diff --git a/platform-benchmark/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/companion/BenchmarkIocModule.java b/platform-benchmark/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/companion/BenchmarkIocModule.java
index 23fac98897e..de2ea58db99 100644
--- a/platform-benchmark/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/companion/BenchmarkIocModule.java
+++ b/platform-benchmark/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/companion/BenchmarkIocModule.java
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.serialisation.api.impl.IdOnlyProxiedEntityTypeCacheForTests;
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.web.annotations.AppUri;
 
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Properties;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 import static java.lang.String.format;
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ protected void configure() {
     @Provides
     @Singleton
     @SessionCache Cache<String, UserSession> provideSessionCache() {
-        return CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterWrite(2, TimeUnit.MINUTES).build();
+        return CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterWrite(Duration.ofMinutes(2)).build();
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/platform-benchmark/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/eql/BenchmarkIocModule.java b/platform-benchmark/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/eql/BenchmarkIocModule.java
index a6b5d01c134..e7825c097e1 100644
--- a/platform-benchmark/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/eql/BenchmarkIocModule.java
+++ b/platform-benchmark/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/eql/BenchmarkIocModule.java
@@ -19,9 +19,9 @@
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.serialisation.api.impl.IdOnlyProxiedEntityTypeCacheForTests;
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.web.annotations.AppUri;
 
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Properties;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 import static java.lang.String.format;
 
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ protected void configure() {
     @Provides
     @Singleton
     @SessionCache Cache<String, UserSession> provideSessionCache() {
-        return CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterWrite(2, TimeUnit.MINUTES).build();
+        return CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterWrite(Duration.ofMinutes(2)).build();
     }
 
 }
diff --git a/platform-dao/src/test/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/test/ioc/PlatformTestServerIocModule.java b/platform-dao/src/test/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/test/ioc/PlatformTestServerIocModule.java
index f51f658075b..1cb61e0d236 100644
--- a/platform-dao/src/test/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/test/ioc/PlatformTestServerIocModule.java
+++ b/platform-dao/src/test/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/test/ioc/PlatformTestServerIocModule.java
@@ -38,9 +38,9 @@
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.utils.IUniversalConstants;
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.web.annotations.AppUri;
 
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Properties;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 import static java.lang.String.format;
 
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ protected void bindDomainCompanionObjects(final List<Class<? extends AbstractEnt
         return CacheBuilder.newBuilder()
                 // all authenticators should be evicted from the cache in 2 minutes time after that have been
                 // put into the cache
-                .expireAfterWrite(2, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
+                .expireAfterWrite(Duration.ofMinutes(2))
                 // the ticker controls the eviction time
                 // the injected instance is initialised with IUniversalConstants.now() as its start time
                 .ticker(ticker)
diff --git a/platform-pojo-bl/pom.xml b/platform-pojo-bl/pom.xml
index 094c7b29577..acf5e9ca5fc 100644
--- a/platform-pojo-bl/pom.xml
+++ b/platform-pojo-bl/pom.xml
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
     </description>
 
     <properties>
-        <jackson.version>2.21.1</jackson.version>
-        <jackson.annotations.version>2.21</jackson.annotations.version>
-        <guava.version>33.5.0-jre</guava.version>
-        <poi.verstion>5.4.1</poi.verstion>
+        <jackson.version>2.22.0</jackson.version>
+        <jackson.annotations.version>2.22</jackson.annotations.version>
+        <guava.version>33.6.0-jre</guava.version>
+        <poi.verstion>5.5.1</poi.verstion>
         <xalan.version>2.7.3</xalan.version>
         <guice.version>7.0.0</guice.version>
         <asm.version>9.9.1</asm.version><!-- Required to override the outdated dependency in Guice. -->
@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@
         <dependency>
             <groupId>commons-io</groupId>
             <artifactId>commons-io</artifactId>
-            <version>2.20.0</version>
+            <version>2.21.0</version>
         </dependency>
         <dependency>
             <groupId>org.commonmark</groupId>
diff --git a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/criteria/generator/impl/TypeDiffSerialiser.java b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/criteria/generator/impl/TypeDiffSerialiser.java
index 7f8b5e73e6f..d97cbd14e06 100644
--- a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/criteria/generator/impl/TypeDiffSerialiser.java
+++ b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/criteria/generator/impl/TypeDiffSerialiser.java
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ private TypeDiffSerialiser() {
      */
     public byte[] serialise(final Map<String, Object> diff) {
         try {
-            return writeValueAsBytes(diff); // default encoding is Charsets.UTF_8
+            return writeValueAsBytes(diff); // default encoding is StandardCharsets.UTF_8
         } catch (final JsonProcessingException ex) {
             throw new SerialisationException("Error during type diff serialisation.", ex);
         }
diff --git a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/api/impl/TgJackson.java b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/api/impl/TgJackson.java
index 616413ee75f..1cf13350c88 100644
--- a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/api/impl/TgJackson.java
+++ b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/api/impl/TgJackson.java
@@ -5,7 +5,6 @@
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.*;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.ser.DefaultSerializerProvider;
 import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.type.TypeFactory;
-import com.google.common.base.Charsets;
 import jakarta.inject.Inject;
 import org.apache.commons.io.IOUtils;
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
@@ -34,6 +33,7 @@
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.lang.reflect.Modifier;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.util.ArrayList;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Map;
@@ -225,10 +225,10 @@ public byte[] serialise(final Object obj) {
         }
 
         try {
-            // logger.debug("Serialised pretty JSON = |" + new String(writerWithDefaultPrettyPrinter().writeValueAsBytes(obj), Charsets.UTF_8) + "|.");
+            // logger.debug("Serialised pretty JSON = |" + new String(writerWithDefaultPrettyPrinter().writeValueAsBytes(obj), StandardCharsets.UTF_8) + "|.");
             EntitySerialiser.getContext().reset();
-            final byte[] bytes = writeValueAsBytes(obj); // default encoding is Charsets.UTF_8
-            logger.debug("Serialised JSON = |" + new String(bytes, Charsets.UTF_8) + "|.");
+            final byte[] bytes = writeValueAsBytes(obj); // default encoding is StandardCharsets.UTF_8
+            logger.debug("Serialised JSON = |" + new String(bytes, StandardCharsets.UTF_8) + "|.");
 
             return bytes;
         } catch (final JsonProcessingException e) {
diff --git a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/jackson/TgSimpleDeserialisers.java b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/jackson/TgSimpleDeserialisers.java
index 0a4dad2571b..383b1c62ff3 100644
--- a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/jackson/TgSimpleDeserialisers.java
+++ b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/jackson/TgSimpleDeserialisers.java
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 import static org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager.getLogger;
 import static ua.com.fielden.platform.reflection.PropertyTypeDeterminator.stripIfNeeded;
 
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
 
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ public class TgSimpleDeserialisers extends SimpleDeserializers {
     private static final Logger LOGGER = getLogger(TgSimpleDeserialisers.class);
 
     private final transient TgJacksonModule module;
-    private final transient Cache<Class<?>,JsonDeserializer<?>> genClassDeserialisers = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS).initialCapacity(1000).build();
+    private final transient Cache<Class<?>,JsonDeserializer<?>> genClassDeserialisers = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(Duration.ofSeconds(10)).initialCapacity(1000).build();
 
     public TgSimpleDeserialisers(final TgJacksonModule module) {
         this.module = module;
diff --git a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/jackson/TgSimpleSerialisers.java b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/jackson/TgSimpleSerialisers.java
index d2d3c31791a..bc8a12cc94d 100644
--- a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/jackson/TgSimpleSerialisers.java
+++ b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/serialisation/jackson/TgSimpleSerialisers.java
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 import static org.apache.logging.log4j.LogManager.getLogger;
 import static ua.com.fielden.platform.reflection.PropertyTypeDeterminator.stripIfNeeded;
 
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.concurrent.ExecutionException;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 import org.apache.logging.log4j.Logger;
 
@@ -26,7 +26,7 @@ public class TgSimpleSerialisers extends SimpleSerializers {
     private static final Logger LOGGER = getLogger(TgSimpleSerialisers.class);
 
     private final transient TgJacksonModule module;
-    public final transient Cache<Class<?>, JsonSerializer<?>> genClassSerialisers = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS).initialCapacity(1000).build();
+    public final transient Cache<Class<?>, JsonSerializer<?>> genClassSerialisers = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(Duration.ofSeconds(10)).initialCapacity(1000).build();
 
     public TgSimpleSerialisers(final TgJacksonModule module) {
         this.module = module;
diff --git a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/utils/EntityUtils.java b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/utils/EntityUtils.java
index b8b6c0a1db2..9a05fb751a2 100644
--- a/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/utils/EntityUtils.java
+++ b/platform-pojo-bl/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/utils/EntityUtils.java
@@ -37,9 +37,9 @@
 import java.math.MathContext;
 import java.math.RoundingMode;
 import java.text.NumberFormat;
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.*;
 import java.util.Optional;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 import java.util.stream.Collectors;
 import java.util.stream.Stream;
 
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@
 public class EntityUtils {
     private static final Logger logger = getLogger();
 
-    private static final Cache<Class<?>, Boolean> persistentTypes = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS).initialCapacity(512).build();
-    private static final Cache<Class<?>, Boolean> syntheticTypes = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS).initialCapacity(512).build();
-    private static final Cache<Class<?>, Boolean> entityCriteriaTypes = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(10, TimeUnit.SECONDS).initialCapacity(512).build();
+    private static final Cache<Class<?>, Boolean> persistentTypes = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(Duration.ofSeconds(10)).initialCapacity(512).build();
+    private static final Cache<Class<?>, Boolean> syntheticTypes = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(Duration.ofSeconds(10)).initialCapacity(512).build();
+    private static final Cache<Class<?>, Boolean> entityCriteriaTypes = CacheBuilder.newBuilder().expireAfterAccess(Duration.ofSeconds(10)).initialCapacity(512).build();
 
     public static final String ERR_PERSISTENT_NATURE_OF_ENTITY_TYPE = "Could not determine persistent nature of entity type [%s].";
 
diff --git a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/ioc/WebResourceLoader.java b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/ioc/WebResourceLoader.java
index fbb8bb2554e..9e73c4d9870 100644
--- a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/ioc/WebResourceLoader.java
+++ b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/ioc/WebResourceLoader.java
@@ -28,8 +28,8 @@
 import java.io.InputStream;
 import java.util.*;
 
-import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
 import static java.lang.String.format;
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
 import static java.util.Collections.sort;
 import static java.util.Optional.empty;
 import static java.util.Optional.ofNullable;
diff --git a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/FileResource.java b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/FileResource.java
index 350ef0282f4..c5d9a728316 100644
--- a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/FileResource.java
+++ b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/FileResource.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@
 import java.util.Set;
 import java.util.function.Supplier;
 
-import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
 import static java.util.Optional.empty;
 import static java.util.Optional.of;
 import static org.restlet.data.MediaType.*;
diff --git a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/GraphiQLResource.java b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/GraphiQLResource.java
index 76e1283ca4e..df96fd8dd56 100644
--- a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/GraphiQLResource.java
+++ b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/GraphiQLResource.java
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package ua.com.fielden.platform.web.resources.webui;
 
-import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
 import static org.restlet.data.MediaType.TEXT_HTML;
 import static ua.com.fielden.platform.web.resources.RestServerUtil.encodedRepresentation;
 
diff --git a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/MasterTestsComponentResource.java b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/MasterTestsComponentResource.java
index f70997d57f8..7bbde18de50 100644
--- a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/MasterTestsComponentResource.java
+++ b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/MasterTestsComponentResource.java
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 import org.restlet.representation.Representation;
 import org.restlet.resource.Get;
 
-import com.google.common.base.Charsets;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.entity.AbstractEntity;
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.utils.IDates;
@@ -51,6 +51,6 @@ public MasterTestsComponentResource(
     @Get
     @Override
     public Representation get() {
-        return new EncodeRepresentation(Encoding.GZIP, new InputRepresentation(new ByteArrayInputStream(master.render().toString().getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8)), MediaType.TEXT_HTML));
+        return new EncodeRepresentation(Encoding.GZIP, new InputRepresentation(new ByteArrayInputStream(master.render().toString().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8)), MediaType.TEXT_HTML));
     }
 }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/ServiceWorkerResource.java b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/ServiceWorkerResource.java
index f2fc4c1ab12..ac23f748c8f 100644
--- a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/ServiceWorkerResource.java
+++ b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/resources/webui/ServiceWorkerResource.java
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 package ua.com.fielden.platform.web.resources.webui;
 
-import static com.google.common.base.Charsets.UTF_8;
+import static java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets.UTF_8;
 import static org.restlet.data.MediaType.TEXT_JAVASCRIPT;
 import static ua.com.fielden.platform.web.resources.RestServerUtil.encodedRepresentation;
 
diff --git a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/test/server/TgTestApplicationServerIocModule.java b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/test/server/TgTestApplicationServerIocModule.java
index f50bddb016f..1aa0dc9e988 100644
--- a/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/test/server/TgTestApplicationServerIocModule.java
+++ b/platform-web-resources/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/test/server/TgTestApplicationServerIocModule.java
@@ -22,9 +22,9 @@
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.web.annotations.AppUri;
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.web.interfaces.IUserPreferencesProvider;
 
+import java.time.Duration;
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Properties;
-import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
 
 import static java.lang.String.format;
 
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ protected void configure() {
     @Singleton
     @SessionCache Cache<String, UserSession> provideSessionCache(final @UntrustedDeviceSessionDuration int untrustedDeviceSessionDurationMins) {
         return CacheBuilder.newBuilder()
-                .expireAfterWrite(untrustedDeviceSessionDurationMins / 2, TimeUnit.MINUTES)
+                .expireAfterWrite(Duration.ofMinutes(untrustedDeviceSessionDurationMins / 2))
                 .build();
     }
 
diff --git a/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/svg/combining/IronIconsetUtility.java b/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/svg/combining/IronIconsetUtility.java
index f5cd6f9b177..2840ddb0bb2 100644
--- a/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/svg/combining/IronIconsetUtility.java
+++ b/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/svg/combining/IronIconsetUtility.java
@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
 import java.nio.file.DirectoryIteratorException;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 import java.nio.file.DirectoryStream;
 import java.nio.file.Files;
 import java.nio.file.Path;
@@ -18,8 +19,6 @@
 import java.util.List;
 import java.util.Set;
 
-import com.google.common.base.Charsets;
-
 public class IronIconsetUtility {
     public static final String FILE_BEGIN_TEMPLATE = "import '/resources/polymer/@polymer/iron-icon/iron-icon.js';%n" +
                                                      "import '/resources/polymer/@polymer/iron-iconset-svg/iron-iconset-svg.js';%n" +
@@ -39,7 +38,7 @@ public IronIconsetUtility(final String iconsetId, final int svgWidth, final Stri
 
     public void createSvgIconset(final String outputFile) throws IOException {
         try (OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(outputFile)) {
-            outputStream.write(joinFilesContent().getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8));
+            outputStream.write(joinFilesContent().getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
         }
     }
 
diff --git a/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/centre/CentreDiffSerialiser.java b/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/centre/CentreDiffSerialiser.java
index 9ac4af743ca..80fa8c2b79c 100644
--- a/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/centre/CentreDiffSerialiser.java
+++ b/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/centre/CentreDiffSerialiser.java
@@ -35,8 +35,8 @@ private CentreDiffSerialiser() {
      */
     public byte[] serialise(final Map<String, Object> diff) {
         try {
-            // logger.error("Serialised pretty JSON = |" + new String(writerWithDefaultPrettyPrinter().writeValueAsBytes(diff), Charsets.UTF_8) + "|.");
-            final byte[] bytes = writeValueAsBytes(diff); // default encoding is Charsets.UTF_8
+            // logger.error("Serialised pretty JSON = |" + new String(writerWithDefaultPrettyPrinter().writeValueAsBytes(diff), StandardCharsets.UTF_8) + "|.");
+            final byte[] bytes = writeValueAsBytes(diff); // default encoding is StandardCharsets.UTF_8
             return bytes;
         } catch (final JsonProcessingException ex) {
             throw new SerialisationException("Error during centre diff serialisation.", ex);
diff --git a/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/menu/iconset/SvgButtonsIconset.java b/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/menu/iconset/SvgButtonsIconset.java
index 175ca07a000..063fa223c72 100644
--- a/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/menu/iconset/SvgButtonsIconset.java
+++ b/platform-web-ui/src/main/java/ua/com/fielden/platform/web/menu/iconset/SvgButtonsIconset.java
@@ -5,8 +5,7 @@
 import java.io.FileOutputStream;
 import java.io.IOException;
 import java.io.OutputStream;
-
-import com.google.common.base.Charsets;
+import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
 
 import ua.com.fielden.platform.svg.combining.IronIconsetUtility;
 
@@ -19,7 +18,7 @@ public static void main(final String[] args) throws IOException {
                 "</svg>";
         for (int index = 1; index <= 9; index++) { 
             try (OutputStream outputStream = new FileOutputStream(format("src/main/resources/images/collapse-expand/number%s.svg", index))) {
-                outputStream.write(numberSvgTemplate.replace('@', (index + "").charAt(0)).getBytes(Charsets.UTF_8));
+                outputStream.write(numberSvgTemplate.replace('@', (index + "").charAt(0)).getBytes(StandardCharsets.UTF_8));
             }
         }