFlag & 0x40) {
+      throw new Error("strong encryption is not supported");
+    }
+
+    readEntryCursor += 46;
+
+    // 46 - File name
+    let nameBytes = allEntriesBuffer.subarray(
+      readEntryCursor,
+      (readEntryCursor += fileNameLength),
+    );
+
+    let isUTF8 = (generalPurposeBitFlag & 0x800) !== 0;
+
+    // 46+n - Extra field
+    const extraFields = [];
+    for (let i = 0; i < extraFieldLength - 3; ) {
+      const headerId = dv.getUint16(
+        readEntryCursor + i + 0,
+        /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+      );
+      const dataSize = dv.getUint16(
+        readEntryCursor + i + 2,
+        /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+      );
+      const dataStart = i + 4;
+      const dataEnd = dataStart + dataSize;
+      if (dataEnd > extraFieldLength) {
+        throw new Error("extra field length exceeds extra field buffer size");
+      }
+      extraFields.push({
+        id: headerId,
+        offset: readEntryCursor + dataStart,
+        length: dataSize,
+      });
+      i = dataEnd;
+    }
+    readEntryCursor += extraFieldLength;
+
+    // 46+n+m - File comment
+    const commentBytes = allEntriesBuffer.slice(
+      readEntryCursor,
+      (readEntryCursor += fileCommentLength),
+    );
+
+    if (
+      uncompressedSize === 0xffffffff ||
+      compressedSize === 0xffffffff ||
+      relativeOffsetOfLocalHeader === 0xffffffff
+    ) {
+      // ZIP64 format
+      // find the Zip64 Extended Information Extra Field
+      const zip64ExtraField = extraFields.find((e) => e.id === 0x0001);
+      if (zip64ExtraField === undefined) {
+        throw new Error("expected zip64 extended information extra field");
+      }
+      const { offset: zip64EiefBufferOffset, length: zip64EiefBufferLength } =
+        zip64ExtraField;
+      let index = 0;
+      // 0 - Original Size          8 bytes
+      if (uncompressedSize === 0xffffffff) {
+        if (index + 8 > zip64EiefBufferLength) {
+          throw new Error(
+            "zip64 extended information extra field does not include uncompressed size",
+          );
+        }
+        uncompressedSize = Number(
+          dv.getBigUint64(
+            zip64EiefBufferOffset + index,
+            /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+          ),
+        );
+        index += 8;
+      }
+      // 8 - Compressed Size        8 bytes
+      if (compressedSize === 0xffffffff) {
+        if (index + 8 > zip64EiefBufferLength) {
+          throw new Error(
+            "zip64 extended information extra field does not include compressed size",
+          );
+        }
+        compressedSize = Number(
+          dv.getBigUint64(
+            zip64EiefBufferOffset + index,
+            /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+          ),
+        );
+        index += 8;
+      }
+      // 16 - Relative Header Offset 8 bytes
+      if (relativeOffsetOfLocalHeader === 0xffffffff) {
+        if (index + 8 > zip64EiefBufferLength) {
+          throw new Error(
+            "zip64 extended information extra field does not include relative header offset",
+          );
+        }
+        relativeOffsetOfLocalHeader = Number(
+          dv.getBigUint64(
+            zip64EiefBufferOffset + index,
+            /*littleEndian=*/ true,
+          ),
+        );
+        index += 8;
+      }
+      // 24 - Disk Start Number      4 bytes
+    }
+
+    // check for Info-ZIP Unicode Path Extra Field (0x7075)
+    // see https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/issues/33
+    const nameField = extraFields.find(
+      (e) =>
+        e.id === 0x7075 &&
+        e.length >= 6 && // too short to be meaningful
+        allEntriesBuffer[e.offset] === 1 && // Version       1 byte      version of this extra field, currently 1
+        dv.getInt32(e.offset + 1, /*littleEndian=*/ true) ===
+          crc32buf(nameBytes),
+    ); // NameCRC32     4 bytes     File Name Field CRC32 Checksum
+    // > If the CRC check fails, this UTF-8 Path Extra Field should be
+    // > ignored and the File Name field in the header should be used instead.
+    if (nameField) {
+      nameBytes = allEntriesBuffer.slice(
+        nameField.offset + 5,
+        nameField.offset + nameField.length,
+      );
+      isUTF8 = true;
+    }
+
+    // validate file size
+    if (compressionMethod === 0) {
+      let expectedCompressedSize = uncompressedSize;
+      if ((generalPurposeBitFlag & 0x1) !== 0) {
+        // traditional encryption prefixes the file data with a header
+        expectedCompressedSize += 12;
+      }
+      if (compressedSize !== expectedCompressedSize) {
+        throw new Error(
+          `compressed/uncompressed size mismatch for stored file: ${compressedSize} != ${expectedCompressedSize}`,
+        );
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Just decode as UTF-8 regardless of `isUTF8`, because the non-UTF8
+    // encoding is difficult/impossible to determine correctly.
+    let fileName = textDecoder.decode(nameBytes);
+    fileName = fileName.replaceAll("\\", "/");
+    isUTF8;
+
+    const rawEntry: ZipEntry = {
+      versionMadeBy,
+      versionNeededToExtract,
+      generalPurposeBitFlag,
+      compressionMethod,
+      lastModFileTime,
+      lastModFileDate,
+      crc32,
+      compressedSize,
+      uncompressedSize,
+      nameBytes,
+      commentBytes,
+      internalFileAttributes,
+      externalFileAttributes,
+      relativeOffsetOfLocalHeader,
+      fileName,
+    };
+    rawEntries.push(rawEntry);
+  }
+  return {
+    commentBytes,
+    entries: rawEntries,
+    // Estimate that the JavaScript representation consumes twice the memory of
+    // the encoded representation.
+    sizeEstimate: commentBytes.length + allEntriesBuffer.length * 2,
+  };
+}
+
+export async function readEntryDataHeader(
+  reader: Reader,
+  rawEntry: ZipEntry,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+) {
+  if (rawEntry.generalPurposeBitFlag & 0x1) {
+    throw new Error("encrypted entries not supported");
+  }
+  const data = await reader(rawEntry.relativeOffsetOfLocalHeader, 30, options);
+  const dv = new DataView(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
+
+  // 0 - Local file header signature = 0x04034b50
+  const signature = dv.getUint32(0, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+  if (signature !== 0x04034b50) {
+    throw new Error(
+      `invalid local file header signature: 0x${signature.toString(16)}`,
+    );
+  }
+
+  // all this should be redundant
+  // 4 - Version needed to extract (minimum)
+  // 6 - General purpose bit flag
+  // 8 - Compression method
+  // 10 - File last modification time
+  // 12 - File last modification date
+  // 14 - CRC-32
+  // 18 - Compressed size
+  // 22 - Uncompressed size
+  // 26 - File name length (n)
+  const fileNameLength = dv.getUint16(26, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+  // 28 - Extra field length (m)
+  const extraFieldLength = dv.getUint16(28, /*littleEndian=*/ true);
+  // 30 - File name
+  // 30+n - Extra field
+  const localFileHeaderEnd =
+    rawEntry.relativeOffsetOfLocalHeader +
+    data.length +
+    fileNameLength +
+    extraFieldLength;
+
+  return localFileHeaderEnd;
+}
+
+export async function readZipMetadata(
+  reader: Reader,
+  totalLength: number,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+): Promise<ZipMetadata> {
+  return await findEndOfCentralDirectory(
+    lastReadCachingReader(reader),
+    totalLength,
+    options,
+  );
+}
+
+export enum ZipCompressionMethod {
+  STORE = 0,
+  DEFLATE = 8,
+}
diff --git a/src/kvstore/zip/register_backend.ts b/src/kvstore/zip/register_backend.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e90a4eed17
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/zip/register_backend.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
+import { backendOnlyKvStoreProviderRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
+import type { KvStoreAdapterProvider } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import { KvStoreFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import { ZipKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/zip/backend.js";
+
+function zipProvider(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart,
+): KvStoreAdapterProvider {
+  return {
+    scheme: "zip",
+    description: "ZIP archive",
+    getKvStore(parsedUrl, base) {
+      ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters(parsedUrl);
+      return {
+        store: new ZipKvStore(
+          sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager,
+          new KvStoreFileHandle(base.store, base.path),
+        ),
+        path: decodeURIComponent(parsedUrl.suffix ?? ""),
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+backendOnlyKvStoreProviderRegistry.registerKvStoreAdapterProvider(zipProvider);
diff --git a/src/kvstore/zip/register_frontend.ts b/src/kvstore/zip/register_frontend.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ff47de0d26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/kvstore/zip/register_frontend.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { KvStoreAdapterProvider } from "#src/kvstore/context.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import { frontendOnlyKvStoreProviderRegistry } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import { KvStoreFileHandle } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters } from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+import { registerAutoDetect } from "#src/kvstore/zip/auto_detect.js";
+import { ZipKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/zip/frontend.js";
+
+function zipProvider(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
+): KvStoreAdapterProvider {
+  return {
+    scheme: "zip",
+    description: "ZIP archive",
+    getKvStore(parsedUrl, base) {
+      ensureNoQueryOrFragmentParameters(parsedUrl);
+      return {
+        store: new ZipKvStore(
+          sharedKvStoreContext,
+          new KvStoreFileHandle(base.store, base.path),
+        ),
+        path: decodeURIComponent(parsedUrl.suffix ?? ""),
+      };
+    },
+  };
+}
+
+frontendOnlyKvStoreProviderRegistry.registerKvStoreAdapterProvider(zipProvider);
+
+registerAutoDetect(frontendOnlyKvStoreProviderRegistry.autoDetectRegistry);
diff --git a/src/layer/annotation/index.ts b/src/layer/annotation/index.ts
index 1d20308cf3..663b76e052 100644
--- a/src/layer/annotation/index.ts
+++ b/src/layer/annotation/index.ts
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ import {
 import type { CoordinateTransformSpecification } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
 import { makeCoordinateSpace } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
 import type { DataSourceSpecification } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
-import { localAnnotationsUrl, LocalDataSource } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import { localAnnotationsUrl, LocalDataSource } from "#src/datasource/local.js";
 import type { LayerManager, ManagedUserLayer } from "#src/layer/index.js";
 import {
   LayerReference,
diff --git a/src/layer/index.ts b/src/layer/index.ts
index 95fbf6502a..fea87063da 100644
--- a/src/layer/index.ts
+++ b/src/layer/index.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,7 @@ import {
   TrackableCoordinateSpace,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
 import type {
-  DataSourceProviderRegistry,
+  DataSourceRegistry,
   DataSourceSpecification,
   DataSubsource,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
@@ -2080,7 +2080,7 @@ export abstract class LayerListSpecification extends RefCounted {
 
   abstract rpc: RPC;
 
-  abstract dataSourceProviderRegistry: Borrowed<DataSourceProviderRegistry>;
+  abstract dataSourceProviderRegistry: Borrowed<DataSourceRegistry>;
   abstract layerManager: Borrowed<LayerManager>;
   abstract chunkManager: Borrowed<ChunkManager>;
   abstract layerSelectedValues: Borrowed<LayerSelectedValues>;
@@ -2110,7 +2110,7 @@ export class TopLevelLayerListSpecification extends LayerListSpecification {
 
   constructor(
     public display: DisplayContext,
-    public dataSourceProviderRegistry: DataSourceProviderRegistry,
+    public dataSourceProviderRegistry: DataSourceRegistry,
     public layerManager: LayerManager,
     public chunkManager: ChunkManager,
     public selectionState: Borrowed<TrackableDataSelectionState>,
diff --git a/src/layer/layer_data_source.ts b/src/layer/layer_data_source.ts
index ccc93bcd61..f3cb7b2691 100644
--- a/src/layer/layer_data_source.ts
+++ b/src/layer/layer_data_source.ts
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import {
 import type {
   DataSource,
   DataSourceSpecification,
+  DataSourceWithRedirectInfo,
   DataSubsourceEntry,
   DataSubsourceSpecification,
 } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
@@ -39,6 +40,7 @@ import type { WatchableValueInterface } from "#src/trackable_value.js";
 import { arraysEqual } from "#src/util/array.js";
 import type { Borrowed, Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { disposableOnce, RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "#src/util/error.js";
 import {
   verifyBoolean,
   verifyObject,
@@ -49,6 +51,7 @@ import {
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
 import * as matrix from "#src/util/matrix.js";
 import { MessageList, MessageSeverity } from "#src/util/message_list.js";
+import { MultiConsumerProgressListener } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { NullarySignal } from "#src/util/signal.js";
 
 export function parseDataSubsourceSpecificationFromJson(
@@ -308,6 +311,7 @@ export type LayerDataSourceLoadState =
 export class LayerDataSource extends RefCounted {
   changed = new NullarySignal();
   messages = new MessageList();
+  progressListener = new MultiConsumerProgressListener();
   private loadState_: LayerDataSourceLoadState = undefined;
   private spec_: DataSourceSpecification;
   private specGeneration = -1;
@@ -396,23 +400,18 @@ export class LayerDataSource extends RefCounted {
     }
     this.refCounted_ = refCounted;
     this.spec_ = spec;
-    const chunkManager = layer.manager.chunkManager;
     const registry = layer.manager.dataSourceProviderRegistry;
     const abortController = new AbortController();
-    this.messages.addMessage({
-      severity: MessageSeverity.info,
-      message: "Loading data source",
-    });
     registry
       .get({
-        chunkManager,
         url: spec.url,
-        abortSignal: abortController.signal,
+        signal: abortController.signal,
         globalCoordinateSpace: layer.manager.root.coordinateSpace,
         transform: spec.transform,
         state: spec.state,
+        progressListener: this.progressListener,
       })
-      .then((source: DataSource) => {
+      .then((source: DataSourceWithRedirectInfo) => {
         if (refCounted.wasDisposed) return;
         this.messages.clearMessages();
         const loaded = refCounted.registerDisposer(
@@ -437,15 +436,24 @@ export class LayerDataSource extends RefCounted {
             }),
           );
         }
+        const { originalCanonicalUrl } = source;
+        const layerType = this.layer.type;
+        if (
+          (layerType === "auto" || layerType === "new" || spec.setManually) &&
+          originalCanonicalUrl !== undefined &&
+          originalCanonicalUrl !== spec.url
+        ) {
+          this.spec = { ...spec, url: originalCanonicalUrl };
+        }
         retainer();
       })
-      .catch((error: Error) => {
+      .catch((error) => {
         if (this.wasDisposed) return;
         this.loadState_ = { error };
         this.messages.clearMessages();
         this.messages.addMessage({
           severity: MessageSeverity.error,
-          message: error.message,
+          message: formatErrorMessage(error),
         });
         this.changed.dispatch();
       });
diff --git a/src/layer/segmentation/index.ts b/src/layer/segmentation/index.ts
index 5efdc0ca8f..8551e8c576 100644
--- a/src/layer/segmentation/index.ts
+++ b/src/layer/segmentation/index.ts
@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ import type { DataSourceSpecification } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import {
   LocalDataSource,
   localEquivalencesUrl,
-} from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+} from "#src/datasource/local.js";
 import type { LayerActionContext, ManagedUserLayer } from "#src/layer/index.js";
 import {
   LinkedLayerGroup,
diff --git a/src/main.bundle.js b/src/main.bundle.js
index 511bdfb00c..2cc375487b 100644
--- a/src/main.bundle.js
+++ b/src/main.bundle.js
@@ -1,4 +1,5 @@
 import "#src/util/polyfills.js";
 import "#src/layer/enabled_frontend_modules.js";
 import "#src/datasource/enabled_frontend_modules.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/enabled_frontend_modules.js";
 import "#main";
diff --git a/src/main_module.ts b/src/main_module.ts
index b232673900..79af4f9d24 100644
--- a/src/main_module.ts
+++ b/src/main_module.ts
@@ -1,2 +1,4 @@
+import "#src/util/polyfills.js";
 import "#src/layer/enabled_frontend_modules.js";
 import "#src/datasource/enabled_frontend_modules.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/enabled_frontend_modules.js";
diff --git a/src/main_python.ts b/src/main_python.ts
index 64bf3075a7..8357627dd5 100644
--- a/src/main_python.ts
+++ b/src/main_python.ts
@@ -21,8 +21,7 @@
 
 import { debounce } from "lodash-es";
 import { CachingCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
-import { getDefaultDataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
-import { PythonDataSource } from "#src/datasource/python/frontend.js";
+import type { PythonDataSource } from "#src/datasource/python/frontend.js";
 import {
   Client,
   ClientStateReceiver,
@@ -114,21 +113,19 @@ const client = new Client();
 
 const credentialsManager = new PythonCredentialsManager(client);
 
-const dataSourceProvider = getDefaultDataSourceProvider({
+const viewer = ((<any>window).viewer = makeDefaultViewer({
+  showLayerDialog: false,
+  resetStateWhenEmpty: false,
   credentialsManager: new CachingCredentialsManager(credentialsManager),
-});
-const pythonDataSource = new PythonDataSource();
-dataSourceProvider.register("python", pythonDataSource);
+}));
+
+const pythonDataSource = viewer.dataSourceProvider.dataSources.get(
+  "python",
+) as PythonDataSource;
 configState.add(
   "sourceGenerations",
   makeTrackableBasedSourceGenerationHandler(pythonDataSource),
 );
-
-const viewer = ((<any>window).viewer = makeDefaultViewer({
-  showLayerDialog: false,
-  resetStateWhenEmpty: false,
-  dataSourceProvider,
-}));
 setDefaultInputEventBindings(viewer.inputEventBindings);
 configState.add(
   "inputEventBindings",
@@ -151,7 +148,10 @@ let sharedState: Trackable | undefined = viewer.state;
 
 if (window.location.hash) {
   const hashBinding = viewer.registerDisposer(
-    new UrlHashBinding(viewer.state, credentialsManager),
+    new UrlHashBinding(
+      viewer.state,
+      viewer.dataSourceProvider.sharedKvStoreContext,
+    ),
   );
   hashBinding.updateFromUrlHash();
   sharedState = undefined;
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ if (window.location.hash) {
 
 const prefetchManager = new PrefetchManager(
   viewer.display,
-  dataSourceProvider,
+  viewer.dataSourceProvider,
   viewer.dataContext.addRef(),
   viewer.uiConfiguration,
 );
diff --git a/src/mesh/backend.ts b/src/mesh/backend.ts
index ce44423e07..fe8191a1b5 100644
--- a/src/mesh/backend.ts
+++ b/src/mesh/backend.ts
@@ -369,10 +369,7 @@ export function decodeTriangleVertexPositionsAndIndices(
 export interface MeshSource {
   // TODO(jbms): Move this declaration to class definition below and declare abstract once
   // TypeScript supports mixins with abstract classes.
-  downloadFragment(
-    chunk: FragmentChunk,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  ): Promise<void>;
+  downloadFragment(chunk: FragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal): Promise<void>;
 }
 
 // eslint-disable-next-line @typescript-eslint/no-unsafe-declaration-merging
@@ -423,8 +420,8 @@ export class MeshSource extends ChunkSource {
 @registerSharedObject(FRAGMENT_SOURCE_RPC_ID)
 export class FragmentSource extends ChunkSource {
   meshSource: MeshSource | null = null;
-  download(chunk: FragmentChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    return this.meshSource!.downloadFragment(chunk, abortSignal);
+  download(chunk: FragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
+    return this.meshSource!.downloadFragment(chunk, signal);
   }
 }
 
@@ -569,7 +566,7 @@ export interface MultiscaleMeshSource {
   // TypeScript supports mixins with abstract classes.
   downloadFragment(
     chunk: MultiscaleFragmentChunk,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ): Promise<void>;
 }
 
@@ -621,8 +618,8 @@ export class MultiscaleMeshSource extends ChunkSource {
 @registerSharedObject(MULTISCALE_FRAGMENT_SOURCE_RPC_ID)
 export class MultiscaleFragmentSource extends ChunkSource {
   meshSource: MultiscaleMeshSource | null = null;
-  download(chunk: MultiscaleFragmentChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    return this.meshSource!.downloadFragment(chunk, abortSignal);
+  download(chunk: MultiscaleFragmentChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
+    return this.meshSource!.downloadFragment(chunk, signal);
   }
 }
 
diff --git a/src/python_integration/prefetch.ts b/src/python_integration/prefetch.ts
index c75d7caf12..28f9ae0370 100644
--- a/src/python_integration/prefetch.ts
+++ b/src/python_integration/prefetch.ts
@@ -20,7 +20,8 @@
  */
 
 import { debounce } from "lodash-es";
-import type { DataSourceProviderRegistry } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import type { DataManagementContext } from "#src/data_management_context.js";
+import type { DataSourceRegistry } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import type { DisplayContext } from "#src/display_context.js";
 import type { Borrowed, Owned } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
@@ -31,10 +32,7 @@ import {
   verifyObjectProperty,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
 import { NullarySignal } from "#src/util/signal.js";
-import type {
-  DataManagementContext,
-  ViewerUIConfiguration,
-} from "#src/viewer.js";
+import type { ViewerUIConfiguration } from "#src/viewer.js";
 import { Viewer } from "#src/viewer.js";
 import { WatchableVisibilityPriority } from "#src/visibility_priority/frontend.js";
 
@@ -46,7 +44,7 @@ export class PrefetchManager extends RefCounted {
 
   constructor(
     public display: Borrowed<DisplayContext>,
-    public dataSourceProvider: DataSourceProviderRegistry,
+    public dataSourceProvider: DataSourceRegistry,
     public dataContext: Owned<DataManagementContext>,
     public uiConfiguration: ViewerUIConfiguration,
   ) {
diff --git a/src/python_integration/volume.ts b/src/python_integration/volume.ts
index a3a9f7fbd0..39d1d5a93a 100644
--- a/src/python_integration/volume.ts
+++ b/src/python_integration/volume.ts
@@ -420,7 +420,7 @@ export class VolumeRequestHandler extends RefCounted {
 
   private maybeHandleRequest(
     request: VolumeRequest,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    signal: AbortSignal,
   ): boolean {
     const layer = this.viewer.layerManager.getLayerByName(request.layer);
     if (layer === undefined) {
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ export class VolumeRequestHandler extends RefCounted {
               order: info.order,
             };
           },
-          abortSignal,
+          { signal },
         );
       } catch (e) {
         response = { error: e.message };
diff --git a/src/single_mesh/backend.ts b/src/single_mesh/backend.ts
index ba1c8f0f62..3357260995 100644
--- a/src/single_mesh/backend.ts
+++ b/src/single_mesh/backend.ts
@@ -14,17 +14,14 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
 import {
   Chunk,
   ChunkSource,
   withChunkManager,
   WithParameters,
 } from "#src/chunk_manager/backend.js";
-import { ChunkPriorityTier } from "#src/chunk_manager/base.js";
-import type { PriorityGetter } from "#src/chunk_manager/generic_file_source.js";
-import type { SharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
-import { WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared_counterpart.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart } from "#src/kvstore/backend.js";
 import { computeVertexNormals } from "#src/mesh/backend.js";
 import type {
   SingleMeshData,
@@ -40,10 +37,7 @@ import {
 } from "#src/single_mesh/base.js";
 import type { TypedArray } from "#src/util/array.js";
 import { stableStringify } from "#src/util/json.js";
-import type {
-  SpecialProtocolCredentials,
-  SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import {
   getBasePriority,
   getPriorityTier,
@@ -112,11 +106,9 @@ export interface SingleMeshVertexAttributes {
 interface SingleMeshFactory {
   description?: string;
   getMesh: (
-    chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+    sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart,
     url: string,
-    getPriority: PriorityGetter,
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
   ) => Promise<SingleMesh>;
 }
 
@@ -149,20 +141,12 @@ function getDataSource<T>(
 }
 
 export function getMesh(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart,
   url: string,
-  getPriority: PriorityGetter,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
   const [factory, path] = getDataSource(singleMeshFactories, url);
-  return factory.getMesh(
-    chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
-    path,
-    getPriority,
-    abortSignal,
-  );
+  return factory.getMesh(sharedKvStoreContext, path, options);
 }
 
 export function getMinMax(array: TypedArray): [number, number] {
@@ -176,26 +160,16 @@ export function getMinMax(array: TypedArray): [number, number] {
 }
 
 export function getCombinedMesh(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart,
   parameters: SingleMeshSourceParameters,
-  getPriority: PriorityGetter,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  return getMesh(
-    chunkManager,
-    credentialsProvider,
-    parameters.meshSourceUrl,
-    getPriority,
-    abortSignal,
-  );
+  return getMesh(sharedKvStoreContext, parameters.meshSourceUrl, options);
 }
 
 @registerSharedObject()
 export class SingleMeshSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithSharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(
-    ChunkSource,
-  ),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContextCounterpart(ChunkSource),
   SingleMeshSourceParametersWithInfo,
 ) {
   getChunk() {
@@ -209,31 +183,24 @@ export class SingleMeshSource extends WithParameters(
     return chunk;
   }
 
-  download(chunk: SingleMeshChunk, abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
-    const getPriority = () => ({
-      priorityTier: chunk.priorityTier,
-      priority: chunk.priority,
-    });
-    return getCombinedMesh(
-      this.chunkManager,
-      this.credentialsProvider,
+  async download(chunk: SingleMeshChunk, signal: AbortSignal) {
+    const data = await getCombinedMesh(
+      this.sharedKvStoreContext,
       this.parameters,
-      getPriority,
-      abortSignal,
-    ).then((data) => {
-      if (
-        stableStringify(data.info) !== stableStringify(this.parameters.info)
-      ) {
-        throw new Error("Mesh info has changed.");
-      }
-      if (data.vertexNormals === undefined) {
-        data.vertexNormals = computeVertexNormals(
-          data.vertexPositions,
-          data.indices,
-        );
-      }
-      chunk.data = data;
-    });
+      {
+        signal,
+      },
+    );
+    if (stableStringify(data.info) !== stableStringify(this.parameters.info)) {
+      throw new Error("Mesh info has changed.");
+    }
+    if (data.vertexNormals === undefined) {
+      data.vertexNormals = computeVertexNormals(
+        data.vertexPositions,
+        data.indices,
+      );
+    }
+    chunk.data = data;
   }
 }
 
@@ -273,33 +240,18 @@ export class SingleMeshLayer extends SingleMeshLayerBase {
   }
 }
 
-const INFO_PRIORITY = 1000;
-
 registerPromiseRPC(
   GET_SINGLE_MESH_INFO_RPC_ID,
-  async function (x, abortSignal): RPCPromise<SingleMeshInfo> {
-    const chunkManager = this.getRef<ChunkManager>(x.chunkManager);
-    const credentialsProvider = this.getOptionalRef<
-      SharedCredentialsProviderCounterpart<
-        Exclude<SpecialProtocolCredentials, undefined>
-      >
-    >(x.credentialsProvider);
-    try {
-      const parameters = <SingleMeshSourceParameters>x.parameters;
-      const mesh = await getCombinedMesh(
-        chunkManager,
-        credentialsProvider,
-        parameters,
-        () => ({
-          priorityTier: ChunkPriorityTier.VISIBLE,
-          priority: INFO_PRIORITY,
-        }),
-        abortSignal,
-      );
-      return { value: mesh.info };
-    } finally {
-      chunkManager.dispose();
-      credentialsProvider?.dispose();
-    }
+  async function (x, progressOptions): RPCPromise<SingleMeshInfo> {
+    const sharedKvStoreContext = this.get(
+      x.sharedKvStoreContext,
+    ) as SharedKvStoreContextCounterpart;
+    const parameters = <SingleMeshSourceParameters>x.parameters;
+    const mesh = await getCombinedMesh(
+      sharedKvStoreContext,
+      parameters,
+      progressOptions,
+    );
+    return { value: mesh.info };
   },
 );
diff --git a/src/single_mesh/frontend.ts b/src/single_mesh/frontend.ts
index 8aa26f86b8..0fae89510b 100644
--- a/src/single_mesh/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/single_mesh/frontend.ts
@@ -15,17 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 import { ChunkState } from "#src/chunk_manager/base.js";
-import type { ChunkManager } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import {
   Chunk,
   ChunkSource,
   WithParameters,
 } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
-import {
-  getCredentialsProviderCounterpart,
-  WithCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/credentials_provider/chunk_source_frontend.js";
-import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import { WithSharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/chunk_source_frontend.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
 import type { PickState, VisibleLayerInfo } from "#src/layer/index.js";
 import type { PerspectivePanel } from "#src/perspective_view/panel.js";
 import type { PerspectiveViewRenderContext } from "#src/perspective_view/render_layer.js";
@@ -47,8 +43,7 @@ import { WatchableValue } from "#src/trackable_value.js";
 import { DataType } from "#src/util/data_type.js";
 import type { mat4 } from "#src/util/geom.js";
 import { vec3 } from "#src/util/geom.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentials } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import { parseSpecialUrl } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { withSharedVisibility } from "#src/visibility_priority/frontend.js";
 import type { Buffer } from "#src/webgl/buffer.js";
 import { glsl_COLORMAPS } from "#src/webgl/colormaps.js";
@@ -439,7 +434,7 @@ export function getAttributeTextureFormats(
 }
 
 export class SingleMeshSource extends WithParameters(
-  WithCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>()(ChunkSource),
+  WithSharedKvStoreContext(ChunkSource),
   SingleMeshSourceParametersWithInfo,
 ) {
   attributeTextureFormats = getAttributeTextureFormats(
@@ -650,46 +645,39 @@ export class SingleMeshLayer extends PerspectiveViewRenderLayer<ThreeDimensional
 }
 
 function getSingleMeshInfo(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  return chunkManager.memoize.getUncounted(
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.memoize.getAsync(
     { type: "single_mesh:getMeshInfo", url },
-    async () => {
-      const { url: parsedUrl, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-        url,
-        credentialsManager,
-      );
-      const info = await chunkManager.rpc!.promiseInvoke<SingleMeshInfo>(
-        GET_SINGLE_MESH_INFO_RPC_ID,
-        {
-          chunkManager: chunkManager.addCounterpartRef(),
-          credentialsProvider:
-            getCredentialsProviderCounterpart<SpecialProtocolCredentials>(
-              chunkManager,
-              credentialsProvider,
-            ),
-          parameters: { meshSourceUrl: parsedUrl },
-        },
-      );
-      return { info, url: parsedUrl, credentialsProvider };
+    options,
+    async (progressOptions) => {
+      const info =
+        await sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.rpc!.promiseInvoke<SingleMeshInfo>(
+          GET_SINGLE_MESH_INFO_RPC_ID,
+          {
+            sharedKvStoreContext: sharedKvStoreContext.rpcId,
+            parameters: { meshSourceUrl: url },
+          },
+          {
+            signal: progressOptions.signal,
+            progressListener: options.progressListener,
+          },
+        );
+      return info;
     },
   );
 }
 
 export async function getSingleMeshSource(
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager,
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
+  sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
   url: string,
+  options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
 ) {
-  const {
-    info,
-    url: parsedUrl,
-    credentialsProvider,
-  } = await getSingleMeshInfo(chunkManager, credentialsManager, url);
-  return chunkManager.getChunkSource(SingleMeshSource, {
-    credentialsProvider,
-    parameters: { meshSourceUrl: parsedUrl, info },
+  const info = await getSingleMeshInfo(sharedKvStoreContext, url, options);
+  return sharedKvStoreContext.chunkManager.getChunkSource(SingleMeshSource, {
+    sharedKvStoreContext,
+    parameters: { meshSourceUrl: url, info },
   });
 }
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend.ts b/src/sliceview/backend.ts
index 1612ea580f..a921901d2e 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend.ts
@@ -535,7 +535,7 @@ registerPromiseRPC(
   SLICEVIEW_REQUEST_CHUNK_RPC_ID,
   async function (
     x: { this: RPC; source: number; chunkGridPosition: Float32Array },
-    abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+    progressOptions,
   ): RPCPromise<void> {
     const source = this.get(x.source) as SliceViewChunkSourceBackend;
     const { chunkManager } = source;
@@ -572,7 +572,7 @@ registerPromiseRPC(
     });
     source.registerChunkListener(key, listener!);
     try {
-      await raceWithAbort(promise, abortSignal);
+      await raceWithAbort(promise, progressOptions.signal);
       return { value: undefined };
     } finally {
       source.unregisterChunkListener(key, listener!);
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/bossNpz.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/bossNpz.ts
index 105dea4e34..250cc3ba4e 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/bossNpz.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/bossNpz.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import { parseNpy } from "#src/util/npy.js";
 
 export async function decodeBossNpzChunk(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
 ) {
   const parseResult = parseNpy(
@@ -61,5 +61,5 @@ export async function decodeBossNpzChunk(
       } does not match expected data type ${DataType[spec.dataType]}`,
     );
   }
-  await postProcessRawData(chunk, abortSignal, parseResult.data);
+  await postProcessRawData(chunk, signal, parseResult.data);
 }
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/compressed_segmentation.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/compressed_segmentation.ts
index 534bb78c86..2a9a6d8358 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/compressed_segmentation.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/compressed_segmentation.ts
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@ import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 
 export async function decodeCompressedSegmentationChunk(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
 ) {
-  abortSignal;
+  signal;
   chunk.data = new Uint32Array(response);
 }
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/compresso.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/compresso.ts
index 322a725e86..c4e3ac680e 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/compresso.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/compresso.ts
@@ -21,15 +21,15 @@ import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 
 export async function decodeCompressoChunk(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
 ) {
   const image = await requestAsyncComputation(
     decodeCompresso,
-    abortSignal,
+    signal,
     [response],
     new Uint8Array(response),
   );
 
-  await decodeRawChunk(chunk, abortSignal, image.buffer);
+  await decodeRawChunk(chunk, signal, image.buffer);
 }
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/index.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/index.ts
index 169af5c267..f9e4e94e83 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/index.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/index.ts
@@ -22,6 +22,6 @@
 import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 export type ChunkDecoder = (
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
 ) => Promise<void>;
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/jpeg.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/jpeg.ts
index 34bdc8138f..6a9ede1553 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/jpeg.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/jpeg.ts
@@ -21,13 +21,13 @@ import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 
 export async function decodeJpegChunk(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
 ) {
   const chunkDataSize = chunk.chunkDataSize!;
   const { uint8Array: decoded } = await requestAsyncComputation(
     decodeJpeg,
-    abortSignal,
+    signal,
     [response],
     new Uint8Array(response),
     undefined,
@@ -36,5 +36,5 @@ export async function decodeJpegChunk(
     chunkDataSize[3] || 1,
     false,
   );
-  await postProcessRawData(chunk, abortSignal, decoded);
+  await postProcessRawData(chunk, signal, decoded);
 }
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/jxl.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/jxl.ts
index 38e529d508..f515d8f856 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/jxl.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/jxl.ts
@@ -21,18 +21,18 @@ import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 
 export async function decodeJxlChunk(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
 ) {
   const chunkDataSize = chunk.chunkDataSize!;
   const { uint8Array: decoded } = await requestAsyncComputation(
     decodeJxl,
-    abortSignal,
+    signal,
     [response],
     new Uint8Array(response),
     chunkDataSize[0] * chunkDataSize[1] * chunkDataSize[2],
     chunkDataSize[3] || 1,
     1, // bytesPerPixel
   );
-  await postProcessRawData(chunk, abortSignal, decoded);
+  await postProcessRawData(chunk, signal, decoded);
 }
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/ndstoreNpz.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/ndstoreNpz.ts
index 44d554d83c..210129fd1d 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/ndstoreNpz.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/ndstoreNpz.ts
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@ import { parseNpy } from "#src/util/npy.js";
 
 export async function decodeNdstoreNpzChunk(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
 ) {
   const parseResult = parseNpy(
@@ -55,5 +55,5 @@ export async function decodeNdstoreNpzChunk(
         `expected data type ${DataType[spec.dataType]}`,
     );
   }
-  await postProcessRawData(chunk, abortSignal, parseResult.data);
+  await postProcessRawData(chunk, signal, parseResult.data);
 }
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/png.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/png.ts
index 7f6404e161..22bb9f37e9 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/png.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/png.ts
@@ -22,14 +22,14 @@ import { DATA_TYPE_BYTES } from "#src/util/data_type.js";
 
 export async function decodePngChunk(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
 ) {
   const chunkDataSize = chunk.chunkDataSize!;
   const dataType = chunk.source!.spec.dataType;
   const { uint8Array: image } = await requestAsyncComputation(
     decodePng,
-    abortSignal,
+    signal,
     [response],
     /*buffer=*/ new Uint8Array(response),
     /*width=*/ undefined,
@@ -40,5 +40,5 @@ export async function decodePngChunk(
     /*convertToGrayscale=*/ false,
   );
 
-  await decodeRawChunk(chunk, abortSignal, image.buffer);
+  await decodeRawChunk(chunk, signal, image.buffer);
 }
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/postprocess.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/postprocess.ts
index de445db5d1..23bbf0d89a 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/postprocess.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/postprocess.ts
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ import type { VolumeChunk } from "#src/sliceview/volume/backend.js";
 
 export async function postProcessRawData(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   data: ArrayBufferView,
 ) {
   const { spec } = chunk.source!;
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ export async function postProcessRawData(
       case DataType.UINT32:
         chunk.data = await requestAsyncComputation(
           encodeCompressedSegmentationUint32,
-          abortSignal,
+          signal,
           [data.buffer],
           data as Uint32Array,
           shape,
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ export async function postProcessRawData(
       case DataType.UINT64:
         chunk.data = await requestAsyncComputation(
           encodeCompressedSegmentationUint64,
-          abortSignal,
+          signal,
           [data.buffer],
           data as Uint32Array,
           shape,
diff --git a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/raw.ts b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/raw.ts
index b7bc763f24..2a883c16d3 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/raw.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/backend_chunk_decoders/raw.ts
@@ -23,13 +23,13 @@ import * as vector from "#src/util/vector.js";
 
 export async function decodeRawChunk(
   chunk: VolumeChunk,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   response: ArrayBuffer,
   endianness: Endianness = ENDIANNESS,
   byteOffset = 0,
   byteLength: number = response.byteLength,
 ) {
-  abortSignal;
+  signal;
   const { spec } = chunk.source!;
   const { dataType } = spec;
   const numElements = vector.prod(chunk.chunkDataSize!);
@@ -48,5 +48,5 @@ export async function decodeRawChunk(
     byteLength,
   );
   convertEndian(data, endianness, bytesPerElement);
-  await postProcessRawData(chunk, abortSignal, data);
+  await postProcessRawData(chunk, signal, data);
 }
diff --git a/src/sliceview/compressed_segmentation/encode.benchmark.ts b/src/sliceview/compressed_segmentation/encode.benchmark.ts
index dcd19fbc49..022c72ce66 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/compressed_segmentation/encode.benchmark.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/compressed_segmentation/encode.benchmark.ts
@@ -32,7 +32,12 @@ describe("64x64x64 example", async () => {
     "testdata",
   );
   const exampleChunkDataUint8Array = await fs.readFile(
-    path.resolve(testDataDir, "64x64x64-raw-uint64-segmentation.dat"),
+    path.resolve(
+      testDataDir,
+      "codec",
+      "compressed_segmentation",
+      "64x64x64-raw-uint64-segmentation.dat",
+    ),
   );
   const exampleChunkData64 = new Uint32Array(exampleChunkDataUint8Array.buffer);
   const exampleChunkData32 = exampleChunkData64.filter((_element, index) => {
diff --git a/src/sliceview/frontend.ts b/src/sliceview/frontend.ts
index e61dd0ab01..18c6ee50d7 100644
--- a/src/sliceview/frontend.ts
+++ b/src/sliceview/frontend.ts
@@ -68,6 +68,7 @@ import type { vec4 } from "#src/util/geom.js";
 import { kOneVec, kZeroVec4, mat4, vec3 } from "#src/util/geom.js";
 import { MessageList, MessageSeverity } from "#src/util/message_list.js";
 import { getObjectId } from "#src/util/object_id.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { NullarySignal } from "#src/util/signal.js";
 import { withSharedVisibility } from "#src/visibility_priority/frontend.js";
 import type { GL } from "#src/webgl/context.js";
@@ -650,7 +651,7 @@ export abstract class SliceViewChunkSource<
   async fetchChunk<T>(
     chunkGridPosition: Float32Array,
     transform: (chunk: Chunk) => T,
-    abortSignal?: AbortSignal,
+    progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
   ): Promise<T> {
     const key = chunkGridPosition.join();
     const existingChunk = this.chunks.get(key);
@@ -679,7 +680,7 @@ export abstract class SliceViewChunkSource<
       await this.rpc!.promiseInvoke(
         SLICEVIEW_REQUEST_CHUNK_RPC_ID,
         { source: this.rpcId, chunkGridPosition },
-        abortSignal,
+        progressOptions,
       );
       return await promise;
     } finally {
diff --git a/src/status.css b/src/status.css
index a5c9c922a8..bf4ab50873 100644
--- a/src/status.css
+++ b/src/status.css
@@ -63,6 +63,7 @@
   background-color: #808080;
   padding: 20px;
   padding-top: 30px;
+  border: 1px solid white;
 }
 
 #neuroglancer-status-container-modal > div > div:first-child {
diff --git a/src/status.ts b/src/status.ts
index 07b2deb6d9..2507cdc6f4 100644
--- a/src/status.ts
+++ b/src/status.ts
@@ -21,6 +21,9 @@ import { makeCloseButton } from "#src/widget/close_button.js";
 let statusContainer: HTMLElement | undefined;
 let modalStatusContainer: HTMLElement | undefined;
 
+// Exported for use by #tests/fixtures/status_message_handler.js
+export const statusMessages = new Set<StatusMessage>();
+
 export const DEFAULT_STATUS_DELAY = 200;
 
 export type Delay = boolean | number;
@@ -57,6 +60,11 @@ function getModalStatusContainer() {
   return modalStatusContainer;
 }
 
+// For use by #tests/fixtures/status_message_handler.js
+export function getStatusMessageContainers() {
+  return [getStatusContainer(), getModalStatusContainer()];
+}
+
 export class StatusMessage {
   element: HTMLElement;
   private modalElementWrapper: HTMLElement | undefined;
@@ -75,6 +83,7 @@ export class StatusMessage {
     } else {
       this.timer = null;
     }
+    statusMessages.add(this);
   }
 
   [Symbol.dispose]() {
@@ -90,6 +99,7 @@ export class StatusMessage {
     if (this.timer !== null) {
       clearTimeout(this.timer);
     }
+    statusMessages.delete(this);
   }
   setText(text: string, makeVisible?: boolean) {
     this.element.textContent = text;
diff --git a/src/ui/default_viewer_setup.ts b/src/ui/default_viewer_setup.ts
index fc5d5aeaee..fc6bb1a406 100644
--- a/src/ui/default_viewer_setup.ts
+++ b/src/ui/default_viewer_setup.ts
@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ export function setupDefaultViewer(options?: Partial<MinimalViewerOptions>) {
   const hashBinding = viewer.registerDisposer(
     new UrlHashBinding(
       viewer.state,
-      viewer.dataSourceProvider.credentialsManager,
+      viewer.dataSourceProvider.sharedKvStoreContext,
       {
         defaultFragment:
           typeof NEUROGLANCER_DEFAULT_STATE_FRAGMENT !== "undefined"
diff --git a/src/ui/layer_data_sources_tab.css b/src/ui/layer_data_sources_tab.css
index 0fa84d0b20..f72fe24c2e 100644
--- a/src/ui/layer_data_sources_tab.css
+++ b/src/ui/layer_data_sources_tab.css
@@ -112,3 +112,13 @@ li.neuroglancer-message-info {
 .neuroglancer-layer-data-sources-tab-type-detection-type {
   font-weight: bold;
 }
+
+.neuroglancer-layer-data-sources-tab .neuroglancer-progress {
+  margin: 0px;
+  list-style: none;
+  padding: 0px;
+}
+
+.neuroglancer-layer-data-sources-tab .neuroglancer-progress > li {
+  color: #ccc;
+}
diff --git a/src/ui/layer_data_sources_tab.ts b/src/ui/layer_data_sources_tab.ts
index d3f94ef32a..866acd4850 100644
--- a/src/ui/layer_data_sources_tab.ts
+++ b/src/ui/layer_data_sources_tab.ts
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
  */
 
 import "#src/ui/layer_data_sources_tab.css";
-import { LocalDataSource } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import { LocalDataSource } from "#src/datasource/local.js";
 import type { UserLayer, UserLayerConstructor } from "#src/layer/index.js";
 import {
   changeLayerName,
@@ -50,34 +50,62 @@ import {
 } from "#src/util/dom.js";
 import type { MessageList } from "#src/util/message_list.js";
 import { MessageSeverity } from "#src/util/message_list.js";
+import type { ProgressListener } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { makeAddButton } from "#src/widget/add_button.js";
 import { CoordinateSpaceTransformWidget } from "#src/widget/coordinate_transform.js";
-import type { Completer } from "#src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.js";
+import type {
+  Completer,
+  SyntaxHighlighter,
+} from "#src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.js";
 import {
   AutocompleteTextInput,
   makeCompletionElementWithDescription,
 } from "#src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.js";
+import { ProgressListenerWidget } from "#src/widget/progress_listener.js";
 import { Tab } from "#src/widget/tab_view.js";
 
+const dataSourceUrlSyntaxHighlighter: SyntaxHighlighter = {
+  splitPattern: /\|?[^|:/_]*(?:[:/_]+)?/g,
+  getSeparatorNode: (text: string) => {
+    if (text.startsWith("|") && text.length > 1) {
+      // Create an empty span with CSS class that adds `::after` node with
+      // content "\a". This prevents the linebreak from affecting text selection.
+      const node = document.createElement("span");
+      node.classList.add("neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-linebreak");
+      return node;
+    } else {
+      return document.createElement("wbr");
+    }
+  },
+};
+
 class SourceUrlAutocomplete extends AutocompleteTextInput {
   dataSourceView: DataSourceView;
   dirty: WatchableValueInterface<boolean>;
   constructor(dataSourceView: DataSourceView) {
     const { manager } = dataSourceView.source.layer;
-    const sourceCompleter: Completer = ({ value }, abortSignal: AbortSignal) =>
-      manager.dataSourceProviderRegistry
-        .completeUrl({
+    const sourceCompleter: Completer = async (
+      { value },
+      signal: AbortSignal,
+      progressListener: ProgressListener,
+    ) => {
+      const originalResult =
+        await manager.dataSourceProviderRegistry.completeUrl({
           url: value,
-          chunkManager: manager.chunkManager,
-          abortSignal,
-        })
-        .then((originalResult) => ({
-          completions: originalResult.completions,
-          makeElement: makeCompletionElementWithDescription,
-          offset: originalResult.offset,
-          showSingleResult: true,
-        }));
-    super({ completer: sourceCompleter, delay: 0 });
+          signal,
+          progressListener,
+        });
+      return {
+        ...originalResult,
+        makeElement: makeCompletionElementWithDescription,
+        showSingleResult: true,
+      };
+    };
+    super({
+      completer: sourceCompleter,
+      syntaxHighlighter: dataSourceUrlSyntaxHighlighter,
+      delay: 0,
+    });
     this.placeholder = "Data source URL";
     this.dataSourceView = dataSourceView;
     this.element.classList.add("neuroglancer-layer-data-source-url-input");
@@ -306,14 +334,6 @@ export class DataSourceView extends RefCounted {
       const { source } = this;
       const existingSpec = source.spec;
       const userLayer = this.source.layer;
-      url = userLayer.manager.dataSourceProviderRegistry.normalizeUrl({ url });
-      if (url !== urlInput.value) {
-        urlInput.disableCompletion();
-        urlInput.setValueAndSelection(url, {
-          begin: url.length,
-          end: url.length,
-        });
-      }
       urlInput.dirty.value = false;
       // If url is non-empty and unchanged, don't set spec, as that would trigger a reload of the
       // data source.  If the url is empty, always set spec in order to possible remove the empty
@@ -330,12 +350,14 @@ export class DataSourceView extends RefCounted {
         try {
           const newName =
             userLayer.manager.dataSourceProviderRegistry.suggestLayerName(url);
-          changeLayerName(userLayer.managedLayer, newName);
+          if (newName) {
+            changeLayerName(userLayer.managedLayer, newName);
+          }
         } catch {
           // Ignore errors obtaining a suggested layer name.
         }
       }
-      source.spec = { ...existingSpec, url };
+      source.spec = { ...existingSpec, url, setManually: true };
     };
     urlInput.onCommit.add(updateUrlFromView);
 
@@ -345,6 +367,12 @@ export class DataSourceView extends RefCounted {
     element.appendChild(
       this.registerDisposer(new MessagesView(source.messages)).element,
     );
+    const progressListenerWidget = new ProgressListenerWidget();
+    element.appendChild(progressListenerWidget.element);
+    source.progressListener.addListener(progressListenerWidget);
+    this.registerDisposer(() =>
+      source.progressListener.removeListener(progressListenerWidget),
+    );
     this.updateView();
   }
 
diff --git a/src/ui/url_hash_binding.ts b/src/ui/url_hash_binding.ts
index cca2bdc77d..978942494c 100644
--- a/src/ui/url_hash_binding.ts
+++ b/src/ui/url_hash_binding.ts
@@ -15,15 +15,11 @@
  */
 
 import { debounce } from "lodash-es";
-import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
 import { StatusMessage } from "#src/status.js";
 import { WatchableValue } from "#src/trackable_value.js";
 import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { urlSafeParse, verifyObject } from "#src/util/json.js";
-import {
-  fetchSpecialOk,
-  parseSpecialUrl,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
 import type { Trackable } from "#src/util/trackable.js";
 import { getCachedJson } from "#src/util/trackable.js";
 
@@ -70,7 +66,7 @@ export class UrlHashBinding extends RefCounted {
 
   constructor(
     public root: Trackable,
-    public credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
+    public sharedKvStoreContext: SharedKvStoreContext,
     options: UrlHashBindingOptions = {},
   ) {
     super();
@@ -121,13 +117,10 @@ export class UrlHashBinding extends RefCounted {
       // Handle remote JSON state
       if (s.match(/^#!([a-z][a-z\d+-.]*):\/\//)) {
         const url = s.substring(2);
-        const { url: parsedUrl, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-          url,
-          this.credentialsManager,
-        );
         StatusMessage.forPromise(
-          fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, parsedUrl, {})
-            .then((response) => response.json())
+          this.sharedKvStoreContext.kvStoreContext
+            .read(url, { throwIfMissing: true })
+            .then((response) => response.response.json())
             .then((json) => {
               verifyObject(json);
               this.root.reset();
diff --git a/src/util/abort.ts b/src/util/abort.ts
index 7b45a2a0e0..da3b37908f 100644
--- a/src/util/abort.ts
+++ b/src/util/abort.ts
@@ -44,10 +44,10 @@ export class SharedAbortController {
     return this.controller.signal;
   }
 
-  addConsumer(abortSignal: AbortSignal | undefined): void {
+  addConsumer(signal: AbortSignal | undefined): void {
     if (this.controller.signal.aborted) return undefined;
-    if (abortSignal !== undefined) {
-      if (abortSignal.aborted) return;
+    if (signal !== undefined) {
+      if (signal.aborted) return;
       const self = this;
       function wrappedCallback(this: AbortSignal) {
         self.consumers.delete(wrappedCallback);
@@ -56,14 +56,14 @@ export class SharedAbortController {
           self[Symbol.dispose]();
         }
       }
-      abortSignal.addEventListener("abort", wrappedCallback, { once: true });
+      signal.addEventListener("abort", wrappedCallback, { once: true });
     }
     ++this.retainCount;
   }
 
   [Symbol.dispose](): void {
-    for (const [wrappedCallback, abortSignal] of this.consumers) {
-      abortSignal.removeEventListener("abort", wrappedCallback);
+    for (const [wrappedCallback, signal] of this.consumers) {
+      signal.removeEventListener("abort", wrappedCallback);
     }
     this.consumers.clear();
     this.retainCount = 0;
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ export class SharedAbortController {
 }
 
 export function promiseWithResolversAndAbortCallback<T>(
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
   abortCallback: (reason: any) => void,
 ): {
   promise: Promise<T>;
@@ -86,7 +86,7 @@ export function promiseWithResolversAndAbortCallback<T>(
   reject: (reason: any) => void;
 } {
   const { promise, resolve, reject } = Promise.withResolvers<T>();
-  const cleanup = scopedAbortCallback(abortSignal, abortCallback);
+  const cleanup = scopedAbortCallback(signal, abortCallback);
   return {
     promise,
     resolve: (value: T) => {
@@ -102,13 +102,13 @@ export function promiseWithResolversAndAbortCallback<T>(
 
 export function raceWithAbort<T>(
   promise: Promise<T>,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal | undefined,
+  signal: AbortSignal | undefined,
 ): Promise<T> {
-  if (abortSignal === undefined) return promise;
-  if (abortSignal.aborted) return Promise.reject(abortSignal.reason);
+  if (signal === undefined) return promise;
+  if (signal.aborted) return Promise.reject(signal.reason);
 
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
-    const cleanup = scopedAbortCallback(abortSignal, (reason) => {
+    const cleanup = scopedAbortCallback(signal, (reason) => {
       reject(reason);
     });
     promise.then(
@@ -124,12 +124,12 @@ export function raceWithAbort<T>(
   });
 }
 
-export function abortPromise(abortSignal: AbortSignal) {
+export function abortPromise(signal: AbortSignal) {
   return new Promise((_resolve, reject) => {
-    abortSignal.addEventListener(
+    signal.addEventListener(
       "abort",
       () => {
-        reject(abortSignal.reason);
+        reject(signal.reason);
       },
       { once: true },
     );
diff --git a/src/util/array.ts b/src/util/array.ts
index 240f5b23ce..64d30a29a2 100644
--- a/src/util/array.ts
+++ b/src/util/array.ts
@@ -170,13 +170,13 @@ export function tile2dArray<T extends TypedArray>(
   return result;
 }
 
-export function binarySearch<T>(
-  haystack: ArrayLike<T>,
-  needle: T,
-  compare: (a: T, b: T) => number,
+export function binarySearch<Hay, Needle>(
+  haystack: ArrayLike<Hay>,
+  needle: Needle,
+  compare: (a: Needle, b: Hay) => number,
   low = 0,
   high = haystack.length,
-) {
+): number {
   while (low < high) {
     const mid = (low + high - 1) >> 1;
     const compareResult = compare(needle, haystack[mid]);
diff --git a/src/util/byte_range_http_requests.ts b/src/util/byte_range_http_requests.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4e4f505d39..0000000000
--- a/src/util/byte_range_http_requests.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,43 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import { getByteRangeHeader } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import { fetchSpecialOk } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import type { Uint64 } from "#src/util/uint64.js";
-
-/**
- * On Chromium, multiple concurrent byte range requests to the same URL are serialized unless the
- * cache is disabled.  Disabling the cache works around the problem.
- *
- * https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=969828
- */
-const cacheMode =
-  navigator.userAgent.indexOf("Chrome") !== -1 ? "no-store" : "default";
-
-export function fetchSpecialHttpByteRange(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  url: string,
-  startOffset: Uint64 | number,
-  endOffset: Uint64 | number,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<ArrayBuffer> {
-  return fetchSpecialOk(credentialsProvider, url, {
-    headers: getByteRangeHeader(startOffset, endOffset),
-    cache: cacheMode,
-    signal: abortSignal,
-  }).then((response) => response.arrayBuffer());
-}
diff --git a/src/util/completion.ts b/src/util/completion.ts
index a406a70b0d..18fb332501 100644
--- a/src/util/completion.ts
+++ b/src/util/completion.ts
@@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ export interface CompletionWithDescription extends Completion {
 
 export interface BasicCompletionResult<C extends Completion = Completion> {
   completions: C[];
+  // Default completion to show.
+  //
+  // If not specified, the longest common prefix of all completions is the
+  // "default completion" to show inline as a hint and to append if the user
+  // presses TAB.  This option overrides that.
+  defaultCompletion?: string;
   offset: number;
 }
 
diff --git a/src/util/error.ts b/src/util/error.ts
index 3dd27e9554..64801ab29a 100644
--- a/src/util/error.ts
+++ b/src/util/error.ts
@@ -28,3 +28,19 @@ export function valueOrThrow<T>(x: ValueOrError<T>): T {
   if (x.error !== undefined) throw new Error(x.error);
   return x;
 }
+
+export function formatErrorMessage(error: unknown): string {
+  if (typeof error === "string") return error;
+  if (error instanceof Error) {
+    const { message, cause } = error;
+    if (cause !== undefined) {
+      return `${message}: ${formatErrorMessage(cause)}`;
+    }
+    return message;
+  }
+  try {
+    return "" + error;
+  } catch {
+    return "Unknown error";
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/util/gcs_bucket_listing.ts b/src/util/gcs_bucket_listing.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index ec77de5910..0000000000
--- a/src/util/gcs_bucket_listing.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2020 Google Inc.
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import { fetchWithOAuth2Credentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
-import type { BasicCompletionResult } from "#src/util/completion.js";
-import {
-  parseArray,
-  verifyObject,
-  verifyObjectProperty,
-  verifyOptionalObjectProperty,
-  verifyString,
-  verifyStringArray,
-} from "#src/util/json.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-
-export async function getGcsBucketListing(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  bucket: string,
-  prefix: string,
-  delimiter: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<string[]> {
-  // Include origin as `neuroglancerOrigin` query string parameter.  See comment in
-  // `special_protocol_request.ts` for details.
-  const response = await fetchWithOAuth2Credentials(
-    credentialsProvider,
-    `https://www.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/${bucket}/o?` +
-      `delimiter=${encodeURIComponent(delimiter)}&prefix=${encodeURIComponent(
-        prefix,
-      )}&` +
-      `neuroglancerOrigin=${encodeURIComponent(location.origin)}`,
-    { signal: abortSignal },
-  ).then((response) => response.json());
-  verifyObject(response);
-  const prefixes = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
-    response,
-    "prefixes",
-    verifyStringArray,
-    [],
-  );
-  const items = verifyOptionalObjectProperty(
-    response,
-    "items",
-    (items) =>
-      parseArray(items, (item) => {
-        verifyObject(item);
-        return verifyObjectProperty(item, "name", verifyString);
-      }),
-    [],
-  ).filter((name) => !name.endsWith("_$folder$"));
-  return [...prefixes, ...items];
-}
-
-export async function getGcsPathCompletions(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  enteredBucketUrl: string,
-  bucket: string,
-  path: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<BasicCompletionResult> {
-  const prefix = path;
-  if (!prefix.startsWith("/")) throw null;
-  const paths = await getGcsBucketListing(
-    credentialsProvider,
-    bucket,
-    path.substring(1),
-    "/",
-    abortSignal,
-  );
-  const offset = path.lastIndexOf("/");
-  return {
-    offset: offset + enteredBucketUrl.length + 1,
-    completions: paths.map((x) => ({ value: x.substring(offset) })),
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/util/google_oauth2.ts b/src/util/google_oauth2.ts
index baa8a312a9..50e8f6241f 100644
--- a/src/util/google_oauth2.ts
+++ b/src/util/google_oauth2.ts
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ import {
   verifyObjectProperty,
   verifyString,
 } from "#src/util/json.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { getRandomHexString } from "#src/util/random.js";
 
 export const EMAIL_SCOPE = "email";
@@ -60,11 +61,11 @@ function extractEmailFromIdToken(idToken: string): string {
   }
 }
 
-// Note: `abortSignal` is guaranteed to be aborted once the operation completes.
+// Note: `signal` is guaranteed to be aborted once the operation completes.
 function waitForAuthResponseMessage(
   source: Window,
   state: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ): Promise<OAuth2Token> {
   return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
     window.addEventListener(
@@ -108,7 +109,7 @@ function waitForAuthResponseMessage(
           console.error("Response received: ", event.data);
         }
       },
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+      { signal: signal },
     );
   });
 }
@@ -193,7 +194,7 @@ export async function authenticateGoogleOAuth2(
     immediate?: boolean;
     authUser?: number;
   },
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
 ) {
   const state = getRandomHexString();
   const nonce = getRandomHexString();
@@ -208,7 +209,7 @@ export async function authenticateGoogleOAuth2(
     authUser: options.authUser,
   });
   const abortController = new AbortController();
-  abortSignal = AbortSignal.any([abortController.signal, abortSignal]);
+  signal = AbortSignal.any([abortController.signal, signal]);
   try {
     let source: Window;
     if (options.immediate) {
@@ -223,7 +224,7 @@ export async function authenticateGoogleOAuth2(
     }
     return await raceWithAbort(
       waitForAuthResponseMessage(source, state, abortController.signal),
-      abortSignal,
+      signal,
     );
   } finally {
     abortController.abort();
@@ -237,12 +238,15 @@ export class GoogleOAuth2CredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<OAuth2T
     super();
   }
 
-  get = makeCredentialsGetter((abortSignal) =>
-    getCredentialsWithStatus(
+  get = makeCredentialsGetter(async (options) => {
+    using _span = new ProgressSpan(options.progressListener, {
+      message: `Requesting ${this.options.description} OAuth2 access token`,
+    });
+    return await getCredentialsWithStatus(
       {
         description: this.options.description,
         supportsImmediate: true,
-        get: (abortSignal, immediate) =>
+        get: (signal, immediate) =>
           authenticateGoogleOAuth2(
             {
               clientId: this.options.clientId,
@@ -250,10 +254,10 @@ export class GoogleOAuth2CredentialsProvider extends CredentialsProvider<OAuth2T
               immediate: immediate,
               authUser: 0,
             },
-            abortSignal,
+            signal,
           ),
       },
-      abortSignal,
-    ),
-  );
+      options.signal,
+    );
+  });
 }
diff --git a/src/util/gzip.ts b/src/util/gzip.ts
index 9477d42aab..4b412bf5ca 100644
--- a/src/util/gzip.ts
+++ b/src/util/gzip.ts
@@ -15,30 +15,43 @@
  */
 
 /**
- * Detects gzip format based on the 2 magic bytes at the start.
+ * Detects gzip format based on the 3 magic bytes at the start.
  */
 export function isGzipFormat(data: ArrayBufferView) {
   const view = new Uint8Array(data.buffer, data.byteOffset, data.byteLength);
-  return view.length > 2 && view[0] === 0x1f && view[1] === 0x8b;
+  return (
+    view.length >= 3 && view[0] === 0x1f && view[1] === 0x8b && view[2] === 0x08
+  );
 }
 
 export async function decodeGzip(
-  data: ArrayBuffer | ArrayBufferView,
+  data: ArrayBuffer | ArrayBufferView | Response,
   format: CompressionFormat,
-  abortSignal?: AbortSignal,
+  signal?: AbortSignal,
 ) {
   try {
-    const decompressedStream = new Response(data).body!.pipeThrough(
-      new DecompressionStream(format),
-      { signal: abortSignal },
+    const decompressedStream = decodeGzipStream(
+      data instanceof Response ? data : new Response(data),
+      format,
+      signal,
     );
     return await new Response(decompressedStream).arrayBuffer();
   } catch {
-    abortSignal?.throwIfAborted();
+    signal?.throwIfAborted();
     throw new Error(`Failed to decode ${format}`);
   }
 }
 
+export function decodeGzipStream(
+  response: Response,
+  format: CompressionFormat,
+  signal?: AbortSignal,
+): ReadableStream<Uint8Array> {
+  return response.body!.pipeThrough(new DecompressionStream(format), {
+    signal: signal,
+  });
+}
+
 /**
  * Decompress `data` if it is in gzip format, otherwise just return it.
  */
diff --git a/src/util/hash.ts b/src/util/hash.ts
index 70ed1de192..964c6283af 100644
--- a/src/util/hash.ts
+++ b/src/util/hash.ts
@@ -143,3 +143,56 @@ export function murmurHash3_x86_128Hash64Bits(
   out.high = h2;
   return out;
 }
+
+export function murmurHash3_x86_128Hash64Bits_Bigint(
+  seed: number,
+  input: bigint,
+): bigint {
+  let h1 = seed;
+  let h2 = seed;
+  let h3 = seed;
+  let h4 = seed;
+  const c1 = 0x239b961b;
+  const c2 = 0xab0e9789;
+  const c3 = 0x38b34ae5;
+  // const c4 = 0xa1e38b93;
+
+  let k2 = Math.imul(Number(input >> BigInt(32)), c2);
+  k2 = rotl32(k2, 16);
+  k2 = Math.imul(k2, c3);
+  h2 ^= k2;
+
+  let k1 = Math.imul(Number(input & BigInt(0xffffffff)), c1);
+  k1 = rotl32(k1, 15);
+  k1 = Math.imul(k1, c2);
+  h1 ^= k1;
+
+  const len = 8;
+
+  h1 ^= len;
+  h2 ^= len;
+  h3 ^= len;
+  h4 ^= len;
+
+  h1 = (h1 + h2) >>> 0;
+  h1 = (h1 + h3) >>> 0;
+  h1 = (h1 + h4) >>> 0;
+  h2 = (h2 + h1) >>> 0;
+  h3 = (h3 + h1) >>> 0;
+  h4 = (h4 + h1) >>> 0;
+
+  h1 = murmurHash3_x86_128Mix(h1);
+  h2 = murmurHash3_x86_128Mix(h2);
+  h3 = murmurHash3_x86_128Mix(h3);
+  h4 = murmurHash3_x86_128Mix(h4);
+
+  h1 = (h1 + h2) >>> 0;
+  h1 = (h1 + h3) >>> 0;
+  h1 = (h1 + h4) >>> 0;
+  h2 = (h2 + h1) >>> 0;
+
+  // h3 = (h3 + h1) >>> 0;
+  // h4 = (h4 + h1) >>> 0;
+
+  return BigInt(h1) | (BigInt(h2) << BigInt(32));
+}
diff --git a/src/util/http_path_completion.ts b/src/util/http_path_completion.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 1aadcb2138..0000000000
--- a/src/util/http_path_completion.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,195 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
-import type {
-  BasicCompletionResult,
-  Completion,
-  CompletionWithDescription,
-} from "#src/util/completion.js";
-import { getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions } from "#src/util/completion.js";
-import { getGcsPathCompletions } from "#src/util/gcs_bucket_listing.js";
-import { parseUrl } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
-import { getS3PathCompletions } from "#src/util/s3.js";
-import { getS3CompatiblePathCompletions } from "#src/util/s3_bucket_listing.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-import {
-  fetchSpecialOk,
-  parseSpecialUrl,
-} from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-
-/**
- * Obtains a directory listing from a server that supports HTML directory listings.
- */
-export async function getHtmlDirectoryListing(
-  url: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  credentialsProvider?: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-): Promise<string[]> {
-  const response = await fetchSpecialOk(
-    credentialsProvider,
-    url,
-    /*init=*/ { headers: { accept: "text/html" }, signal: abortSignal },
-  );
-  const contentType = response.headers.get("content-type");
-  if (contentType === null || /\btext\/html\b/i.exec(contentType) === null) {
-    return [];
-  }
-  const text = await response.text();
-  const doc = new DOMParser().parseFromString(text, "text/html");
-  const nodes = doc.evaluate(
-    "//a/@href",
-    doc,
-    null,
-    XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE,
-    null,
-  );
-  const results: string[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0, n = nodes.snapshotLength; i < n; ++i) {
-    const node = nodes.snapshotItem(i)!;
-    const href = node.textContent;
-    if (href) {
-      results.push(new URL(href, url).toString());
-    }
-  }
-  return results;
-}
-
-export async function getHtmlPathCompletions(
-  url: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-  credentialsProvider?: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-): Promise<BasicCompletionResult> {
-  console.log("getHtmlPathCompletions");
-  const m = url.match(/^([a-z]+:\/\/.*\/)([^/?#]*)$/);
-  if (m === null) throw null;
-  const entries = await getHtmlDirectoryListing(
-    m[1],
-    abortSignal,
-    credentialsProvider,
-  );
-  const offset = m[1].length;
-  const matches: Completion[] = [];
-  for (const entry of entries) {
-    if (!entry.startsWith(url)) continue;
-    matches.push({ value: entry.substring(offset) });
-  }
-  return {
-    offset,
-    completions: matches,
-  };
-}
-
-const specialProtocolEmptyCompletions: CompletionWithDescription[] = [
-  { value: "gs://", description: "Google Cloud Storage (JSON API)" },
-  { value: "gs+xml://", description: "Google Cloud Storage (XML API)" },
-  {
-    value: "gs+ngauth+http://",
-    description: "Google Cloud Storage (JSON API) authenticated via ngauth",
-  },
-  {
-    value: "gs+ngauth+https://",
-    description: "Google Cloud Storage (JSON API) authenticated via ngauth",
-  },
-  {
-    value: "gs+xml+ngauth+http://",
-    description: "Google Cloud Storage (XML API) authenticated via ngauth",
-  },
-  {
-    value: "gs+xml+ngauth+https://",
-    description: "Google Cloud Storage (XML API) authenticated via ngauth",
-  },
-  { value: "s3://", description: "Amazon Simple Storage Service (S3)" },
-  { value: "https://" },
-  { value: "http://" },
-];
-
-export async function completeHttpPath(
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
-  url: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<BasicCompletionResult<Completion>> {
-  if (!url.includes("://")) {
-    return {
-      offset: 0,
-      completions: getPrefixMatchesWithDescriptions(
-        url,
-        specialProtocolEmptyCompletions,
-        (x) => x.value,
-        (x) => x.description,
-      ),
-    };
-  }
-  const { url: parsedUrl, credentialsProvider } = parseSpecialUrl(
-    url,
-    credentialsManager,
-  );
-  const offset = url.length - parsedUrl.length;
-  let result;
-  try {
-    result = parseUrl(parsedUrl);
-  } catch {
-    throw null;
-  }
-  const { protocol, host, path } = result;
-  const completions = await (async () => {
-    if (protocol === "gs+xml" && path.length > 0) {
-      return await getS3CompatiblePathCompletions(
-        credentialsProvider,
-        `${protocol}://${host}`,
-        `https://storage.googleapis.com/${host}`,
-        path,
-        abortSignal,
-      );
-    }
-    if (protocol === "gs" && path.length > 0) {
-      return await getGcsPathCompletions(
-        credentialsProvider,
-        `${protocol}://${host}`,
-        host,
-        path,
-        abortSignal,
-      );
-    }
-    if (protocol === "s3" && path.length > 0) {
-      return await getS3PathCompletions(host, path, abortSignal);
-    }
-    const s3Match = parsedUrl.match(
-      /^((?:http|https):\/\/(?:storage\.googleapis\.com\/[^/]+|[^/]+\.storage\.googleapis\.com|[^/]+\.s3(?:[^./]+)?\.amazonaws.com))(\/.*)$/,
-    );
-    if (s3Match !== null) {
-      return await getS3CompatiblePathCompletions(
-        credentialsProvider,
-        s3Match[1],
-        s3Match[1],
-        s3Match[2],
-        abortSignal,
-      );
-    }
-    if ((protocol === "http" || protocol === "https") && path.length > 0) {
-      return await getHtmlPathCompletions(
-        parsedUrl,
-        abortSignal,
-        credentialsProvider,
-      );
-    }
-    throw null;
-  })();
-  return {
-    offset: offset + completions.offset,
-    completions: completions.completions,
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/util/http_request.ts b/src/util/http_request.ts
index 330757fbe0..293cc68119 100644
--- a/src/util/http_request.ts
+++ b/src/util/http_request.ts
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
-import { Uint64 } from "#src/util/uint64.js";
+import type { ProgressListener } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 export class HttpError extends Error {
   url: string;
@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ export class HttpError extends Error {
     status: number,
     statusText: string,
     response?: Response,
+    options?: { cause: any },
   ) {
     let message = `Fetching ${JSON.stringify(
       url,
@@ -35,7 +36,7 @@ export class HttpError extends Error {
       message += `: ${statusText}`;
     }
     message += ".";
-    super(message);
+    super(message, options);
     this.name = "HttpError";
     this.message = message;
     this.url = url;
@@ -63,7 +64,9 @@ export class HttpError extends Error {
       } else {
         url = input.url;
       }
-      return new HttpError(url, 0, "Network or CORS error");
+      return new HttpError(url, 0, "Network or CORS error", undefined, {
+        cause: error,
+      });
     }
     return error;
   }
@@ -97,7 +100,7 @@ export function pickDelay(attemptNumber: number): number {
  */
 export async function fetchOk(
   input: RequestInfo,
-  init?: RequestInit,
+  init?: RequestInitWithProgress,
 ): Promise<Response> {
   for (let requestAttempt = 0; ; ) {
     init?.signal?.throwIfAborted();
@@ -126,34 +129,14 @@ export async function fetchOk(
   }
 }
 
-const tempUint64 = new Uint64();
-
-export function getByteRangeHeader(
-  startOffset: Uint64 | number,
-  endOffset: Uint64 | number,
-) {
-  let endOffsetStr: string;
-  if (typeof endOffset === "number") {
-    endOffsetStr = `${endOffset - 1}`;
-  } else {
-    Uint64.decrement(tempUint64, endOffset);
-    endOffsetStr = tempUint64.toString();
-  }
-  return { Range: `bytes=${startOffset}-${endOffsetStr}` };
+export interface RequestInitWithProgress extends RequestInit {
+  progressListener?: ProgressListener;
 }
 
-export function parseUrl(url: string): {
-  protocol: string;
-  host: string;
-  path: string;
-} {
-  const urlProtocolPattern = /^([^:/]+):\/\/([^/]+)((?:\/.*)?)$/;
-  const match = url.match(urlProtocolPattern);
-  if (match === null) {
-    throw new Error(`Invalid URL: ${JSON.stringify(url)}`);
-  }
-  return { protocol: match[1], host: match[2], path: match[3] };
-}
+export type FetchOk = (
+  input: RequestInfo,
+  init?: RequestInitWithProgress,
+) => Promise<Response>;
 
 export function isNotFoundError(e: any) {
   if (!(e instanceof HttpError)) return false;
diff --git a/src/util/memoize.ts b/src/util/memoize.ts
index c9da1cfbf4..fd2826b78e 100644
--- a/src/util/memoize.ts
+++ b/src/util/memoize.ts
@@ -14,9 +14,12 @@
  * limitations under the License.
  */
 
+import { raceWithAbort, SharedAbortController } from "#src/util/abort.js";
 import type { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { RefCountedValue } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { stableStringify } from "#src/util/json.js";
+import type { ProgressOptions } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { MultiConsumerProgressListener } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 export class Memoize<Key, Value extends RefCounted> {
   private map = new Map<Key, Value>();
@@ -51,4 +54,107 @@ export class StringMemoize extends Memoize<string, RefCounted> {
   getUncounted<T>(x: any, getter: () => T) {
     return this.get(x, () => new RefCountedValue(getter())).value;
   }
+
+  getAsync<T>(
+    x: any,
+    options: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+    getter: (options: ProgressOptions) => Promise<T>,
+  ) {
+    return this.getUncounted(x, () => asyncMemoizeWithProgress(getter))(
+      options,
+    );
+  }
+}
+
+export interface AsyncMemoize<T> {
+  (options: { signal?: AbortSignal }): Promise<T>;
+}
+
+export interface AsyncMemoizeWithProgress<T> {
+  (options: Partial<ProgressOptions>): Promise<T>;
+}
+
+export function asyncMemoize<T>(
+  getter: (options: { signal: AbortSignal }) => Promise<T>,
+): AsyncMemoize<T> {
+  let abortController: SharedAbortController | undefined;
+  let promise: Promise<T> | undefined;
+  let completed: boolean = false;
+
+  return (options: { signal?: AbortSignal }): Promise<T> => {
+    if (completed) {
+      return promise!;
+    }
+    if (promise === undefined || abortController!.signal.aborted) {
+      abortController = new SharedAbortController();
+      promise = (async () => {
+        try {
+          return await getter({
+            signal: abortController!.signal,
+          });
+        } catch (e) {
+          if (abortController!.signal.aborted) {
+            promise = undefined;
+          }
+          throw e;
+        } finally {
+          if (promise !== undefined) {
+            completed = true;
+          }
+          abortController![Symbol.dispose]();
+          abortController = undefined;
+        }
+      })();
+    }
+    abortController!.addConsumer(options.signal);
+    return raceWithAbort(promise, options.signal);
+  };
+}
+
+export function asyncMemoizeWithProgress<T>(
+  getter: (options: ProgressOptions) => Promise<T>,
+): AsyncMemoizeWithProgress<T> {
+  let progressListener: MultiConsumerProgressListener | undefined;
+  let abortController: SharedAbortController | undefined;
+  let promise: Promise<T> | undefined;
+  let completed: boolean = false;
+
+  return async (options: Partial<ProgressOptions>): Promise<T> => {
+    if (completed) {
+      return promise!;
+    }
+    if (promise === undefined || abortController!.signal.aborted) {
+      progressListener = new MultiConsumerProgressListener();
+      abortController = new SharedAbortController();
+      promise = (async () => {
+        try {
+          return await getter({
+            signal: abortController!.signal,
+            progressListener: progressListener!,
+          });
+        } catch (e) {
+          if (abortController!.signal.aborted) {
+            promise = undefined;
+          }
+          throw e;
+        } finally {
+          if (promise !== undefined) {
+            completed = true;
+          }
+          progressListener = undefined;
+          abortController![Symbol.dispose]();
+          abortController = undefined;
+        }
+      })();
+    }
+    abortController!.addConsumer(options.signal);
+    const curProgressListener = progressListener!;
+    curProgressListener.addListener(options.progressListener);
+
+    try {
+      return await raceWithAbort(promise, options.signal);
+    } finally {
+      curProgressListener.removeListener(options.progressListener);
+    }
+  };
 }
diff --git a/src/util/npy.spec.ts b/src/util/npy.spec.ts
index f5c55557cd..cc61084bf2 100644
--- a/src/util/npy.spec.ts
+++ b/src/util/npy.spec.ts
@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@ describe("parseNpy", () => {
           "..",
           "..",
           "testdata",
+          "codec",
+          "npy",
         );
         const example = JSON.parse(
           await fs.readFile(`${testDataDir}/npy_test.${json}.json`, {
diff --git a/src/util/progress_listener.ts b/src/util/progress_listener.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6c95858faf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/util/progress_listener.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+export type ProgressSpanId = number;
+
+export interface ProgressSpanOptions {
+  message: string;
+  startTime?: number;
+  id?: ProgressSpanId;
+}
+
+export class ProgressSpan implements Disposable {
+  id: ProgressSpanId;
+  startTime: number;
+  message: string;
+
+  constructor(
+    public listener: ProgressListener,
+    options: ProgressSpanOptions,
+  ) {
+    const { id = Math.random(), startTime = Date.now(), message } = options;
+    this.id = id;
+    this.startTime = startTime;
+    this.message = message;
+    listener.addSpan(this);
+  }
+
+  [Symbol.dispose]() {
+    this.listener.removeSpan(this.id);
+  }
+}
+
+export interface ProgressListener {
+  addSpan(span: ProgressSpan): void;
+  removeSpan(spanId: ProgressSpanId): void;
+}
+
+export class MultiSet<T> {
+  private items = new Map<T, number>();
+  add(item: T): number {
+    const { items } = this;
+    const count = (items.get(item) ?? 0) + 1;
+    items.set(item, count);
+    return count;
+  }
+
+  delete(item: T): number {
+    const { items } = this;
+    let count = items.get(item)!;
+    if (count > 1) {
+      count -= 1;
+      items.set(item, count);
+      return count;
+    }
+    items.delete(item);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  has(item: T): boolean {
+    return this.items.has(item);
+  }
+
+  keys() {
+    return this.items.keys();
+  }
+
+  entries() {
+    return this.items.entries();
+  }
+
+  [Symbol.iterator]() {
+    return this.items.keys();
+  }
+}
+
+export class KeyedMultiSet<T, Key> {
+  private items = new Map<Key, { value: T; count: number }>();
+  constructor(private getKey: (value: T) => Key) {}
+
+  add(item: T): number {
+    const { items } = this;
+    const key = this.getKey(item);
+    const obj = items.get(key);
+    if (obj === undefined) {
+      items.set(key, { value: item, count: 1 });
+      return 1;
+    } else {
+      return (obj.count += 1);
+    }
+  }
+
+  delete(item: T): number {
+    return this.deleteKey(this.getKey(item));
+  }
+
+  deleteKey(key: Key): number {
+    const { items } = this;
+    const obj = items.get(key);
+    if (obj !== undefined && obj.count > 1) {
+      return (obj.count -= 1);
+    }
+    items.delete(key);
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  has(item: T): boolean {
+    return this.items.has(this.getKey(item));
+  }
+
+  *[Symbol.iterator]() {
+    for (const obj of this.items.values()) {
+      yield obj.value;
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function getId(span: ProgressSpan) {
+  return span.id;
+}
+
+export class ProgressSpanSet extends KeyedMultiSet<ProgressSpan, number> {
+  constructor() {
+    super(getId);
+  }
+}
+
+export class MultiConsumerProgressListener implements ProgressListener {
+  private spans = new ProgressSpanSet();
+  private listeners = new MultiSet<ProgressListener>();
+  addSpan(span: ProgressSpan) {
+    if (this.spans.add(span) !== 1) return;
+    for (const listener of this.listeners) {
+      listener.addSpan(span);
+    }
+  }
+
+  removeSpan(spanId: ProgressSpanId) {
+    if (this.spans.deleteKey(spanId) !== 0) return;
+    for (const listener of this.listeners) {
+      listener.removeSpan(spanId);
+    }
+  }
+
+  addListener(listener: ProgressListener | undefined) {
+    if (listener === undefined) return;
+    if (this.listeners.add(listener) !== 1) return;
+    for (const span of this.spans) {
+      listener.addSpan(span);
+    }
+  }
+
+  removeListener(listener: ProgressListener | undefined) {
+    if (listener === undefined) return;
+    if (this.listeners.delete(listener) !== 0) return;
+    for (const span of this.spans) {
+      listener.removeSpan(span.id);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+export interface ProgressOptions {
+  signal: AbortSignal;
+  progressListener: ProgressListener;
+}
diff --git a/src/util/s3.ts b/src/util/s3.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index 4088f280a9..0000000000
--- a/src/util/s3.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,42 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2021 Google Inc.
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
-import { getS3CompatiblePathCompletions } from "#src/util/s3_bucket_listing.js";
-
-// Support for s3:// special protocol.
-
-export function fetchS3Ok(
-  bucket: string,
-  path: string,
-  requestInit: RequestInit,
-) {
-  return fetchOk(`https://${bucket}.s3.amazonaws.com${path}`, requestInit);
-}
-
-export async function getS3PathCompletions(
-  bucket: string,
-  path: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-) {
-  return await getS3CompatiblePathCompletions(
-    undefined,
-    `s3://${bucket}`,
-    `https://${bucket}.s3.amazonaws.com`,
-    path,
-    abortSignal,
-  );
-}
diff --git a/src/util/s3_bucket_listing.ts b/src/util/s3_bucket_listing.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index a93ed197ef..0000000000
--- a/src/util/s3_bucket_listing.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,88 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2019 Google Inc.
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-/**
- * @file Provides file listing and completion for storage systems supporting the S3 XML API (e.g. S3
- * and GCS).
- */
-
-import { fetchWithOAuth2Credentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
-import type { BasicCompletionResult } from "#src/util/completion.js";
-import type { SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider } from "#src/util/special_protocol_request.js";
-
-export async function getS3BucketListing(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  bucketUrl: string,
-  prefix: string,
-  delimiter: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<string[]> {
-  const response = await fetchWithOAuth2Credentials(
-    credentialsProvider,
-    `${bucketUrl}?prefix=${encodeURIComponent(prefix)}` +
-      `&delimiter=${encodeURIComponent(delimiter)}`,
-    /*init=*/ { signal: abortSignal },
-  );
-  const doc = new DOMParser().parseFromString(
-    await response.text(),
-    "application/xml",
-  );
-  const commonPrefixNodes = doc.evaluate(
-    '//*[name()="CommonPrefixes"]/*[name()="Prefix"]',
-    doc,
-    null,
-    XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE,
-    null,
-  );
-  const results: string[] = [];
-  for (let i = 0, n = commonPrefixNodes.snapshotLength; i < n; ++i) {
-    results.push(commonPrefixNodes.snapshotItem(i)!.textContent || "");
-  }
-  const contents = doc.evaluate(
-    '//*[name()="Contents"]/*[name()="Key"]',
-    doc,
-    null,
-    XPathResult.UNORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE,
-    null,
-  );
-  for (let i = 0, n = contents.snapshotLength; i < n; ++i) {
-    results.push(contents.snapshotItem(i)!.textContent || "");
-  }
-  return results;
-}
-
-export async function getS3CompatiblePathCompletions(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  enteredBucketUrl: string,
-  bucketUrl: string,
-  path: string,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
-): Promise<BasicCompletionResult> {
-  const prefix = path;
-  if (!prefix.startsWith("/")) throw null;
-  const paths = await getS3BucketListing(
-    credentialsProvider,
-    bucketUrl,
-    path.substring(1),
-    "/",
-    abortSignal,
-  );
-  const offset = path.lastIndexOf("/");
-  return {
-    offset: offset + enteredBucketUrl.length + 1,
-    completions: paths.map((x) => ({ value: x.substring(offset) })),
-  };
-}
diff --git a/src/util/special_protocol_request.ts b/src/util/special_protocol_request.ts
deleted file mode 100644
index da6297d2ed..0000000000
--- a/src/util/special_protocol_request.ts
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,176 +0,0 @@
-/**
- * @license
- * Copyright 2020 Google Inc.
- * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
- * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
- * You may obtain a copy of the License at
- *
- *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
- *
- * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
- * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
- * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
- * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
- * limitations under the License.
- */
-
-import pythonIntegration from "#python_integration_build";
-import type {
-  CredentialsManager,
-  MaybeOptionalCredentialsProvider,
-} from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
-import { fetchWithOAuth2Credentials } from "#src/credentials_provider/oauth2.js";
-import { parseUrl } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
-import { getRandomHexString } from "#src/util/random.js";
-import { fetchS3Ok } from "#src/util/s3.js";
-
-export type SpecialProtocolCredentials = any;
-export type SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider =
-  MaybeOptionalCredentialsProvider<SpecialProtocolCredentials>;
-
-function getMiddleAuthCredentialsProvider(
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
-  url: string,
-): SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider {
-  return credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider(
-    "middleauthapp",
-    new URL(url).origin,
-  );
-}
-
-function getNgauthCredentialsProvider(
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
-  serverUrl: string,
-  path: string,
-): SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider {
-  const bucketPattern = /^\/([^/]+)/;
-  const m = path.match(bucketPattern);
-  if (m === null) return undefined;
-  return pythonIntegration
-    ? credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider("gcs", { bucket: m[1] })
-    : credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider("ngauth_gcs", {
-        authServer: serverUrl,
-        bucket: m[1],
-      });
-}
-
-export function parseSpecialUrl(
-  url: string,
-  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager,
-): { url: string; credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider } {
-  const u = parseUrl(url);
-  switch (u.protocol) {
-    case "gs":
-    case "gs+xml":
-      return {
-        credentialsProvider: pythonIntegration
-          ? credentialsManager.getCredentialsProvider("gcs", {
-              bucket: u.host,
-            })
-          : undefined,
-        url,
-      };
-    case "gs+ngauth+http":
-      return {
-        credentialsProvider: getNgauthCredentialsProvider(
-          credentialsManager,
-          `http://${u.host}`,
-          u.path,
-        ),
-        url: "gs:/" + u.path,
-      };
-    case "gs+ngauth+https":
-      return {
-        credentialsProvider: getNgauthCredentialsProvider(
-          credentialsManager,
-          `https://${u.host}`,
-          u.path,
-        ),
-        url: "gs:/" + u.path,
-      };
-    case "gs+xml+ngauth+http":
-      return {
-        credentialsProvider: getNgauthCredentialsProvider(
-          credentialsManager,
-          `http://${u.host}`,
-          u.path,
-        ),
-        url: "gs+xml:/" + u.path,
-      };
-    case "gs+xml+ngauth+https":
-      return {
-        credentialsProvider: getNgauthCredentialsProvider(
-          credentialsManager,
-          `https://${u.host}`,
-          u.path,
-        ),
-        url: "gs+xml:/" + u.path,
-      };
-    case "middleauth+https":
-      url = url.substr("middleauth+".length);
-      return {
-        credentialsProvider: getMiddleAuthCredentialsProvider(
-          credentialsManager,
-          url,
-        ),
-        url: url,
-      };
-    case "s3":
-      return {
-        credentialsProvider: undefined,
-        url,
-      };
-    default:
-      return {
-        credentialsProvider: undefined,
-        url,
-      };
-  }
-}
-
-export async function fetchSpecialOk(
-  credentialsProvider: SpecialProtocolCredentialsProvider,
-  url: string,
-  init: RequestInit,
-): Promise<Response> {
-  const u = parseUrl(url);
-  switch (u.protocol) {
-    case "gs":
-      // Include random query string parameter (ignored by GCS) to bypass GCS cache and ensure a
-      // cached response is never used.
-      //
-      // This addresses two issues related to GCS:
-      //
-      // 1. GCS fails to send an updated `Access-Control-Allow-Origin` header in 304 responses to
-      //    cache revalidation requests.
-      //
-      //    https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1214563#c2
-      //
-      //    The random query string parameter ensures cached responses are never used.
-      //
-      //    Note: This issue does not apply to gs+xml because with the XML API, the
-      //    Access-Control-Allow-Origin response header does not vary with the Origin.
-      //
-      // 2. If the object does not prohibit caching (e.g. public bucket and default `cache-control`
-      //    metadata value), GCS may return stale responses.
-      //
-      return fetchWithOAuth2Credentials(
-        credentialsProvider,
-        `https://www.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/${u.host}/o/` +
-          `${encodeURIComponent(u.path.substring(1))}?alt=media` +
-          `&neuroglancer=${getRandomHexString()}`,
-        init,
-      );
-    case "gs+xml":
-      return fetchWithOAuth2Credentials(
-        credentialsProvider,
-        `https://storage.googleapis.com/${u.host}${u.path}` +
-          `?neuroglancer=${getRandomHexString()}`,
-        init,
-      );
-    case "s3":
-      return fetchS3Ok(u.host, u.path, init);
-    default:
-      return fetchWithOAuth2Credentials(credentialsProvider, url, init);
-  }
-}
diff --git a/src/util/uint64.ts b/src/util/uint64.ts
index 7a05caddc3..fd9fb355f1 100644
--- a/src/util/uint64.ts
+++ b/src/util/uint64.ts
@@ -338,6 +338,10 @@ export class Uint64 {
     return this.low + this.high * 0x100000000;
   }
 
+  toBigInt() {
+    return BigInt(this.low) | (BigInt(this.high) << BigInt(32));
+  }
+
   setFromNumber(value: number) {
     value = Math.round(value);
     if (value < 0) {
diff --git a/src/util/zorder.spec.ts b/src/util/zorder.spec.ts
index 16486518c5..c5d5b810b1 100644
--- a/src/util/zorder.spec.ts
+++ b/src/util/zorder.spec.ts
@@ -15,14 +15,13 @@
  */
 
 import { describe, it, expect } from "vitest";
-import { Uint64 } from "#src/util/uint64.js";
 import { decodeZIndexCompressed, zorder3LessThan } from "#src/util/zorder.js";
 
 describe("decodeZIndexCompressed", () => {
   it("works for repetitive pattern 21,21,21", () => {
     expect(
       decodeZIndexCompressed(
-        Uint64.parseString("111000100010001111000100010001111000100010001", 2),
+        0b111000100010001111000100010001111000100010001n,
         21,
         21,
         21,
@@ -35,10 +34,7 @@ describe("decodeZIndexCompressed", () => {
   it("works for repetitive pattern 18,15,17", () => {
     expect(
       decodeZIndexCompressed(
-        Uint64.parseString(
-          "11101111000100010001111000100010001111000100010001",
-          2,
-        ),
+        0b11101111000100010001111000100010001111000100010001n,
         18,
         15,
         17,
diff --git a/src/util/zorder.ts b/src/util/zorder.ts
index 7f8bb9dd5a..323646305b 100644
--- a/src/util/zorder.ts
+++ b/src/util/zorder.ts
@@ -15,7 +15,6 @@
  */
 
 import type { TypedArray } from "#src/util/array.js";
-import type { Uint64 } from "#src/util/uint64.js";
 
 export function getOctreeChildIndex(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
   return (x & 1) | ((y << 1) & 2) | ((z << 2) & 4);
@@ -29,73 +28,46 @@ export function getOctreeChildIndex(x: number, y: number, z: number) {
  * respectively, for `i` in `[0, xBits)`, `[0, yBits)`, `[0, zBits)`, respectively.
  */
 export function decodeZIndexCompressed(
-  zindex: Uint64,
+  zindex: bigint,
   xBits: number,
   yBits: number,
   zBits: number,
 ): Uint32Array {
   const maxCoordBits = Math.max(xBits, yBits, zBits);
   let inputBit = 0;
-  let inputValue = zindex.low;
   let x = 0;
   let y = 0;
   let z = 0;
   for (let coordBit = 0; coordBit < maxCoordBits; ++coordBit) {
     if (coordBit < xBits) {
-      const bit = (inputValue >>> inputBit) & 1;
+      const bit = Number((zindex >> BigInt(inputBit++)) & BigInt(1));
       x |= bit << coordBit;
-      if (inputBit === 31) {
-        inputBit = 0;
-        inputValue = zindex.high;
-      } else {
-        ++inputBit;
-      }
     }
     if (coordBit < yBits) {
-      const bit = (inputValue >>> inputBit) & 1;
+      const bit = Number((zindex >> BigInt(inputBit++)) & BigInt(1));
       y |= bit << coordBit;
-      if (inputBit === 31) {
-        inputBit = 0;
-        inputValue = zindex.high;
-      } else {
-        ++inputBit;
-      }
     }
     if (coordBit < zBits) {
-      const bit = (inputValue >>> inputBit) & 1;
+      const bit = Number((zindex >> BigInt(inputBit++)) & BigInt(1));
       z |= bit << coordBit;
-      if (inputBit === 31) {
-        inputBit = 0;
-        inputValue = zindex.high;
-      } else {
-        ++inputBit;
-      }
     }
   }
   return Uint32Array.of(x, y, z);
 }
 
 export function encodeZIndexCompressed3d(
-  zindex: Uint64,
   xBits: number,
   yBits: number,
   zBits: number,
   x: number,
   y: number,
   z: number,
-): Uint64 {
+): bigint {
   const maxBits = Math.max(xBits, yBits, zBits);
   let outputBit = 0;
-  let outputNum = 0;
-  let isHigh = false;
+  let zIndex = 0n;
   function writeBit(b: number): void {
-    outputNum |= (b & 1) << outputBit;
-    if (++outputBit === 32) {
-      zindex.low = outputNum >>> 0;
-      outputNum = 0;
-      outputBit = 0;
-      isHigh = true;
-    }
+    zIndex |= BigInt(b) << BigInt(outputBit++);
   }
   for (let bit = 0; bit < maxBits; ++bit) {
     if (bit < xBits) {
@@ -108,32 +80,18 @@ export function encodeZIndexCompressed3d(
       writeBit((z >> bit) & 1);
     }
   }
-  if (isHigh) {
-    zindex.high = outputNum >>> 0;
-  } else {
-    zindex.high = 0;
-    zindex.low = outputNum >>> 0;
-  }
-  return zindex;
+  return zIndex;
 }
 
 export function encodeZIndexCompressed(
-  zindex: Uint64,
   position: TypedArray,
   shape: TypedArray,
-): Uint64 {
+): bigint {
+  let zIndex = 0n;
   let outputBit = 0;
   const rank = position.length;
-  let outputNum = 0;
-  let isHigh = false;
   function writeBit(b: number): void {
-    outputNum |= (b & 1) << outputBit;
-    if (++outputBit === 32) {
-      zindex.low = outputNum >>> 0;
-      outputNum = 0;
-      outputBit = 0;
-      isHigh = true;
-    }
+    zIndex |= BigInt(b & 1) << BigInt(outputBit++);
   }
 
   for (let bit = 0; bit < 32; ++bit) {
@@ -143,13 +101,7 @@ export function encodeZIndexCompressed(
       }
     }
   }
-  if (isHigh) {
-    zindex.high = outputNum >>> 0;
-  } else {
-    zindex.high = 0;
-    zindex.low = outputNum >>> 0;
-  }
-  return zindex;
+  return zIndex;
 }
 
 function lessMsb(a: number, b: number) {
diff --git a/src/viewer.ts b/src/viewer.ts
index 3a6ebf1f8d..e921402388 100644
--- a/src/viewer.ts
+++ b/src/viewer.ts
@@ -22,20 +22,17 @@ import svg_layers from "ikonate/icons/layers.svg?raw";
 import svg_list from "ikonate/icons/list.svg?raw";
 import svg_settings from "ikonate/icons/settings.svg?raw";
 import { debounce } from "lodash-es";
-import type { FrameNumberCounter } from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
-import {
-  CapacitySpecification,
-  ChunkManager,
-  ChunkQueueManager,
-} from "#src/chunk_manager/frontend.js";
 import {
   makeCoordinateSpace,
   TrackableCoordinateSpace,
 } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
-import { defaultCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
+import { getDefaultCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
+import type { CredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/index.js";
+import { SharedCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared.js";
+import { DataManagementContext } from "#src/data_management_context.js";
 import { InputEventBindings as DataPanelInputEventBindings } from "#src/data_panel_layout.js";
 import { getDefaultDataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
-import type { DataSourceProviderRegistry } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import type { DataSourceRegistry } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
 import { StateShare, stateShareEnabled } from "#src/datasource/state_share.js";
 import type { DisplayContext } from "#src/display_context.js";
 import { TrackableWindowedViewport } from "#src/display_context.js";
@@ -43,6 +40,7 @@ import {
   HelpPanelState,
   InputEventBindingHelpDialog,
 } from "#src/help/input_event_bindings.js";
+import { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
 import {
   addNewLayer,
   LayerManager,
@@ -132,7 +130,6 @@ import type {
   VisibilityPrioritySpecification,
 } from "#src/viewer_state.js";
 import { WatchableVisibilityPriority } from "#src/visibility_priority/frontend.js";
-import type { GL } from "#src/webgl/context.js";
 import { AnnotationToolStatusWidget } from "#src/widget/annotation_tool_status.js";
 import { CheckboxIcon } from "#src/widget/checkbox_icon.js";
 import { makeIcon } from "#src/widget/icon.js";
@@ -144,7 +141,6 @@ import {
   registerDimensionToolForViewer,
 } from "#src/widget/position_widget.js";
 import { TrackableScaleBarOptions } from "#src/widget/scale_bar.js";
-import { RPC } from "#src/worker_rpc.js";
 
 declare let NEUROGLANCER_OVERRIDE_DEFAULT_VIEWER_OPTIONS: any;
 
@@ -155,60 +151,6 @@ interface CreditLink {
 
 declare let NEUROGLANCER_CREDIT_LINK: CreditLink | CreditLink[] | undefined;
 
-export class DataManagementContext extends RefCounted {
-  worker: Worker;
-  chunkQueueManager: ChunkQueueManager;
-  chunkManager: ChunkManager;
-
-  get rpc(): RPC {
-    return this.chunkQueueManager.rpc!;
-  }
-
-  constructor(
-    public gl: GL,
-    public frameNumberCounter: FrameNumberCounter,
-  ) {
-    super();
-    // Note: For compatibility with multiple bundlers, a browser-compatible URL
-    // must be used with `new URL`, which means a Node.js subpath import like
-    // "#src/chunk_worker.bundle.js" cannot be used.
-    this.worker = new Worker(
-      /* webpackChunkName: "neuroglancer_chunk_worker" */
-      new URL("./chunk_worker.bundle.js", import.meta.url),
-      { type: "module" },
-    );
-    this.chunkQueueManager = this.registerDisposer(
-      new ChunkQueueManager(
-        new RPC(this.worker, /*waitUntilReady=*/ true),
-        this.gl,
-        this.frameNumberCounter,
-        {
-          gpuMemory: new CapacitySpecification({
-            defaultItemLimit: 1e6,
-            defaultSizeLimit: 1e9,
-          }),
-          systemMemory: new CapacitySpecification({
-            defaultItemLimit: 1e7,
-            defaultSizeLimit: 2e9,
-          }),
-          download: new CapacitySpecification({
-            defaultItemLimit: 100,
-            defaultSizeLimit: Number.POSITIVE_INFINITY,
-          }),
-          compute: new CapacitySpecification({
-            defaultItemLimit: 128,
-            defaultSizeLimit: 5e8,
-          }),
-        },
-      ),
-    );
-    this.chunkQueueManager.registerDisposer(() => this.worker.terminate());
-    this.chunkManager = this.registerDisposer(
-      new ChunkManager(this.chunkQueueManager),
-    );
-  }
-}
-
 export class InputEventBindings extends DataPanelInputEventBindings {
   global = new EventActionMap();
 }
@@ -268,7 +210,8 @@ export interface ViewerOptions
     VisibilityPrioritySpecification {
   dataContext: Owned<DataManagementContext>;
   element: HTMLElement;
-  dataSourceProvider: Borrowed<DataSourceProviderRegistry>;
+  credentialsManager: CredentialsManager;
+  dataSourceProvider: Borrowed<DataSourceRegistry>;
   uiConfiguration: ViewerUIConfiguration;
   showLayerDialog: boolean;
   inputEventBindings: InputEventBindings;
@@ -511,7 +454,7 @@ export class Viewer extends RefCounted implements ViewerState {
   visibility: WatchableVisibilityPriority;
   inputEventBindings: InputEventBindings;
   element: HTMLElement;
-  dataSourceProvider: Borrowed<DataSourceProviderRegistry>;
+  dataSourceProvider: Borrowed<DataSourceRegistry>;
 
   uiConfiguration: ViewerUIConfiguration;
 
@@ -556,14 +499,29 @@ export class Viewer extends RefCounted implements ViewerState {
         perspectiveView: new EventActionMap(),
       },
       element = display.makeCanvasOverlayElement(),
-      dataSourceProvider = getDefaultDataSourceProvider({
-        credentialsManager: defaultCredentialsManager,
-      }),
+
       uiConfiguration = makeViewerUIConfiguration(),
+      dataSourceProvider = (() => {
+        const { credentialsManager = getDefaultCredentialsManager() } = options;
+        const sharedCredentialsManager = this.registerDisposer(
+          new SharedCredentialsManager(credentialsManager, dataContext.rpc),
+        );
+        const kvStoreContext = this.registerDisposer(
+          new SharedKvStoreContext(
+            dataContext.chunkManager,
+            sharedCredentialsManager,
+          ),
+        );
+        return getDefaultDataSourceProvider({
+          credentialsManager: sharedCredentialsManager,
+          kvStoreContext,
+        });
+      })(),
     } = options;
     this.visibility = visibility;
     this.inputEventBindings = inputEventBindings;
     this.element = element;
+
     this.dataSourceProvider = dataSourceProvider;
     this.uiConfiguration = uiConfiguration;
 
diff --git a/src/webgl/context.ts b/src/webgl/context.ts
index 5241781a6e..3da15d46e2 100644
--- a/src/webgl/context.ts
+++ b/src/webgl/context.ts
@@ -41,9 +41,13 @@ export function initializeWebGL(canvas: HTMLCanvasElement) {
     throw new Error("WebGL not supported.");
   }
   gl.memoize = new Memoize<any, RefCounted>();
-  gl.maxTextureSize = gl.getParameter(gl.MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE);
-  gl.max3dTextureSize = gl.getParameter(gl.MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE);
-  gl.maxTextureImageUnits = gl.getParameter(gl.MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS);
+  gl.maxTextureSize = gl.getParameter(WebGL2RenderingContext.MAX_TEXTURE_SIZE);
+  gl.max3dTextureSize = gl.getParameter(
+    WebGL2RenderingContext.MAX_3D_TEXTURE_SIZE,
+  );
+  gl.maxTextureImageUnits = gl.getParameter(
+    WebGL2RenderingContext.MAX_TEXTURE_IMAGE_UNITS,
+  );
   gl.tempTextureUnit = gl.maxTextureImageUnits - 1;
 
   // FIXME: verify that we received a stencil buffer
diff --git a/src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.css b/src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.css
index 8ff86179fd..86ad6b91ae 100644
--- a/src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.css
+++ b/src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.css
@@ -48,8 +48,9 @@
   font-size: medium;
 }
 
-.neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-dropdown {
-  color: #fff;
+.neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-dropdown,
+.neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-error,
+.neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-progress {
   background-color: #181818;
   position: fixed;
   display: block;
@@ -67,6 +68,19 @@
   word-wrap: break-word;
 }
 
+.neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-dropdown {
+  color: #fff;
+}
+
+.neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-error {
+  color: red;
+}
+
+.neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-progress {
+  font-style: italic;
+  color: #ccc;
+}
+
 .neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-completion:nth-child(even):not(
     .neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-completion-active
   ) {
@@ -88,3 +102,8 @@
   font-style: italic;
   color: #f9f;
 }
+
+.neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-linebreak::after {
+  content: "\a";
+  white-space: pre;
+}
diff --git a/src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.ts b/src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.ts
index 1b412098eb..e2ce2b5a66 100644
--- a/src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.ts
+++ b/src/widget/multiline_autocomplete.ts
@@ -25,13 +25,16 @@ import type {
 import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
 import { removeChildren, removeFromParent } from "#src/util/dom.js";
 import { positionDropdown } from "#src/util/dropdown.js";
+import { formatErrorMessage } from "#src/util/error.js";
 import {
   EventActionMap,
   KeyboardEventBinder,
   registerActionListener,
 } from "#src/util/keyboard_bindings.js";
 import { longestCommonPrefix } from "#src/util/longest_common_prefix.js";
+import type { ProgressListener } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 import { Signal } from "#src/util/signal.js";
+import { ProgressListenerWidget } from "#src/widget/progress_listener.js";
 import { VirtualList } from "#src/widget/virtual_list.js";
 
 export type {
@@ -56,19 +59,16 @@ export function makeDefaultCompletionElement(completion: Completion) {
   return element;
 }
 
-function* splitByWordBreaks(value: string) {
-  while (value.length > 0) {
-    const m = value.match(/[:/_]+/);
-    if (m === null) {
-      yield value;
-      return;
-    }
-    const endOffset = m.index! + m[0].length;
-    yield value.substring(0, endOffset);
-    value = value.substring(endOffset);
-  }
+export interface SyntaxHighlighter {
+  splitPattern: RegExp;
+  getSeparatorNode: (text: string) => HTMLElement;
 }
 
+const DEFAULT_SYNTAX_HIGHLIGHTER: SyntaxHighlighter = {
+  splitPattern: /.*/gs,
+  getSeparatorNode: () => document.createElement("wbr"),
+};
+
 export function makeCompletionElementWithDescription(
   completion: CompletionWithDescription,
 ) {
@@ -100,7 +100,8 @@ export interface CompletionRequest {
 }
 export type Completer = (
   request: CompletionRequest,
-  abortSignal: AbortSignal,
+  signal: AbortSignal,
+  progressListener: ProgressListener,
 ) => Promise<CompletionResult> | null;
 
 const DEFAULT_COMPLETION_DELAY = 200; // milliseconds
@@ -117,6 +118,9 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
   private activeCompletionPromise: Promise<CompletionResult> | null = null;
   private activeCompletionAbortController: AbortController | undefined =
     undefined;
+  private activeCompletionProgressListener: ProgressListenerWidget | undefined =
+    undefined;
+  private completionErrorElement: HTMLElement | undefined;
   private hasFocus = false;
   private completionResult: CompletionResult | null = null;
   private dropdownContentsStale = true;
@@ -161,14 +165,15 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
   ) {
     const completionDisabled = this.completionDisabled !== -1;
     this.onInput.dispatch(value);
-    const { inputElement } = this;
+    const { inputElement, syntaxHighlighter } = this;
     removeChildren(inputElement);
     let outputOffset = 0;
     const r = selection !== undefined ? document.createRange() : undefined;
     let isFirst = true;
-    for (const text of splitByWordBreaks(value)) {
+    for (const text of value.match(syntaxHighlighter.splitPattern)!) {
+      if (!text) continue;
       if (!isFirst) {
-        inputElement.appendChild(document.createElement("wbr"));
+        inputElement.appendChild(syntaxHighlighter.getSeparatorNode(text));
       }
       isFirst = false;
       const newOutputOffset = outputOffset + text.length;
@@ -216,21 +221,31 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
   completer: Completer;
 
   private resizeHandler = () => {
-    if (!this.completionsVisible) return;
     this.updateDropdownStyle();
   };
 
   private resizeObserver = new ResizeObserver(this.resizeHandler);
 
-  constructor(options: { completer: Completer; delay?: number }) {
+  private syntaxHighlighter: SyntaxHighlighter;
+
+  constructor(options: {
+    completer: Completer;
+    syntaxHighlighter?: SyntaxHighlighter;
+    delay?: number;
+  }) {
     super();
     this.completer = options.completer;
-    const { delay = DEFAULT_COMPLETION_DELAY } = options;
+    const {
+      delay = DEFAULT_COMPLETION_DELAY,
+      syntaxHighlighter = DEFAULT_SYNTAX_HIGHLIGHTER,
+    } = options;
+    this.syntaxHighlighter = syntaxHighlighter;
 
     const debouncedCompleter = (this.scheduleUpdateCompletions = debounce(
       () => {
         const abortController = (this.activeCompletionAbortController =
           new AbortController());
+        const progressListener = this.makeCompletionProgressListener();
         const activeCompletionPromise = (this.activeCompletionPromise =
           this.completer(
             {
@@ -238,14 +253,24 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
               selectionRange: this.getSelectionRange(),
             },
             abortController.signal,
+            progressListener,
           ));
         if (activeCompletionPromise !== null) {
-          activeCompletionPromise.then((completionResult) => {
-            if (this.activeCompletionPromise === activeCompletionPromise) {
-              this.setCompletions(completionResult);
-              this.activeCompletionPromise = null;
-            }
-          });
+          activeCompletionPromise.then(
+            (completionResult) => {
+              if (this.activeCompletionPromise === activeCompletionPromise) {
+                this.setCompletions(completionResult);
+                this.activeCompletionPromise = null;
+                this.removeProgressListener();
+              }
+            },
+            (reason) => {
+              if (this.activeCompletionPromise === activeCompletionPromise) {
+                this.removeProgressListener();
+                this.showCompletionError(reason);
+              }
+            },
+          );
         }
       },
       delay,
@@ -263,9 +288,9 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
 
     inputElement.contentEditable = "true";
     inputElement.spellcheck = false;
-    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode("\u200b")); // Prevent input area from collapsing
     element.appendChild(inputElement);
     element.appendChild(hintElement);
+    element.appendChild(document.createTextNode("\u200b")); // Prevent input area from collapsing
     inputElement.classList.add("neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-input");
     hintElement.classList.add("neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-hint");
     inputElement.addEventListener("input", () => {
@@ -421,6 +446,34 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
     });
   }
 
+  private removeProgressListener() {
+    if (this.activeCompletionProgressListener !== undefined) {
+      this.element.removeChild(this.activeCompletionProgressListener.element);
+      this.activeCompletionProgressListener = undefined;
+    }
+  }
+
+  private makeCompletionProgressListener(): ProgressListenerWidget {
+    const widget = new ProgressListenerWidget();
+    this.element.appendChild(widget.element);
+    widget.element.classList.add(
+      "neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-progress",
+    );
+    this.activeCompletionProgressListener = widget;
+    this.updateDropdownStyle();
+    return widget;
+  }
+
+  private showCompletionError(reason: unknown) {
+    if (reason === null) return;
+    const element = document.createElement("div");
+    this.completionErrorElement = element;
+    element.classList.add("neuroglancer-multiline-autocomplete-error");
+    element.textContent = formatErrorMessage(reason);
+    this.element.appendChild(element);
+    this.updateDropdownStyle();
+  }
+
   private shouldAttemptCompletion() {
     const { inputElement } = this;
     if (document.activeElement !== inputElement) return false;
@@ -503,9 +556,12 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
   }
 
   private updateDropdownStyle() {
-    const { completionsVirtualList, element } = this;
-    if (completionsVirtualList !== undefined) {
-      positionDropdown(completionsVirtualList.element, element, {
+    const widget =
+      this.completionsVirtualList?.element ??
+      this.activeCompletionProgressListener?.element ??
+      this.completionErrorElement;
+    if (widget !== undefined) {
+      positionDropdown(widget, this.element, {
         horizontal: false,
       });
     }
@@ -610,13 +666,15 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
     } else {
       this.hasResultForDropdown = true;
       // Check for a common prefix.
-      const commonResultPrefix = longestCommonPrefix(
-        (function* () {
-          for (const completion of completionResult.completions) {
-            yield completion.value;
-          }
-        })(),
-      );
+      const commonResultPrefix =
+        completionResult.defaultCompletion ??
+        longestCommonPrefix(
+          (function* () {
+            for (const completion of completionResult.completions) {
+              yield completion.value;
+            }
+          })(),
+        );
       const commonPrefix = this.getCompletedValue(commonResultPrefix);
       if (commonPrefix.startsWith(value)) {
         this.commonPrefix = commonPrefix;
@@ -635,12 +693,13 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
       hintValue = "";
     }
     hintValue = hintValue.substring(value.length);
-    const { hintElement } = this;
+    const { hintElement, syntaxHighlighter } = this;
     removeChildren(hintElement);
     let isFirst = true;
-    for (const text of splitByWordBreaks(hintValue)) {
+    for (const text of hintValue.match(syntaxHighlighter.splitPattern)!) {
+      if (!text) continue;
       if (!isFirst) {
-        hintElement.appendChild(document.createElement("wbr"));
+        hintElement.appendChild(syntaxHighlighter.getSeparatorNode(text));
       }
       isFirst = false;
       const node = document.createTextNode(text);
@@ -774,14 +833,15 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
     this.activeCompletionAbortController?.abort();
     this.activeCompletionAbortController = undefined;
     this.activeCompletionPromise = null;
+    this.removeProgressListener();
   }
 
   private clearCompletions() {
+    this.dropdownContentsStale = true;
+    this.dropdownStyleStale = true;
     if (this.completionResult !== null) {
       this.activeIndex = -1;
       this.completionResult = null;
-      this.dropdownContentsStale = true;
-      this.dropdownStyleStale = true;
       this.commonPrefix = "";
       const { completionsVirtualList } = this;
       if (completionsVirtualList !== undefined) {
@@ -790,6 +850,12 @@ export class AutocompleteTextInput extends RefCounted {
       }
       this.updateDropdown();
     }
+
+    const { completionErrorElement } = this;
+    if (completionErrorElement !== undefined) {
+      this.element.removeChild(completionErrorElement);
+      this.completionErrorElement = undefined;
+    }
   }
 
   get value() {
diff --git a/src/widget/progress_listener.ts b/src/widget/progress_listener.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..970f8c91b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/widget/progress_listener.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  ProgressListener,
+  ProgressSpan,
+  ProgressSpanId,
+} from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpanSet } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+
+export class ProgressListenerWidget implements ProgressListener {
+  element = document.createElement("ul");
+  constructor() {
+    this.element.classList.add("neuroglancer-progress");
+  }
+  private spanElements = new Map<number, HTMLElement>();
+  private spans = new ProgressSpanSet();
+
+  addSpan(span: ProgressSpan) {
+    if (this.spans.add(span) !== 1) return;
+    const spanElement = document.createElement("li");
+    spanElement.textContent = span.message;
+    this.spanElements.set(span.id, spanElement);
+    this.element.appendChild(spanElement);
+  }
+
+  removeSpan(spanId: ProgressSpanId) {
+    if (this.spans.deleteKey(spanId) !== 0) return;
+    const { spanElements } = this;
+    const spanElement = spanElements.get(spanId)!;
+    spanElements.delete(spanId);
+    this.element.removeChild(spanElement);
+  }
+}
diff --git a/src/worker_rpc.ts b/src/worker_rpc.ts
index 25f5cf3223..d80804a38b 100644
--- a/src/worker_rpc.ts
+++ b/src/worker_rpc.ts
@@ -16,6 +16,12 @@
 
 import { promiseWithResolversAndAbortCallback } from "#src/util/abort.js";
 import { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import type {
+  ProgressListener,
+  ProgressOptions,
+  ProgressSpanId,
+} from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import { ProgressSpan } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
 
 export type RPCHandler = (this: RPC, x: any) => void;
 
@@ -29,6 +35,8 @@ const DEBUG_MESSAGES = false;
 
 const PROMISE_RESPONSE_ID = "rpc.promise.response";
 const PROMISE_CANCEL_ID = "rpc.promise.cancel";
+const PROMISE_PROGRESS_ADD_SPAN_ID = "rpc.promise.addProgressSpan";
+const PROMISE_PROGRESS_REMOVE_SPAN_ID = "rpc.promise.removeProgressSpan";
 const READY_ID = "rpc.ready";
 
 const handlers = new Map<string, RPCHandler>();
@@ -39,27 +47,49 @@ export function registerRPC(key: string, handler: RPCHandler) {
 
 export type RPCPromise<T> = Promise<{ value: T; transfers?: any[] }>;
 
-export class RPCError extends Error {
+class ProxyProgressListener implements ProgressListener {
   constructor(
-    public name: string,
-    public message: string,
-  ) {
-    super(message);
+    private rpc: RPC,
+    private id: number,
+  ) {}
+
+  addSpan(span: ProgressSpan) {
+    this.rpc.invoke(PROMISE_PROGRESS_ADD_SPAN_ID, {
+      id: this.id,
+      span: {
+        id: span.id,
+        message: span.message,
+        startTime: span.startTime,
+      },
+    });
+  }
+  removeSpan(spanId: ProgressSpanId) {
+    this.rpc.invoke(PROMISE_PROGRESS_REMOVE_SPAN_ID, {
+      id: this.id,
+      spanId,
+    });
   }
 }
 
 export function registerPromiseRPC<T>(
   key: string,
-  handler: (this: RPC, x: any, abortSignal: AbortSignal) => RPCPromise<T>,
+  handler: (
+    this: RPC,
+    x: any,
+    progressOptions: Partial<ProgressOptions>,
+  ) => RPCPromise<T>,
 ) {
   registerRPC(key, function (this: RPC, x: any) {
     const id = <number>x.id;
     const abortController = new AbortController();
-    const promise = handler.call(
-      this,
-      x,
-      abortController.signal,
-    ) as RPCPromise<T>;
+    let progressListener: ProgressListener | undefined;
+    if (x.progressListener === true) {
+      progressListener = new ProxyProgressListener(this, id);
+    }
+    const promise = handler.call(this, x, {
+      signal: abortController.signal,
+      progressListener,
+    }) as RPCPromise<T>;
     this.set(id, { promise, abortController });
     promise.then(
       ({ value, transfers }) => {
@@ -70,8 +100,7 @@ export function registerPromiseRPC<T>(
         this.delete(id);
         this.invoke(PROMISE_RESPONSE_ID, {
           id: id,
-          error: error.message,
-          errorName: error.name,
+          error: error,
         });
       },
     );
@@ -94,10 +123,22 @@ registerRPC(PROMISE_RESPONSE_ID, function (this: RPC, x: any) {
   if (Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(x, "value")) {
     resolve(x.value);
   } else {
-    reject(new RPCError(x.errorName, x.error));
+    reject(x.error);
   }
 });
 
+registerRPC(PROMISE_PROGRESS_ADD_SPAN_ID, function (this: RPC, x: any) {
+  const id = <number>x.id;
+  const { progressListener } = this.get(id);
+  new ProgressSpan(progressListener, x.span);
+});
+
+registerRPC(PROMISE_PROGRESS_REMOVE_SPAN_ID, function (this: RPC, x: any) {
+  const id = <number>x.id;
+  const { progressListener } = this.get(id);
+  progressListener.removeSpan(x.spanId);
+});
+
 registerRPC(READY_ID, function (this: RPC, x: any) {
   x;
   this.onPeerReady();
@@ -126,6 +167,10 @@ export class RPC {
       if (DEBUG_MESSAGES) {
         console.log("Received message", data);
       }
+      const handler = handlers.get(data.functionName);
+      if (handler === undefined) {
+        throw new Error(`Missing RPC function: ${data.functionName}`);
+      }
       handlers.get(data.functionName)!.call(this, data);
     };
   }
@@ -193,21 +238,33 @@ export class RPC {
   promiseInvoke<T>(
     name: string,
     x: any,
-    abortSignal?: AbortSignal | undefined,
-    transfers?: any[],
+    options?: {
+      signal?: AbortSignal;
+      progressListener?: ProgressListener;
+      transfers?: any[];
+    },
   ): Promise<T> {
-    if (abortSignal?.aborted) {
-      return Promise.reject(abortSignal.reason);
+    let signal: AbortSignal | undefined;
+    let progressListener: ProgressListener | undefined;
+    let transfers: any[] | undefined;
+    if (options !== undefined) {
+      ({ signal, progressListener, transfers } = options);
+    }
+    if (signal?.aborted) {
+      return Promise.reject(signal.reason);
+    }
+    if (progressListener !== undefined) {
+      x.progressListener = true;
     }
     const id = (x.id = this.newId());
     this.invoke(name, x, transfers);
     const { promise, resolve, reject } =
-      abortSignal === undefined
+      signal === undefined
         ? Promise.withResolvers<T>()
-        : promiseWithResolversAndAbortCallback<T>(abortSignal, () => {
+        : promiseWithResolversAndAbortCallback<T>(signal, () => {
             this.invoke(PROMISE_CANCEL_ID, { id: id });
           });
-    this.set(id, { resolve, reject });
+    this.set(id, { resolve, reject, progressListener });
     return promise;
   }
 
diff --git a/testdata/64x64x64-raw-uint64-segmentation.dat b/testdata/codec/compressed_segmentation/64x64x64-raw-uint64-segmentation.dat
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/64x64x64-raw-uint64-segmentation.dat
rename to testdata/codec/compressed_segmentation/64x64x64-raw-uint64-segmentation.dat
diff --git a/testdata/README.md b/testdata/codec/compressed_segmentation/README.md
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/README.md
rename to testdata/codec/compressed_segmentation/README.md
diff --git a/testdata/generate_npy_examples.py b/testdata/codec/npy/generate_npy_examples.py
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/generate_npy_examples.py
rename to testdata/codec/npy/generate_npy_examples.py
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.float32-be.npy b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.float32-be.npy
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.float32-be.npy
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.float32-be.npy
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.float32-le.npy b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.float32-le.npy
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.float32-le.npy
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.float32-le.npy
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.float32.json b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.float32.json
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.float32.json
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.float32.json
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint16-be.npy b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint16-be.npy
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint16-be.npy
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint16-be.npy
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint16-le.npy b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint16-le.npy
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint16-le.npy
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint16-le.npy
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint16.json b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint16.json
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint16.json
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint16.json
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint32-be.npy b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint32-be.npy
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint32-be.npy
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint32-be.npy
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint32-le.npy b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint32-le.npy
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint32-le.npy
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint32-le.npy
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint32.json b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint32.json
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint32.json
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint32.json
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint64-be.npy b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint64-be.npy
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint64-be.npy
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint64-be.npy
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint64-le.npy b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint64-le.npy
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint64-le.npy
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint64-le.npy
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint64.json b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint64.json
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint64.json
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint64.json
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint8.json b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint8.json
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint8.json
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint8.json
diff --git a/testdata/npy_test.uint8.npy b/testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint8.npy
similarity index 100%
rename from testdata/npy_test.uint8.npy
rename to testdata/codec/npy/npy_test.uint8.npy
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.dzi b/testdata/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.dzi
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..10bb89f11b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.dzi
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
+<Image TileSize="254" Overlap="1" Format="jpg" xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/deepzoom/2009">
+<Size Width="48023" Height="34907" />
+</Image>
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/n5/generate_n5.py b/testdata/datasource/n5/generate_n5.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..7bd8ff79c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/n5/generate_n5.py
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.11"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "tensorstore",
+# ]
+# ///
+import json
+import os
+import pathlib
+import shutil
+
+import tensorstore as ts
+
+
+def write_multiscale(
+    path, include_top_level_scales: bool, include_per_scale_downsampling_factors: bool
+):
+    shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=True)
+    shape = [10, 20]
+    scales = []
+    for scale in [0, 1, 2]:
+        downsample_factors = [2**scale, 2**scale]
+        scales.append(downsample_factors)
+        scale_path = os.path.join(path, f"s{scale}")
+        scale_attributes = {}
+        if include_per_scale_downsampling_factors:
+            scale_attributes["downsamplingFactors"] = downsample_factors
+        ts.open(
+            {
+                "driver": "n5",
+                "kvstore": {"driver": "file", "path": scale_path},
+                "metadata": scale_attributes,
+            },
+            create=True,
+            delete_existing=True,
+            dtype=ts.uint16,
+            shape=[
+                -(-shape[0] // downsample_factors[0]),
+                -(-shape[1] // downsample_factors[1]),
+            ],
+        ).result()
+    top_level_attributes = {
+        "axes": ["x", "y"],
+        "units": ["nm", "s"],
+        "resolution": [10, 20],
+    }
+    if include_top_level_scales:
+        top_level_attributes["scales"] = scales
+    pathlib.Path(os.path.join(path, "attributes.json")).write_text(
+        json.dumps(top_level_attributes)
+    )
+
+
+write_multiscale(
+    os.path.abspath(
+        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated")
+    ),
+    include_top_level_scales=True,
+    include_per_scale_downsampling_factors=False,
+)
+
+write_multiscale(
+    os.path.abspath(
+        os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "n5_viewer_multiscale_modern")
+    ),
+    include_top_level_scales=False,
+    include_per_scale_downsampling_factors=True,
+)
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/attributes.json b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7311cde9a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"axes": ["x", "y"], "units": ["nm", "s"], "resolution": [10, 20], "scales": [[1, 1], [2, 2], [4, 4]]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s0/attributes.json b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s0/attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7254f6e6fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s0/attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"blockSize":[10,20],"compression":{"blocksize":0,"clevel":5,"cname":"lz4","shuffle":1,"type":"blosc"},"dataType":"uint16","dimensions":[10,20]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s1/attributes.json b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s1/attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1a935f8806
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s1/attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"blockSize":[5,10],"compression":{"blocksize":0,"clevel":5,"cname":"lz4","shuffle":1,"type":"blosc"},"dataType":"uint16","dimensions":[5,10]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s2/attributes.json b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s2/attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c2d38eab1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s2/attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"blockSize":[3,5],"compression":{"blocksize":0,"clevel":5,"cname":"lz4","shuffle":1,"type":"blosc"},"dataType":"uint16","dimensions":[3,5]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/attributes.json b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b49d435e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"axes": ["x", "y"], "units": ["nm", "s"], "resolution": [10, 20]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s0/attributes.json b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s0/attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1d0eb09bc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s0/attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"blockSize":[10,20],"compression":{"blocksize":0,"clevel":5,"cname":"lz4","shuffle":1,"type":"blosc"},"dataType":"uint16","dimensions":[10,20],"downsamplingFactors":[1,1]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s1/attributes.json b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s1/attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08ca0551a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s1/attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"blockSize":[5,10],"compression":{"blocksize":0,"clevel":5,"cname":"lz4","shuffle":1,"type":"blosc"},"dataType":"uint16","dimensions":[5,10],"downsamplingFactors":[2,2]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s2/attributes.json b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s2/attributes.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8f77ef7ea7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s2/attributes.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"blockSize":[3,5],"compression":{"blocksize":0,"clevel":5,"cname":"lz4","shuffle":1,"type":"blosc"},"dataType":"uint16","dimensions":[3,5],"downsamplingFactors":[4,4]}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/nifti/README.md b/testdata/datasource/nifti/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0aaf544ebd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/nifti/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+The following test files:
+
+- example_nifti2.nii.gz
+- standard.nii.gz
+- standard.nii (derived from standard.nii.gz)
+
+were copied from nibabel, and are subject to the following license:
+
+The MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2009-2019 Matthew Brett <matthew.brett@gmail.com>
+Copyright (c) 2010-2013 Stephan Gerhard <git@unidesign.ch>
+Copyright (c) 2006-2014 Michael Hanke <michael.hanke@gmail.com>
+Copyright (c) 2011 Christian Haselgrove <christian.haselgrove@umassmed.edu>
+Copyright (c) 2010-2011 Jarrod Millman <jarrod.millman@gmail.com>
+Copyright (c) 2011-2019 Yaroslav Halchenko <debian@onerussian.com>
+Copyright (c) 2015-2019 Chris Markiewicz <effigies@gmail.com>
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in
+all copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN
+THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/nifti/example_nifti2.nii.gz b/testdata/datasource/nifti/example_nifti2.nii.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a0d9e408f4
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/nifti/example_nifti2.nii.gz differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/nifti/standard.nii b/testdata/datasource/nifti/standard.nii
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d685a25135
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/nifti/standard.nii differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/nifti/standard.nii.gz b/testdata/datasource/nifti/standard.nii.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..98bb31a778
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/nifti/standard.nii.gz differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/precomputed/generate_precomputed.py b/testdata/datasource/precomputed/generate_precomputed.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..24e72e36e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/precomputed/generate_precomputed.py
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.11"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "tensorstore",
+#     "numpy",
+# ]
+# ///
+import os
+import shutil
+
+import numpy as np
+import tensorstore as ts
+
+
+def write_multiscale(path: str, num_channels: int, num_scales: int):
+    shutil.rmtree(path, ignore_errors=True)
+    shape = np.array([10, 20, 30, num_channels])
+    base_resolution = np.array([3, 4, 5])
+    for scale in range(num_scales):
+        downsample_factors = [2**scale, 2**scale, 2**scale, 1]
+        ts.open(
+            {
+                "driver": "neuroglancer_precomputed",
+                "kvstore": {"driver": "file", "path": path},
+                "scale_metadata": {
+                    "resolution": base_resolution * downsample_factors[:-1]
+                },
+            },
+            create=True,
+            dtype=ts.uint16,
+            shape=-(-shape // downsample_factors),
+        ).result()
+
+
+write_multiscale(
+    os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "one_channel")),
+    num_channels=1,
+    num_scales=3,
+)
+
+write_multiscale(
+    os.path.abspath(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), "two_channels")),
+    num_channels=2,
+    num_scales=3,
+)
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/precomputed/one_channel/info b/testdata/datasource/precomputed/one_channel/info
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1408773d9f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/precomputed/one_channel/info
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"@type":"neuroglancer_multiscale_volume","data_type":"uint16","num_channels":1,"scales":[{"chunk_sizes":[[10,20,30]],"encoding":"raw","key":"3_4_5","resolution":[3.0,4.0,5.0],"size":[10,20,30],"voxel_offset":[0,0,0]},{"chunk_sizes":[[5,10,15]],"encoding":"raw","key":"6_8_10","resolution":[6.0,8.0,10.0],"size":[5,10,15],"voxel_offset":[0,0,0]},{"chunk_sizes":[[3,5,8]],"encoding":"raw","key":"12_16_20","resolution":[12.0,16.0,20.0],"size":[3,5,8],"voxel_offset":[0,0,0]}],"type":"image"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/precomputed/two_channels/info b/testdata/datasource/precomputed/two_channels/info
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58769bce6f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/precomputed/two_channels/info
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"@type":"neuroglancer_multiscale_volume","data_type":"uint16","num_channels":2,"scales":[{"chunk_sizes":[[10,20,30]],"encoding":"raw","key":"3_4_5","resolution":[3.0,4.0,5.0],"size":[10,20,30],"voxel_offset":[0,0,0]},{"chunk_sizes":[[5,10,15]],"encoding":"raw","key":"6_8_10","resolution":[6.0,8.0,10.0],"size":[5,10,15],"voxel_offset":[0,0,0]},{"chunk_sizes":[[3,5,8]],"encoding":"raw","key":"12_16_20","resolution":[12.0,16.0,20.0],"size":[3,5,8],"voxel_offset":[0,0,0]}],"type":"image"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/generate_ome_zarr.py b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/generate_ome_zarr.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..97ffac099e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/generate_ome_zarr.py
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env -S uv run
+# /// script
+# requires-python = ">=3.11"
+# dependencies = [
+#     "ngff-zarr[tensorstore]",
+#     "numpy",
+# ]
+# ///
+
+import os
+import shutil
+import zipfile
+
+import ngff_zarr as nz
+import numpy as np
+
+THIS_DIR = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+def write_data(path: str, version: str):
+    shape = [10, 10]
+
+    data = np.arange(np.prod(shape), dtype=np.uint16).reshape(shape)
+
+    image = nz.to_ngff_image(
+        data,
+        dims=["y", "x"],
+        scale={"y": 4, "x": 30},
+        axes_units={"y": "nanometer", "x": "nanometer"},
+    )
+
+    multiscales = nz.to_multiscales(
+        image, scale_factors=[{"x": 2, "y": 2}, {"x": 4, "y": 4}]
+    )
+
+    full_path = os.path.join(THIS_DIR, path)
+    shutil.rmtree(full_path, ignore_errors=True)
+
+    nz.to_ngff_zarr(
+        full_path,
+        multiscales,
+        use_tensorstore=True,
+        version=version,
+    )
+
+
+def create_zip(directory_path: str, zip_path: str):
+    with zipfile.ZipFile(zip_path, "w", zipfile.ZIP_STORED) as zipf:
+        for root, dirs, files in os.walk(directory_path):
+            for filename in files:
+                entry_path = os.path.join(root, filename)
+                zipf.write(entry_path, os.path.relpath(entry_path, directory_path))
+
+
+write_data("simple_0.4", version="0.4")
+write_data("simple_0.5", version="0.5")
+create_zip(os.path.join(THIS_DIR, "simple_0.5"), "simple_0.4.zip")
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4.zip b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3766297dfa
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/.zattrs b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/.zattrs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8881cf31db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/.zattrs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+{
+  "multiscales": [
+    {
+      "axes": [
+        {
+          "name": "y",
+          "type": "space",
+          "unit": "nanometer"
+        },
+        {
+          "name": "x",
+          "type": "space",
+          "unit": "nanometer"
+        }
+      ],
+      "datasets": [
+        {
+          "path": "scale0/image",
+          "coordinateTransformations": [
+            {
+              "scale": [
+                4,
+                30
+              ],
+              "type": "scale"
+            },
+            {
+              "translation": [
+                0.0,
+                0.0
+              ],
+              "type": "translation"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "path": "scale1/image",
+          "coordinateTransformations": [
+            {
+              "scale": [
+                8,
+                60
+              ],
+              "type": "scale"
+            },
+            {
+              "translation": [
+                2,
+                15
+              ],
+              "type": "translation"
+            }
+          ]
+        },
+        {
+          "path": "scale2/image",
+          "coordinateTransformations": [
+            {
+              "scale": [
+                16,
+                120
+              ],
+              "type": "scale"
+            },
+            {
+              "translation": [
+                6,
+                45
+              ],
+              "type": "translation"
+            }
+          ]
+        }
+      ],
+      "name": "image",
+      "version": "0.4",
+      "@type": "ngff:Image"
+    }
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/.zgroup b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/.zgroup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cab13da6ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/.zgroup
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "zarr_format": 2
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/.zmetadata b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/.zmetadata
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..18b2fe0a54
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/.zmetadata
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+{
+  "metadata": {
+    ".zgroup": {
+      "zarr_format": 2
+    },
+    ".zattrs": {
+      "multiscales": [
+        {
+          "axes": [
+            {
+              "name": "y",
+              "type": "space",
+              "unit": "nanometer"
+            },
+            {
+              "name": "x",
+              "type": "space",
+              "unit": "nanometer"
+            }
+          ],
+          "datasets": [
+            {
+              "path": "scale0/image",
+              "coordinateTransformations": [
+                {
+                  "scale": [
+                    4,
+                    30
+                  ],
+                  "type": "scale"
+                },
+                {
+                  "translation": [
+                    0.0,
+                    0.0
+                  ],
+                  "type": "translation"
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "scale1/image",
+              "coordinateTransformations": [
+                {
+                  "scale": [
+                    8,
+                    60
+                  ],
+                  "type": "scale"
+                },
+                {
+                  "translation": [
+                    2,
+                    15
+                  ],
+                  "type": "translation"
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "scale2/image",
+              "coordinateTransformations": [
+                {
+                  "scale": [
+                    16,
+                    120
+                  ],
+                  "type": "scale"
+                },
+                {
+                  "translation": [
+                    6,
+                    45
+                  ],
+                  "type": "translation"
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "name": "image",
+          "version": "0.4",
+          "@type": "ngff:Image"
+        }
+      ]
+    },
+    "scale2/.zattrs": {
+      "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+        "y",
+        "x"
+      ]
+    },
+    "scale2/.zgroup": {
+      "zarr_format": 2,
+      "consolidated_metadata": {
+        "metadata": {},
+        "must_understand": false,
+        "kind": "inline"
+      }
+    },
+    "scale2/image/.zattrs": {},
+    "scale2/image/.zarray": {
+      "shape": [
+        2,
+        2
+      ],
+      "chunks": [
+        2,
+        2
+      ],
+      "fill_value": null,
+      "order": "C",
+      "filters": null,
+      "dimension_separator": "/",
+      "compressor": {
+        "id": "blosc",
+        "cname": "lz4",
+        "clevel": 5,
+        "shuffle": -1,
+        "blocksize": 0
+      },
+      "zarr_format": 2,
+      "dtype": "<u2"
+    },
+    "scale0/.zattrs": {
+      "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+        "y",
+        "x"
+      ]
+    },
+    "scale0/.zgroup": {
+      "zarr_format": 2,
+      "consolidated_metadata": {
+        "metadata": {},
+        "must_understand": false,
+        "kind": "inline"
+      }
+    },
+    "scale0/image/.zattrs": {},
+    "scale0/image/.zarray": {
+      "shape": [
+        10,
+        10
+      ],
+      "chunks": [
+        10,
+        10
+      ],
+      "fill_value": null,
+      "order": "C",
+      "filters": null,
+      "dimension_separator": "/",
+      "compressor": {
+        "id": "blosc",
+        "cname": "lz4",
+        "clevel": 5,
+        "shuffle": -1,
+        "blocksize": 0
+      },
+      "zarr_format": 2,
+      "dtype": "<u2"
+    },
+    "scale1/.zattrs": {
+      "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+        "y",
+        "x"
+      ]
+    },
+    "scale1/.zgroup": {
+      "zarr_format": 2,
+      "consolidated_metadata": {
+        "metadata": {},
+        "must_understand": false,
+        "kind": "inline"
+      }
+    },
+    "scale1/image/.zattrs": {},
+    "scale1/image/.zarray": {
+      "shape": [
+        5,
+        5
+      ],
+      "chunks": [
+        5,
+        5
+      ],
+      "fill_value": null,
+      "order": "C",
+      "filters": null,
+      "dimension_separator": "/",
+      "compressor": {
+        "id": "blosc",
+        "cname": "lz4",
+        "clevel": 5,
+        "shuffle": -1,
+        "blocksize": 0
+      },
+      "zarr_format": 2,
+      "dtype": "<u2"
+    }
+  },
+  "zarr_consolidated_format": 1
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/.zattrs b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/.zattrs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79768f9524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/.zattrs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+    "y",
+    "x"
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/.zgroup b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/.zgroup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cab13da6ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/.zgroup
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "zarr_format": 2
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/image/.zarray b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/image/.zarray
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5324c02d39
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/image/.zarray
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"chunks":[10,10],"compressor":{"blocksize":0,"clevel":5,"cname":"lz4","id":"blosc","shuffle":-1},"dimension_separator":"/","dtype":"<u2","fill_value":null,"filters":null,"order":"C","shape":[10,10],"zarr_format":2}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/image/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/image/0/0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..876960a5f2
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/image/0/0 differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/.zattrs b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/.zattrs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79768f9524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/.zattrs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+    "y",
+    "x"
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/.zgroup b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/.zgroup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cab13da6ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/.zgroup
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "zarr_format": 2
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/image/.zarray b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/image/.zarray
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ed82c0a5ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/image/.zarray
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"chunks":[5,5],"compressor":{"blocksize":0,"clevel":5,"cname":"lz4","id":"blosc","shuffle":-1},"dimension_separator":"/","dtype":"<u2","fill_value":null,"filters":null,"order":"C","shape":[5,5],"zarr_format":2}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/image/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/image/0/0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..179a24e5d7
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/image/0/0 differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/.zattrs b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/.zattrs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79768f9524
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/.zattrs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+{
+  "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+    "y",
+    "x"
+  ]
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/.zgroup b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/.zgroup
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cab13da6ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/.zgroup
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+{
+  "zarr_format": 2
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/image/.zarray b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/image/.zarray
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9ded1604f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/image/.zarray
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"chunks":[2,2],"compressor":{"blocksize":0,"clevel":5,"cname":"lz4","id":"blosc","shuffle":-1},"dimension_separator":"/","dtype":"<u2","fill_value":null,"filters":null,"order":"C","shape":[2,2],"zarr_format":2}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/image/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/image/0/0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..829c98771b
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/image/0/0 differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/image/c/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/image/c/0/0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..43717acc59
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/image/c/0/0 differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/image/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/image/zarr.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5d1efa1391
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/image/zarr.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"chunk_grid":{"configuration":{"chunk_shape":[10,10]},"name":"regular"},"chunk_key_encoding":{"name":"default"},"codecs":[{"configuration":{"endian":"little"},"name":"bytes"}],"data_type":"uint16","dimension_names":["y","x"],"fill_value":0,"node_type":"array","shape":[10,10],"zarr_format":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/zarr.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14c84e5aba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/zarr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "attributes": {
+    "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+      "y",
+      "x"
+    ]
+  },
+  "zarr_format": 3,
+  "consolidated_metadata": null,
+  "node_type": "group"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/image/c/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/image/c/0/0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71edc0d3c0
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/image/c/0/0 differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/image/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/image/zarr.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f20c4fea36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/image/zarr.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"chunk_grid":{"configuration":{"chunk_shape":[5,5]},"name":"regular"},"chunk_key_encoding":{"name":"default"},"codecs":[{"configuration":{"endian":"little"},"name":"bytes"}],"data_type":"uint16","dimension_names":["y","x"],"fill_value":0,"node_type":"array","shape":[5,5],"zarr_format":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/zarr.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14c84e5aba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/zarr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "attributes": {
+    "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+      "y",
+      "x"
+    ]
+  },
+  "zarr_format": 3,
+  "consolidated_metadata": null,
+  "node_type": "group"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/image/c/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/image/c/0/0
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83a0084415
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/image/c/0/0 differ
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/image/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/image/zarr.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f3b328058
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/image/zarr.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"chunk_grid":{"configuration":{"chunk_shape":[2,2]},"name":"regular"},"chunk_key_encoding":{"name":"default"},"codecs":[{"configuration":{"endian":"little"},"name":"bytes"}],"data_type":"uint16","dimension_names":["y","x"],"fill_value":0,"node_type":"array","shape":[2,2],"zarr_format":3}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/zarr.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14c84e5aba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/zarr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+{
+  "attributes": {
+    "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+      "y",
+      "x"
+    ]
+  },
+  "zarr_format": 3,
+  "consolidated_metadata": null,
+  "node_type": "group"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/zarr.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..40b13423e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/zarr.json
@@ -0,0 +1,254 @@
+{
+  "attributes": {
+    "ome": {
+      "version": "0.5",
+      "multiscales": [
+        {
+          "axes": [
+            {
+              "name": "y",
+              "type": "space",
+              "unit": "nanometer"
+            },
+            {
+              "name": "x",
+              "type": "space",
+              "unit": "nanometer"
+            }
+          ],
+          "datasets": [
+            {
+              "path": "scale0/image",
+              "coordinateTransformations": [
+                {
+                  "scale": [
+                    4,
+                    30
+                  ],
+                  "type": "scale"
+                },
+                {
+                  "translation": [
+                    0.0,
+                    0.0
+                  ],
+                  "type": "translation"
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "scale1/image",
+              "coordinateTransformations": [
+                {
+                  "scale": [
+                    8,
+                    60
+                  ],
+                  "type": "scale"
+                },
+                {
+                  "translation": [
+                    2,
+                    15
+                  ],
+                  "type": "translation"
+                }
+              ]
+            },
+            {
+              "path": "scale2/image",
+              "coordinateTransformations": [
+                {
+                  "scale": [
+                    16,
+                    120
+                  ],
+                  "type": "scale"
+                },
+                {
+                  "translation": [
+                    6,
+                    45
+                  ],
+                  "type": "translation"
+                }
+              ]
+            }
+          ],
+          "name": "image",
+          "@type": "ngff:Image"
+        }
+      ]
+    }
+  },
+  "zarr_format": 3,
+  "consolidated_metadata": {
+    "kind": "inline",
+    "must_understand": false,
+    "metadata": {
+      "scale0": {
+        "attributes": {
+          "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+            "y",
+            "x"
+          ]
+        },
+        "zarr_format": 3,
+        "consolidated_metadata": {
+          "kind": "inline",
+          "must_understand": false,
+          "metadata": {}
+        },
+        "node_type": "group"
+      },
+      "scale0/image": {
+        "shape": [
+          10,
+          10
+        ],
+        "data_type": "uint16",
+        "chunk_grid": {
+          "name": "regular",
+          "configuration": {
+            "chunk_shape": [
+              10,
+              10
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        "chunk_key_encoding": {
+          "name": "default",
+          "configuration": {
+            "separator": "/"
+          }
+        },
+        "fill_value": 0,
+        "codecs": [
+          {
+            "name": "bytes",
+            "configuration": {
+              "endian": "little"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "attributes": {},
+        "dimension_names": [
+          "y",
+          "x"
+        ],
+        "zarr_format": 3,
+        "node_type": "array",
+        "storage_transformers": []
+      },
+      "scale2": {
+        "attributes": {
+          "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+            "y",
+            "x"
+          ]
+        },
+        "zarr_format": 3,
+        "consolidated_metadata": {
+          "kind": "inline",
+          "must_understand": false,
+          "metadata": {}
+        },
+        "node_type": "group"
+      },
+      "scale2/image": {
+        "shape": [
+          2,
+          2
+        ],
+        "data_type": "uint16",
+        "chunk_grid": {
+          "name": "regular",
+          "configuration": {
+            "chunk_shape": [
+              2,
+              2
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        "chunk_key_encoding": {
+          "name": "default",
+          "configuration": {
+            "separator": "/"
+          }
+        },
+        "fill_value": 0,
+        "codecs": [
+          {
+            "name": "bytes",
+            "configuration": {
+              "endian": "little"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "attributes": {},
+        "dimension_names": [
+          "y",
+          "x"
+        ],
+        "zarr_format": 3,
+        "node_type": "array",
+        "storage_transformers": []
+      },
+      "scale1": {
+        "attributes": {
+          "_ARRAY_DIMENSIONS": [
+            "y",
+            "x"
+          ]
+        },
+        "zarr_format": 3,
+        "consolidated_metadata": {
+          "kind": "inline",
+          "must_understand": false,
+          "metadata": {}
+        },
+        "node_type": "group"
+      },
+      "scale1/image": {
+        "shape": [
+          5,
+          5
+        ],
+        "data_type": "uint16",
+        "chunk_grid": {
+          "name": "regular",
+          "configuration": {
+            "chunk_shape": [
+              5,
+              5
+            ]
+          }
+        },
+        "chunk_key_encoding": {
+          "name": "default",
+          "configuration": {
+            "separator": "/"
+          }
+        },
+        "fill_value": 0,
+        "codecs": [
+          {
+            "name": "bytes",
+            "configuration": {
+              "endian": "little"
+            }
+          }
+        ],
+        "attributes": {},
+        "dimension_names": [
+          "y",
+          "x"
+        ],
+        "zarr_format": 3,
+        "node_type": "array",
+        "storage_transformers": []
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "node_type": "group"
+}
\ No newline at end of file
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diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/generate_zarr_v3.py b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/generate_zarr_v3.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..59e1b80670
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/generate_zarr_v3.py
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import os
+
+import numpy as np
+import tensorstore as ts
+
+example_dir = os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__))
+
+
+def write_single_res():
+    store = ts.open(
+        {
+            "driver": "zarr3",
+            "kvstore": {
+                "driver": "file",
+                "path": os.path.join(example_dir, "single_res"),
+            },
+        },
+        create=True,
+        delete_existing=True,
+        dtype=ts.uint16,
+        shape=[6, 7],
+        chunk_layout=ts.ChunkLayout(chunk_shape=[4, 5]),
+    ).result()
+    store[...] = np.arange(np.prod(store.shape), dtype=store.dtype.numpy_dtype).reshape(
+        store.shape
+    )
+
+
+write_single_res()
diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/single_res/c/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/single_res/c/0/0
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diff --git a/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/single_res/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/single_res/zarr.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c2f5dcaf0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/single_res/zarr.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"chunk_grid":{"configuration":{"chunk_shape":[4,5]},"name":"regular"},"chunk_key_encoding":{"name":"default"},"codecs":[{"configuration":{"endian":"little"},"name":"bytes"}],"data_type":"uint16","fill_value":0,"node_type":"array","shape":[6,7],"zarr_format":3}
\ No newline at end of file
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diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.compressed.sharded.i2/c/0/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.compressed.sharded.i2/c/0/0/0
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.compressed.sharded.i2/c/0/0/0
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.compressed.sharded.i2/c/0/0/0
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.compressed.sharded.i2/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.compressed.sharded.i2/zarr.json
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.compressed.sharded.i2/zarr.json
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.compressed.sharded.i2/zarr.json
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/0
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/0
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/0
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/1 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/1
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/1
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/1
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/2 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/2
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/2
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/c/0/0/2
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/zarr.json
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/zarr.json
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.C/zarr.json
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/0
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/0
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/0
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/1 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/1
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/1
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/1
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/2 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/2
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/2
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/c/0/0/2
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/zarr.json
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/zarr.json
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.chunked.mixed.i2.F/zarr.json
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.compressed.sharded.i2/c/0/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.compressed.sharded.i2/c/0/0/0
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.compressed.sharded.i2/c/0/0/0
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.compressed.sharded.i2/c/0/0/0
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.compressed.sharded.i2/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.compressed.sharded.i2/zarr.json
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.compressed.sharded.i2/zarr.json
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.compressed.sharded.i2/zarr.json
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.i2/c/0/0/0 b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.i2/c/0/0/0
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.i2/c/0/0/0
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.i2/c/0/0/0
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.i2/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.i2/zarr.json
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.i2/zarr.json
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/3d.contiguous.i2/zarr.json
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/zarr.json b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/zarr.json
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/zarr.json
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/data.zarr/zarr.json
diff --git a/python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/generate-v3.py b/testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/generate-v3.py
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/generate-v3.py
rename to testdata/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/from_zarrita/generate-v3.py
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/files/# b/testdata/kvstore/files/#
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/files/a b/testdata/kvstore/files/a
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2ba8f84ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/kvstore/files/a
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+abc
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/files/b b/testdata/kvstore/files/b
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2ba8f84ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/kvstore/files/b
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+abc
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/files/baz/x b/testdata/kvstore/files/baz/x
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/files/c b/testdata/kvstore/files/c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ba0e162e1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/kvstore/files/c
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+bar
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/files/empty b/testdata/kvstore/files/empty
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/gzip/simple.txt b/testdata/kvstore/gzip/simple.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5ab2f8a432
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/kvstore/gzip/simple.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+Hello
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/gzip/simple.txt.gz b/testdata/kvstore/gzip/simple.txt.gz
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..69c7c803af
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/gzip/simple.txt.gz differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/files.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/files.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ab1be3542b
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diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/README.txt b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/README.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9b00947bca
--- /dev/null
+++ b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/README.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+The test data in this directory were copied from yauzl
+(https://github.com/thejoshwolfe/yauzl/) and are subject to the following
+license:
+
+The MIT License (MIT)
+
+Copyright (c) 2014 Josh Wolfe
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/End of central directory record signature not found Either not a zip file or file is truncated.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/End of central directory record signature not found Either not a zip file or file is truncated.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4ec82226f4
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diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/End of central directory record signature not found Either not a zip file or file is truncated_1.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/End of central directory record signature not found Either not a zip file or file is truncated_1.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e69de29bb2
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/End of central directory record signature not found Either not a zip file or file is truncated_2.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/End of central directory record signature not found Either not a zip file or file is truncated_2.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64cca97da0
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/End of central directory record signature not found Either not a zip file or file is truncated_2.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/compressed uncompressed size mismatch for stored file 2147483647 5.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/compressed uncompressed size mismatch for stored file 2147483647 5.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c64c3fa9d4
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diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/expected zip64 extended information extra field.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/expected zip64 extended information extra field.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cec1d03be5
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diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/extra field length exceeds extra field buffer size.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/extra field length exceeds extra field buffer size.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3109f86a67
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diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/file data overflows file bounds 63 2147483647 308.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/file data overflows file bounds 63 2147483647 308.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5f63af9264
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diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/invalid central directory file header signature 0x1014b50.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/invalid central directory file header signature 0x1014b50.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dcd0347a80
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/invalid central directory file header signature 0x1014b50.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/invalid local file header signature 0x3034b50.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/invalid local file header signature 0x3034b50.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8393a9dd3b
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/invalid local file header signature 0x3034b50.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/invalid zip64 end of central directory record signature.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/invalid zip64 end of central directory record signature.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..263895aa05
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/invalid zip64 end of central directory record signature.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/multi-volume zip files are not supported this is volume 1.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/multi-volume zip files are not supported this is volume 1.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..098d4e56c1
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/multi-volume zip files are not supported this is volume 1.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/strong encryption is not supported.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/strong encryption is not supported.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..08eb6cece8
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/strong encryption is not supported.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/unsupported compression method 1.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/unsupported compression method 1.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3bbd8310eb
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/unsupported compression method 1.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/zip64 extended information extra field does not include compressed size.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/zip64 extended information extra field does not include compressed size.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..375318c7cc
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/zip64 extended information extra field does not include compressed size.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/zip64 extended information extra field does not include relative header offset.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/zip64 extended information extra field does not include relative header offset.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..112533a8a0
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/zip64 extended information extra field does not include relative header offset.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/zip64 extended information extra field does not include uncompressed size.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/zip64 extended information extra field does not include uncompressed size.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7b3107898d
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/failure/zip64 extended information extra field does not include uncompressed size.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/cygwin-info-zip.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/cygwin-info-zip.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7dcb601c62
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/cygwin-info-zip.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/deflate.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/deflate.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..26c50149a7
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/deflate.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/directories.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/directories.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31803cb700
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/directories.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/empty.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/empty.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..15cb0ecb3e
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/empty.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/linux-info-zip.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/linux-info-zip.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d30d815fdd
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/linux-info-zip.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/sloppy-filenames.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/sloppy-filenames.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a90d750598
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/sloppy-filenames.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/unicode-path-extra-field.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/unicode-path-extra-field.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..58c17d9e31
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/unicode-path-extra-field.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/unicode.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/unicode.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7c4327f24f
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/unicode.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/unix-epoch.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/unix-epoch.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13c55ff562
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/unix-epoch.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/windows-7-zip.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/windows-7-zip.zip
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..f2e52985bf
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/windows-7-zip.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/windows-compressed-folder.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/windows-compressed-folder.zip
new file mode 100755
index 0000000000..c67d3a8338
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/windows-compressed-folder.zip differ
diff --git a/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/zip64.zip b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/zip64.zip
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..64e786ce22
Binary files /dev/null and b/testdata/kvstore/zip/from-yauzl/success/zip64.zip differ
diff --git a/python/testdata/mesh/simple1 b/testdata/mesh/simple1
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/mesh/simple1
rename to testdata/mesh/simple1
diff --git a/python/testdata/mesh/simple2 b/testdata/mesh/simple2
similarity index 100%
rename from python/testdata/mesh/simple2
rename to testdata/mesh/simple2
diff --git a/tests/datasource/completion.spec.ts b/tests/datasource/completion.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60e9a1f4d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/completion.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/kvstore/http/register.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/zip/register_frontend.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/zip/register_backend.js";
+
+import { describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import { getKvStoreCompletions } from "#src/datasource/kvstore_completions.js";
+import { dataSourceProviderFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/datasource_provider.js";
+import { constantFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { httpServerFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/http_server.js";
+import { sharedKvStoreContextFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/shared_kvstore_context.js";
+import { TEST_FILES_DIR } from "#tests/kvstore/test_data.js";
+
+describe("http completion", () => {
+  const serverFixture = httpServerFixture(constantFixture(TEST_FILES_DIR));
+  const kvStoreContextFixture = sharedKvStoreContextFixture();
+  test("get completions", async () => {
+    const serverUrl = await serverFixture.serverUrl();
+    expect(
+      await getKvStoreCompletions(await kvStoreContextFixture(), {
+        url: serverUrl,
+      }),
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "completions": [
+          {
+            "value": "baz/",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "#|",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "a|",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "b|",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "c|",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "empty|",
+          },
+        ],
+        "defaultCompletion": undefined,
+        "offset": 23,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("get completions with partial name", async () => {
+    const serverUrl = await serverFixture.serverUrl();
+    expect(
+      await getKvStoreCompletions(await kvStoreContextFixture(), {
+        url: serverUrl + "b",
+      }),
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "completions": [
+          {
+            "value": "baz/",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "b|",
+          },
+        ],
+        "defaultCompletion": undefined,
+        "offset": 23,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("get completions with subdirectory", async () => {
+    const serverUrl = await serverFixture.serverUrl();
+    expect(
+      await getKvStoreCompletions(await kvStoreContextFixture(), {
+        url: serverUrl + "baz/",
+      }),
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "completions": [
+          {
+            "value": "x|",
+          },
+        ],
+        "defaultCompletion": undefined,
+        "offset": 27,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("datasource completion", () => {
+  const datasourceProviderFixture = dataSourceProviderFixture();
+
+  test("get empty completions", async () => {
+    expect(await (await datasourceProviderFixture()).completeUrl({ url: "" }))
+      .toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "completions": [
+          {
+            "description": "http (unauthenticated)",
+            "value": "http://",
+          },
+          {
+            "description": "https (unauthenticated)",
+            "value": "https://",
+          },
+          {
+            "description": "Local in-memory",
+            "value": "local://",
+          },
+        ],
+        "offset": 0,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/datasource/deepzoom.browser_test.ts b/tests/datasource/deepzoom.browser_test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..924ccf3547
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/deepzoom.browser_test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/datasource/deepzoom/register_default";
+import "#src/sliceview/uncompressed_chunk_format.js";
+import { datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests } from "#tests/datasource/metadata_snapshot_test_util.js";
+
+datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests("deepzoom", ["14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.dzi"]);
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshot_test_util.ts b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshot_test_util.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e03580b874
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshot_test_util.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/kvstore/http/register.js";
+import { describe, test } from "vitest";
+import { getDatasourceMetadata } from "#tests/datasource/test_util.js";
+import { dataSourceProviderFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/datasource_provider.js";
+
+declare const TEST_DATA_SERVER: string;
+
+export const dataSourceProvider = dataSourceProviderFixture();
+
+export function datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests(
+  datasourceName: string,
+  names: string[],
+) {
+  describe("metadata tests", () => {
+    test.for(names)("metadata %s", async (name, { expect }) => {
+      await expect(
+        await getDatasourceMetadata(
+          dataSourceProvider,
+          `${TEST_DATA_SERVER}datasource/${datasourceName}/${name}`,
+        ),
+      ).toMatchFileSnapshot(
+        `./metadata_snapshots/${datasourceName}/${name.replaceAll("/", "_")}.snapshot`,
+      );
+    });
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.dzi.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.dzi.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9556efadaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.dzi.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,1181 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186.dzi|deepzoom:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          0,
+          0,
+          0,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          48023,
+          34907,
+          3,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "x",
+        "y",
+        "c^",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        1e-9,
+        1e-9,
+        1,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "m",
+        "",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "UINT8",
+          "rank": 3,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/16/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      48023,
+                      34907,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  48023,
+                  34907,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/15/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      24012,
+                      17454,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    2,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    2,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  24011.5,
+                  17453.5,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/14/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      12006,
+                      8727,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    4,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    4,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  12005.75,
+                  8726.75,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/13/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      6003,
+                      4364,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    8,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    8,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  6002.875,
+                  4363.375,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/12/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      3002,
+                      2182,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    16,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    16,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  3001.4375,
+                  2181.6875,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/11/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      1501,
+                      1091,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    32,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    32,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  1500.71875,
+                  1090.84375,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/10/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      751,
+                      546,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    64,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    64,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  750.359375,
+                  545.421875,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/9/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      376,
+                      273,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    128,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    128,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  375.1796875,
+                  272.7109375,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/8/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      188,
+                      137,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    256,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    256,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  187.58984375,
+                  136.35546875,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/7/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      94,
+                      69,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    512,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    512,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  93.794921875,
+                  68.177734375,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/6/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      47,
+                      35,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    1024,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    1024,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  46.8974609375,
+                  34.0888671875,
+                  3,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/5/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      254,
+                      254,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      24,
+                      18,
+                      3,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    2048,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    2048,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
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+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                      0,
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+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                      0,
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+                  4.2611083984375,
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+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/2/",
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+                      0,
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+              {
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+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/1/",
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+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                      0,
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+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
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+                  1.065277099609375,
+                  3,
+                ],
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+              {
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+                    "format": "jpg",
+                    "overlap": 1,
+                    "tilesize": 254,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/deepzoom/14122_mPPC_BDA_s186_files/0/",
+                  },
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+                      0,
+                      0,
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+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                      0,
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+                  0.5326385498046875,
+                  3,
+                ],
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+          "volumeType": "IMAGE",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
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+              0,
+              0,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
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+              34907,
+              3,
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+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f391dcfe50
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/|n5:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          0,
+          0,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          10,
+          20,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "x",
+        "y",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        1e-8,
+        20,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "s",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "UINT16",
+          "rank": 2,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 3,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s0/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      10,
+                      20,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      10,
+                      20,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 3,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s1/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      5,
+                      10,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      5,
+                      10,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
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+                    2,
+                    0,
+                    0,
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+                  [
+                    0,
+                    2,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 3,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated/s2/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      3,
+                      5,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      3,
+                      5,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
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+                    4,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    4,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+            ],
+          ],
+          "volumeType": "IMAGE",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
+              0,
+              0,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
+              10,
+              20,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..aca3867952
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/|n5:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          0,
+          0,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          10,
+          20,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "x",
+        "y",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        1e-8,
+        20,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "s",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "UINT16",
+          "rank": 2,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 3,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s0/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      10,
+                      20,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      10,
+                      20,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 3,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s1/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      5,
+                      10,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      5,
+                      10,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    2,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    2,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 3,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/n5/n5_viewer_multiscale_modern/s2/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      3,
+                      5,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      3,
+                      5,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    4,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    4,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+            ],
+          ],
+          "volumeType": "IMAGE",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
+              0,
+              0,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
+              10,
+              20,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/nifti/example_nifti2.nii.gz.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/nifti/example_nifti2.nii.gz.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..165e4f1203
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/nifti/example_nifti2.nii.gz.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/nifti/example_nifti2.nii.gz|gzip:|nifti:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          0,
+          0,
+          0,
+          0,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          32,
+          20,
+          12,
+          2,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "i",
+        "j",
+        "k",
+        "m",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        0.002,
+        0.002,
+        0.0021999990940093994,
+        2000,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "m",
+        "m",
+        "s",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+    "outputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          -Infinity,
+          -Infinity,
+          -Infinity,
+          -Infinity,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          Infinity,
+          Infinity,
+          Infinity,
+          Infinity,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "x",
+        "y",
+        "z",
+        "t",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        0.001,
+        0.001,
+        0.001,
+        1,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "m",
+        "m",
+        "s",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+    "transform": [
+      [
+        -1,
+        0.000005141198016644921,
+        0.00006320902321022004,
+        0,
+        117.8551025390625,
+      ],
+      [
+        -0.000005141198016644921,
+        0.9868557453155518,
+        -0.16160380840301514,
+        0,
+        -35.72294235229492,
+      ],
+      [
+        0.00006320902321022004,
+        0.16160380840301514,
+        0.9868557453155518,
+        0,
+        -7.248798370361328,
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        1,
+        0,
+      ],
+      [
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        0,
+        1,
+      ],
+    ],
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "INT16",
+          "rank": 4,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/nifti/example_nifti2.nii.gz|gzip:",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      32,
+                      20,
+                      12,
+                      2,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "INT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      32,
+                      20,
+                      12,
+                      2,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+              },
+            ],
+          ],
+          "volumeType": "UNKNOWN",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
+              0,
+              0,
+              0,
+              0,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
+              32,
+              20,
+              12,
+              2,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/nifti/standard.nii.gz.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/nifti/standard.nii.gz.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae3792a1a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/nifti/standard.nii.gz.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/nifti/standard.nii.gz|gzip:|nifti:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          0,
+          0,
+          0,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          4,
+          5,
+          7,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
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+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
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+      "valid": true,
+    },
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+      "id": "default",
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+          "sources": [
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+                      4,
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+        },
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+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
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+              5,
+              7,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
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+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/nifti/standard.nii.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/nifti/standard.nii.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c57057f7b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/nifti/standard.nii.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/nifti/standard.nii|nifti:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          0,
+          0,
+          0,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          4,
+          5,
+          7,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
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+        "j",
+        "k",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        1,
+        3,
+        2,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "",
+        "",
+        "",
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+      "valid": true,
+    },
+    "outputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          -Infinity,
+          -Infinity,
+          -Infinity,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          Infinity,
+          Infinity,
+          Infinity,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
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+        "z",
+      ],
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+        1,
+        1,
+      ],
+      "units": [
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+        "",
+        "",
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+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
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+      "id": "default",
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+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
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+                  },
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+                      0,
+                      0,
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+                      5,
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+                    "dataType": "UINT8",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      4,
+                      5,
+                      7,
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+              },
+            ],
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+          "volumeType": "UNKNOWN",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
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+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
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+              4,
+              5,
+              7,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/precomputed/one_channel.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/precomputed/one_channel.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df3b27612c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/precomputed/one_channel.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/precomputed/one_channel/|neuroglancer-precomputed:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          0,
+          0,
+          0,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          10,
+          20,
+          30,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "x",
+        "y",
+        "z",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        3e-9,
+        4e-9,
+        5e-9,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "m",
+        "m",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "UINT16",
+          "rank": 3,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "sharding": undefined,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/precomputed/one_channel/3_4_5/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
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+                      0,
+                      0,
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+                      20,
+                      30,
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+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                      0,
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+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  10,
+                  20,
+                  30,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
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+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "sharding": undefined,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/precomputed/one_channel/6_8_10/",
+                  },
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+                      0,
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+                      15,
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+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      5,
+                      10,
+                      15,
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+                  0,
+                  0,
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  5,
+                  10,
+                  15,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "sharding": undefined,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/precomputed/one_channel/12_16_20/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
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+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      3,
+                      5,
+                      8,
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+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      3,
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+                  ],
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+                    0,
+                    4,
+                    0,
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+                  0,
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  2.5,
+                  5,
+                  7.5,
+                ],
+              },
+            ],
+          ],
+          "volumeType": "IMAGE",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
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+              0,
+              0,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
+              10,
+              20,
+              30,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/precomputed/two_channels.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/precomputed/two_channels.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b252e1674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/precomputed/two_channels.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/precomputed/two_channels/|neuroglancer-precomputed:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
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+          0,
+          0,
+          0,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
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+          20,
+          30,
+          2,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "x",
+        "y",
+        "z",
+        "c^",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        3e-9,
+        4e-9,
+        5e-9,
+        1,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "m",
+        "m",
+        "",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "UINT16",
+          "rank": 4,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "encoding": 0,
+                    "sharding": undefined,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/precomputed/two_channels/3_4_5/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
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+                      0,
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+                    "chunkDataSize": [
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+                      20,
+                      30,
+                      2,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
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+                  0,
+                  0,
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+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
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+                  20,
+                  30,
+                  2,
+                ],
+              },
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+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
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+                    "sharding": undefined,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/precomputed/two_channels/6_8_10/",
+                  },
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+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                      0,
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+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
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+                  0,
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+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
+                  5,
+                  10,
+                  15,
+                  2,
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
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+                    "sharding": undefined,
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/precomputed/two_channels/12_16_20/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
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+                      0,
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+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      3,
+                      5,
+                      8,
+                      2,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
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+                    0,
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+                    0,
+                    1,
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+                ],
+                "lowerClipBound": Float32Array [
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+                  0,
+                  0,
+                  0,
+                ],
+                "upperClipBound": Float32Array [
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+                  5,
+                  7.5,
+                  2,
+                ],
+              },
+            ],
+          ],
+          "volumeType": "IMAGE",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
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+              0,
+              0,
+              0,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
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+              20,
+              30,
+              2,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/ome_zarr_simple_0.4.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/ome_zarr_simple_0.4.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a04b75837
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/ome_zarr_simple_0.4.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/|zarr2:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          -0.5,
+          -0.5,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          9.5,
+          9.5,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          true,
+          true,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "y",
+        "x",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        4e-9,
+        3.0000000000000004e-8,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "m",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "UINT16",
+          "rank": 2,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale0/image/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
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+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      10,
+                      10,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      10,
+                      10,
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+                  ],
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+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale1/image/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
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+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
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+                      5,
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+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
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+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
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+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
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+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4/scale2/image/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
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+                    "chunkDataSize": [
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+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
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+                      2,
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+                },
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+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+            ],
+          ],
+          "volumeType": "IMAGE",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
+              -0.5,
+              -0.5,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
+              9.5,
+              9.5,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/ome_zarr_simple_0.4.zip.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/ome_zarr_simple_0.4.zip.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f91f77c3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/ome_zarr_simple_0.4.zip.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4.zip|zip:|zarr3:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          -0.5,
+          -0.5,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          9.5,
+          9.5,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          true,
+          true,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "y",
+        "x",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        4e-9,
+        3.0000000000000004e-8,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "m",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "UINT16",
+          "rank": 2,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4.zip|zip:scale0/image/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      10,
+                      10,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      10,
+                      10,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4.zip|zip:scale1/image/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      5,
+                      5,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      5,
+                      5,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    2,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    2,
+                    0,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.4.zip|zip:scale2/image/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      2,
+                      2,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      2,
+                      2,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    4,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    4,
+                    0,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+            ],
+          ],
+          "volumeType": "IMAGE",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
+              -0.5,
+              -0.5,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
+              9.5,
+              9.5,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/ome_zarr_simple_0.5.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/ome_zarr_simple_0.5.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fe94094414
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/ome_zarr_simple_0.5.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,208 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/|zarr3:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          -0.5,
+          -0.5,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          9.5,
+          9.5,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          true,
+          true,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "y",
+        "x",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        4e-9,
+        3.0000000000000004e-8,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "m",
+        "m",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "UINT16",
+          "rank": 2,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale0/image/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      10,
+                      10,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      10,
+                      10,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale1/image/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      5,
+                      5,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      5,
+                      5,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    2,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    2,
+                    0,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/ome_zarr/simple_0.5/scale2/image/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      2,
+                      2,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      2,
+                      2,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    4,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    4,
+                    0,
+                    -0.5,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+            ],
+          ],
+          "volumeType": "IMAGE",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
+              -0.5,
+              -0.5,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
+              9.5,
+              9.5,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/zarr_v3_examples_single_res.snapshot b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/zarr_v3_examples_single_res.snapshot
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..61d179dcc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/metadata_snapshots/zarr/zarr_v3_examples_single_res.snapshot
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+{
+  "canonicalUrl": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/single_res/|zarr3:",
+  "modelTransform": {
+    "inputSpace": {
+      "bounds": {
+        "lowerBounds": Float64Array [
+          0,
+          0,
+        ],
+        "upperBounds": Float64Array [
+          6,
+          7,
+        ],
+        "voxelCenterAtIntegerCoordinates": [
+          false,
+          false,
+        ],
+      },
+      "coordinateArrays": [
+        ,
+        ,
+      ],
+      "names": [
+        "dim_0",
+        "dim_1",
+      ],
+      "scales": Float64Array [
+        1,
+        1,
+      ],
+      "units": [
+        "",
+        "",
+      ],
+      "valid": true,
+    },
+  },
+  "subsources": [
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "default",
+      "subsource": {
+        "volume": {
+          "dataType": "UINT16",
+          "rank": 2,
+          "sources": [
+            [
+              {
+                "chunkSource": {
+                  "parameters": {
+                    "url": "http://localhost:*/datasource/zarr/zarr_v3/examples/single_res/",
+                  },
+                  "spec": {
+                    "baseVoxelOffset": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "chunkDataSize": [
+                      5,
+                      4,
+                    ],
+                    "compressedSegmentationBlockSize": undefined,
+                    "dataType": "UINT16",
+                    "lowerVoxelBound": [
+                      0,
+                      0,
+                    ],
+                    "upperVoxelBound": [
+                      7,
+                      6,
+                    ],
+                  },
+                },
+                "chunkToMultiscaleTransform": [
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    1,
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                  ],
+                  [
+                    0,
+                    0,
+                    1,
+                  ],
+                ],
+              },
+            ],
+          ],
+          "volumeType": "IMAGE",
+        },
+      },
+    },
+    {
+      "default": true,
+      "id": "bounds",
+      "subsource": {
+        "staticAnnotations": [
+          {
+            "description": "Data Bounds",
+            "id": "data-bounds",
+            "pointA": [
+              0,
+              0,
+            ],
+            "pointB": [
+              6,
+              7,
+            ],
+            "type": "axis_aligned_bounding_box",
+          },
+        ],
+      },
+    },
+  ],
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/tests/datasource/n5.browser_test.ts b/tests/datasource/n5.browser_test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1de2f252a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/n5.browser_test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/datasource/n5/register_default";
+import "#src/sliceview/uncompressed_chunk_format.js";
+import { datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests } from "#tests/datasource/metadata_snapshot_test_util.js";
+
+datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests("n5", [
+  "n5_viewer_multiscale_deprecated",
+  "n5_viewer_multiscale_modern",
+]);
diff --git a/tests/datasource/nifti.browser_test.ts b/tests/datasource/nifti.browser_test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..430f745b46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/nifti.browser_test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/datasource/nifti/register_default.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/gzip/register.js";
+import "#src/sliceview/uncompressed_chunk_format.js";
+import { datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests } from "#tests/datasource/metadata_snapshot_test_util.js";
+
+datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests("nifti", [
+  "standard.nii",
+  "standard.nii.gz",
+  "example_nifti2.nii.gz",
+]);
diff --git a/tests/datasource/precomputed.browser_test.ts b/tests/datasource/precomputed.browser_test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..735bbe16da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/precomputed.browser_test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/datasource/precomputed/register_default";
+import "#src/sliceview/uncompressed_chunk_format.js";
+import { datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests } from "#tests/datasource/metadata_snapshot_test_util.js";
+
+datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests("precomputed", ["one_channel", "two_channels"]);
diff --git a/tests/datasource/suggest_name.spec.ts b/tests/datasource/suggest_name.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a9128e05f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/suggest_name.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { expect, test } from "vitest";
+import { dataSourceProviderFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/datasource_provider.js";
+
+const datasourceProviderFixture = dataSourceProviderFixture();
+
+test.for([
+  ["http://localhost/path/to/array/|zarr3:", "array"],
+  ["http://localhost/path/to/array/", "array"],
+  ["http://localhost/path/to/array", "array"],
+  ["http://localhost/path/to/group/|zarr3:path/to/array/", "array"],
+  ["brainmaps://foo:bar:baz", "baz"],
+])("%s -> %s", async ([url, expectedName]) => {
+  const registry = await datasourceProviderFixture();
+  expect(registry.suggestLayerName(url)).toEqual(expectedName);
+});
diff --git a/tests/datasource/test_util.ts b/tests/datasource/test_util.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66b804ada5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/test_util.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,184 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type {
+  CoordinateSpace,
+  CoordinateSpaceTransform,
+} from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
+import { coordinateSpacesEqual } from "#src/coordinate_transform.js";
+import type {
+  DataSource,
+  DataSourceRegistry,
+  DataSubsource,
+  DataSubsourceEntry,
+} from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import type { SliceViewSingleResolutionSource } from "#src/sliceview/frontend.js";
+import { VolumeType } from "#src/sliceview/volume/base.js";
+import type { MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource } from "#src/sliceview/volume/frontend.js";
+import { VolumeChunkSource } from "#src/sliceview/volume/frontend.js";
+import { DataType } from "#src/util/data_type.js";
+import * as matrix from "#src/util/matrix.js";
+import type { ProgressListener } from "#src/util/progress_listener.js";
+import type { Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+
+export function getDatasourceSnapshot(datasource: DataSource) {
+  return {
+    subsources: Array.from(datasource.subsources, getSubsourceEntrySnapshot),
+    modelTransform: getCoordinateSpaceTransformSnapshot(
+      datasource.modelTransform,
+    ),
+    canonicalUrl: redactUrl(datasource.canonicalUrl),
+    ...getKeys(datasource, ["canChangeModelSpaceRank"]),
+  };
+}
+
+function getKeys<T>(x: T, keys: Array<keyof T>) {
+  return Object.fromEntries(
+    keys
+      .map((key) => [key, x[key]])
+      .filter(([_key, value]) => value !== undefined),
+  );
+}
+
+function getCoordinateSpaceSnapshot(x: CoordinateSpace) {
+  return getKeys(x, [
+    "valid",
+    "names",
+    "units",
+    "scales",
+    "bounds",
+    "coordinateArrays",
+  ]);
+}
+
+function getCoordinateSpaceTransformSnapshot(x: CoordinateSpaceTransform) {
+  const { rank } = x;
+  const result: any = {};
+  result.inputSpace = getCoordinateSpaceSnapshot(x.inputSpace);
+  if (!coordinateSpacesEqual(x.inputSpace, x.outputSpace)) {
+    result.outputSpace = getCoordinateSpaceSnapshot(x.outputSpace);
+  }
+  if (!matrix.isIdentity(x.transform, rank + 1, rank + 1)) {
+    result.transform = getMatrixSnapshot(x.transform, rank + 1);
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function getMatrixSnapshot(matrix: ArrayLike<number>, rows: number) {
+  const result: number[][] = [];
+  const cols = matrix.length / rows;
+  for (let row = 0; row < rows; ++row) {
+    const rowElements: number[] = [];
+    for (let col = 0; col < cols; ++col) {
+      rowElements[col] = matrix[col * rows + row];
+    }
+    result[row] = rowElements;
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function getSubsourceEntrySnapshot(subsource: DataSubsourceEntry) {
+  return {
+    subsource: getSubsourceSnapshot(subsource.subsource),
+    ...getKeys(subsource, [
+      "default",
+      "id",
+      "modelSubspaceDimensionIndices",
+      "subsourceToModelSubspaceTransform",
+    ]),
+  };
+}
+
+function getSubsourceSnapshot(subsource: DataSubsource) {
+  if (subsource.volume) {
+    return { volume: getVolumeSnapshot(subsource.volume) };
+  }
+  if (subsource.staticAnnotations) {
+    return { staticAnnotations: subsource.staticAnnotations.toJSON() };
+  }
+  return {};
+}
+
+function getVolumeSnapshot(volume: MultiscaleVolumeChunkSource) {
+  const sources = volume.getSources({
+    multiscaleToViewTransform: matrix.createIdentity(Float32Array, volume.rank),
+    displayRank: volume.rank,
+    modelChannelDimensionIndices: [],
+  });
+  return {
+    dataType: DataType[volume.dataType],
+    volumeType: VolumeType[volume.volumeType],
+    rank: volume.rank,
+    sources: sources.map((sourceList) => sourceList.map(getSourceSnapshot)),
+  };
+}
+
+function getSourceSnapshot(
+  source: SliceViewSingleResolutionSource<VolumeChunkSource>,
+) {
+  const rank = source.chunkSource.spec.rank;
+  let spec: any = VolumeChunkSource.encodeSpec(source.chunkSource.spec);
+  spec = { ...spec, dataType: DataType[spec.dataType] };
+  const parameters = (source.chunkSource as any).parameters;
+  delete parameters.metadata;
+  if (parameters.url) {
+    parameters.url = redactUrl(parameters.url as string);
+  }
+  const result: any = {
+    ...getKeys(source, ["lowerClipBound", "upperClipBound"]),
+    chunkSource: {
+      parameters: (source.chunkSource as any).parameters,
+      spec,
+    },
+  };
+  if (
+    !matrix.isIdentity(source.chunkToMultiscaleTransform, rank + 1, rank + 1)
+  ) {
+    result.chunkToMultiscaleTransform = getMatrixSnapshot(
+      source.chunkToMultiscaleTransform,
+      rank + 1,
+    );
+  }
+  return result;
+}
+
+function redactUrl(x: string | undefined): string | undefined {
+  if (x === undefined) return undefined;
+  return x.replaceAll(/(?<=http:\/\/localhost:)[0-9]+/g, "*");
+}
+
+export function loggingProgressListener(): ProgressListener {
+  return {
+    addSpan(span) {
+      console.log(`[progress] ${span.message}`);
+    },
+    removeSpan(_span) {},
+  };
+}
+
+export async function getDatasourceMetadata(
+  dataSourceProvider: Fixture<DataSourceRegistry>,
+  url: string,
+) {
+  const provider = await dataSourceProvider();
+  const dataSource = await provider.get({
+    url,
+    globalCoordinateSpace: undefined as any,
+    transform: undefined,
+    progressListener: loggingProgressListener(),
+  });
+  return getDatasourceSnapshot(dataSource);
+}
diff --git a/tests/datasource/zarr.browser_test.ts b/tests/datasource/zarr.browser_test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dbf8b6b8fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/datasource/zarr.browser_test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/datasource/zarr/register_default.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/zip/register_frontend.js";
+import "#src/sliceview/uncompressed_chunk_format.js";
+import { datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests } from "#tests/datasource/metadata_snapshot_test_util.js";
+
+datasourceMetadataSnapshotTests("zarr", [
+  "zarr_v3/examples/single_res",
+  "ome_zarr/simple_0.4",
+  "ome_zarr/simple_0.4.zip",
+  "ome_zarr/simple_0.5",
+]);
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/clear_cookies.ts b/tests/fixtures/clear_cookies.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f8c05947eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/clear_cookies.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { afterEach } from "vitest";
+import type { Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+
+export function clearCookiesFixture(): Fixture<void> {
+  afterEach(() => clearCookies());
+  return async () => {};
+}
+
+export function clearCookies(): void {
+  document.cookie.split(";").forEach((cookie) => {
+    document.cookie = cookie
+      .replace(/^ +/, "")
+      .replace(/=.*/, `=;expires=${new Date(0).toUTCString()};path=/`);
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/datasource_provider.ts b/tests/fixtures/datasource_provider.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d39316eda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/datasource_provider.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { getDefaultDataSourceProvider } from "#src/datasource/default_provider.js";
+import { type DataSourceRegistry } from "#src/datasource/index.js";
+import type { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import { fixture, type Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { sharedKvStoreContextFixture } from "./shared_kvstore_context";
+
+export function dataSourceProviderFixture(
+  sharedKvStoreContext: Fixture<SharedKvStoreContext> = sharedKvStoreContextFixture(),
+): Fixture<DataSourceRegistry> {
+  return fixture(async (stack) => {
+    const kvStoreContext = await sharedKvStoreContext();
+    const provider = getDefaultDataSourceProvider({
+      kvStoreContext,
+      credentialsManager: kvStoreContext.credentialsManager,
+    });
+    stack.defer(() => provider.dispose());
+    return provider;
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/fake_gcs_server.ts b/tests/fixtures/fake_gcs_server.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f225d6c6ae
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/fake_gcs_server.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { spawn } from "node:child_process";
+import readline from "node:readline";
+import { bypass, http } from "msw";
+import { beforeEach } from "vitest";
+import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { fixture, type Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import type { mswFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/msw";
+
+function pickRandomPort() {
+  const minPort = 1024;
+  const maxPort = 65535;
+  return Math.round(Math.random() * (maxPort - minPort) + minPort);
+}
+
+declare const FAKE_GCS_SERVER_BIN: string;
+
+export function fakeGcsServerFixture(
+  msw?: ReturnType<typeof mswFixture>,
+): Fixture<string> {
+  const gcsServer = fixture(async (stack) => {
+    const port = pickRandomPort();
+    const proc = stack.use(
+      spawn(
+        FAKE_GCS_SERVER_BIN,
+        [
+          "-backend",
+          "memory",
+          "-scheme",
+          "http",
+          "-host",
+          "localhost",
+          "-port",
+          `${port}`,
+        ],
+        { stdio: ["ignore", "ignore", "pipe"] },
+      ),
+    );
+
+    const { resolve, reject, promise } = Promise.withResolvers<void>();
+
+    (async () => {
+      for await (const line of readline.createInterface({
+        input: proc.stderr,
+      })) {
+        console.log(`fake_gcs_server: ${line}`);
+        if (line.match(/server started at/)) {
+          resolve();
+        }
+      }
+      reject(new Error("Failed to start server"));
+    })();
+    await promise;
+    return `http://localhost:${port}`;
+  });
+  if (msw !== undefined) {
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+      const serverUrl = await gcsServer();
+      const PUBLIC_SERVER = "https://storage.googleapis.com";
+      (await msw()).use(
+        http.all(`${PUBLIC_SERVER}/storage/*`, ({ request }) => {
+          const adjustedUrl =
+            serverUrl + request.url.substring(PUBLIC_SERVER.length);
+          return fetch(bypass(adjustedUrl, request));
+        }),
+      );
+    });
+  }
+  return gcsServer;
+}
+
+const DEFAULT_PROJECT = "myproject";
+
+export async function createBucket(
+  gcs: Fixture<string>,
+  bucket: string,
+  project: string = DEFAULT_PROJECT,
+) {
+  await fetchOk(
+    bypass(
+      `${await gcs()}/storage/v1/b?project=${encodeURIComponent(project)}`,
+      {
+        method: "POST",
+        body: JSON.stringify({ name: bucket }),
+      },
+    ),
+  );
+}
+
+export async function writeObject(
+  gcs: Fixture<string>,
+  bucket: string,
+  path: string,
+  body: RequestInit["body"],
+) {
+  await fetchOk(
+    bypass(
+      `${await gcs()}/upload/storage/v1/b/${encodeURIComponent(bucket)}/o?name=${encodeURIComponent(path)}&uploadType=media`,
+      {
+        method: "POST",
+        body: body,
+      },
+    ),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/fake_s3_server.ts b/tests/fixtures/fake_s3_server.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..36c480718f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/fake_s3_server.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import nodeHttp from "node:http";
+import nodeStream from "node:stream";
+import { bypass, http } from "msw";
+import S3rver from "s3rver";
+import { beforeEach } from "vitest";
+import { fetchOk } from "#src/util/http_request.js";
+import { fixture, type Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import type { mswFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/msw";
+import { tempDirectoryFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/temp_directory.js";
+
+export function fakeS3ServerFixture(
+  options: {
+    directory?: Fixture<string>;
+    msw?: ReturnType<typeof mswFixture>;
+  } = {},
+): Fixture<string> {
+  const { directory = tempDirectoryFixture(), msw } = options;
+  const s3Server = fixture(async (stack) => {
+    const server = new S3rver({
+      address: "localhost",
+      port: 0,
+      directory: await directory(),
+    });
+    stack.defer(async () => server.close());
+    const address = await server.run();
+    return `http://localhost:${address.port}`;
+  });
+  if (msw !== undefined) {
+    beforeEach(async () => {
+      const serverUrl = await s3Server();
+      (await msw()).use(
+        http.all(
+          /^https:\/\/([^/]+\.)?s3\.amazonaws\.com\/.*/,
+          ({ request }) => {
+            const parsedServerUrl = new URL(serverUrl);
+            const requestUrl = new URL(request.url);
+            const requestHost = requestUrl.host;
+            requestUrl.protocol = parsedServerUrl.protocol;
+            requestUrl.host = parsedServerUrl.host;
+            const headers = request.headers;
+            headers.set("host", requestHost);
+            const modifiedRequest = bypass(requestUrl.toString(), request);
+            const { promise, resolve, reject } =
+              Promise.withResolvers<Response>();
+            const req = nodeHttp.request(modifiedRequest.url, {
+              setHost: false,
+              signal: modifiedRequest.signal,
+              headers: {
+                ...Object.fromEntries(modifiedRequest.headers),
+                host: requestHost,
+              },
+              method: modifiedRequest.method,
+            });
+            const requestBody = modifiedRequest.body;
+            req.on("error", (reason) => reject(reason));
+            req.on("response", (res) => {
+              // Convert nodeHttp.IncomingHttpHeaders to Fetch Headers object.
+              const headers = new Headers();
+              for (let [key, value] of Object.entries(res.headers)) {
+                if (!Array.isArray(value)) value = [value!];
+                for (const v of value) {
+                  headers.append(key, v);
+                }
+              }
+              // Convert node stream.Readable to ReadableStream.
+              const responseBody = new ReadableStream({
+                start(controller) {
+                  res.on("data", (chunk) => {
+                    controller.enqueue(chunk);
+                  });
+                  res.on("end", () => {
+                    controller.close();
+                  });
+                  res.on("error", (err) => {
+                    controller.error(err);
+                  });
+                },
+              });
+              resolve(
+                new Response(responseBody, {
+                  status: res.statusCode,
+                  statusText: res.statusMessage,
+                  headers,
+                }),
+              );
+            });
+            if (requestBody === null) {
+              req.end();
+            } else {
+              nodeStream.Readable.fromWeb(requestBody as any).pipe(req);
+            }
+            return promise;
+          },
+        ),
+      );
+    });
+  }
+  return s3Server;
+}
+
+export async function createBucket(s3: Fixture<string>, bucket: string) {
+  await fetchOk(
+    bypass(`${await s3()}/${bucket}/`, {
+      method: "PUT",
+    }),
+  );
+}
+
+export async function writeObject(
+  s3: Fixture<string>,
+  bucket: string,
+  path: string,
+  body: RequestInit["body"],
+) {
+  await fetchOk(
+    bypass(`${await s3()}/${bucket}/${encodeURIComponent(path)}`, {
+      method: "PUT",
+      body: body,
+    }),
+  );
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/fixture.ts b/tests/fixtures/fixture.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2471c8e91f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/fixture.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "core-js/proposals/explicit-resource-management.js";
+import { beforeAll, afterAll } from "vitest";
+
+export interface Fixture<T> {
+  (): Promise<T>;
+}
+
+export function fixture<T>(
+  setup: (disposableStack: AsyncDisposableStack) => Promise<T>,
+): Fixture<T> {
+  let setupPromise: Promise<T> | undefined;
+  const stack = new AsyncDisposableStack();
+
+  afterAll(async () => {
+    setupPromise = undefined;
+    await stack[Symbol.asyncDispose]();
+  });
+
+  const asyncGetter = () => {
+    if (setupPromise === undefined) {
+      setupPromise = (async () => {
+        return setup(stack);
+      })();
+    }
+    return setupPromise;
+  };
+
+  beforeAll(async () => {
+    await asyncGetter();
+  });
+
+  return asyncGetter;
+}
+
+export function constantFixture<T>(value: T): Fixture<T> {
+  const promise = Promise.resolve(value);
+  return () => promise;
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/gl_browser.ts b/tests/fixtures/gl_browser.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7f208c42a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/gl_browser.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { GL } from "#src/webgl/context.js";
+import { initializeWebGL } from "#src/webgl/context.js";
+import type { Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+
+export function glFixture(): Fixture<GL> {
+  return fixture(async () => {
+    return initializeWebGL(document.createElement("canvas"));
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/gl_node.ts b/tests/fixtures/gl_node.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6da2ff7275
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/gl_node.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type { RefCounted } from "#src/util/disposable.js";
+import { Memoize } from "#src/util/memoize.js";
+import type { GL } from "#src/webgl/context.js";
+import type { Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+
+export function glFixture(): Fixture<GL> {
+  return fixture(async () => {
+    return { memoize: new Memoize<any, RefCounted>() } as any;
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/http_server.ts b/tests/fixtures/http_server.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..800c546838
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/http_server.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import type * as http from "node:http";
+import type { AddressInfo } from "node:net";
+import { createServer } from "http-server";
+import { fixture, type Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { tempDirectoryFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/temp_directory.js";
+
+export function httpServerFixture(
+  rootDirectory: Fixture<string> = tempDirectoryFixture(),
+): { serverUrl: Fixture<string>; rootDirectory: Fixture<string> } {
+  return {
+    serverUrl: fixture(async (stack) => {
+      const resolvedRootDirectory = await rootDirectory();
+      const server: http.Server = (
+        createServer({
+          root: resolvedRootDirectory,
+          cache: -1,
+        }) as any
+      ).server;
+      stack.defer(async () => {
+        await new Promise((resolve) => server.close(resolve));
+      });
+      const serverUrl = await new Promise<string>((resolve, reject) => {
+        server.on("error", reject);
+        server.listen(0, "localhost", () => {
+          const port = (server.address() as AddressInfo).port;
+          resolve(`http://localhost:${port}/`);
+        });
+      });
+      console.log(`Serving ${resolvedRootDirectory} at ${serverUrl}`);
+      return serverUrl;
+    }),
+    rootDirectory,
+  };
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/msw_browser.ts b/tests/fixtures/msw_browser.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a282bbf53f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/msw_browser.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+import type { LifeCycleEventsMap, SetupApi } from "msw";
+import { http, passthrough } from "msw";
+import { setupWorker, type SetupWorkerApi } from "msw/browser";
+import { afterEach } from "vitest";
+import type { Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+
+export function mswFixture(): Fixture<SetupApi<LifeCycleEventsMap>> {
+  const mswServer = fixture(async (stack) => {
+    const server = setupWorker(
+      http.get("/*", () => passthrough()),
+    ) as SetupWorkerApi;
+    stack.defer(() => server.stop());
+    await server.start();
+    return server;
+  });
+
+  afterEach(async () => (await mswServer()).resetHandlers());
+
+  return mswServer;
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/msw_node.ts b/tests/fixtures/msw_node.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3749e6222
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/msw_node.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import type { LifeCycleEventsMap, SetupApi } from "msw";
+import { setupServer } from "msw/node";
+import { afterEach } from "vitest";
+import type { Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+
+export function mswFixture(): Fixture<SetupApi<LifeCycleEventsMap>> {
+  const mswServer = fixture(async (stack) => {
+    const server = setupServer();
+    stack.defer(() => server.close());
+    server.listen();
+    return server;
+  });
+
+  afterEach(async () => (await mswServer()).resetHandlers());
+
+  return mswServer;
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/shared_kvstore_context.ts b/tests/fixtures/shared_kvstore_context.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fa6538db0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/shared_kvstore_context.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { getDefaultCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/default_manager.js";
+import { SharedCredentialsManager } from "#src/credentials_provider/shared.js";
+import { DataManagementContext } from "#src/data_management_context.js";
+import { SharedKvStoreContext } from "#src/kvstore/frontend.js";
+import type { GL } from "#src/webgl/context.js";
+import { fixture, type Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { glFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/gl";
+
+export function sharedKvStoreContextFixture(
+  gl: Fixture<GL> = glFixture(),
+): Fixture<SharedKvStoreContext> {
+  return fixture(async (stack) => {
+    const dataContext = new DataManagementContext(
+      /*gl=*/ await gl(),
+      /*frameNumberCounter=*/ undefined as any,
+    );
+    stack.defer(() => dataContext.dispose());
+
+    const sharedCredentialsManager = dataContext.registerDisposer(
+      new SharedCredentialsManager(
+        getDefaultCredentialsManager(),
+        dataContext.rpc,
+      ),
+    );
+
+    const sharedKvStoreContext = new SharedKvStoreContext(
+      dataContext.chunkManager,
+      sharedCredentialsManager,
+    );
+    stack.defer(() => sharedKvStoreContext.dispose());
+
+    return sharedKvStoreContext;
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/status_message_observer.ts b/tests/fixtures/status_message_observer.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..78476b70ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/status_message_observer.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { afterEach } from "vitest";
+import type { StatusMessage } from "#src/status.js";
+import { statusMessages, getStatusMessageContainers } from "#src/status.js";
+import type { Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+
+export interface StatusMessageHandler {
+  (message: StatusMessage): void;
+}
+export class StatusMessageObserver {
+  private handlers: Set<StatusMessageHandler> = new Set();
+  private observer: MutationObserver;
+  constructor() {
+    this.observer = new MutationObserver(() => {
+      for (const handler of this.handlers) {
+        for (const message of statusMessages) {
+          handler(message);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    for (const element of getStatusMessageContainers()) {
+      this.observer.observe(element, {
+        subtree: true,
+        childList: true,
+        attributes: true,
+        characterData: true,
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  registerHandler(handler: StatusMessageHandler): Disposable {
+    const wrappedHandler: StatusMessageHandler = (status) => handler(status);
+    this.handlers.add(wrappedHandler);
+    return {
+      [Symbol.dispose]: () => {
+        this.handlers.delete(wrappedHandler);
+      },
+    };
+  }
+  async waitForButton(pattern: RegExp): Promise<HTMLButtonElement> {
+    const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<HTMLButtonElement>();
+    using _handler = this.registerHandler((status) => {
+      const result = document.evaluate(
+        `.//button`,
+        status.element,
+        null,
+        XPathResult.ORDERED_NODE_SNAPSHOT_TYPE,
+        null,
+      );
+      for (let i = 0, length = result.snapshotLength; i < length; ++i) {
+        const button = result.snapshotItem(i) as HTMLButtonElement;
+        if ((button.textContent ?? "").match(pattern)) {
+          resolve(button);
+        }
+      }
+    });
+    return await promise;
+  }
+  reset() {
+    this.handlers.clear();
+  }
+  [Symbol.dispose]() {
+    this.observer.disconnect();
+  }
+}
+
+export function statusMessageObserverFixture(): Fixture<StatusMessageObserver> {
+  const f = fixture(async () => new StatusMessageObserver());
+  afterEach(async () => {
+    const handler = await f();
+    handler.reset();
+  });
+  return f;
+}
diff --git a/tests/fixtures/temp_directory.ts b/tests/fixtures/temp_directory.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..248ab191e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/fixtures/temp_directory.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Vitest fixture that creates a temporary directory.
+
+import fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import os from "node:os";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { type Fixture, fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+
+export function tempDirectoryFixture(prefix: string = ""): Fixture<string> {
+  return fixture(async (stack) => {
+    const tempDir = await fs.mkdtemp(
+      `${os.tmpdir()}${path.sep}neuroglancer-vitest-${prefix}`,
+    );
+    stack.defer(async () => {
+      await fs.rm(tempDir, { recursive: true, force: true });
+    });
+    return tempDir;
+  });
+}
diff --git a/tests/kvstore/gcs.spec.ts b/tests/kvstore/gcs.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5bdfa62fe5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/kvstore/gcs.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/kvstore/gcs/register.js";
+import { beforeAll } from "vitest";
+import {
+  createBucket,
+  fakeGcsServerFixture,
+  writeObject,
+} from "#tests/fixtures/fake_gcs_server.js";
+import { constantFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { mswFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/msw";
+import { getTestFiles } from "#tests/kvstore/test_data.js";
+import { testKvStore } from "#tests/kvstore/test_util.js";
+
+const msw = mswFixture();
+const fakeGcsServer = fakeGcsServerFixture(msw);
+
+const BUCKET = "mybucket";
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+  // Add data to GCS.
+  await createBucket(fakeGcsServer, BUCKET);
+  for (const [relativePath, content] of await getTestFiles()) {
+    await writeObject(
+      fakeGcsServer,
+      BUCKET,
+      relativePath,
+      new Uint8Array(content),
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+testKvStore(constantFixture(`gs://${BUCKET}/`));
diff --git a/tests/kvstore/gzip.spec.ts b/tests/kvstore/gzip.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1f23d1f974
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/kvstore/gzip.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/kvstore/http/register.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/gzip/register.js";
+import { expect, test } from "vitest";
+import { constantFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { httpServerFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/http_server.js";
+import { sharedKvStoreContextFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/shared_kvstore_context.js";
+import { TEST_DATA_DIR } from "#tests/kvstore/test_data.js";
+
+const serverFixture = httpServerFixture(constantFixture(TEST_DATA_DIR));
+const sharedKvStoreContext = sharedKvStoreContextFixture();
+
+test("can read", async () => {
+  const { response } = await (
+    await sharedKvStoreContext()
+  ).kvStoreContext.read(
+    `${await serverFixture.serverUrl()}gzip/simple.txt.gz|gzip`,
+    { throwIfMissing: true },
+  );
+  expect(await response.text()).toEqual("Hello");
+});
diff --git a/tests/kvstore/http.spec.ts b/tests/kvstore/http.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9f5d862481
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/kvstore/http.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/kvstore/http/register.js";
+import { constantFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { httpServerFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/http_server.js";
+import { TEST_FILES_DIR } from "#tests/kvstore/test_data.js";
+import { testKvStore } from "#tests/kvstore/test_util.js";
+
+const serverFixture = httpServerFixture(constantFixture(TEST_FILES_DIR));
+
+testKvStore(serverFixture.serverUrl);
diff --git a/tests/kvstore/ngauth.browser_test.ts b/tests/kvstore/ngauth.browser_test.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..152250e233
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/kvstore/ngauth.browser_test.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/kvstore/ngauth/register.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/ngauth/register_credentials_provider.js";
+import { http, passthrough } from "msw";
+import { expect, test, afterEach } from "vitest";
+import { mswFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/msw";
+import { sharedKvStoreContextFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/shared_kvstore_context.js";
+import { statusMessageObserverFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/status_message_observer.js";
+import { clearCookies } from "#tests/util/clear_cookies.js";
+import { mswRequestLog } from "#tests/util/msw_request_log.js";
+
+const msw = mswFixture();
+
+const statusMessageObserver = statusMessageObserverFixture();
+
+declare const FAKE_NGAUTH_SERVER: string;
+
+const BUCKET = "mybucket";
+
+const sharedKvStoreContext = sharedKvStoreContextFixture();
+const sharedKvStoreContext2 = sharedKvStoreContextFixture();
+afterEach(() => {
+  clearCookies();
+});
+
+test("login", async () => {
+  using requestLog = mswRequestLog(await msw(), {
+    redact: ["(?<=neuroglancer=)[a-f0-9]+"],
+  });
+  (await msw()).use(
+    http.get(
+      `https://storage.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/mybucket/o/missing`,
+      async () => {
+        return new Response(null, { status: 404 });
+      },
+    ),
+    http.all(`${FAKE_NGAUTH_SERVER}/*`, () => passthrough()),
+  );
+  {
+    const readPromise = (await sharedKvStoreContext()).kvStoreContext.read(
+      `gs+ngauth+${FAKE_NGAUTH_SERVER}/${BUCKET}/missing`,
+    );
+    console.log("Waiting for login");
+    const loginButton = await (
+      await statusMessageObserver()
+    ).waitForButton(/\blogin\b/);
+    console.log("Clicking login");
+    loginButton.click();
+    console.log("Waiting for read to complete");
+    expect(await readPromise).toBe(undefined);
+    expect.soft(await requestLog.popAll()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+        [
+          {
+            "request": {
+              "url": "http://localhost:*/token",
+            },
+            "response": {
+              "status": 401,
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            "request": {
+              "body": "{"token":"fake_token","bucket":"mybucket"}",
+              "url": "http://localhost:*/gcs_token",
+            },
+            "response": {
+              "body": "{"token":"fake_gcs_token:mybucket"}",
+              "status": 200,
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            "request": {
+              "headers": [
+                "authorization: Bearer fake_gcs_token:mybucket",
+              ],
+              "url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/mybucket/o/missing?alt=media&neuroglancer=*",
+            },
+            "response": {
+              "status": 404,
+            },
+          },
+        ]
+      `);
+  }
+
+  // Now that cookies has been set, login is not required.
+  {
+    const readPromise = (await sharedKvStoreContext2()).kvStoreContext.read(
+      `gs+ngauth+${FAKE_NGAUTH_SERVER}/${BUCKET}/missing`,
+    );
+    expect(await readPromise).toBe(undefined);
+    expect(await requestLog.popAll()).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+        [
+          {
+            "request": {
+              "url": "http://localhost:*/token",
+            },
+            "response": {
+              "body": "fake_token",
+              "status": 200,
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            "request": {
+              "body": "{"token":"fake_token","bucket":"mybucket"}",
+              "url": "http://localhost:*/gcs_token",
+            },
+            "response": {
+              "body": "{"token":"fake_gcs_token:mybucket"}",
+              "status": 200,
+            },
+          },
+          {
+            "request": {
+              "headers": [
+                "authorization: Bearer fake_gcs_token:mybucket",
+              ],
+              "url": "https://storage.googleapis.com/storage/v1/b/mybucket/o/missing?alt=media&neuroglancer=*",
+            },
+            "response": {
+              "status": 404,
+            },
+          },
+        ]
+      `);
+  }
+});
diff --git a/tests/kvstore/s3.spec.ts b/tests/kvstore/s3.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2f64b292db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/kvstore/s3.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/kvstore/s3/register.js";
+import { beforeAll } from "vitest";
+import {
+  createBucket,
+  fakeS3ServerFixture,
+  writeObject,
+} from "#tests/fixtures/fake_s3_server.js";
+import { constantFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { mswFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/msw";
+import { getTestFiles } from "#tests/kvstore/test_data.js";
+import { testKvStore } from "#tests/kvstore/test_util.js";
+
+const msw = mswFixture();
+const fakeS3Server = fakeS3ServerFixture({ msw });
+
+const BUCKET = "mybucket";
+
+beforeAll(async () => {
+  // Add data to S3.
+  await createBucket(fakeS3Server, BUCKET);
+  for (const [relativePath, content] of await getTestFiles()) {
+    await writeObject(
+      fakeS3Server,
+      BUCKET,
+      relativePath,
+      new Uint8Array(content),
+    );
+  }
+});
+
+testKvStore(constantFixture(`s3://${BUCKET}/`));
diff --git a/tests/kvstore/test_data.ts b/tests/kvstore/test_data.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..89f87f30e7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/kvstore/test_data.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import path from "node:path";
+
+export const TEST_DATA_DIR = path.join(
+  import.meta.dirname,
+  "..",
+  "..",
+  "testdata",
+  "kvstore",
+);
+export const TEST_FILES_DIR = path.join(TEST_DATA_DIR, "files");
+
+export async function findFilesRecursively(rootDir: string): Promise<string[]> {
+  const relativePaths: string[] = [];
+  for (const entry of await fs.readdir(rootDir, {
+    recursive: true,
+    withFileTypes: true,
+  })) {
+    if (!entry.isFile()) {
+      continue;
+    }
+    const fullPath = path.join(entry.parentPath, entry.name);
+    const relativePath = path
+      .relative(rootDir, fullPath)
+      .replaceAll(path.sep, "/");
+    relativePaths.push(relativePath);
+  }
+  return relativePaths;
+}
+
+export async function getTestFiles(
+  rootDir: string = TEST_FILES_DIR,
+): Promise<Map<string, Buffer>> {
+  const map = new Map<string, Buffer>();
+  for (const relativePath of await findFilesRecursively(rootDir)) {
+    const content = await fs.readFile(path.join(rootDir, relativePath));
+    map.set(relativePath, content);
+  }
+  return map;
+}
diff --git a/tests/kvstore/test_util.ts b/tests/kvstore/test_util.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..14a3cb71a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/kvstore/test_util.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import type { KvStore } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import { listKvStoreRecursively, readKvStore } from "#src/kvstore/index.js";
+import type { Fixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { sharedKvStoreContextFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/shared_kvstore_context.js";
+
+export const sharedKvStoreContext = sharedKvStoreContextFixture();
+
+export function testRead(url: Fixture<string>) {
+  test("read not found", async () => {
+    expect(
+      await (
+        await sharedKvStoreContext()
+      ).kvStoreContext.read(`${await url()}missing`),
+    ).toBe(undefined);
+  });
+  test("read full", async () => {
+    const response = await (
+      await sharedKvStoreContext()
+    ).kvStoreContext.read(`${await url()}a`);
+    expect(response).toBeTruthy();
+    expect.soft(response!.totalSize).toEqual(3);
+    expect.soft(response!.offset).toEqual(0);
+    expect.soft(response!.length).toEqual(3);
+    expect.soft(await response!.response.text()).toEqual("abc");
+  });
+  test("read byte range zero length", async () => {
+    const response = await (
+      await sharedKvStoreContext()
+    ).kvStoreContext.read(`${await url()}a`, {
+      byteRange: { offset: 1, length: 0 },
+    });
+    expect(response).toBeTruthy();
+    expect.soft(response!.totalSize).toEqual(3);
+    expect.soft(response!.offset).toEqual(1);
+    expect.soft(response!.length).toEqual(0);
+    expect.soft(await response!.response.text()).toEqual("");
+  });
+  test("read byte range zero length empty file", async () => {
+    const response = await (
+      await sharedKvStoreContext()
+    ).kvStoreContext.read(`${await url()}empty`, {
+      byteRange: { offset: 0, length: 0 },
+    });
+    expect(response).toBeTruthy();
+    expect.soft(response!.totalSize).toEqual(0);
+    expect.soft(response!.offset).toEqual(0);
+    expect.soft(response!.length).toEqual(0);
+    expect.soft(await response!.response.text()).toEqual("");
+  });
+  test("read byte range offset+length", async () => {
+    const response = await (
+      await sharedKvStoreContext()
+    ).kvStoreContext.read(`${await url()}a`, {
+      byteRange: { offset: 1, length: 1 },
+    });
+    expect(response).toBeTruthy();
+    expect.soft(response!.totalSize).toEqual(3);
+    expect.soft(response!.offset).toEqual(1);
+    expect.soft(response!.length).toEqual(1);
+    expect.soft(await response!.response.text()).toEqual("b");
+  });
+  test("read byte range suffixLength", async () => {
+    const response = await (
+      await sharedKvStoreContext()
+    ).kvStoreContext.read(`${await url()}a`, {
+      byteRange: { suffixLength: 1 },
+    });
+    expect(response).toBeTruthy();
+    expect.soft(response!.totalSize).toEqual(3);
+    expect.soft(response!.offset).toEqual(2);
+    expect.soft(response!.length).toEqual(1);
+    expect.soft(await response!.response.text()).toEqual("c");
+  });
+  test("read byte range suffixLength=0", async () => {
+    const response = await (
+      await sharedKvStoreContext()
+    ).kvStoreContext.read(`${await url()}a`, {
+      byteRange: { suffixLength: 0 },
+    });
+    expect(response).toBeTruthy();
+    expect.soft(response!.totalSize).toEqual(3);
+    expect.soft(response!.offset).toEqual(3);
+    expect.soft(response!.length).toEqual(0);
+    expect.soft(await response!.response.text()).toEqual("");
+  });
+  test("stat on directory returns not found", async () => {
+    const response = await (
+      await sharedKvStoreContext()
+    ).kvStoreContext.stat(`${await url()}baz`);
+    expect(response).toEqual(undefined);
+  });
+  test("read on directory returns not found", async () => {
+    const response = await (
+      await sharedKvStoreContext()
+    ).kvStoreContext.read(`${await url()}baz`);
+    expect(response).toEqual(undefined);
+  });
+}
+
+export function testList(url: Fixture<string>) {
+  test("list with empty prefix", async () => {
+    expect(
+      await (
+        await sharedKvStoreContext()
+      ).kvStoreContext.list(await url(), {
+        responseKeys: "suffix",
+      }),
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "directories": [
+          "baz",
+        ],
+        "entries": [
+          {
+            "key": "#",
+          },
+          {
+            "key": "a",
+          },
+          {
+            "key": "b",
+          },
+          {
+            "key": "c",
+          },
+          {
+            "key": "empty",
+          },
+        ],
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("list with file prefix", async () => {
+    expect(
+      await (
+        await sharedKvStoreContext()
+      ).kvStoreContext.list(`${await url()}e`, {
+        responseKeys: "suffix",
+      }),
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "directories": [],
+        "entries": [
+          {
+            "key": "mpty",
+          },
+        ],
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("list with directory prefix", async () => {
+    expect(
+      await (
+        await sharedKvStoreContext()
+      ).kvStoreContext.list(`${await url()}baz/`, {
+        responseKeys: "suffix",
+      }),
+    ).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "directories": [],
+        "entries": [
+          {
+            "key": "x",
+          },
+        ],
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+}
+
+export function testKvStore(url: Fixture<string>) {
+  describe("kvstore", () => {
+    testRead(url);
+    testList(url);
+  });
+}
+
+export async function readAllFromKvStore(
+  kvStore: KvStore,
+  prefix: string,
+): Promise<Map<string, Buffer>> {
+  const keys = await listKvStoreRecursively(kvStore, prefix, {
+    responseKeys: "suffix",
+  });
+  const values = await Promise.all(
+    keys.map(async ({ key }) => {
+      const readResponse = await readKvStore(kvStore, prefix + key, {
+        throwIfMissing: true,
+      });
+      return Buffer.from(await readResponse.response.arrayBuffer());
+    }),
+  );
+  return new Map(Array.from(keys, ({ key }, i) => [key, values[i]]));
+}
diff --git a/tests/kvstore/url.spec.ts b/tests/kvstore/url.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db1981963f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/kvstore/url.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,182 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import {
+  finalPipelineUrlComponent,
+  kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl,
+  parsePipelineUrlComponent,
+  parseUrlSuffix,
+  pipelineUrlJoin,
+} from "#src/kvstore/url.js";
+
+describe("kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl", () => {
+  test("single pipeline component", () => {
+    expect(kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl("http://foo")).toEqual(
+      "http://foo/",
+    );
+    expect(kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl("http://foo/")).toEqual(
+      "http://foo/",
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("with query parameters", () => {
+    expect(kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl("http://foo?a=b")).toEqual(
+      "http://foo/?a=b",
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("with fragment parameters", () => {
+    expect(kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl("http://foo#a=b")).toEqual(
+      "http://foo/#a=b",
+    );
+  });
+
+  test("multiple pipeline component", () => {
+    expect(kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl("http://foo|zarr")).toEqual(
+      "http://foo|zarr:",
+    );
+    expect(kvstoreEnsureDirectoryPipelineUrl("http://foo|zarr:")).toEqual(
+      "http://foo|zarr:",
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe("pipelineUrlJoin", () => {
+  test("simple", () => {
+    expect(pipelineUrlJoin("gs://foo", "a", "b")).toEqual("gs://foo/a/b");
+  });
+  test("query parameter", () => {
+    expect(pipelineUrlJoin("gs://foo?a=b", "a", "b")).toEqual(
+      "gs://foo/a/b?a=b",
+    );
+    expect(pipelineUrlJoin("gs://foo?a=b|zarr", "a", "b")).toEqual(
+      "gs://foo?a=b|zarr:a/b",
+    );
+  });
+});
+
+describe("finalPipelineUrlComponent", () => {
+  test("single component", () => {
+    expect(finalPipelineUrlComponent("")).toEqual("");
+    expect(finalPipelineUrlComponent("gs://a")).toEqual("gs://a");
+  });
+  test("multiple components", () => {
+    expect(finalPipelineUrlComponent("gs://a|zarr")).toEqual("zarr");
+    expect(finalPipelineUrlComponent("gs://a|zip:foo|zarr:")).toEqual("zarr:");
+  });
+});
+
+describe("parsePipelineUrlComponent", () => {
+  test("scheme only", () => {
+    expect(parsePipelineUrlComponent("zarr")).toEqual({
+      scheme: "zarr",
+      suffix: undefined,
+      url: "zarr",
+    });
+  });
+  test("empty suffix", () => {
+    expect(parsePipelineUrlComponent("zarr:")).toEqual({
+      scheme: "zarr",
+      suffix: "",
+      url: "zarr:",
+    });
+  });
+});
+
+describe("parseUrlSuffix", () => {
+  test("no suffix", () => {
+    expect(parseUrlSuffix(undefined)).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "authorityAndPath": undefined,
+        "fragment": undefined,
+        "query": undefined,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+  test("empty suffix", () => {
+    expect(parseUrlSuffix("")).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "authorityAndPath": "",
+        "fragment": undefined,
+        "query": undefined,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+  test("path only", () => {
+    expect(parseUrlSuffix("a/b/")).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "authorityAndPath": "a/b/",
+        "fragment": undefined,
+        "query": undefined,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+  test("query only", () => {
+    expect(parseUrlSuffix("?query")).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "authorityAndPath": "",
+        "fragment": undefined,
+        "query": "query",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+  test("fragment only", () => {
+    expect(parseUrlSuffix("#fragment")).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "authorityAndPath": "",
+        "fragment": "fragment",
+        "query": undefined,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+  test("path and query", () => {
+    expect(parseUrlSuffix("//host/path?query")).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "authorityAndPath": "//host/path",
+        "fragment": undefined,
+        "query": "query",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+  test("path and fragment", () => {
+    expect(parseUrlSuffix("//host/path#fragment")).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "authorityAndPath": "//host/path",
+        "fragment": "fragment",
+        "query": undefined,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+  test("path and query and fragment", () => {
+    expect(parseUrlSuffix("//host/path?query#fragment")).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "authorityAndPath": "//host/path",
+        "fragment": "fragment",
+        "query": "query",
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+  test("path and fragment with fake query", () => {
+    expect(parseUrlSuffix("//host/path#fragment?query")).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "authorityAndPath": "//host/path",
+        "fragment": "fragment?query",
+        "query": undefined,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/kvstore/zip.spec.ts b/tests/kvstore/zip.spec.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad20d07e10
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/kvstore/zip.spec.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2025 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import "#src/kvstore/http/register.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/zip/register_backend.js";
+import "#src/kvstore/zip/register_frontend.js";
+import fs from "node:fs/promises";
+import path from "node:path";
+import { describe, expect, test } from "vitest";
+import yauzl from "yauzl";
+import { getKvStoreCompletions } from "#src/datasource/kvstore_completions.js";
+import { constantFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/fixture.js";
+import { httpServerFixture } from "#tests/fixtures/http_server.js";
+import { TEST_DATA_DIR } from "#tests/kvstore/test_data.js";
+import {
+  testKvStore,
+  sharedKvStoreContext,
+  readAllFromKvStore,
+} from "#tests/kvstore/test_util.js";
+
+const serverFixture = httpServerFixture(constantFixture(TEST_DATA_DIR));
+
+function readAllUsingYauzl(zipPath: string) {
+  return new Promise((resolve, reject) => {
+    const map = new Map<string, Buffer>();
+    yauzl.open(zipPath, { lazyEntries: true }, function (err, zipfile) {
+      if (err) {
+        reject(err);
+        return;
+      }
+      zipfile.on("entry", async (entry) => {
+        if (/\/$/.test(entry.fileName)) {
+          zipfile.readEntry();
+          return;
+        }
+        zipfile.openReadStream(entry, async (err, readStream) => {
+          if (err) {
+            reject(err);
+            return;
+          }
+          const parts: Buffer[] = [];
+          readStream.on("data", (chunk) => {
+            parts.push(chunk);
+          });
+          readStream.on("end", () => {
+            map.set(entry.fileName, Buffer.concat(parts));
+            zipfile.readEntry();
+          });
+        });
+      });
+      zipfile.on("end", () => {
+        zipfile.close();
+        resolve(map);
+      });
+      zipfile.readEntry();
+    });
+  });
+}
+
+describe("yauzl success cases", async () => {
+  const relativePath = "zip/from-yauzl/success";
+  const zipFiles = await fs.readdir(path.join(TEST_DATA_DIR, relativePath));
+  test.for(zipFiles)("%s", async (zipFile) => {
+    const url =
+      (await serverFixture.serverUrl()) + `${relativePath}/${zipFile}|zip:`;
+    const { kvStoreContext } = await sharedKvStoreContext();
+    const kvStore = kvStoreContext.getKvStore(url);
+    const contentFromZip = await readAllFromKvStore(
+      kvStore.store,
+      kvStore.path,
+    );
+    const expectedFiles = await readAllUsingYauzl(
+      path.join(TEST_DATA_DIR, relativePath, zipFile),
+    );
+    expect(contentFromZip).toEqual(expectedFiles);
+  });
+});
+
+describe("yauzl failure cases", async () => {
+  const relativePath = "zip/from-yauzl/failure";
+  const zipFiles = await fs.readdir(path.join(TEST_DATA_DIR, relativePath));
+  test.for(zipFiles)("%s", async (zipFile) => {
+    const url =
+      (await serverFixture.serverUrl()) + `${relativePath}/${zipFile}|zip:`;
+    const { kvStoreContext } = await sharedKvStoreContext();
+    const kvStore = kvStoreContext.getKvStore(url);
+    const expectedError = new RegExp(
+      zipFile
+        .replace(/(_[0-9]+)?\.zip$/, "")
+        .split(/\s+/)
+        .join(".*"),
+      "i",
+    );
+    await expect(
+      readAllFromKvStore(kvStore.store, kvStore.path).then(() => null),
+    ).rejects.toThrowError(expectedError);
+  });
+});
+
+testKvStore(
+  async () => (await serverFixture.serverUrl()) + "zip/files.zip|zip:",
+);
+
+describe("completion", () => {
+  test("empty prefix", async () => {
+    const url = (await serverFixture.serverUrl()) + "zip/files.zip|zip:";
+    const completions = await getKvStoreCompletions(
+      await sharedKvStoreContext(),
+      {
+        url,
+      },
+    );
+    expect(completions).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "completions": [
+          {
+            "value": "baz/",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "%23|",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "a|",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "b|",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "c|",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "empty|",
+          },
+        ],
+        "defaultCompletion": undefined,
+        "offset": 41,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+
+  test("single letter prefix", async () => {
+    const url = (await serverFixture.serverUrl()) + "zip/files.zip|zip:b";
+    const completions = await getKvStoreCompletions(
+      await sharedKvStoreContext(),
+      {
+        url,
+      },
+    );
+    expect(completions).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      {
+        "completions": [
+          {
+            "value": "baz/",
+          },
+          {
+            "value": "b|",
+          },
+        ],
+        "defaultCompletion": undefined,
+        "offset": 41,
+      }
+    `);
+  });
+});
diff --git a/tests/util/clear_cookies.ts b/tests/util/clear_cookies.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..54ab46b3dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/util/clear_cookies.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+// Clears all cookies that are accessible to JavaScript. HTTP-only cookies
+// cannot be cleared.
+export function clearCookies(): void {
+  for (const cookie of document.cookie.split(";")) {
+    document.cookie = cookie
+      .replace(/^ +/, "")
+      .replace(/=.*/, `=;expires=${new Date(0).toUTCString()};path=/`);
+  }
+  window.localStorage.clear();
+}
diff --git a/tests/util/msw_request_log.ts b/tests/util/msw_request_log.ts
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a8e4982888
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/util/msw_request_log.ts
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+/**
+ * @license
+ * Copyright 2024 Google Inc.
+ * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+ * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+ * You may obtain a copy of the License at
+ *
+ *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+ *
+ * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+ * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+ * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+ * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+ * limitations under the License.
+ */
+
+import { type LifeCycleEventsMap, type SetupApi } from "msw";
+
+interface RequestLogEntry {
+  request: {
+    url: string;
+    headers?: string[];
+    body?: string;
+  };
+  response: {
+    status: number;
+    body?: string;
+  };
+}
+
+export function mswRequestLog(
+  msw: SetupApi<LifeCycleEventsMap>,
+  options: {
+    redact?: string[];
+  } = {},
+) {
+  const redactPatterns = [
+    "(?<=http://localhost:)[0-9]+",
+    ...(options.redact ?? []),
+  ];
+  const redactRegexp = new RegExp(
+    redactPatterns.map((s) => `(?:${s})`).join("|"),
+    "g",
+  );
+  const redact = (s: string) => s.replaceAll(redactRegexp, "*");
+  const getHeaders = (headers: Headers): { headers?: string[] } => {
+    const list: string[] = [];
+    for (const [name, value] of headers.entries()) {
+      if (name === "accept" || name === "content-type") {
+        continue;
+      }
+      list.push(redact(`${name}: ${value}`));
+    }
+    if (list.length === 0) return {};
+    return { headers: list };
+  };
+  const getBody = async (r: Request | Response): Promise<{ body?: string }> => {
+    const body = redact(await r.text());
+    if (!body) return {};
+    return { body };
+  };
+  const log: Promise<RequestLogEntry>[] = [];
+  const outstandingRequests = new Map<
+    string,
+    { resolve: (value: RequestLogEntry) => void }
+  >();
+  const handler = async ({
+    request,
+    response,
+    requestId,
+  }: {
+    request: Request;
+    response: Response;
+    requestId: string;
+  }) => {
+    const resolvers = outstandingRequests.get(requestId);
+    if (resolvers === undefined) return;
+    outstandingRequests.delete(requestId);
+    request = request.clone();
+    response = response.clone();
+    const entry: RequestLogEntry = {
+      request: {
+        url: redact(request.url),
+        ...getHeaders(request.headers),
+        ...(await getBody(request)),
+      },
+      response: {
+        status: response.status,
+        ...(await getBody(response)),
+      },
+    };
+    resolvers.resolve(entry);
+  };
+  const requestHandler = ({
+    request,
+    requestId,
+  }: {
+    request: Request;
+    requestId: string;
+  }) => {
+    if (new URL(request.url).origin === window.origin) {
+      return;
+    }
+    const { promise, resolve } = Promise.withResolvers<RequestLogEntry>();
+    outstandingRequests.set(requestId, { resolve });
+    log.push(promise);
+  };
+  // request:start event is always sequenced before the `fetch` resolves, but
+  // `response:*` events sometimes don't. To avoid missing events, log entries
+  // are added on `response:start` and resolved by the corresponding
+  // `response:*` event.
+  msw.events.on("request:start", requestHandler);
+  msw.events.on("response:mocked", handler);
+  msw.events.on("response:bypass", handler);
+  return {
+    [Symbol.dispose]: () => {
+      msw.events.removeListener("request:start", requestHandler);
+      msw.events.removeListener("response:mocked", handler);
+      msw.events.removeListener("response:bypass", handler);
+    },
+    log,
+    popAll: () => {
+      const result = log.slice();
+      log.length = 0;
+      return Promise.all(result);
+    },
+  };
+}
diff --git a/tsconfig.json b/tsconfig.json
index 172a9e26e7..e2185ad26e 100644
--- a/tsconfig.json
+++ b/tsconfig.json
@@ -34,6 +34,5 @@
     "testdata",
     "examples",
     "config",
-    "tests",
   ],
 }
diff --git a/vitest.workspace.ts b/vitest.workspace.ts
index 00f4e15afb..8b489d1ca7 100644
--- a/vitest.workspace.ts
+++ b/vitest.workspace.ts
@@ -1,29 +1,60 @@
+import path from "node:path";
+import mswPlugin from "@iodigital/vite-plugin-msw";
 import { defineWorkspace } from "vitest/config";
+import { getFakeGcsServerBin } from "build_tools/vitest/build_fake_gcs_server.ts";
+import { startFakeNgauthServer } from "./build_tools/vitest/fake_ngauth_server.ts";
+import { startTestDataServer } from "./build_tools/vitest/test_data_server.ts";
+
+const fakeNgauthServer = await startFakeNgauthServer();
+const testDataServer = await startTestDataServer(
+  path.join(import.meta.dirname, "testdata"),
+);
+const fakeGcsServerBin = await getFakeGcsServerBin();
 
 export default defineWorkspace([
   {
     test: {
       name: "node",
-      environment: "node",
-      setupFiles: ["./build_tools/vitest/setup-crypto.ts"],
-      include: ["src/**/*.spec.ts"],
+      environment: "jsdom",
+      setupFiles: [
+        "./build_tools/vitest/polyfill-browser-globals-in-node.ts",
+        "@vitest/web-worker",
+      ],
+      include: ["src/**/*.spec.ts", "tests/**/*.spec.ts"],
       benchmark: {
         include: ["src/**/*.benchmark.ts"],
       },
+      testTimeout: 10000,
+    },
+    define: {
+      FAKE_GCS_SERVER_BIN: JSON.stringify(fakeGcsServerBin),
     },
   },
   {
+    define: {
+      FAKE_NGAUTH_SERVER: JSON.stringify(fakeNgauthServer.url),
+      TEST_DATA_SERVER: JSON.stringify(testDataServer.url),
+    },
+    esbuild: {
+      target: "es2022",
+    },
+    plugins: [mswPlugin({ mode: "browser", handlers: [] })],
+    optimizeDeps: {
+      include: ["nifti-reader-js"],
+      entries: ["src/util/polyfills.ts"],
+    },
     test: {
       name: "browser",
-      include: ["src/**/*.browser_test.ts"],
+      include: ["src/**/*.browser_test.ts", "tests/**/*.browser_test.ts"],
       benchmark: {
         include: [],
       },
       browser: {
-        provider: "webdriverio",
+        provider: "playwright",
         enabled: true,
         headless: true,
-        name: "chrome",
+        instances: [{ browser: "chromium" }],
+        screenshotFailures: false,
       },
     },
   },