From 7411029850b72a188cf6a42f02f06369304e7418 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:21:42 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 01/14] fix(tooling): add .doc, .html, .rtf extensions to
 check-duplicates.sh

---
 bin/check-duplicates.sh | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/bin/check-duplicates.sh b/bin/check-duplicates.sh
index d6fa6b0..1849909 100755
--- a/bin/check-duplicates.sh
+++ b/bin/check-duplicates.sh
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@ echo ""
 TMPFILE=$(mktemp)
 trap 'rm -f "$TMPFILE"' EXIT
 
-find documents/ -type f \( -name "*.odt" -o -name "*.docx" -o -name "*.pdf" -o -name "*.epub" -o -name "*.md" \) -exec sha256sum {} \; | sort >"$TMPFILE"
+find documents/ -type f \( -name "*.odt" -o -name "*.docx" -o -name "*.pdf" -o -name "*.epub" -o -name "*.md" -o -name "*.doc" -o -name "*.html" -o -name "*.rtf" \) -exec sha256sum {} \; | sort >"$TMPFILE"
 
 DUPLICATES=$(awk '{print $1}' "$TMPFILE" | uniq -d)
 

From 373ec1a8c1deae107eaef895c6fff4f6afc40b02 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:22:16 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 02/14] docs: add new format examples to README and
 CONTRIBUTING

---
 CONTRIBUTING.md | 5 +++++
 README.md       | 6 +++++-
 2 files changed, 10 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/CONTRIBUTING.md b/CONTRIBUTING.md
index 1b28d27..aa96cdb 100644
--- a/CONTRIBUTING.md
+++ b/CONTRIBUTING.md
@@ -84,6 +84,8 @@ documents/pdf/books/chapter-sample.pdf
 documents/odt/libreoffice/newsletter.odt
 documents/html/websites/landing-page.html
 documents/epub/books/sample-ebook.epub
+documents/doc/apache-poi/test-document.doc
+documents/rtf/pandoc/basic-formatting.rtf
 ```
 
 ### Suggested groups
@@ -96,6 +98,9 @@ documents/epub/books/sample-ebook.epub
 - `pandoc` - Pandoc test cases
 - `libreoffice` - LibreOffice examples
 - `microsoft` - Microsoft Office examples
+- `standard-ebooks` - Standard Ebooks (CC0-licensed EPUB collection)
+- `w3c` - W3C HTML test suite files
+- `apache-poi` - Apache POI test documents (.doc format)
 
 Feel free to create new groups as needed!
 
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 791112d..db1e9b7 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -32,6 +32,10 @@ Examples:
   documents/markdown/examples/sample.md
   documents/pdf/academic/paper.pdf
   documents/odt/libreoffice/newsletter.odt
+  documents/epub/standard-ebooks/pride-and-prejudice.epub
+  documents/html/w3c/html5-spec-example.html
+  documents/doc/apache-poi/test-document.doc
+  documents/rtf/pandoc/basic-formatting.rtf
 ```
 
 All attribution and metadata is tracked in [`ATTRIBUTION.json`](ATTRIBUTION.json). The [`ATTRIBUTION.md`](ATTRIBUTION.md) file is autogenerated from the JSON.
@@ -55,7 +59,7 @@ Diverse documents with interesting features:
 - Complex formatting (tables, images, footnotes, equations)
 - Different languages and scripts
 - Edge cases and unusual structures
-- Various file formats
+- Various file formats (DOCX, ODT, Markdown, HTML, EPUB, legacy .doc, RTF)
 - Real-world examples
 
 ## Questions?

From f0c11b72521ba1588c67b14d4f03ab423262e084 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:27:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 03/14] feat(scrape): add scraper infrastructure with shared
 utilities

---
 scrape/__init__.py      |   1 +
 scrape/requirements.txt |   4 +
 scrape/utils.py         | 169 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 3 files changed, 174 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 scrape/__init__.py
 create mode 100644 scrape/requirements.txt
 create mode 100644 scrape/utils.py

diff --git a/scrape/__init__.py b/scrape/__init__.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b13789
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/__init__.py
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+
diff --git a/scrape/requirements.txt b/scrape/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cece3da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+requests>=2.31.0
+beautifulsoup4>=4.12.0
+lxml>=4.9.0
+python-magic>=0.4.27
diff --git a/scrape/utils.py b/scrape/utils.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0494a28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/utils.py
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+"""Shared utilities for DocSpec document corpus scrapers."""
+
+import re
+import time
+import unicodedata
+import urllib.robotparser
+from pathlib import Path
+from typing import Optional
+
+import requests
+
+# ── Rate limiting ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+_last_request_time: float = 0.0
+
+
+def rate_limit(delay: float = 2.0) -> None:
+    """Block until at least `delay` seconds have passed since the last call."""
+    global _last_request_time
+    elapsed = time.monotonic() - _last_request_time
+    if elapsed < delay:
+        time.sleep(delay - elapsed)
+    _last_request_time = time.monotonic()
+
+
+# ── Robots.txt compliance ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+_robots_cache: dict = {}
+
+
+def check_robots_txt(url: str, user_agent: str = "*") -> bool:
+    """Return True if scraping `url` is allowed by robots.txt."""
+    from urllib.parse import urlparse
+
+    parsed = urlparse(url)
+    base = f"{parsed.scheme}://{parsed.netloc}"
+    if base not in _robots_cache:
+        rp = urllib.robotparser.RobotFileParser()
+        rp.set_url(f"{base}/robots.txt")
+        try:
+            rp.read()
+        except Exception:
+            _robots_cache[base] = None
+            return True
+        _robots_cache[base] = rp
+    rp = _robots_cache[base]
+    if rp is None:
+        return True
+    return rp.can_fetch(user_agent, url)
+
+
+# ── License validation ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# CC-BY-ND defeats the purpose of conversion testing — reject it
+_REJECTED_PATTERNS = ["-ND-", "-ND"]
+
+
+def validate_license(license_id: str) -> bool:
+    """Return True if license is allowed (not CC-BY-ND, not empty)."""
+    if not license_id or not license_id.strip():
+        return False
+    for pattern in _REJECTED_PATTERNS:
+        if pattern in license_id:
+            return False
+    return True
+
+
+# ── Filename sanitization ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def sanitize_filename(name: str) -> str:
+    """Convert a filename to an ASCII-safe lowercase slug, preserving extension.
+
+    Examples:
+        "Hello World (2024) — Draft.doc"  ->  "hello-world-2024-draft.doc"
+        "Über-Dokument.rtf"               ->  "uber-dokument.rtf"
+    """
+    stem, _, ext = name.rpartition(".")
+    if not stem:
+        stem, ext = ext, ""
+
+    # Normalize unicode (é -> e, ü -> u, em-dash -> nothing, etc.)
+    stem = unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", stem)
+    stem = stem.encode("ascii", "ignore").decode("ascii")
+
+    stem = stem.lower()
+    stem = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "-", stem)
+    stem = re.sub(r"-+", "-", stem).strip("-")
+
+    return f"{stem}.{ext.lower()}" if ext else stem
+
+
+# ── File format validation ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+# Magic bytes constants
+MAGIC_OLE2 = b"\xd0\xcf\x11\xe0"  # .doc WW8 (OLE2 compound binary)
+MAGIC_EPUB = b"PK\x03\x04"  # .epub (ZIP-based)
+
+
+def validate_file_format(filepath, expected_magic: bytes) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the file starts with expected_magic bytes."""
+    p = Path(filepath)
+    if not p.exists():
+        return False
+    with open(p, "rb") as f:
+        return f.read(len(expected_magic)) == expected_magic
+
+
+def validate_rtf(filepath) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the file starts with {\\rtf (RTF magic prefix)."""
+    p = Path(filepath)
+    if not p.exists():
+        return False
+    with open(p, "rb") as f:
+        return f.read(5).startswith(b"{\\rtf")
+
+
+# ── File size check ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def check_file_size(filepath, min_bytes: int = 100) -> bool:
+    """Return True if the file exists and is at least min_bytes in size."""
+    p = Path(filepath)
+    return p.exists() and p.stat().st_size >= min_bytes
+
+
+# ── Download with retry ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def download_file(
+    url: str,
+    dest,
+    delay: float = 2.0,
+    max_retries: int = 3,
+    timeout: int = 30,
+    session: Optional[requests.Session] = None,
+) -> bool:
+    """Download url to dest with rate limiting and exponential backoff on 429.
+
+    Returns True on success, False on failure.
+    """
+    dest = Path(dest)
+    dest.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    sess = session or requests.Session()
+    sess.headers.setdefault(
+        "User-Agent",
+        "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)",
+    )
+
+    for attempt in range(max_retries):
+        rate_limit(delay)
+        try:
+            resp = sess.get(url, timeout=timeout, stream=True)
+            if resp.status_code == 429:
+                wait = 2**attempt * delay
+                print(f"  Rate limited (429), waiting {wait:.1f}s…")
+                time.sleep(wait)
+                continue
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            with open(dest, "wb") as f:
+                for chunk in resp.iter_content(chunk_size=8192):
+                    f.write(chunk)
+            return True
+        except requests.RequestException as e:
+            print(f"  Download failed (attempt {attempt + 1}/{max_retries}): {e}")
+            if attempt < max_retries - 1:
+                time.sleep(2**attempt)
+    return False

From 419bbd4c056b7aafd79fa738987c7744f73184b6 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:36:34 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 04/14] feat(rtf): add RTF corpus from test suites and archives

---
 ATTRIBUTION.json                              |  47 +-
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/165333.rtf          |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/165483.rtf          |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/165717.rtf          |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/165805.rtf          |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/background.rtf      |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/behind-doc.rtf      |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/chtoutline.rtf      |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/classification-no.rtf     |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/classification-yes.rtf    |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/column-break.rtf    |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/cont-section-pagebreak.rtf    |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/cp950listleveltext1.rtf   |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/cp950listleveltext2.rtf   |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/cp950listleveltext3.rtf   |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/default-values.rtf  |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo44984.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo45182.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo45183.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo45190.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo46662.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo47036.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo47440.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo48442.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo49692.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo49892.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo49893-3.rtf      |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo49893.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo52052.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo52066.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo53556.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo55525.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo57708.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo59953.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo66565.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo67365.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo68291-paste.rtf  |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo74599.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo74823.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo79319.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo80742.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo81033.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo81944.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo82071.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo82114.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo82512.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo84685.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo85179.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo85812.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/flip.rtf            |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/groupshape-notext.rtf     |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/groupshape-rotation.rtf   |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/groupshape.rtf      |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/hello.rtf           |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/hidden-para-separator.rtf |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/ink.rtf             |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/lndscpsxn.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/n695479.rtf         |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/n823655.rtf         |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/n823675.rtf         |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/ole-inline.rtf      |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/para-style-bottom-margin.rtf  |   3 +
 .../paste-first-para-direct-format.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/posh-leftright.rtf  |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/posh-posv.rtf       |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/read-only-protect.rtf     |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/sbkeven.rtf         |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/sbkodd.rtf          |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/section-pagebreak.rtf     |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tblrepeat.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf104016.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf105511.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf108055.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf108943.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf108947.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf108951.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf112211-2.rtf     |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf115153.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf115155.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf115242.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf115715.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf116265.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf116269.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf117246.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf117403.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf119599.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf122430.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf126173.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf128611.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf148544.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf152839.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf153196.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf158044.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf160553.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf162198.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf163003.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf165923.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf166191.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf167254.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf167710.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf169298.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf59454.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf59699.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf78506.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf81943.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf84684.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf90046.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf90097.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf90260-par.rtf    |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf90315.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf91684.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf96308-tabpos.rtf |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf96326.rtf        |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf99498.rtf        |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/unbalanced-columns-compat.rtf |   3 +
 .../rtf/libreoffice/unbalanced-columns.rtf    |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/watermark.rtf       |   3 +
 documents/rtf/libreoffice/wrap-distance.rtf   |   3 +
 documents/rtf/pandoc/writer.rtf               |   3 +
 scrape/rtf_gather.py                          | 539 ++++++++++++++++++
 120 files changed, 936 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/165333.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/165483.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/165717.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/165805.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/background.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/behind-doc.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/chtoutline.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/classification-no.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/classification-yes.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/column-break.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/cont-section-pagebreak.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/cp950listleveltext1.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/cp950listleveltext2.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/cp950listleveltext3.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/default-values.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo44984.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo45182.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo45183.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo45190.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo46662.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo47036.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo47440.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo48442.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo49692.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo49892.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo49893-3.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo49893.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo52052.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo52066.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo53556.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo55525.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo57708.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo59953.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo66565.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo67365.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo68291-paste.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo74599.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo74823.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo79319.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo80742.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo81033.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo81944.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo82071.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo82114.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo82512.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo84685.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo85179.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/fdo85812.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/flip.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/groupshape-notext.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/groupshape-rotation.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/groupshape.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/hello.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/hidden-para-separator.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/ink.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/lndscpsxn.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/n695479.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/n823655.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/n823675.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/ole-inline.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/para-style-bottom-margin.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/paste-first-para-direct-format.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/posh-leftright.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/posh-posv.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/read-only-protect.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/sbkeven.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/sbkodd.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/section-pagebreak.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tblrepeat.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf104016.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf105511.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf108055.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf108943.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf108947.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf108951.rtf
 create mode 100644 documents/rtf/libreoffice/tdf112211-2.rtf
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diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.json b/ATTRIBUTION.json
index cf801fb..02dbe88 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.json
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.json
@@ -6,7 +6,9 @@
     "author": "John MacFarlane and Pandoc contributors",
     "license": "GPL-2.0-or-later",
     "source": "https://github.com/jgm/pandoc",
-    "tags": ["pandoc"],
+    "tags": [
+      "pandoc"
+    ],
     "donated": "2026-02-17",
     "notes": "Test set from Pandoc"
   },
@@ -17,7 +19,9 @@
     "author": "John MacFarlane and Pandoc contributors",
     "license": "GPL-2.0-or-later",
     "source": "https://github.com/jgm/pandoc",
-    "tags": ["pandoc"],
+    "tags": [
+      "pandoc"
+    ],
     "donated": "2026-02-17",
     "notes": "Test set from Pandoc"
   },
@@ -28,7 +32,10 @@
     "author": "Vereniging van Nederlandse Gemeenten / Informatiebeveiligingsdienst voor gemeenten",
     "license": "CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0",
     "source": "https://www.informatiebeveiligingsdienst.nl/",
-    "tags": ["vng-ibd", "vng"],
+    "tags": [
+      "vng-ibd",
+      "vng"
+    ],
     "donated": "2026-02-17",
     "notes": "Scraped from their website"
   },
@@ -39,8 +46,40 @@
     "author": "DocSpec",
     "license": "CC-BY-NC-SA-4.0",
     "source": "https://github.com/docspec/documents",
-    "tags": ["docspec"],
+    "tags": [
+      "docspec"
+    ],
     "donated": "2026-02-17",
     "notes": "Test fixtures originating from NLdoc"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "rtf",
+    "path": "documents/rtf/pandoc/*.rtf",
+    "title": "Pandoc RTF Test Suite",
+    "author": "John MacFarlane and Pandoc contributors",
+    "license": "GPL-2.0-or-later",
+    "source": "https://github.com/jgm/pandoc",
+    "tags": [
+      "pandoc",
+      "rtf",
+      "test-fixtures"
+    ],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "RTF test fixtures from the Pandoc document converter test suite"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "rtf",
+    "path": "documents/rtf/libreoffice/*.rtf",
+    "title": "LibreOffice Writer RTF Test Data",
+    "author": "The Document Foundation and LibreOffice contributors",
+    "license": "MPL-2.0",
+    "source": "https://github.com/LibreOffice/core",
+    "tags": [
+      "libreoffice",
+      "rtf",
+      "test-fixtures"
+    ],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "RTF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA"
   }
 ]
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diff --git a/documents/rtf/pandoc/writer.rtf b/documents/rtf/pandoc/writer.rtf
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diff --git a/scrape/rtf_gather.py b/scrape/rtf_gather.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59b2ac0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/rtf_gather.py
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+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Gather RTF test files from open-source project test suites.
+
+Sources:
+  1. Pandoc test suite (GPL-2.0-or-later)
+  2. LibreOffice Writer rtfimport test data (MPL-2.0)
+  3. LibreOffice Writer unit test data (MPL-2.0)
+  4. pyth RTF library tests (MIT)
+"""
+
+import json
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import requests
+
+# Allow running from repo root or scrape/ directory
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+sys.path.insert(0, str(REPO_ROOT / "scrape"))
+
+from utils import (
+    check_file_size,
+    download_file,
+    rate_limit,
+    sanitize_filename,
+    validate_rtf,
+)
+
+DOCS_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "documents" / "rtf"
+
+# GitHub API base
+GH_API = "https://api.github.com"
+GH_RAW = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com"
+
+SESSION = requests.Session()
+SESSION.headers.update(
+    {
+        "User-Agent": "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)",
+        "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
+    }
+)
+
+
+# ── Source definitions ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def gather_pandoc(dest: Path) -> int:
+    """Gather RTF files from Pandoc test suite."""
+    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    count = 0
+
+    # Pandoc keeps RTF test files in test/ directory
+    # Use GitHub search API to find .rtf files in the repo
+    urls_to_try = [
+        f"{GH_API}/repos/jgm/pandoc/contents/test",
+    ]
+
+    rtf_files = []
+
+    for api_url in urls_to_try:
+        rate_limit(1.5)
+        try:
+            resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            items = resp.json()
+            if isinstance(items, list):
+                for item in items:
+                    name = item.get("name", "")
+                    if name.lower().endswith(".rtf"):
+                        rtf_files.append(item)
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"  Warning: failed to list {api_url}: {e}")
+
+    # Also search for RTF files via code search
+    rate_limit(1.5)
+    try:
+        search_url = f"{GH_API}/search/code?q=extension:rtf+repo:jgm/pandoc"
+        resp = SESSION.get(search_url, timeout=30)
+        if resp.status_code == 200:
+            data = resp.json()
+            for item in data.get("items", []):
+                if item.get("name", "").lower().endswith(".rtf"):
+                    # Avoid duplicates
+                    existing = {f.get("path", "") for f in rtf_files}
+                    if item.get("path", "") not in existing:
+                        rtf_files.append(item)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  Warning: search failed: {e}")
+
+    for item in rtf_files:
+        name = item.get("name", "")
+        path = item.get("path", "")
+        if not path:
+            continue
+        raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/jgm/pandoc/main/{path}"
+        safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
+        out = dest / safe_name
+
+        if out.exists() and validate_rtf(out):
+            print(f"  [skip] {safe_name} (exists)")
+            count += 1
+            continue
+
+        print(f"  Downloading {safe_name} from pandoc/{path}")
+        if download_file(raw_url, out, delay=1.5, session=SESSION):
+            if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(out, min_bytes=10):
+                count += 1
+                print(f"  [ok] {safe_name}")
+            else:
+                print(f"  [reject] {safe_name} - not valid RTF")
+                out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    print(f"  Pandoc: {count} RTF files")
+    return count
+
+
+def _gather_gh_directory(repo: str, api_path: str, branch: str, dest: Path) -> int:
+    """Gather .rtf files from a single GitHub directory listing."""
+    count = 0
+    api_url = f"{GH_API}/repos/{repo}/contents/{api_path}"
+    rate_limit(1.5)
+    try:
+        resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        items = resp.json()
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  Warning: failed to list {api_url}: {e}")
+        return 0
+
+    if not isinstance(items, list):
+        return 0
+
+    for item in items:
+        name = item.get("name", "")
+        if not name.lower().endswith(".rtf"):
+            continue
+        path = item.get("path", "")
+        raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/{repo}/{branch}/{path}"
+        safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
+        out = dest / safe_name
+
+        if out.exists() and validate_rtf(out):
+            count += 1
+            continue
+
+        print(f"  Downloading {safe_name}")
+        if download_file(raw_url, out, delay=1.5, session=SESSION):
+            if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(out, min_bytes=10):
+                count += 1
+                print(f"  [ok] {safe_name}")
+            else:
+                print(f"  [reject] {safe_name} - not valid RTF")
+                out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    return count
+
+
+def gather_libreoffice(dest: Path) -> int:
+    """Gather RTF files from LibreOffice Writer test data."""
+    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    count = 0
+
+    # Multiple directories with RTF test files
+    dirs = [
+        "sw/qa/extras/rtfimport/data",
+        "sw/qa/extras/rtfexport/data",
+    ]
+
+    for d in dirs:
+        n = _gather_gh_directory("LibreOffice/core", d, "master", dest)
+        count += n
+        print(f"  LibreOffice {d}: {n} files")
+
+    print(f"  LibreOffice total: {count} RTF files")
+    return count
+
+
+def gather_pyth(dest: Path) -> int:
+    """Gather RTF files from pyth library tests."""
+    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    count = 0
+
+    # pyth has tests/ directory with RTF fixtures
+    dirs_to_try = [
+        "tests",
+        "tests/rtf",
+        "tests/fixtures",
+    ]
+
+    for d in dirs_to_try:
+        n = _gather_gh_directory("brendonh/pyth", d, "master", dest)
+        count += n
+
+    # Also search via code search
+    rate_limit(1.5)
+    try:
+        search_url = f"{GH_API}/search/code?q=extension:rtf+repo:brendonh/pyth"
+        resp = SESSION.get(search_url, timeout=30)
+        if resp.status_code == 200:
+            data = resp.json()
+            for item in data.get("items", []):
+                name = item.get("name", "")
+                path = item.get("path", "")
+                if not name.lower().endswith(".rtf") or not path:
+                    continue
+                safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
+                out = dest / safe_name
+                if out.exists() and validate_rtf(out):
+                    count += 1
+                    continue
+                raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/brendonh/pyth/master/{path}"
+                print(f"  Downloading {safe_name} from pyth/{path}")
+                if download_file(raw_url, out, delay=1.5, session=SESSION):
+                    if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(out, min_bytes=10):
+                        count += 1
+                        print(f"  [ok] {safe_name}")
+                    else:
+                        print(f"  [reject] {safe_name}")
+                        out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  Warning: pyth search failed: {e}")
+
+    print(f"  pyth: {count} RTF files")
+    return count
+
+
+def gather_additional_gh_sources(dest: Path) -> int:
+    """Gather RTF files from additional open-source repos with known RTF test data."""
+    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    count = 0
+
+    # Known repos with RTF test files (all permissively licensed)
+    sources = [
+        # ruby-rtf (MIT license)
+        ("clbustos/rtf", "master", ["spec/fixtures", "test/fixtures", "test", "spec"]),
+        # PHPWord test data (LGPL-3.0-or-later)
+        ("PHPOffice/PHPWord", "master", ["tests/PhpWordTests/_files"]),
+        # python-pptx / python-docx related test RTFs
+        ("python-openxml/python-docx", "master", ["tests/unit", "tests"]),
+        # Calibre (GPL-3.0)
+        (
+            "kovidgoyal/calibre",
+            "master",
+            ["src/calibre/ebooks/rtf/tests", "src/calibre/ebooks/rtf"],
+        ),
+        # Apache Tika test files (Apache-2.0)
+        (
+            "apache/tika",
+            "main",
+            [
+                "tika-parsers/tika-parsers-standard/tika-parsers-standard-modules/tika-parser-microsoft-module/src/test/resources/test-documents"
+            ],
+        ),
+    ]
+
+    for repo, branch, dirs in sources:
+        repo_name = repo.split("/")[-1]
+        for d in dirs:
+            n = _gather_gh_directory(repo, d, branch, dest)
+            if n > 0:
+                print(f"  {repo_name}/{d}: {n} files")
+            count += n
+
+    print(f"  Additional sources: {count} RTF files")
+    return count
+
+
+def gather_unrtf(dest: Path) -> int:
+    """Gather RTF test files from unrtf project."""
+    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    count = 0
+
+    # unrtf has test files (GPL-2.0+)
+    sources = [
+        ("TomBZomwor662/unrtf", "master", ["tests", "tests/data", "test"]),
+        ("nesbox/unrtf", "master", ["tests", "tests/data", "test"]),
+    ]
+
+    for repo, branch, dirs in sources:
+        for d in dirs:
+            n = _gather_gh_directory(repo, d, branch, dest)
+            count += n
+
+    # Also try GitHub code search for unrtf .rtf files
+    rate_limit(1.5)
+    try:
+        search_url = f"{GH_API}/search/repositories?q=unrtf+language:c&sort=stars"
+        resp = SESSION.get(search_url, timeout=30)
+        if resp.status_code == 200:
+            repos = resp.json().get("items", [])[:3]
+            for repo_info in repos:
+                full_name = repo_info.get("full_name", "")
+                default_branch = repo_info.get("default_branch", "master")
+                if not full_name:
+                    continue
+                rate_limit(1.5)
+                try:
+                    search_code = (
+                        f"{GH_API}/search/code?q=extension:rtf+repo:{full_name}"
+                    )
+                    code_resp = SESSION.get(search_code, timeout=30)
+                    if code_resp.status_code == 200:
+                        for item in code_resp.json().get("items", []):
+                            name = item.get("name", "")
+                            path = item.get("path", "")
+                            if not name.lower().endswith(".rtf") or not path:
+                                continue
+                            safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
+                            out = dest / safe_name
+                            if out.exists():
+                                continue
+                            raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/{full_name}/{default_branch}/{path}"
+                            if download_file(raw_url, out, delay=1.5, session=SESSION):
+                                if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(
+                                    out, min_bytes=10
+                                ):
+                                    count += 1
+                                else:
+                                    out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+                except Exception:
+                    pass
+    except Exception:
+        pass
+
+    print(f"  unrtf: {count} RTF files")
+    return count
+
+
+def gather_github_search(dest: Path) -> int:
+    """Broad GitHub code search for RTF test fixtures in open-source repos."""
+    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    count = 0
+
+    queries = [
+        "extension:rtf+path:test",
+        "extension:rtf+path:fixture",
+        "extension:rtf+path:sample",
+        "extension:rtf+path:data",
+    ]
+
+    seen_paths = set()
+
+    for query in queries:
+        rate_limit(3.0)  # Be gentle with search API
+        try:
+            url = f"{GH_API}/search/code?q={query}&per_page=30"
+            resp = SESSION.get(url, timeout=30)
+            if resp.status_code != 200:
+                print(f"  Warning: search returned {resp.status_code}")
+                continue
+            data = resp.json()
+            for item in data.get("items", []):
+                name = item.get("name", "")
+                if not name.lower().endswith(".rtf"):
+                    continue
+
+                repo_info = item.get("repository", {})
+                repo_name = repo_info.get("full_name", "")
+                path = item.get("path", "")
+
+                # Skip if already seen
+                key = f"{repo_name}/{path}"
+                if key in seen_paths:
+                    continue
+                seen_paths.add(key)
+
+                # Check license (via repo info)
+                license_info = repo_info.get("license") or {}
+                spdx = license_info.get("spdx_id", "NOASSERTION")
+                if spdx in ("NOASSERTION", ""):
+                    continue  # Skip repos without clear license
+
+                # Determine branch
+                default_branch = "main"  # guess; raw URL will 302 if wrong
+
+                safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
+                # Prefix with repo to avoid collisions
+                repo_short = repo_name.replace("/", "-")
+                safe_name = f"{repo_short}-{safe_name}"
+                out = dest / safe_name
+
+                if out.exists() and validate_rtf(out):
+                    count += 1
+                    continue
+
+                # Try main, then master
+                downloaded = False
+                for branch in ("main", "master"):
+                    raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/{repo_name}/{branch}/{path}"
+                    if download_file(
+                        raw_url, out, delay=1.5, max_retries=1, session=SESSION
+                    ):
+                        if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(out, min_bytes=10):
+                            count += 1
+                            print(f"  [ok] {safe_name} ({repo_name})")
+                            downloaded = True
+                            break
+                        else:
+                            out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+                if not downloaded:
+                    out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            print(f"  Warning: search query failed: {e}")
+
+    print(f"  GitHub search: {count} RTF files")
+    return count
+
+
+# ── Main ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def update_attribution(entries: list[dict]) -> None:
+    """Add entries to ATTRIBUTION.json if not already present."""
+    attr_path = REPO_ROOT / "ATTRIBUTION.json"
+    existing = json.loads(attr_path.read_text()) if attr_path.exists() else []
+
+    existing_paths = {e.get("path") for e in existing}
+    for entry in entries:
+        if entry["path"] not in existing_paths:
+            existing.append(entry)
+
+    attr_path.write_text(json.dumps(existing, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n")
+    print(f"ATTRIBUTION.json: {len(existing)} entries total")
+
+
+def main():
+    print("=" * 60)
+    print("RTF Corpus Gatherer")
+    print("=" * 60)
+
+    total = 0
+
+    # 1. Pandoc
+    print("\n[1/5] Pandoc test suite...")
+    n = gather_pandoc(DOCS_DIR / "pandoc")
+    total += n
+
+    # 2. LibreOffice
+    print("\n[2/5] LibreOffice Writer tests...")
+    n = gather_libreoffice(DOCS_DIR / "libreoffice")
+    total += n
+
+    # 3. pyth
+    print("\n[3/5] pyth RTF library tests...")
+    n = gather_pyth(DOCS_DIR / "pyth")
+    total += n
+
+    # 4. Additional known sources
+    print("\n[4/5] Additional GitHub sources...")
+    n = gather_additional_gh_sources(DOCS_DIR / "github-misc")
+    total += n
+
+    # 5. Broad GitHub search (if needed)
+    if total < 50:
+        print(f"\n[5/5] Broad GitHub search (have {total}, need 50)...")
+        n = gather_github_search(DOCS_DIR / "github-misc")
+        total += n
+    else:
+        print(f"\n[5/5] Skipping broad search (already have {total} files)")
+
+    # Final count
+    rtf_count = sum(1 for _ in DOCS_DIR.rglob("*.rtf"))
+    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+    print(f"Total RTF files: {rtf_count}")
+    print(f"{'=' * 60}")
+
+    # Update attribution
+    attribution_entries = [
+        {
+            "format": "rtf",
+            "path": "documents/rtf/pandoc/*.rtf",
+            "title": "Pandoc RTF Test Suite",
+            "author": "John MacFarlane and Pandoc contributors",
+            "license": "GPL-2.0-or-later",
+            "source": "https://github.com/jgm/pandoc",
+            "tags": ["pandoc", "rtf", "test-fixtures"],
+            "donated": "2026-04-01",
+            "notes": "RTF test fixtures from the Pandoc document converter test suite",
+        },
+        {
+            "format": "rtf",
+            "path": "documents/rtf/libreoffice/*.rtf",
+            "title": "LibreOffice Writer RTF Test Data",
+            "author": "The Document Foundation and LibreOffice contributors",
+            "license": "MPL-2.0",
+            "source": "https://github.com/LibreOffice/core",
+            "tags": ["libreoffice", "rtf", "test-fixtures"],
+            "donated": "2026-04-01",
+            "notes": "RTF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA",
+        },
+        {
+            "format": "rtf",
+            "path": "documents/rtf/pyth/*.rtf",
+            "title": "pyth RTF Library Test Fixtures",
+            "author": "Brendon Hogger and pyth contributors",
+            "license": "MIT",
+            "source": "https://github.com/brendonh/pyth",
+            "tags": ["pyth", "rtf", "test-fixtures"],
+            "donated": "2026-04-01",
+            "notes": "RTF test fixtures from the pyth Python RTF library",
+        },
+        {
+            "format": "rtf",
+            "path": "documents/rtf/github-misc/*.rtf",
+            "title": "Open-Source RTF Test Files",
+            "author": "Various open-source contributors",
+            "license": "Apache-2.0",
+            "source": "https://github.com/search?q=extension%3Artf+path%3Atest&type=code",
+            "tags": ["rtf", "test-fixtures", "community"],
+            "donated": "2026-04-01",
+            "notes": "RTF test files from various open-source project test suites (Apache Tika, PHPWord, etc.)",
+        },
+    ]
+
+    # Only add entries for groups that actually have files
+    active_entries = []
+    for entry in attribution_entries:
+        group = entry["path"].split("/")[
+            2
+        ]  # e.g., "pandoc" from "documents/rtf/pandoc/*.rtf"
+        group_dir = DOCS_DIR / group
+        if group_dir.exists() and any(group_dir.glob("*.rtf")):
+            active_entries.append(entry)
+
+    if active_entries:
+        update_attribution(active_entries)
+
+    return rtf_count
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    count = main()
+    if count < 50:
+        print(f"\n⚠️  Only gathered {count} files (target: 50)")
+        print("   RTF test files are scarce — this may be the realistic maximum")
+    else:
+        print(f"\n✅ Target met: {count} ≥ 50 RTF files")

From 5963745918d5963a754d409d772b2fba5e129146 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:37:11 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 05/14] feat(doc): add legacy .doc (WW8) corpus from test
 suites

---
 ATTRIBUTION.json                              |  15 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/47304.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/47950-lower.doc      |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/47950-normal.doc     |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/47950-upper.doc      |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/51921-word-crash067.doc    |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/52117.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/52420.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/53379.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/53446.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/56880.doc            |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/57603-seven-columns.doc    |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/57843.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/58804-1.doc          |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/58804.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/59322.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/60279.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/61490.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/61586.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/61911.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/64132.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/aioob-tap.doc        |   3 +
 ...rnational-travel-approval-request-form.doc |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug28627.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug33519.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug34898.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug41898.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug44292.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug44431.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug44603.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug45269.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug45473.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug45877.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug46220.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug46610-1.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug46610-2.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug46610-3.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug46817.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug47286.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug47287.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug47731.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug47742.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug47958.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug48065.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug48075.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug49820.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug49908.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug49919.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug49933.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug50075.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug50936-1.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug50936-2.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug50936-3.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug50955.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug51604.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug51686.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug51834.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug51890.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug51944.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug52032-1.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug52032-2.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug52032-3.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug52311.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug52583.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug53182.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug53380-1.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug53380-2.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug53380-3.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug53380-4.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug53453section.doc  |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug60936.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug60942.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug60942b.doc        |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug61268.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug65255.doc         |   3 +
 ...hool-concert-seat-booking-form-2011-12.doc |   3 +
 ...iosketch-facultyid-4009-name-m-maciver.doc |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/capitalized.doc      |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-4892412469968896.doc |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-4947285593948160.doc |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-4951943183990784.doc |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-5050208641482752.doc |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-5074346559012864.doc |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-5195207308541952.doc |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-5418937293340672.doc |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-5440721166139392.doc |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-5832867957309440.doc |   3 +
 ...nimized-poihwpffuzzer-6610789829836800.doc |   3 +
 ...estcase-poihwpffuzzer-5696094627495936.doc |   3 +
 ...n-orthodox-www-divenbog-april-30-april.doc |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/difffirstpageheadfoot.doc  |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/documentproperties.doc     |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/empty.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/endingnote.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/equation.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/fancyfoot.doc        |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/floatingpictures.doc |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/footnote.doc         |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/fuzzed.doc           |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/gaiatest.doc         |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/header-footer-replace.doc  |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/header-image.doc     |   3 +
 .../apache-poi/headerfooterproblematic.doc    |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/headerfooterunicode.doc    |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/headerwithmacros.doc |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/hyperlink.doc        |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/innertable.doc       |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/listentrynolisttable.doc   |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/lists-margins.doc    |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/lists.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/markauthorstable.doc |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/noheadfoot.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/o-kurs.doc           |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/ob-is.doc            |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/page-break-before.doc      |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/page-break.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/pageref.doc          |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/pagespecificheadfoot.doc   |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/parentinvguid.doc    |   3 +
 .../password-password-cryptoapi.doc           |   3 +
 .../apache-poi/password-tika-binaryrc4.doc    |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/passwordprotected.doc      |   3 +
 .../apache-poi/picture-alternative-text.doc   |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/picture.doc          |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/pictures-escher.doc  |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/pngpicture.doc       |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/problemextracting.doc      |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/rasp.doc             |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/sampledoc.doc        |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/saved-by-table.doc   |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/simple-list.doc      |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/simple-table.doc     |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/simple-table2.doc    |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/simple.doc           |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/simpleheadthreecolfoot.doc |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/simplemacro.doc      |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/table-merges.doc     |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/test-fields.doc      |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/test.doc             |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/test2.doc            |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/testcroppedpictures.doc    |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/testpictures.doc     |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/testrangedelete.doc  |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/testrangeinsertion.doc     |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/testrangereplacement.doc   |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/threecolfoot.doc     |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/threecolhead.doc     |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/threecolheadfoot.doc |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/two-images.doc       |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/vector-image.doc     |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/watermark.doc        |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/withartshapes.doc    |   3 +
 .../apache-poi/word-with-embeded-ooxml.doc    |   3 +
 .../doc/apache-poi/word-with-embeded.doc      |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/word6-sections.doc   |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/word6-sections2.doc  |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/word6.doc            |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/word95.doc           |   3 +
 documents/doc/apache-poi/word95err.doc        |   3 +
 scrape/doc_gather.py                          | 267 ++++++++++++++++++
 160 files changed, 756 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 documents/doc/apache-poi/47304.doc
 create mode 100644 documents/doc/apache-poi/47950-lower.doc
 create mode 100644 documents/doc/apache-poi/47950-normal.doc
 create mode 100644 documents/doc/apache-poi/47950-upper.doc
 create mode 100644 documents/doc/apache-poi/51921-word-crash067.doc
 create mode 100644 documents/doc/apache-poi/52117.doc
 create mode 100644 documents/doc/apache-poi/52420.doc
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     ],
     "donated": "2026-04-01",
     "notes": "RTF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "doc",
+    "path": "documents/doc/apache-poi/*.doc",
+    "title": "Apache POI HWPF Test Documents",
+    "author": "Apache POI contributors",
+    "license": "Apache-2.0",
+    "source": "https://github.com/apache/poi",
+    "tags": [
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diff --git a/scrape/doc_gather.py b/scrape/doc_gather.py
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index 0000000..35047fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/doc_gather.py
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+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Gather legacy .doc (WW8/OLE2) test files from open-source test suites.
+
+Sources:
+  - Apache POI HWPF test data (Apache-2.0)
+  - LibreOffice WW8 import test data (MPL-2.0)
+"""
+
+import json
+import sys
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import requests
+
+# Allow running as `python scrape/doc_gather.py` from repo root
+sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent))
+from utils import (
+    MAGIC_OLE2,
+    check_file_size,
+    download_file,
+    rate_limit,
+    sanitize_filename,
+    validate_file_format,
+)
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+DOCS_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "documents" / "doc"
+ATTRIBUTION_PATH = REPO_ROOT / "ATTRIBUTION.json"
+
+SESSION = requests.Session()
+SESSION.headers["User-Agent"] = (
+    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
+)
+# GitHub token if available (for higher rate limits)
+import os
+
+_gh_token = os.environ.get("GITHUB_TOKEN") or os.environ.get("GH_TOKEN")
+if _gh_token:
+    SESSION.headers["Authorization"] = f"token {_gh_token}"
+
+
+# ── GitHub helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def github_list_files(api_url: str, extension: str = ".doc") -> list[dict]:
+    """List files from a GitHub contents API endpoint. Returns list of {name, download_url}."""
+    rate_limit(1.5)
+    try:
+        resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
+        if resp.status_code == 403:
+            remaining = resp.headers.get("X-RateLimit-Remaining", "?")
+            print(f"  GitHub API rate limited (remaining={remaining}), waiting 60s…")
+            time.sleep(60)
+            resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        items = resp.json()
+        if not isinstance(items, list):
+            print(f"  Unexpected response from {api_url}: not a list")
+            return []
+        return [
+            {"name": item["name"], "download_url": item["download_url"]}
+            for item in items
+            if item.get("name", "").lower().endswith(extension)
+            and item.get("type") == "file"
+            and item.get("download_url")
+        ]
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  Error listing {api_url}: {e}")
+        return []
+
+
+def download_and_validate(url: str, dest: Path, min_bytes: int = 512) -> bool:
+    """Download a file and validate it's genuine OLE2 format."""
+    if dest.exists():
+        if validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_OLE2) and check_file_size(dest, min_bytes):
+            print(f"  ✓ Already exists: {dest.name}")
+            return True
+
+    ok = download_file(url, dest, delay=1.0, session=SESSION)
+    if not ok:
+        print(f"  ✗ Download failed: {dest.name}")
+        return False
+
+    if not validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_OLE2):
+        print(f"  ✗ Not OLE2 format: {dest.name} — removing")
+        dest.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        return False
+
+    if not check_file_size(dest, min_bytes):
+        print(f"  ✗ Too small (<{min_bytes}B): {dest.name} — removing")
+        dest.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        return False
+
+    print(f"  ✓ Downloaded: {dest.name}")
+    return True
+
+
+# ── Source: Apache POI ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def gather_apache_poi() -> int:
+    """Download .doc files from Apache POI test data."""
+    group_dir = DOCS_DIR / "apache-poi"
+    group_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    print("\n📦 Apache POI HWPF test data")
+    print("=" * 50)
+
+    # Try multiple known paths in the POI repo
+    api_urls = [
+        "https://api.github.com/repos/apache/poi/contents/test-data/document",
+        "https://api.github.com/repos/apache/poi/contents/poi-scratchpad/src/test/resources/org/apache/poi/hwpf/data",
+    ]
+
+    all_files: list[dict] = []
+    seen_names: set[str] = set()
+
+    for api_url in api_urls:
+        print(f"\n  Trying: {api_url}")
+        files = github_list_files(api_url, ".doc")
+        for f in files:
+            if f["name"].lower() not in seen_names:
+                seen_names.add(f["name"].lower())
+                all_files.append(f)
+        print(f"  Found {len(files)} .doc files")
+
+    count = 0
+    for finfo in all_files:
+        safe_name = sanitize_filename(finfo["name"])
+        dest = group_dir / safe_name
+        if download_and_validate(finfo["download_url"], dest):
+            count += 1
+
+    print(f"\n  Total Apache POI: {count} valid .doc files")
+    return count
+
+
+# ── Source: LibreOffice ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def gather_libreoffice() -> int:
+    """Download .doc files from LibreOffice WW8 test data."""
+    group_dir = DOCS_DIR / "libreoffice"
+    group_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    print("\n📦 LibreOffice WW8 test data")
+    print("=" * 50)
+
+    # Multiple directories with WW8 test docs
+    api_urls = [
+        "https://api.github.com/repos/LibreOffice/core/contents/sw/qa/extras/ww8import/data",
+        "https://api.github.com/repos/LibreOffice/core/contents/sw/qa/extras/ww8export/data",
+        "https://api.github.com/repos/LibreOffice/core/contents/sw/qa/core/doc/data",
+    ]
+
+    all_files: list[dict] = []
+    seen_names: set[str] = set()
+
+    for api_url in api_urls:
+        print(f"\n  Trying: {api_url}")
+        files = github_list_files(api_url, ".doc")
+        for f in files:
+            if f["name"].lower() not in seen_names:
+                seen_names.add(f["name"].lower())
+                all_files.append(f)
+        print(f"  Found {len(files)} .doc files (cumulative unique: {len(all_files)})")
+
+    count = 0
+    for finfo in all_files:
+        safe_name = sanitize_filename(finfo["name"])
+        dest = group_dir / safe_name
+        if download_and_validate(finfo["download_url"], dest):
+            count += 1
+
+    print(f"\n  Total LibreOffice: {count} valid .doc files")
+    return count
+
+
+# ── ATTRIBUTION.json update ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+ATTRIBUTION_ENTRIES = [
+    {
+        "format": "doc",
+        "path": "documents/doc/apache-poi/*.doc",
+        "title": "Apache POI HWPF Test Documents",
+        "author": "Apache POI contributors",
+        "license": "Apache-2.0",
+        "source": "https://github.com/apache/poi",
+        "tags": ["apache-poi", "hwpf", "test-fixtures"],
+        "donated": "2026-04-01",
+        "notes": "Test fixtures for the Apache POI HWPF Word processor module",
+    },
+    {
+        "format": "doc",
+        "path": "documents/doc/libreoffice/*.doc",
+        "title": "LibreOffice WW8 Import/Export Test Documents",
+        "author": "LibreOffice contributors",
+        "license": "MPL-2.0",
+        "source": "https://github.com/LibreOffice/core",
+        "tags": ["libreoffice", "ww8", "test-fixtures"],
+        "donated": "2026-04-01",
+        "notes": "Test fixtures for the LibreOffice WW8 import/export filters",
+    },
+]
+
+
+def update_attribution() -> None:
+    """Add doc entries to ATTRIBUTION.json if not already present."""
+    print("\n📝 Updating ATTRIBUTION.json")
+
+    # Re-read fresh (other tasks may have modified it)
+    data = json.loads(ATTRIBUTION_PATH.read_text())
+
+    existing_paths = {entry["path"] for entry in data}
+    added = 0
+    for entry in ATTRIBUTION_ENTRIES:
+        if entry["path"] not in existing_paths:
+            data.append(entry)
+            added += 1
+            print(f"  + Added: {entry['path']}")
+        else:
+            print(f"  ≡ Already present: {entry['path']}")
+
+    if added:
+        ATTRIBUTION_PATH.write_text(
+            json.dumps(data, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n"
+        )
+        print(f"  Wrote {added} new entries")
+    else:
+        print("  No changes needed")
+
+
+# ── Main ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    print("🔧 DocSpec .doc (WW8) corpus gatherer")
+    print("=" * 60)
+
+    total = 0
+    total += gather_apache_poi()
+    total += gather_libreoffice()
+
+    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+    print(f"📊 Total valid .doc files: {total}")
+
+    if total < 50:
+        print(f"⚠️  Only {total} files — below target of 50")
+        print("   Consider running with GITHUB_TOKEN for higher API limits")
+    else:
+        print(f"✅ Target met: {total} ≥ 50")
+
+    update_attribution()
+
+    # Summary
+    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+    doc_files = list(DOCS_DIR.rglob("*.doc"))
+    print(f"Files on disk: {len(doc_files)}")
+    for group_dir in sorted(DOCS_DIR.iterdir()):
+        if group_dir.is_dir():
+            count = len(list(group_dir.glob("*.doc")))
+            print(f"  {group_dir.name}: {count}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

From bcbeb628c3caeb2a807237f21b84744e9faeac74 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:46:36 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 06/14] feat(epub): add EPUB corpus from Standard Ebooks

---
 ATTRIBUTION.json                              | 16 ++++
 .../a-e-w-mason_at-the-villa-rose.epub        |  3 +
 .../agatha-christie_giants-bread.epub         |  3 +
 ...a-christie_the-murder-at-the-vicarage.epub |  3 +
 ...gide_the-counterfeiters_dorothy-bussy.epub |  3 +
 .../anna-katharine-green_lost-mans-lane.epub  |  3 +
 ...e-ratcliffe-woodward_harold-mattingly.epub |  3 +
 ...awain-and-the-green-knight_s-o-andrew.epub |  3 +
 ...-lazarillo-de-tormes_clements-markham.epub |  3 +
 ...ony-berkeley_the-layton-court-mystery.epub |  3 +
 ...arnold-bennett_anna-of-the-five-towns.epub |  3 +
 .../arthur-ransome_swallows-and-amazons.epub  |  3 +
 ...d_marcus-dods_george-wilson_j-j-smith.epub |  3 +
 .../c-s-forester_payment-deferred.epub        |  3 +
 .../carolyn-keene_the-bungalow-mystery.epub   |  3 +
 .../carolyn-keene_the-hidden-staircase.epub   |  3 +
 ...arolyn-keene_the-mystery-at-lilac-inn.epub |  3 +
 ...lyn-keene_the-secret-of-the-old-clock.epub |  3 +
 .../charles-a-lindbergh_we.epub               |  3 +
 .../charles-dickens_our-mutual-friend.epub    |  3 +
 .../clark-ashton-smith_short-fiction.epub     |  3 +
 .../claude-mckay_home-to-harlem.epub          |  3 +
 .../daphne-du-maurier_short-fiction.epub      |  3 +
 ...shiell-hammett_continental-op-stories.epub |  3 +
 .../dashiell-hammett_the-maltese-falcon.epub  |  3 +
 ...ert-eustace_the-documents-in-the-case.epub |  3 +
 .../dorothy-l-sayers_strong-poison.epub       |  3 +
 .../standard-ebooks/e-h-young_miss-mole.epub  |  3 +
 .../e-r-eddison_styrbiorn-the-strong.epub     |  3 +
 ...gar-rice-burroughs_the-outlaw-of-torn.epub |  3 +
 .../standard-ebooks/edna-ferber_cimarron.epub |  3 +
 .../ellis-parker-butler_jibby-jones.epub      |  3 +
 .../evelyn-waugh_vile-bodies.epub             |  3 +
 .../ford-madox-ford_privy-seal.epub           |  3 +
 ...afka_the-castle_willa-muir_edwin-muir.epub |  3 +
 ...eeman-wills-crofts_the-cheyne-mystery.epub |  3 +
 ...aking-of-the-storm_s-e-a-h-stephenson.epub |  3 +
 .../g-a-henty_beric-the-briton.epub           |  3 +
 .../g-d-h-cole_the-brooklyn-murders.epub      |  3 +
 .../gene-stratton-porter_freckles.epub        |  3 +
 .../geoffrey-dennis_the-end-of-the-world.epub |  3 +
 ...eorge-bernard-shaw_back-to-methuselah.epub |  3 +
 .../george-bernard-shaw_the-apple-cart.epub   |  3 +
 .../george-macdonald_poetry.epub              |  3 +
 .../george-macdonald_short-fiction.epub       |  3 +
 .../george-macdonald_the-portent.epub         |  3 +
 ...rge-macdonald_the-princess-and-curdie.epub |  3 +
 .../georgette-heyer_the-black-moth.epub       |  3 +
 .../h-g-wells_in-the-days-of-the-comet.epub   |  3 +
 .../h-m-tomlinson_gallions-reach.epub         |  3 +
 ...issimus_alfred-thomas-scrope-goodrick.epub |  3 +
 .../harry-harrison_planet-of-the-damned.epub  |  3 +
 .../henry-van-dyke-jr_poetry.epub             |  3 +
 ...hilaire-belloc_the-cruise-of-the-nona.epub |  3 +
 ...-lofting_the-story-of-doctor-dolittle.epub |  3 +
 ...turgenev_on-the-eve_constance-garnett.epub |  3 +
 ...nnington_the-case-with-nine-solutions.epub |  3 +
 ...-j-connington_tragedy-at-ravensthorpe.epub |  3 +
 .../jessie-redmon-fauset_plum-bun.epub        |  3 +
 .../john-buchan_the-powerhouse.epub           |  3 +
 ...n-t-mcintyre_ashton-kirk-investigator.epub |  3 +
 .../jorge-isaacs_maria_rollo-ogden.epub       |  3 +
 .../standard-ebooks/joseph-conrad_chance.epub |  3 +
 ...joseph-conrad_ford-madox-ford_romance.epub |  3 +
 ..._father-hensons-story-of-his-own-life.epub |  3 +
 .../langston-hughes_not-without-laughter.epub |  3 +
 .../louis-joseph-vance_the-lone-wolf.epub     |  3 +
 ...e-camoes_the-lusiads_richard-f-burton.epub |  3 +
 .../m-e-braddon_the-trail-of-the-serpent.epub |  3 +
 .../m-e-braddon_the-venetians.epub            |  3 +
 .../margaret-ayer-barnes_years-of-grace.epub  |  3 +
 ...margaret-oliphant_the-ladies-lindores.epub |  3 +
 .../mary-butts_armed-with-madness.epub        |  3 +
 .../mary-de-morgan_on-a-pincushion.epub       |  3 +
 ...n_the-necklace-of-princess-fiorimonde.epub |  3 +
 .../mary-de-morgan_the-windfairies.epub       |  3 +
 .../mary-shelley_short-fiction.epub           |  3 +
 .../may-sinclair_mary-olivier-a-life.epub     |  3 +
 .../metta-victor_the-dead-letter.epub         |  3 +
 ...non-g-eberhart_the-patient-in-room-18.epub |  3 +
 ..._the-inspector-general_thomas-seltzer.epub |  3 +
 ...-club-and-how-it-won-the-championship.epub |  3 +
 .../olaf-stapledon_last-and-first-men.epub    |  3 +
 ...tin-freeman_the-mystery-of-31-new-inn.epub |  3 +
 ...richard-hughes_a-high-wind-in-jamaica.epub |  3 +
 .../ring-lardner_jack-keefe-stories.epub      |  3 +
 .../ring-lardner_my-four-weeks-in-france.epub |  3 +
 .../robert-e-howard_conan-stories.epub        |  3 +
 .../rufus-king_murder-by-the-clock.epub       |  3 +
 .../s-fowler-wright_the-world-below.epub      |  3 +
 .../sigrid-undset_jenny_w-emme.epub           |  3 +
 .../stella-benson_the-faraway-bride.epub      |  3 +
 ...ion_the-journal-of-a-disappointed-man.epub |  3 +
 .../w-somerset-maugham_cakes-and-ale.epub     |  3 +
 .../wilkie-collins_the-haunted-hotel.epub     |  3 +
 .../wilkie-collins_the-law-and-the-lady.epub  |  3 +
 .../william-faulkner_as-i-lay-dying.epub      |  3 +
 .../william-gerhardie_futility.epub           |  3 +
 ...the-varieties-of-religious-experience.epub |  3 +
 ...iam-morris_the-roots-of-the-mountains.epub |  3 +
 .../william-morris_the-sundering-flood.epub   |  3 +
 ...mi-motokiyo_plays_various-translators.epub |  3 +
 scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py                | 91 +++++++++++++++++++
 103 files changed, 410 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/a-e-w-mason_at-the-villa-rose.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/agatha-christie_giants-bread.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/agatha-christie_the-murder-at-the-vicarage.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/andre-gide_the-counterfeiters_dorothy-bussy.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/anna-katharine-green_lost-mans-lane.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/anonymous_barlaam-and-ioasaph_george-ratcliffe-woodward_harold-mattingly.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/anonymous_sir-gawain-and-the-green-knight_s-o-andrew.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/anonymous_the-life-of-lazarillo-de-tormes_clements-markham.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/anthony-berkeley_the-layton-court-mystery.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/arnold-bennett_anna-of-the-five-towns.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/arthur-ransome_swallows-and-amazons.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/augustine-of-hippo_the-city-of-god_marcus-dods_george-wilson_j-j-smith.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/c-s-forester_payment-deferred.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/carolyn-keene_the-bungalow-mystery.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/carolyn-keene_the-hidden-staircase.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/carolyn-keene_the-mystery-at-lilac-inn.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/carolyn-keene_the-secret-of-the-old-clock.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/charles-a-lindbergh_we.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/charles-dickens_our-mutual-friend.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/clark-ashton-smith_short-fiction.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/claude-mckay_home-to-harlem.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/daphne-du-maurier_short-fiction.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/dashiell-hammett_continental-op-stories.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/dashiell-hammett_the-maltese-falcon.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/dorothy-l-sayers_robert-eustace_the-documents-in-the-case.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/dorothy-l-sayers_strong-poison.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/e-h-young_miss-mole.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/e-r-eddison_styrbiorn-the-strong.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/edgar-rice-burroughs_the-outlaw-of-torn.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/edna-ferber_cimarron.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/ellis-parker-butler_jibby-jones.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/evelyn-waugh_vile-bodies.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/ford-madox-ford_privy-seal.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/franz-kafka_the-castle_willa-muir_edwin-muir.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/freeman-wills-crofts_the-cheyne-mystery.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/friedrich-spielhagen_the-breaking-of-the-storm_s-e-a-h-stephenson.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/g-a-henty_beric-the-briton.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/g-d-h-cole_the-brooklyn-murders.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/gene-stratton-porter_freckles.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/geoffrey-dennis_the-end-of-the-world.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/george-bernard-shaw_back-to-methuselah.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/george-bernard-shaw_the-apple-cart.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/george-macdonald_poetry.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/george-macdonald_short-fiction.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/george-macdonald_the-portent.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/george-macdonald_the-princess-and-curdie.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/georgette-heyer_the-black-moth.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/h-g-wells_in-the-days-of-the-comet.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/h-m-tomlinson_gallions-reach.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/hans-jakob-christoffel-von-grimmelshausen_the-adventurous-simplicissimus_alfred-thomas-scrope-goodrick.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/harry-harrison_planet-of-the-damned.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/henry-van-dyke-jr_poetry.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/hilaire-belloc_the-cruise-of-the-nona.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/hugh-lofting_the-story-of-doctor-dolittle.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/ivan-turgenev_on-the-eve_constance-garnett.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/j-j-connington_the-case-with-nine-solutions.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/j-j-connington_tragedy-at-ravensthorpe.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/jessie-redmon-fauset_plum-bun.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/john-buchan_the-powerhouse.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/john-t-mcintyre_ashton-kirk-investigator.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/jorge-isaacs_maria_rollo-ogden.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/joseph-conrad_chance.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/joseph-conrad_ford-madox-ford_romance.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/josiah-henson_father-hensons-story-of-his-own-life.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/langston-hughes_not-without-laughter.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/louis-joseph-vance_the-lone-wolf.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/luis-de-camoes_the-lusiads_richard-f-burton.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/m-e-braddon_the-trail-of-the-serpent.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/m-e-braddon_the-venetians.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/margaret-ayer-barnes_years-of-grace.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/margaret-oliphant_the-ladies-lindores.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/mary-butts_armed-with-madness.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/mary-de-morgan_on-a-pincushion.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/mary-de-morgan_the-necklace-of-princess-fiorimonde.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/mary-de-morgan_the-windfairies.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/mary-shelley_short-fiction.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/may-sinclair_mary-olivier-a-life.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/metta-victor_the-dead-letter.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/mignon-g-eberhart_the-patient-in-room-18.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/nikolai-gogol_the-inspector-general_thomas-seltzer.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/noah-brooks_our-baseball-club-and-how-it-won-the-championship.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/olaf-stapledon_last-and-first-men.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/r-austin-freeman_the-mystery-of-31-new-inn.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/richard-hughes_a-high-wind-in-jamaica.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/ring-lardner_jack-keefe-stories.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/ring-lardner_my-four-weeks-in-france.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/robert-e-howard_conan-stories.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/rufus-king_murder-by-the-clock.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/s-fowler-wright_the-world-below.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/sigrid-undset_jenny_w-emme.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/stella-benson_the-faraway-bride.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/w-n-p-barbellion_the-journal-of-a-disappointed-man.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/w-somerset-maugham_cakes-and-ale.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/wilkie-collins_the-haunted-hotel.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/wilkie-collins_the-law-and-the-lady.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-faulkner_as-i-lay-dying.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-gerhardie_futility.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-james_the-varieties-of-religious-experience.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-morris_the-roots-of-the-mountains.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-morris_the-sundering-flood.epub
 create mode 100644 documents/epub/standard-ebooks/zeami-motokiyo_plays_various-translators.epub
 create mode 100644 scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py

diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.json b/ATTRIBUTION.json
index b552de5..234da84 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.json
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.json
@@ -96,5 +96,21 @@
     ],
     "donated": "2026-04-01",
     "notes": "Test fixtures for the Apache POI HWPF Word processor module"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "epub",
+    "path": "documents/epub/standard-ebooks/*.epub",
+    "title": "Standard Ebooks Collection",
+    "author": "Various (original works in public domain; ebook production by Standard Ebooks contributors)",
+    "license": "CC0-1.0",
+    "source": "https://standardebooks.org",
+    "tags": [
+      "standard-ebooks",
+      "epub",
+      "public-domain",
+      "literature"
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..19243b3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/mignon-g-eberhart_the-patient-in-room-18.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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index 0000000..88deaf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/nikolai-gogol_the-inspector-general_thomas-seltzer.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c3d2dd7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/noah-brooks_our-baseball-club-and-how-it-won-the-championship.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/richard-hughes_a-high-wind-in-jamaica.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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new file mode 100644
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+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/ring-lardner_jack-keefe-stories.epub
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+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/ring-lardner_my-four-weeks-in-france.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/robert-e-howard_conan-stories.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/robert-e-howard_conan-stories.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..458cca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/robert-e-howard_conan-stories.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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+size 859409
diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/rufus-king_murder-by-the-clock.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/rufus-king_murder-by-the-clock.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bac23bb
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+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/rufus-king_murder-by-the-clock.epub
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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/s-fowler-wright_the-world-below.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/s-fowler-wright_the-world-below.epub
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index 0000000..f48524b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/s-fowler-wright_the-world-below.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/sigrid-undset_jenny_w-emme.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/sigrid-undset_jenny_w-emme.epub
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+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/w-n-p-barbellion_the-journal-of-a-disappointed-man.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/w-n-p-barbellion_the-journal-of-a-disappointed-man.epub
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/w-n-p-barbellion_the-journal-of-a-disappointed-man.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/w-somerset-maugham_cakes-and-ale.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/w-somerset-maugham_cakes-and-ale.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76e5173
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/w-somerset-maugham_cakes-and-ale.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ca02a09
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/wilkie-collins_the-haunted-hotel.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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+size 697684
diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/wilkie-collins_the-law-and-the-lady.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/wilkie-collins_the-law-and-the-lady.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcc4b76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/wilkie-collins_the-law-and-the-lady.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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+size 856325
diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-faulkner_as-i-lay-dying.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-faulkner_as-i-lay-dying.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5af05db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-faulkner_as-i-lay-dying.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:2f4779ada81cce64525feced88898147725807481f849a657793cb3e5ba2a60b
+size 508497
diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-gerhardie_futility.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-gerhardie_futility.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..14c3c5f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-gerhardie_futility.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:4da24bd4fbfc9c142f6e4cd1aca96f50bdad4122f160f190714508b91eb708ad
+size 625483
diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-james_the-varieties-of-religious-experience.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-james_the-varieties-of-religious-experience.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dab25c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-james_the-varieties-of-religious-experience.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-morris_the-roots-of-the-mountains.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-morris_the-roots-of-the-mountains.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3db2cc9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-morris_the-roots-of-the-mountains.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
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+size 827856
diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-morris_the-sundering-flood.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-morris_the-sundering-flood.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..94f1128
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/william-morris_the-sundering-flood.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:ab61145d0414b0f7ce4534c7d1a2356c7a686ab00acb3a9d222c657c5c9defa6
+size 657237
diff --git a/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/zeami-motokiyo_plays_various-translators.epub b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/zeami-motokiyo_plays_various-translators.epub
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..30c5c25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/epub/standard-ebooks/zeami-motokiyo_plays_various-translators.epub
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:899ec1be1fc52ddc59c3f3adf15202a62d56928c0947fb569e05cd2566471de9
+size 901005
diff --git a/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py b/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..626bca8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+import re
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent))
+from scrape.utils import (
+    sanitize_filename,
+    download_file,
+    validate_file_format,
+    check_file_size,
+    rate_limit,
+    MAGIC_EPUB,
+)
+import requests
+
+DEST = Path("documents/epub/standard-ebooks")
+DEST.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+TARGET = 110
+BASE = "https://standardebooks.org"
+
+session = requests.Session()
+session.headers["User-Agent"] = (
+    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
+)
+
+ebook_paths: list[str] = []
+page = 1
+while len(ebook_paths) < TARGET:
+    print(f"Fetching listing page {page}...")
+    rate_limit(2.0)
+    resp = session.get(f"{BASE}/ebooks?page={page}", timeout=30)
+    if resp.status_code == 404:
+        break
+    resp.raise_for_status()
+    found = sorted(set(re.findall(r'href="(/ebooks/[a-z0-9][^"]+)"', resp.text)))
+    new = [
+        p
+        for p in found
+        if not p.endswith("/") and "/downloads/" not in p and p.count("/") >= 2
+    ]
+    ebook_paths.extend(new)
+    if not new:
+        break
+    page += 1
+
+ebook_paths = list(dict.fromkeys(ebook_paths))
+print(f"Found {len(ebook_paths)} unique ebook paths")
+
+downloaded = 0
+skipped = 0
+failed = 0
+
+for ebook_path in ebook_paths:
+    if downloaded >= TARGET:
+        break
+
+    slug = ebook_path.removeprefix("/ebooks/")
+    filename_stem = slug.replace("/", "_")
+    fname = f"{filename_stem}.epub"
+    dest = DEST / fname
+    epub_url = f"{BASE}{ebook_path}/downloads/{filename_stem}.epub"
+
+    if dest.exists():
+        if validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_EPUB) and check_file_size(dest, 1000):
+            downloaded += 1
+            skipped += 1
+            print(f"  Already exists: {fname} ({downloaded}/{TARGET})")
+            continue
+        else:
+            print(f"  Removing invalid file: {fname}")
+            dest.unlink()
+
+    print(f"Downloading: {fname}")
+    ok = download_file(epub_url, dest, delay=2.0, session=session)
+    if ok and validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_EPUB) and check_file_size(dest, 1000):
+        downloaded += 1
+        print(f"  OK ({downloaded}/{TARGET})")
+    else:
+        failed += 1
+        print(f"  FAILED or invalid")
+        if dest.exists():
+            dest.unlink()
+
+print(f"\nSummary:")
+print(f"  Downloaded: {downloaded} EPUBs")
+print(f"  Already existed (skipped): {skipped}")
+print(f"  Failed: {failed}")
+
+total = len(list(DEST.glob("*.epub")))
+print(f"  Total EPUBs in {DEST}: {total}")

From 2ef289cba48dfeff61e7a061dfb84372842f2b95 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:49:54 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 07/14] feat(html): add HTML corpus from open sources

- 80 HTML examples from MDN Learning Area (CC-BY-SA-2.5)
- 30 HTML test fixtures from W3C Web Platform Tests (W3C-20150513)
- 3 HTML5 Boilerplate templates (MIT)
- 113 total standalone HTML files in documents/html/
- Add ATTRIBUTION.json entries for all 3 sources
- Remove 3 pre-existing duplicate .doc files to fix check-duplicates.sh
---
 ATTRIBUTION.json                              |  49 +++
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug47287.doc         |   3 -
 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug53380-3.doc       |   3 -
 documents/doc/apache-poi/word95err.doc        |   3 -
 .../html5-boilerplate/h5bp-main-index.html    |  33 ++
 .../html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v6-index.html |  40 +++
 .../html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v7-index.html |  41 +++
 ...phics-to-the-web-vector-versus-raster.html |  14 +
 .../advanced-items-sold-headers.html          |  77 +++++
 .../advanced-items-sold-scope.html            |  77 +++++
 .../advanced-items-sold.html                  |  77 +++++
 ...advanced-text-advanced-text1-download.html |  50 +++
 ...advanced-text-advanced-text1-finished.html |  55 ++++
 .../advanced-text-advanced-text1.html         |  80 +++++
 ...advanced-text-advanced-text2-download.html |  47 +++
 ...advanced-text-advanced-text2-finished.html |  64 ++++
 .../advanced-text-advanced-text2.html         |  80 +++++
 ...nced-text-formatting-description-list.html |  20 ++
 ...anced-text-formatting-other-semantics.html |  56 ++++
 .../advanced-text-formatting-quotations.html  |  19 ++
 .../basic-text-basic-text1-download.html      |  56 ++++
 .../basic-text-basic-text1-finished.html      |  44 +++
 .../basic-text-basic-text1.html               |  70 +++++
 .../basic-text-basic-text2-download.html      |  64 ++++
 .../basic-text-basic-text2-finished.html      |  54 ++++
 .../basic-text-basic-text2.html               |  86 ++++++
 .../basic-text-basic-text3-download.html      |  46 +++
 .../basic-text-basic-text3-finished.html      |  35 +++
 .../basic-text-basic-text3.html               |  54 ++++
 .../creating-hyperlinks-contacts.html         |  23 ++
 .../creating-hyperlinks-index.html            |  18 ++
 .../debugging-html-debug-example-fixed.html   |  24 ++
 .../debugging-html-debug-example.html         |  24 ++
 .../document-and-website-structure-index.html | 108 +++++++
 .../getting-started-index.html                |  11 +
 .../html-text-formatting-text-complete.html   |  47 +++
 .../html-text-formatting-text-start.html      |  44 +++
 .../images-images1-download.html              |  30 ++
 .../mdn-learning-area/images-images1.html     |  45 +++
 .../images-images2-download.html              |  33 ++
 .../mdn-learning-area/images-images2.html     |  50 +++
 .../images-images3-download.html              |  30 ++
 .../mdn-learning-area/images-images3.html     |  48 +++
 .../images-in-html-index.html                 |  17 ++
 .../links-links1-download.html                |  43 +++
 .../html/mdn-learning-area/links-links1.html  |  52 ++++
 .../links-links2-download.html                |  49 +++
 .../html/mdn-learning-area/links-links2.html  |  92 ++++++
 .../links-links3-download.html                |  35 +++
 .../html/mdn-learning-area/links-links3.html  |  50 +++
 .../mdn-learning-area/links-narwhals.html     |  40 +++
 .../html/mdn-learning-area/links-whales.html  |  40 +++
 .../marking-up-a-letter-finished-index.html   | 108 +++++++
 .../mdn-splash-page-finished-index.html       | 154 ++++++++++
 .../mdn-splash-page-start-index.html          | 141 +++++++++
 .../media-embed-mediaembed1-download.html     |  33 ++
 .../media-embed-mediaembed1.html              |  48 +++
 .../media-embed-mediaembed2-download.html     |  32 ++
 .../media-embed-mediaembed2.html              |  48 +++
 .../media-embed-mediaembed3-download.html     |  32 ++
 .../media-embed-mediaembed3.html              |  50 +++
 .../navigation-menu-marked-up-index.html      |  23 ++
 .../navigation-menu-marked-up-pictures.html   |  23 ++
 .../navigation-menu-marked-up-projects.html   |  23 ++
 .../navigation-menu-marked-up-social.html     |  23 ++
 .../navigation-menu-start-index.html          |  16 +
 .../navigation-menu-start-pictures.html       |  16 +
 .../navigation-menu-start-projects.html       |  16 +
 .../navigation-menu-start-social.html         |  16 +
 ...-embedding-technologies-iframe-detail.html |  15 +
 ...embedding-technologies-iframe-youtube.html |  13 +
 ...r-embedding-technologies-object-image.html |  17 ++
 ...her-embedding-technologies-object-pdf.html |  17 ++
 .../mdn-learning-area/projects-index.html     |  14 +
 .../responsive-images-not-responsive.html     |  61 ++++
 .../responsive-images-responsive.html         |  68 +++++
 .../responsive-images-srcset-resolutions.html |  37 +++
 ...ring-a-page-of-content-finished-index.html |  57 ++++
 ...cturing-a-page-of-content-start-index.html |  46 +++
 .../the-html-head-css-and-js.html             |  27 ++
 .../the-html-head-meta-example.html           |  22 ++
 .../the-html-head-title-example.html          |  11 +
 ...nd-audio-content-extra-video-features.html |  24 ++
 ...-audio-content-multiple-audio-formats.html |  17 ++
 ...nt-multiple-video-formats-no-controls.html |  17 ++
 ...-audio-content-multiple-video-formats.html |  17 ++
 .../video-and-audio-content-simple-video.html |  15 +
 .../wpt/text-level-semantics-historical.html  |  29 ++
 ...dler-with-null-browsing-context-crash.html |  21 ++
 .../the-a-element-a-download-click-404.html   |  25 ++
 ...download-click-redirect-to-javascript.html |  29 ++
 .../wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click.html   |  33 ++
 .../html/wpt/the-a-element-a-stringifier.html |  16 +
 .../wpt/the-a-element-a-text-getter-01.html   |  34 +++
 .../wpt/the-a-element-a-text-setter-01.html   |  41 +++
 .../wpt/the-a-element-a-type-historical.html  |  22 ++
 .../wpt/the-b-element-b-usage-notref.html     |   6 +
 documents/html/wpt/the-b-element-b-usage.html |   8 +
 ...-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default-ref.html |  36 +++
 .../the-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default.html |  46 +++
 ...i-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf-ref.html |  44 +++
 ...e-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf.html |  56 ++++
 ...he-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested-ref.html |  44 +++
 .../the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested.html   |  52 ++++
 ...he-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number-ref.html |  44 +++
 .../the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number.html   |  53 ++++
 ...-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate-ref.html |  36 +++
 .../the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate.html |  47 +++
 ...ment-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1-ref.html |  47 +++
 ...-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1.html |  58 ++++
 ...ment-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2-ref.html |  47 +++
 ...-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2.html |  59 ++++
 ...bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1-ref.html |  45 +++
 ...ent-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1.html |  54 ++++
 ...bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2-ref.html |  45 +++
 ...ent-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2.html |  54 ++++
 ...bdi-neutral-to-letter-preceding-1-ref.html |  45 +++
 scrape/html_open_sources.py                   | 288 ++++++++++++++++++
 118 files changed, 5102 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug47287.doc
 delete mode 100644 documents/doc/apache-poi/bug53380-3.doc
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v6-index.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v7-index.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/adding-vector-graphics-to-the-web-vector-versus-raster.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold-headers.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold-scope.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1-download.html
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-other-semantics.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-quotations.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1-download.html
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/creating-hyperlinks-contacts.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/creating-hyperlinks-index.html
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/debugging-html-debug-example.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/document-and-website-structure-index.html
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/html-text-formatting-text-start.html
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images1.html
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images2.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images3-download.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images3.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-in-html-index.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links1-download.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links1.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links2-download.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links2.html
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links3.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-narwhals.html
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-pictures.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-projects.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-social.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-index.html
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 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-projects.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-social.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-iframe-detail.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-iframe-youtube.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-object-image.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-object-pdf.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/projects-index.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-not-responsive.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-responsive.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-srcset-resolutions.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/structuring-a-page-of-content-finished-index.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/structuring-a-page-of-content-start-index.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-css-and-js.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-meta-example.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-title-example.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-extra-video-features.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-audio-formats.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-video-formats-no-controls.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-video-formats.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-simple-video.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/text-level-semantics-historical.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-click-handler-with-null-browsing-context-crash.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click-404.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click-redirect-to-javascript.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-stringifier.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-text-getter-01.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-text-setter-01.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-type-historical.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-b-element-b-usage-notref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-b-element-b-usage.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default-ref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf-ref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested-ref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number-ref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate-ref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1-ref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2-ref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1-ref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2-ref.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2.html
 create mode 100644 documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-preceding-1-ref.html
 create mode 100644 scrape/html_open_sources.py

diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.json b/ATTRIBUTION.json
index 234da84..b0f84f7 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.json
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.json
@@ -112,5 +112,54 @@
     ],
     "donated": "2026-04-01",
     "notes": "High-quality EPUB ebooks from Standard Ebooks (CC0-1.0 production, public domain source texts)"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "html",
+    "path": "documents/html/mdn-learning-area/*.html",
+    "title": "MDN Learning Area HTML Examples",
+    "author": "Mozilla Developer Network contributors",
+    "license": "CC-BY-SA-2.5",
+    "source": "https://github.com/mdn/learning-area",
+    "tags": [
+      "mdn",
+      "html",
+      "examples",
+      "educational"
+    ],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "Standalone HTML examples from MDN Web Docs learning area (introduction-to-html, multimedia-and-embedding, tables, forms)"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "html",
+    "path": "documents/html/wpt/*.html",
+    "title": "W3C Web Platform Tests HTML Fixtures",
+    "author": "W3C Web Platform Tests contributors",
+    "license": "W3C-20150513",
+    "source": "https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt",
+    "tags": [
+      "w3c",
+      "wpt",
+      "html",
+      "test-fixtures",
+      "semantics"
+    ],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "HTML test fixtures from the W3C Web Platform Tests project (html/semantics subdirectories)"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "html",
+    "path": "documents/html/html5-boilerplate/*.html",
+    "title": "HTML5 Boilerplate Templates",
+    "author": "HTML5 Boilerplate contributors",
+    "license": "MIT",
+    "source": "https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate",
+    "tags": [
+      "h5bp",
+      "html5",
+      "boilerplate",
+      "template"
+    ],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "Starter HTML templates from the HTML5 Boilerplate project (v6, v7, main)"
   }
 ]
diff --git a/documents/doc/apache-poi/bug47287.doc b/documents/doc/apache-poi/bug47287.doc
deleted file mode 100644
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f3add49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-main-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="">
+
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+  <title></title>
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/style.css">
+  <meta name="description" content="">
+
+  <meta property="og:title" content="">
+  <meta property="og:type" content="">
+  <meta property="og:url" content="">
+  <meta property="og:image" content="">
+  <meta property="og:image:alt" content="">
+
+  <link rel="icon" href="/favicon.ico" sizes="any">
+  <link rel="icon" href="/icon.svg" type="image/svg+xml">
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="icon.png">
+
+  <link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest">
+  <meta name="theme-color" content="#fafafa">
+</head>
+
+<body>
+
+  <!-- Add your site or application content here -->
+  <p>Hello world! This is HTML5 Boilerplate.</p>
+  <script src="js/app.js"></script>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v6-index.html b/documents/html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v6-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e669915
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v6-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html class="no-js" lang="">
+
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge">
+  <title></title>
+  <meta name="description" content="">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">
+
+  <link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest">
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="icon.png">
+  <!-- Place favicon.ico in the root directory -->
+
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/normalize.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/main.css">
+</head>
+
+<body>
+  <!--[if lte IE 9]>
+    <p class="browserupgrade">You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please <a href="https://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience and security.</p>
+  <![endif]-->
+
+  <!-- Add your site or application content here -->
+  <p>Hello world! This is HTML5 Boilerplate.</p>
+  <script src="js/vendor/modernizr-3.6.0.min.js"></script>
+  <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js" integrity="sha256-FgpCb/KJQlLNfOu91ta32o/NMZxltwRo8QtmkMRdAu8=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
+  <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="js/vendor/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"><\/script>')</script>
+  <script src="js/plugins.js"></script>
+  <script src="js/main.js"></script>
+
+  <!-- Google Analytics: change UA-XXXXX-Y to be your site's ID. -->
+  <script>
+    window.ga = function () { ga.q.push(arguments) }; ga.q = []; ga.l = +new Date;
+    ga('create', 'UA-XXXXX-Y', 'auto'); ga('send', 'pageview')
+  </script>
+  <script src="https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js" async defer></script>
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v7-index.html b/documents/html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v7-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbbcb03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/html5-boilerplate/h5bp-v7-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html class="no-js" lang="">
+
+<head>
+  <meta charset="utf-8">
+  <title></title>
+  <meta name="description" content="">
+  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
+
+  <link rel="manifest" href="site.webmanifest">
+  <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="icon.png">
+  <!-- Place favicon.ico in the root directory -->
+
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/normalize.css">
+  <link rel="stylesheet" href="css/main.css">
+
+  <meta name="theme-color" content="#fafafa">
+</head>
+
+<body>
+  <!--[if IE]>
+    <p class="browserupgrade">You are using an <strong>outdated</strong> browser. Please <a href="https://browsehappy.com/">upgrade your browser</a> to improve your experience and security.</p>
+  <![endif]-->
+
+  <!-- Add your site or application content here -->
+  <p>Hello world! This is HTML5 Boilerplate.</p>
+  <script src="js/vendor/modernizr-3.8.0.min.js"></script>
+  <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.4.1.min.js" integrity="sha256-CSXorXvZcTkaix6Yvo6HppcZGetbYMGWSFlBw8HfCJo=" crossorigin="anonymous"></script>
+  <script>window.jQuery || document.write('<script src="js/vendor/jquery-3.4.1.min.js"><\/script>')</script>
+  <script src="js/plugins.js"></script>
+  <script src="js/main.js"></script>
+
+  <!-- Google Analytics: change UA-XXXXX-Y to be your site's ID. -->
+  <script>
+    window.ga = function () { ga.q.push(arguments) }; ga.q = []; ga.l = +new Date;
+    ga('create', 'UA-XXXXX-Y', 'auto'); ga('set','transport','beacon'); ga('send', 'pageview')
+  </script>
+  <script src="https://www.google-analytics.com/analytics.js" async></script>
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/adding-vector-graphics-to-the-web-vector-versus-raster.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/adding-vector-graphics-to-the-web-vector-versus-raster.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d18d887
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/adding-vector-graphics-to-the-web-vector-versus-raster.html
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Vector versus raster</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Vector versus raster</h1>
+
+    <img src="star.png" alt="A raster star">
+    <img  src="star.svg" role="img" alt="A vector star">
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold-headers.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold-headers.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a2d75f0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold-headers.html
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Items sold summary</title>
+    <link href="minimal-table.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
+  </head>
+
+<body>
+    <h1>Items sold summary</h1>
+
+    <table>
+      <caption>Items Sold August 2016</caption>
+      <thead>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td>
+          <th colspan="3" id="clothes">Clothes</th>
+          <th colspan="2" id="accessories">Accessories</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="trousers" headers="clothes">Trousers</th>
+          <th id="skirts" headers="clothes">Skirts</th>
+          <th id="dresses" headers="clothes">Dresses</th>
+          <th id="bracelets" headers="accessories">Bracelets</th>
+          <th id="rings" headers="accessories">Rings</th>
+        </tr>
+      </thead>
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <th rowspan="3" id="belgium">Belgium</th>
+          <th id="antwerp" headers="belgium">Antwerp</th>
+          <td headers="antwerp belgium clothes trousers">56</td>
+          <td headers="antwerp belgium clothes skirts">22</td>
+          <td headers="antwerp belgium clothes dresses">43</td>
+          <td headers="antwerp belgium accessories bracelets">72</td>
+          <td headers="antwerp belgium accessories rings">23</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="ghent" headers="belgium">Ghent</th>
+          <td headers="ghent belgium clothes trousers">46</td>
+          <td headers="ghent belgium clothes skirts">18</td>
+          <td headers="ghent belgium clothes dresses">50</td>
+          <td headers="ghent belgium accessories bracelets">61</td>
+          <td headers="ghent belgium accessories rings">15</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="brussels" headers="belgium">Brussels</th>
+          <td headers="brussels belgium clothes trousers">51</td>
+          <td headers="brussels belgium clothes skirts">27</td>
+          <td headers="brussels belgium clothes dresses">38</td>
+          <td headers="brussels belgium accessories bracelets">69</td>
+          <td headers="brussels belgium accessories rings">28</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th rowspan="2" id="netherlands">The Netherlands</th>
+          <th id="amsterdam" headers="netherlands">Amsterdam</th>
+          <td headers="amsterdam netherlands clothes trousers">89</td>
+          <td headers="amsterdam netherlands clothes skirts">34</td>
+          <td headers="amsterdam netherlands clothes dresses">69</td>
+          <td headers="amsterdam netherlands accessories bracelets">85</td>
+          <td headers="amsterdam netherlands accessories rings">38</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th id="utrecht" headers="netherlands">Utrecht</th>
+          <td headers="utrecht netherlands clothes trousers">80</td>
+          <td headers="utrecht netherlands clothes skirts">12</td>
+          <td headers="utrecht netherlands clothes dresses">43</td>
+          <td headers="utrecht netherlands accessories bracelets">36</td>
+          <td headers="utrecht netherlands accessories rings">19</td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold-scope.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold-scope.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..caf68a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold-scope.html
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Items sold summary</title>
+    <link href="minimal-table.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
+  </head>
+
+<body>
+    <h1>Items sold summary</h1>
+
+    <table>
+      <caption>Items Sold August 2016</caption>
+      <thead>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td>
+          <th colspan="3" scope="colgroup">Clothes</th>
+          <th colspan="2" scope="colgroup">Accessories</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="col">Trousers</th>
+          <th scope="col">Skirts</th>
+          <th scope="col">Dresses</th>
+          <th scope="col">Bracelets</th>
+          <th scope="col">Rings</th>
+        </tr>
+      </thead>
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <th rowspan="3" scope="rowgroup">Belgium</th>
+          <th scope="row">Antwerp</th>
+          <td>56</td>
+          <td>22</td>
+          <td>43</td>
+          <td>72</td>
+          <td>23</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row">Ghent</th>
+          <td>46</td>
+          <td>18</td>
+          <td>50</td>
+          <td>61</td>
+          <td>15</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row">Brussels</th>
+          <td>51</td>
+          <td>27</td>
+          <td>38</td>
+          <td>69</td>
+          <td>28</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup">The Netherlands</th>
+          <th scope="row">Amsterdam</th>
+          <td>89</td>
+          <td>34</td>
+          <td>69</td>
+          <td>85</td>
+          <td>38</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th scope="row">Utrecht</th>
+          <td>80</td>
+          <td>12</td>
+          <td>43</td>
+          <td>36</td>
+          <td>19</td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f78ec03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-items-sold.html
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Items sold summary</title>
+    <link href="minimal-table.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css">
+  </head>
+
+<body>
+    <h1>Items sold summary</h1>
+
+    <table>
+      <caption>Items Sold August 2016</caption>
+      <thead>
+        <tr>
+          <td colspan="2" rowspan="2"></td>
+          <th colspan="3">Clothes</th>
+          <th colspan="2">Accessories</th>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>Trousers</th>
+          <th>Skirts</th>
+          <th>Dresses</th>
+          <th>Bracelets</th>
+          <th>Rings</th>
+        </tr>
+      </thead>
+      <tbody>
+        <tr>
+          <th rowspan="3">Belgium</th>
+          <th>Antwerp</th>
+          <td>56</td>
+          <td>22</td>
+          <td>43</td>
+          <td>72</td>
+          <td>23</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>Ghent</th>
+          <td>46</td>
+          <td>18</td>
+          <td>50</td>
+          <td>61</td>
+          <td>15</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>Brussels</th>
+          <td>51</td>
+          <td>27</td>
+          <td>38</td>
+          <td>69</td>
+          <td>28</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th rowspan="2">The Netherlands</th>
+          <th>Amsterdam</th>
+          <td>89</td>
+          <td>34</td>
+          <td>69</td>
+          <td>85</td>
+          <td>38</td>
+        </tr>
+        <tr>
+          <th>Utrecht</th>
+          <td>80</td>
+          <td>12</td>
+          <td>43</td>
+          <td>36</td>
+          <td>19</td>
+        </tr>
+      </tbody>
+    </table>
+
+</body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d717604
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Advanced HTML text: Task 1</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      dl {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      dt {
+        font-weight: bold;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+    <h1>Advanced HTML Animals</h1>
+
+    Llama
+    Tall, woolly quadruped, pointy ears. Sometimes rideable, but grumpy and spits a lot. Big fan of list items.
+    Anaconda
+    A very large constrictor snake; travels rapidly by way of anchors to sneak up on his prey.
+    Hippopotamus
+    His description is bottomless.
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1-finished.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1-finished.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..874f7d9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1-finished.html
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Advanced HTML text: Task 1</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      dl {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      dt {
+        font-weight: bold;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>Advanced HTML Animals</h1>
+
+    <dl>
+      <dt>Llama</dt>
+      <dd>
+        Tall, woolly quadruped, pointy ears. Sometimes rideable, but grumpy and
+        spits a lot. Big fan of list items.
+      </dd>
+      <dt>Anaconda</dt>
+      <dd>
+        A very large constrictor snake; travels rapidly by way of anchors to
+        sneak up on his prey.
+      </dd>
+      <dt>Hippopotamus</dt>
+      <dd>His description is bottomless.</dd>
+    </dl>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bcc3572
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Advanced HTML text: Task 1</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      dl {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      dt {
+        font-weight: bold;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      <h1>Advanced HTML Animals</h1>
+
+      Llama
+      Tall, woolly quadruped, pointy ears. Sometimes rideable, but grumpy and spits a lot. Big fan of list items.
+      Anaconda
+      A very large constrictor snake; travels rapidly by way of anchors to sneak up on his prey.
+      Hippopotamus
+      His description is bottomless.
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+h1 {
+  font-size: 2rem;
+  margin: 0;
+  color: purple;
+}
+
+dl {
+  color: gray;
+  margin: 0.5em 0;
+}
+
+dt {
+  font-weight: bold;
+  color: purple;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Advanced HTML Animals</h1>
+
+Llama
+Tall, woolly quadruped, pointy ears. Sometimes rideable, but grumpy and spits a lot. Big fan of list items.
+Anaconda
+A very large constrictor snake; travels rapidly by way of anchors to sneak up on his prey.
+Hippopotamus
+His description is bottomless.
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text2-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text2-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b08fdc4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text2-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Advanced HTML text: Task 2</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      abbr, time {
+        color: green;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+    <h1>Advanced text semantics</h1>
+
+    <p>Let's start with a quote:</p>
+
+    <p>HTML, Hypertext Markup Language is by default accessible, if used correctly.</p>
+
+    <p>CSS can also be used to make web pages more, or less, accessible.</p>
+
+    <p>Chemical Formulae: H2O (Water), C2H6O (Ethanol).</p>
+
+    <p>Dates: December 25th 2019 (Christmas Day), November 2nd 2019 (Día de los Muertos).</p>
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text2-finished.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text2-finished.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4429467
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text2-finished.html
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Advanced HTML text: Task 2</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      abbr,
+      time {
+        color: green;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>Advanced text semantics</h1>
+
+    <p>Let's start with a quote:</p>
+
+    <blockquote
+      cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Learn/Accessibility"
+    >
+      <p>
+        <abbr title="HyperText Markup Language">HTML</abbr>, Hypertext Markup Language is by default accessible,
+        if used correctly.
+      </p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>
+      <abbr title="Cascading Style Sheets">CSS</abbr>, Cascading Style Sheets, can also be used to make web
+      pages more, or less, accessible.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      Chemical Formulae: H<sub>2</sub>O (Water), C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>O
+      (Ethanol).
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      Dates:
+      <time datetime="2019-12-25">December 25<sup>th</sup> 2019</time>
+      (Christmas Day),
+      <time datetime="2019-11-02">November 2<sup>nd</sup> 2019</time> (Día de
+      los Muertos).
+    </p>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text2.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text2.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d456270
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-advanced-text2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Advanced HTML text: Task 2</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      abbr, time {
+        color: green;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+      <h1>Advanced text semantics</h1>
+
+      <p>Let's start with a quote:</p>
+
+      <p>HTML, Hypertext Markup Language is by default accessible, if used correctly.</p>
+
+      <p>CSS can also be used to make web pages more, or less, accessible.</p>
+
+      <p>Chemical Formulae: H2O (Water), C2H6O (Ethanol).</p>
+
+      <p>Dates: December 25th 2019 (Christmas Day), November 2nd 2019 (Día de los Muertos).</p>
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+h1 {
+  font-size: 2rem;
+  margin: 0;
+  color: purple;
+}
+
+p {
+  margin: 0.5em 0;
+}
+
+abbr, time {
+  color: green;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Advanced text semantics</h1>
+
+<p>Let's start with a quote:</p>
+
+<p>HTML, Hypertext Markup Language is by default accessible, if used correctly.</p>
+
+<p>CSS can also be used to make web pages more, or less, accessible.</p>
+
+<p>Chemical Formulae: H2O (Water), C2H6O (Ethanol).</p>
+
+<p>Dates: December 25th 2019 (Christmas Day), November 2nd 2019 (Día de los Muertos).</p>
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-description-list.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-description-list.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1f790ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-description-list.html
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Description list example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <dl>
+      <dt>soliloquy</dt>
+      <dd>In drama, where a character speaks to themselves, representing their inner thoughts or feelings and in the process relaying them to the audience (but not to other characters.)</dd>
+      <dt>monologue</dt>
+      <dd>In drama, where a character speaks their thoughts out loud to share them with the audience and any other characters present.</dd>
+      <dt>aside</dt>
+      <dd>In drama, where a character shares a comment only with the audience for humorous or dramatic effect. This is usually a feeling, thought or piece of additional background information.</dd>
+    </dl>
+
+
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-other-semantics.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-other-semantics.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdf9477
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-other-semantics.html
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
+    <title>Other semantics examples</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <p>
+      We use <abbr>HTML</abbr>, Hypertext Markup Language, to structure our web
+      documents.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      I think <abbr title="Reverend">Rev.</abbr> Green did it in the kitchen
+      with the chainsaw.
+    </p>
+
+    <address>
+      <p>Chris Mills, Manchester, The Grim North, UK</p>
+    </address>
+
+    <p>My birthday is on the 25<sup>th</sup> of May 2001.</p>
+
+    <p>
+      Caffeine's chemical formula is
+      C<sub>8</sub>H<sub>10</sub>N<sub>4</sub>O<sub>2</sub>.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>If x<sup>2</sup> is 9, x must equal 3.</p>
+
+    <pre><code>const para = document.querySelector('p');
+
+para.onclick = function() {
+  alert('Owww, stop poking me!');
+}</code></pre>
+
+    <p>
+      You shouldn't use presentational elements like
+      <code>&lt;font&gt;</code> and <code>&lt;center&gt;</code>.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      In the above JavaScript example, <var>para</var> represents a paragraph
+      element.
+    </p>
+
+    <p>
+      Select all the text with <kbd>Ctrl</kbd>/<kbd>Cmd</kbd> + <kbd>A</kbd>.
+    </p>
+
+    <pre>$ <kbd>ping mozilla.org</kbd>
+<samp>PING mozilla.org (63.245.215.20): 56 data bytes
+64 bytes from 63.245.215.20: icmp_seq=0 ttl=40 time=158.233 ms</samp></pre>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-quotations.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-quotations.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5621ed1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/advanced-text-formatting-quotations.html
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Quote examples</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <p>According to the <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote"> <cite>MDN blockquote page</cite></a>:</p>
+
+    <blockquote cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote">
+      <p>The <strong>HTML <code>&lt;blockquote&gt;</code> Element</strong> (or <em>HTML Block Quotation Element</em>) indicates that the enclosed text is an extended quotation.</p>
+    </blockquote>
+
+    <p>The quote element — <code>&lt;q&gt;</code> — is <q cite="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q">intended for short quotations that don't require paragraph breaks.</q> -- <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/q"><cite>MDN q page</cite></a>.</p>
+
+
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e8d79ba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Basic HTML text: Task 1</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h2 {
+        font-size: 1.6rem;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1, h2 {
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+  Basic HTML Animals
+
+  This is the first paragraph in our page. It introduces our animals.
+
+  The Llama
+
+  Our Llama is a big fan of list items. When she spies a patch of them on a web page, she will eat them like sweets, licking her lips as she goes.
+
+  The Anaconda
+
+  The crafty anaconda likes to slither around the page, travelling rapidly by way of anchors to sneak up on his prey.
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1-finished.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1-finished.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f80fca0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1-finished.html
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Basic HTML text finished example: Task 1</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+
+      h1,
+      h2 {
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        color: gray;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <main>
+      <h1>Basic HTML Animals</h1>
+
+      <p>This is the first paragraph in our page. It introduces our animals.</p>
+
+      <h2>The Llama</h2>
+
+      <p>
+        Our Llama is a big fan of list items. When she spies a patch of them on
+        a web page, she will eat them like sweets, licking her lips as she goes.
+      </p>
+
+      <h2>The Anaconda</h2>
+
+      <p>
+        The crafty anaconda likes to slither around the page, travelling rapidly
+        by way of anchors to sneak up on his prey.
+      </p>
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..728cdcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,70 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Basic HTML text: Task 1</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      h1, h2 {
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        color: gray;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      Basic HTML Animals
+
+      This is the first paragraph in our page. It introduces our animals.
+
+      The Llama
+
+      Our Llama is a big fan of list items. When she spies a patch of them on a web page, she will eat them like sweets, licking her lips as she goes.
+
+      The Anaconda
+
+      The crafty anaconda likes to slither around the page, travelling rapidly by way of anchors to sneak up on his prey.
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+h1, h2 {
+  color: purple;
+}
+
+p {
+  color: gray;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+Basic HTML Animals
+
+This is the first paragraph in our page. It introduces our animals.
+
+The Llama
+
+Our Llama is a big fan of list items. When she spies a patch of them on a web page, she will eat them like sweets, licking her lips as she goes.
+
+The Anaconda
+
+The crafty anaconda likes to slither around the page, travelling rapidly by way of anchors to sneak up on his prey.
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text2-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text2-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b51e726
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text2-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Basic HTML text: Task 2</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h2 {
+        font-size: 1.6rem;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      ol {
+        border: 2px solid purple;
+      }
+
+      ul {
+        border: 2px solid orange;
+      }
+
+      ol, ul {
+        padding: 5px 20px;
+        border-radius: 4px;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+    <h1>Looking at lists</h1>
+
+    <p>Turn the following list of my favorite vegetables into an unordered list.</p>
+
+      Cucumber
+      Broccoli
+      Asparagus
+      Pepper
+
+    <p>Turn the following directions into an ordered list.</p>
+
+      First knock on the door
+      When prompted, say the magic word
+      Wait for at least 5 seconds
+      Turn the handle and push
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text2-finished.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text2-finished.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0b5eb68
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text2-finished.html
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Basic HTML text finished example: Task 2</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+
+      ul {
+        border: 2px solid orange;
+      }
+
+      ol {
+        border: 2px solid purple;
+      }
+
+      ol,
+      ul {
+        padding: 5px 20px;
+        border-radius: 4px;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <main>
+      <h1>Looking at lists</h1>
+
+      <p>
+        Turn the following list of my favorite vegetables into an unordered
+        list.
+      </p>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li>Cucumber</li>
+        <li>Broccoli</li>
+        <li>Asparagus</li>
+        <li>Pepper</li>
+      </ul>
+
+      <p>Turn the following directions into an ordered list.</p>
+
+      <ol>
+        <li>First knock on the door</li>
+        <li>When prompted, say the magic word</li>
+        <li>Wait for at least 5 seconds</li>
+        <li>Turn the handle and push</li>
+      </ol>
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text2.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text2.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bd6bff8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Basic HTML text: Task 2</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      ul {
+        border: 2px solid orange;
+      }
+
+      ol {
+        border: 2px solid purple;
+      }
+
+      ol, ul {
+        padding: 5px 20px;
+        border-radius: 4px;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+      <h1>Looking at lists</h1>
+
+      <p>Turn the following list of my favorite vegetables into an unordered list.</p>
+
+        Cucumber
+        Broccoli
+        Asparagus
+        Pepper
+
+      <p>Turn the following directions into an ordered list.</p>
+
+        First knock on the door
+        When prompted, say the magic word
+        Wait for at least 5 seconds
+        Turn the handle and push
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+ul {
+  border: 2px solid orange;
+}
+
+ol {
+  border: 2px solid purple;
+}
+
+ol, ul {
+  padding: 5px 20px;
+  border-radius: 4px;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Looking at lists</h1>
+
+<p>Turn the following list of my favorite vegetables into an unordered list.</p>
+
+  Cucumber
+  Broccoli
+  Asparagus
+  Pepper
+
+<p>Turn the following directions into an ordered list.</p>
+
+  First knock on the door
+  When prompted, say the magic word
+  Wait for at least 5 seconds
+  Turn the handle and push
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text3-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text3-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d57f5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text3-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Basic HTML text: Task 3</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1,strong {
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p, em {
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      em {
+        color: gray;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+  <h1>Emphasis and importance</h1>
+
+  <p>There are two things I care about — music and friends. Someday I might be able to get my friends interested in each other, and my music!</p>
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text3-finished.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text3-finished.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5c2c27f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text3-finished.html
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Basic HTML text finished example: Task 3</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+
+      h1,
+      strong {
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      em {
+        color: gray;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <main>
+      <h1>Emphasis and importance</h1>
+
+      <p>
+        There are <strong>two</strong> things I care about —
+        <strong>music</strong> and <strong>friends</strong>. Someday I
+        <em>might</em> be able to get my friends interested in each other,
+        <em>and</em> my music!
+      </p>
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text3.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text3.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3cf68a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/basic-text-basic-text3.html
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Basic HTML text: Task 3</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      h1, strong {
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      em {
+        color: gray;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      <h1>Emphasis and importance</h1>
+
+      <p>There are two things I care about — music and friends. Someday I might be able to get my friends interested in each other, and my music!</p>
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+h1, strong {
+  color: purple;
+}
+
+em {
+  color: gray;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+      <h1>Emphasis and importance</h1>
+
+      <p>There are two things I care about — music and friends. Someday I might be able to get my friends interested in each other, and my music!</p>
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/creating-hyperlinks-contacts.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/creating-hyperlinks-contacts.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06fd76c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/creating-hyperlinks-contacts.html
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>My contacts page</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>This is my contacts page</h1>
+
+    <p>The <a href="#Mailing_address">company mailing address</a> can be found at the bottom of this page.</p>
+
+    <p>Chris is the only guy that works here, and he doesn't have a phone.</p>
+
+    <h2 id="Mailing_address"></h2>
+
+    <address>52 Business street<br>
+    Very important town<br>
+    Commerce city<br>
+    CA, 999654</address>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/creating-hyperlinks-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/creating-hyperlinks-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bc2c330
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/creating-hyperlinks-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>My sample homepage</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>This is my sample homepage</h1>
+
+    <p>Visit my <a href="projects/index.html">project homepage</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>Want to contact a specific staff member? Find details on our <a href="contacts.html">contacts page</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>Want to write us a letter? Use our <a href="contacts.html#Mailing_address">mailing address</a>.</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/debugging-html-debug-example-fixed.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/debugging-html-debug-example-fixed.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a8a7e60
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/debugging-html-debug-example-fixed.html
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+
+    <title>HTML debugging examples</title>
+
+
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>HTML debugging examples</h1>
+
+    <p>What causes errors in HTML?</p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>Unclosed elements: If an element is <strong>not closed properly</strong>, then its effect can spread to areas you didn't intend</li>
+
+      <li>Badly nested elements: Nesting elements properly is also very important for code behaving correctly. <strong>strong <em>strong emphasized?</em></strong> what is this?</li>
+
+      <li>Unclosed attributes: Another common source of HTML problems. Let's look at an example: <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/">link to Mozilla homepage</a></li>
+    </ul>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/debugging-html-debug-example.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/debugging-html-debug-example.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bfd4a11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/debugging-html-debug-example.html
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+
+    <title>HTML debugging examples</title>
+
+
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>HTML debugging examples</h1>
+
+    <p>What causes errors in HTML?
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>Unclosed elements: If an element is <strong>not closed properly, then its effect can spread to areas you didn't intend
+
+      <li>Badly nested elements: Nesting elements properly is also very important for code behaving correctly. <strong>strong <em>strong emphasised?</strong> what is this?</em>
+
+      <li>Unclosed attributes: Another common source of HTML problems. Let's look at an example: <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/>link to Mozilla homepage</a>
+    </ul>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/document-and-website-structure-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/document-and-website-structure-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a2636f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/document-and-website-structure-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
+
+    <title>My page title</title>
+    <link
+      href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans+Condensed:300|Sonsie+One"
+      rel="stylesheet" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <!-- Here is our main header that is used across all the pages of our website -->
+
+    <header>
+      <h1>Header</h1>
+    </header>
+
+    <nav>
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="#">Home</a></li>
+        <li><a href="#">Our team</a></li>
+        <li><a href="#">Projects</a></li>
+        <li><a href="#">Contact</a></li>
+      </ul>
+
+      <!-- A Search form is another common non-linear way to navigate through a website. -->
+
+      <form>
+        <input type="search" name="q" placeholder="Search query" />
+        <input type="submit" value="Go!" />
+      </form>
+    </nav>
+
+    <!-- Here is our page's main content -->
+    <main>
+      <!-- It contains an article -->
+      <article>
+        <h2>Article heading</h2>
+
+        <p>
+          Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Donec a diam
+          lectus. Set sit amet ipsum mauris. Maecenas congue ligula as quam
+          viverra nec consectetur ant hendrerit. Donec et mollis dolor. Praesent
+          et diam eget libero egestas mattis sit amet vitae augue. Nam tincidunt
+          congue enim, ut porta lorem lacinia consectetur.
+        </p>
+
+        <section>
+          <h3>Subsection</h3>
+
+          <p>
+            Donec ut librero sed accu vehicula ultricies a non tortor. Lorem
+            ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Aenean ut
+            gravida lorem. Ut turpis felis, pulvinar a semper sed, adipiscing id
+            dolor.
+          </p>
+
+          <p>
+            Pelientesque auctor nisi id magna consequat sagittis. Curabitur
+            dapibus, enim sit amet elit pharetra tincidunt feugiat nist
+            imperdiet. Ut convallis libero in urna ultrices accumsan. Donec sed
+            odio eros.
+          </p>
+        </section>
+
+        <section>
+          <h3>Another subsection</h3>
+
+          <p>
+            Donec viverra mi quis quam pulvinar at malesuada arcu rhoncus. Cum
+            soclis natoque penatibus et manis dis parturient montes, nascetur
+            ridiculus mus. In rutrum accumsan ultricies. Mauris vitae nisi at
+            sem facilisis semper ac in est.
+          </p>
+
+          <p>
+            Vivamus fermentum semper porta. Nunc diam velit, adipscing ut
+            tristique vitae sagittis vel odio. Maecenas convallis ullamcorper
+            ultricied. Curabitur ornare, ligula semper consectetur sagittis,
+            nisi diam iaculis velit, is fringille sem nunc vet mi.
+          </p>
+        </section>
+      </article>
+
+      <!-- the aside content can also be nested within the main content -->
+      <aside>
+        <h2>Related</h2>
+
+        <ul>
+          <li><a href="#">Oh I do like to be beside the seaside</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#">Oh I do like to be beside the sea</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#">Although in the North of England</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#">It never stops raining</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#">Oh well…</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </aside>
+    </main>
+
+    <!-- And here is our main footer that is used across all the pages of our website -->
+
+    <footer>
+      <p>©Copyright 2050 by nobody. All rights reversed.</p>
+    </footer>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/getting-started-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/getting-started-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e84b7d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/getting-started-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>My test page</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <p>This is my page</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/html-text-formatting-text-complete.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/html-text-formatting-text-complete.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..34d319d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/html-text-formatting-text-complete.html
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Quick hummus recipe</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Quick hummus recipe</h1>
+
+    <p>This recipe makes quick, tasty hummus, with no messing. It has been adapted from a number of different recipes that I have read over the years.</p>
+
+   <p>hummus is a delicious thick paste used heavily in Greek and Middle Eastern dishes. It is very tasty with salad, grilled meats and pitta breads.</p>
+
+    <h2>Ingredients</h2>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>1 can (400g) of chick peas (garbanzo beans)</li>
+      <li>175g of tahini</li>
+      <li>6 sundried tomatoes</li>
+      <li>Half a red pepper</li>
+      <li>A pinch of cayenne pepper</li>
+      <li>1 clove of garlic</li>
+      <li>A dash of olive oil</li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <h2>Instructions</h2>
+
+    <ol>
+      <li>Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely.</li>
+      <li>Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely.</li>
+      <li>Add all the ingredients into a food processor.</li>
+      <li>Process all the ingredients into a paste.</li>
+      <li>If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time.</li>
+      <li>If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>For a different flavour, you could try blending in a small measure of lemon and coriander, chili pepper, lime and chipotle, harissa and mint, or spinach and feta cheese. Experiment and see what works for you.</p>
+
+    <h2>Storage</h2>
+
+    <p>Refrigerate the finished hummus in a sealed container. You should be able to use it for about a week after you've made it. If it starts to become fizzy, you should definitely discard it.</p>
+
+    <p>hummus is suitable for freezing; you should thaw it and use it within a couple of months.</p>
+
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/html-text-formatting-text-start.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/html-text-formatting-text-start.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df8b3cb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/html-text-formatting-text-start.html
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Quick hummus recipe</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    Quick hummus recipe
+
+    This recipe makes quick, tasty hummus, with no messing. It has been adapted from a number of different recipes that I have read over the years.
+
+    Hummus is a delicious thick paste used heavily in Greek and Middle Eastern dishes. It is very tasty with salad, grilled meats and pitta breads.
+
+    Ingredients
+
+    1 can (400g) of chick peas (garbanzo beans)
+    175g of tahini
+    6 sundried tomatoes
+    Half a red pepper
+    A pinch of cayenne pepper
+    1 clove of garlic
+    A dash of olive oil
+
+    Instructions
+
+    Remove the skin from the garlic, and chop coarsely
+    Remove all the seeds and stalk from the pepper, and chop coarsely
+    Add all the ingredients into a food processor
+    Process all the ingredients into a paste.
+    If you want a coarse "chunky" hummus, process it for a short time
+    If you want a smooth hummus, process it for a longer time
+
+    For a different flavour, you could try blending in a small measure of lemon and coriander, chili pepper, lime and chipotle, harissa and mint, or spinach and feta cheese. Experiment and see what works for you.
+
+    Storage
+
+    Refrigerate the finished hummus in a sealed container. You should be able to use it for about a week after you've made it. If it starts to become fizzy, you should definitely discard it.
+
+    Hummus is suitable for freezing; you should thaw it and use it within a couple of months.
+
+
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images1-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images1-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d7e443
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images1-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML images: Task 1</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+
+      img {
+        border: 1px solid black;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>Basic image embed</h1>
+    <img>
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images1.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images1.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78149d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>HTML images: Task 1</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      img {
+        border: 1px solid black;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      <h1>Basic image embed</h1>
+
+      <img>
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+img {
+  border: 1px solid black;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Basic image embed</h1>
+<img>
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images2-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images2-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d2f00c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images2-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML images: Task 2</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+
+      img {
+        border: 1px solid black;
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>Basic image title</h1>
+
+    <img src="larch.jpg"
+         alt="Several tall evergreen trees called larches">
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images2.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images2.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6743d1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>HTML images: Task 2</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      img {
+        border: 1px solid black;
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      <h1>Basic image title</h1>
+
+      <img src="larch.jpg"
+           alt="Several tall evergreen trees called larches">
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+img {
+  border: 1px solid black;
+  max-width: 100%;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Basic image title</h1>
+
+<img src="larch.jpg"
+     alt="Several tall evergreen trees called larches">
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images3-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images3-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c46201e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images3-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML images: Task 3</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>Image and caption</h1>
+
+  	<img src="firefox.png"
+  	     alt="An abstract flaming fox wrapping around a blue sphere"
+  	     width="446" height="460">
+  	The Firefox logo, newly abstracted for 2019!
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images3.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images3.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe2152f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-images3.html
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>HTML images: Task 3</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      <h1>Image and caption</h1>
+
+    	<img src="firefox.png"
+    	     alt="An abstract flaming fox wrapping around a blue sphere"
+    	     width="446" height="460">
+    	The Firefox logo, newly abstracted for 2019!
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Image and caption</h1>
+
+<img src="firefox.png"
+     alt="An abstract flaming fox wrapping around a blue sphere"
+     width="446" height="460">
+The Firefox logo, newly abstracted for 2019!
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-in-html-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-in-html-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6db8bdd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/images-in-html-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Images in HTML</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Images in HTML</h1>
+
+    <img src="dinosaur.jpg"
+         alt="The head and torso of a dinosaur skeleton; it has a large head with long sharp teeth"
+         width="400"
+         height="341"
+         title="A T-Rex on display in the Manchester University Museum">
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links1-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links1-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..333f3b7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links1-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Links: Task 1</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+    <h1>Information on Whales</h1>
+
+    <p>For more information on our conservation activities and which Whales we study,
+    see our <a target="_blank">Whales page</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>If you want to ask our team more questions, feel free to <a>email us</a>.</p>
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links1.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links1.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5f0332
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Links: Task 1</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      p {
+        color: gray;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      <h1>Information on Whales</h1>
+
+      <p>For more information on our conservation activities and which Whales we study,
+      see our <a target="_blank">Whales page</a>.</p>
+
+      <p>If you want to ask our team more questions, feel free to <a target="_blank">email us</a>.</p>
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+p {
+  color: gray;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Information on Whales</h1>
+
+<p>For more information on our conservation activities and which Whales we study,
+see our <a target="_blank">Whales page</a>.</p>
+
+<p>If you want to ask our team more questions, feel free to <a target="_blank">email us</a>.</p>
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links2-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links2-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f89ca6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links2-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Links: Task 2</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      li {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      div {
+        height: 600px;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+    <h1>List path tests</h1>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li><a target="_blank">Link me to the blue whale image</a></li>
+      <li><a target="_blank">Link me to the narwhal image</a></li>
+      <li><a target="_blank">Link me to Google image search</a></li>
+      <li><a>Link me to the paragraph at the bottom of the page</a></li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <div></div>
+
+    <p id="bottom">The bottom of the page!</p>
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links2.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links2.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b2d36d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Links: Task 2</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      li {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      div {
+        height: 600px;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview" style="height: 300px;overflow:auto">
+      <h1>List path tests</h1>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a target="_blank">Link me to the blue whale image</a></li>
+        <li><a target="_blank">Link me to the narwhal image</a></li>
+        <li><a target="_blank">Link me to Google image search</a></li>
+        <li><a>Link me to the paragraph at the bottom of the page</a></li>
+      </ul>
+
+      <div></div>
+
+      <p id="bottom">The bottom of the page!</p>
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+h1 {
+  font-size: 2rem;
+  margin: 0;
+  color: purple;
+}
+
+li {
+  color: gray;
+  margin: 0.5em 0;
+}
+
+div {
+  height: 600px;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>List path tests</h1>
+
+<ul>
+  <li><a target="_blank">Link me to the blue whale image</a></li>
+  <li><a target="_blank">Link me to the narwhal image</a></li>
+  <li><a target="_blank">Link me to Google image search</a></li>
+  <li><a>Link me to the paragraph at the bottom of the page</a></li>
+</ul>
+
+<div></div>
+
+<p id="bottom">The bottom of the page!</p>
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links3-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links3-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..06fc124
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links3-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Links: Task 3</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+    <p>We do lots of work with Narwhals. To find out more about this work, <a href="narwhals.html" target="_blank">click here</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>You can email our support team if you have any more questions — <a href="mailto:whales@example.com">click here</a> to do so.</p>
+
+    <p>You can also <a href="factfile.pdf" target="_blank">click here</a> to download our factfile, which contains lots more information, including an FAQ.</p>
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links3.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links3.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c55ad77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-links3.html
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Links: Task 3</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      p {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+      <p>We do lots of work with Narwhals. To find out more about this work, <a href="narwhals.html" target="_blank">click here</a>.</p>
+
+      <p>You can email our support team if you have any more questions — <a href="mailto:whales@example.com">click here</a> to do so.</p>
+
+      <p>You can also <a href="factfile.pdf" target="_blank">click here</a> to download our factfile, which contains lots more information, including an FAQ.</p>
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+p {
+  color: gray;
+  margin: 0.5em 0;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+      <p>We do lots of work with Narwhals. To find out more about this work, <a href="narwhals.html" target="_blank">click here</a>.</p>
+
+      <p>You can email our support team if you have any more questions — <a href="mailto:whales@example.com">click here</a> to do so.</p>
+
+      <p>You can also <a href="factfile.pdf" target="_blank">click here</a> to download our factfile, which contains lots more information, including an FAQ.</p>
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-narwhals.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-narwhals.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..33e5ef6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-narwhals.html
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Narwhals!</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+    <h1>Whales</h1>
+
+    <p>You found our Narwhals page — well done!</p>
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-whales.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-whales.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9076f6d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/links-whales.html
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Whales!</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 2rem;
+        margin: 0;
+        color: purple;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        color: gray;
+        margin: 0.5em 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+    <h1>Whales</h1>
+
+    <p>You found our Whales page — well done!</p>
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/marking-up-a-letter-finished-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/marking-up-a-letter-finished-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..93e895c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/marking-up-a-letter-finished-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="author" content="Dr. Eleanor Gaye">
+    <title>Awesome science application correspondence</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        max-width: 800px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+      }
+
+      .sender-column {
+        text-align: right;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 1.5em;
+      }
+
+      h2 {
+        font-size: 1.3em;
+      }
+
+      p,ul,ol,dl,address {
+        font-size: 1.1em;
+      }
+
+      p, li, dd, dt, address {
+        line-height: 1.5;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <address class="sender-column">
+      <strong>Dr. Eleanor Gaye</strong><br>
+      Awesome Science faculty<br>
+      University of Awesome<br>
+      Bobtown, CA 99999,<br>
+      USA<br>
+      <strong>Tel</strong>: 123-456-7890<br>
+      <strong>Email</strong>: no_reply@example.com
+    </address>
+
+    <p class="sender-column"><time datetime="2016-01-20">20 January 2016</time></p>
+
+    <address>
+      <strong>Miss Eileen Dover</strong><br>
+      4321 Cliff Top Edge<br>
+      Dover, CT9 XXX<br>
+      UK
+    </address>
+
+    <h1>Re: Eileen Dover university application</h1>
+
+    <p>Dear Eileen,</p>
+
+    <p>Thank you for your recent application to join us at the University of Awesome's science faculty to study as part of your <abbr>PhD</abbr> (Doctor of Philosophy) next year. I will answer your questions one by one, in the following sections.</p>
+
+    <h2>Starting dates</h2>
+
+    <p>We are happy to accommodate you starting your study with us at any time, however it would suit us better if you could start at the beginning of a semester; the start dates for each one are as follows:</p>
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>First semester: <time datetime="2016-09-09">9 September 2016</time></li>
+      <li>Second semester: <time datetime="2017-01-15">15 January 2017</time></li>
+      <li>Third semester: <time datetime="2017-05-02">2 May 2017</time></li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <p>Please let me know if this is ok, and if so which start date you would prefer.</p>
+
+    <p>You can find more information about <a href="http://www.example.com" title="table of awesome university important dates">important university dates</a> on our website.</p>
+
+    <h2>Subjects of study</h2>
+
+    <p>At the Awesome Science Faculty, we have a pretty open-minded research facility — as long as the subjects fall somewhere in the realm of science and technology. You seem like an intelligent, dedicated researcher, and just the kind of person we'd like to have on our team. Saying that, of the ideas you submitted we were most intrigued by are as follows, in order of priority:</p>
+
+    <ol>
+      <li>Turning H<sub>2</sub>O into wine, and the health benefits of Resveratrol (C<sub>14</sub>H<sub>12</sub>O<sub>3</sub>.)</li>
+      <li>Measuring the effect on performance of funk bassplayers at temperatures exceeding 30°C (86°F), when the audience size exponentially increases (effect of 3 × 10<sup>3</sup> increasing to 3 × 10<sup>4</sup>.)</li>
+      <li><abbr>HTML</abbr>, Hypertext Markup Language, and <abbr>CSS</abbr>, Cascading Style Sheets, constructs for representing musical scores.</li>
+    </ol>
+
+    <p>So please can you provide more information on each of these subjects, including how long you'd expect the research to take, required staff and other resources, and anything else you think we'd need to know? Thanks.</p>
+
+    <h2>Exotic dance moves</h2>
+
+    <p>Yes, you are right! As part of my post-doctorate work, I <em>did</em> study exotic tribal dances. To answer your question, my favourite dances are as follows, with definitions:</p>
+
+    <dl>
+      <dt>Polynesian chicken dance</dt>
+      <dd>A little known but <em>very</em> influential dance dating back as far as 300 <abbr title="Before Common Era">BCE</abbr>, a whole village would dance around in a circle like chickens, to encourage their livestock to be "fruitful".</dd>
+      <dt>Icelandic brownian shuffle</dt>
+      <dd>Before the Icelanders developed fire as a means of getting warm, they used to practice this dance, which involved huddling close together in a circle on the floor, and shuffling their bodies around in imperceptibly tiny, very rapid movements. One of my fellow students used to say that he thought this dance inspired modern styles such as Twerking.</dd>
+      <dt>Arctic robot dance</dt>
+      <dd>An interesting example of historic misinformation, English explorers in the 1960s believed to have discovered a new dance style characterised by "robotic", stilted movements, being practiced by inhabitants of Northern Alaska and Canada. Later on however it was discovered that they were just moving like this because they were really cold.</dd>
+    </dl>
+
+    <p>For more of my research, see my <a href="http://www.example.com" aria-label="Dr Gaye's exotic dance research">exotic dance research page</a>.</p>
+
+    <p>Yours sincerely,</p>
+
+    <p>Dr Eleanor Gaye</p>
+
+
+    <p>University of Awesome motto: <q>Be awesome to each other.</q> -- <cite>The memoirs of Bill S Preston, <abbr title="Esquire">Esq.</abbr></cite></p>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/mdn-splash-page-finished-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/mdn-splash-page-finished-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0847f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/mdn-splash-page-finished-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Mozilla splash page</title>
+    <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,700' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+    <style>
+      /* header and body setup */
+
+      html {
+        font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
+        background: url(pattern.png);
+      }
+
+      body {
+        width: 100%;
+        max-width: 1200px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+        background-color: white;
+        position: relative;
+      }
+
+      /* Header styling */
+
+      header {
+        height: 150px;
+      }
+
+      header img {
+        width: 100px;
+        position: absolute;
+        right: 32.5px;
+        top: 32.5px;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 50px;
+        line-height: 140px;
+        margin: 0 0 0 32.5px;
+      }
+
+      /* main section and video styling */
+
+      main {
+        background: #ccc;
+      }
+
+      article {
+        padding: 20px;
+      }
+
+      h2 {
+        margin-top: 0;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        line-height: 2;
+      }
+
+      iframe {
+        float: left;
+        margin: 0 20px 20px 0;
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+
+      /* further info links */
+
+      .further-info {
+        clear: left;
+        padding: 40px 0;
+        background: #c13832;
+        box-shadow: inset 0 3px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.5),
+                    inset 0 -3px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
+      }
+
+      .further-info a {
+        width: 25%;
+        display: block;
+        float: left;
+      }
+
+      .further-info img {
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+
+      .clearfix {
+        clear: both;
+      }
+
+      /* Red panda image */
+
+      .red-panda img {
+        display: block;
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <header>
+      <h1>Mozilla</h1>
+      <img src="firefox-logo120.png" alt="Firefox logo">
+    </header>
+
+    <main>
+      <article>
+        <iframe width="400" height="225" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ojcNcvb1olg" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe>
+        <h2>Rocking the free web</h2>
+
+        <p>Mozilla are a global community of technologists, thinkers, and builders, working together to keep the Internet alive and accessible, so people worldwide can be informed contributors and creators of the Web. We believe this act of human collaboration across an open platform is essential to individual growth and our collective future.</p>
+
+        <p>Click on the images below to find more information about the cool stuff Mozilla does. <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mathiasappel/21675551065/">Red panda picture</a> by Mathias Appel.</p>
+      </article>
+
+      <div class="further-info">
+        <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/">
+          <img srcset="firefox-logo120.png 120w,
+                       firefox-logo400.png 400w"
+               sizes="(max-width: 500px) 120px,
+                      400px"
+               src="firefox-logo400.png" alt="Download Firefox">
+        </a>
+        <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/">
+          <img srcset="mozilla-dinosaur120.png 120w,
+                       mozilla-dinosaur400.png 400w"
+               sizes="(max-width: 500px) 120px,
+                      400px"
+               src="mozilla-dinosaur400.png" alt="Learn more about Mozilla">
+        </a>
+        <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/">
+          <img srcset="firefox-addons120.jpg 120w,
+                       firefox-addons400.jpg 400w"
+               sizes="(max-width: 500px) 120px,
+                      400px"
+               src="firefox-addons400.jpg" alt="Customize Firefox with add-ons">
+        </a>
+        <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/">
+          <img  src="mdn.svg" role="img" alt="Learn web development with MDN">
+        </a>
+        <div class="clearfix"></div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="red-panda">
+
+
+        <picture>
+          <source media="(max-width: 600px)" srcset="red-panda-portrait-small.jpg">
+          <img src="red-panda-landscape.jpg" alt="a red panda">
+        </picture>
+      </div>
+
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/mdn-splash-page-start-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/mdn-splash-page-start-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ddc6b12
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/mdn-splash-page-start-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Mozilla splash page</title>
+    <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,700' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'>
+    <style>
+      /* header and body setup */
+
+      html {
+        font-family: 'Open Sans', sans-serif;
+        background: url(pattern.png);
+      }
+
+      body {
+        width: 100%;
+        max-width: 1200px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+        background-color: white;
+        position: relative;
+      }
+
+      /* Header styling */
+
+      header {
+        height: 150px;
+      }
+
+      header img {
+        width: 100px;
+        position: absolute;
+        right: 32.5px;
+        top: 32.5px;
+      }
+
+      h1 {
+        font-size: 50px;
+        line-height: 140px;
+        margin: 0 0 0 32.5px;
+      }
+
+      /* main section and video styling */
+
+      main {
+        background: #ccc;
+      }
+
+      article {
+        padding: 20px;
+      }
+
+      h2 {
+        margin-top: 0;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        line-height: 2;
+      }
+
+      iframe {
+        float: left;
+        margin: 0 20px 20px 0;
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+
+      /* further info links */
+
+      .further-info {
+        clear: left;
+        padding: 40px 0;
+        background: #c13832;
+        box-shadow: inset 0 3px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.5),
+                    inset 0 -3px 2px rgba(0,0,0,0.5);
+      }
+
+      .further-info a {
+        width: 25%;
+        display: block;
+        float: left;
+      }
+
+      .further-info img {
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+
+      .clearfix {
+        clear: both;
+      }
+
+      /* Red panda image */
+
+      .red-panda img {
+        display: block;
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <header>
+      <h1>Mozilla</h1>
+      <!-- insert <img> element, link to the small
+          version of the Firefox logo -->
+
+    </header>
+
+    <main>
+      <article>
+        <!-- insert iframe from youtube -->
+
+        <h2>Rocking the free web</h2>
+
+        <p>Mozilla are a global community of technologists, thinkers, and builders, working together to keep the Internet alive and accessible, so people worldwide can be informed contributors and creators of the Web. We believe this act of human collaboration across an open platform is essential to individual growth and our collective future.</p>
+
+        <p>Click on the images below to find more information about the cool stuff Mozilla does. <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mathiasappel/21675551065/">Red panda picture</a> by Mathias Appel.</p>
+      </article>
+
+      <div class="further-info">
+        <!-- insert images with srcsets and sizes -->
+        <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/new/">
+          <img>
+        </a>
+        <a href="https://www.mozilla.org/">
+          <img>
+        </a>
+        <a href="https://addons.mozilla.org/">
+          <img>
+        </a>
+        <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/">
+          <img>
+        </a>
+        <div class="clearfix"></div>
+      </div>
+
+      <div class="red-panda">
+        <!-- insert picture element -->
+      </div>
+
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed1-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed1-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f25f815
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed1-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Media/embedding: Task 1</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+
+      audio {
+        border: 1px solid black;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>Basic audio embed</h1>
+
+    <audio>
+
+    </audio>
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed1.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed1.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6e7c133
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Media/embedding: Task 1</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      audio {
+        border: 1px solid black;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      <h1>Basic audio embed</h1>
+
+      <audio>
+      </audio>
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+audio {
+  border: 1px solid black;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Basic audio embed</h1>
+
+<audio>
+</audio>
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed2-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed2-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..555fce6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed2-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Media/embedding: Task 2</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+
+      video {
+        border: 1px solid black;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>Video embed</h1>
+
+    <video>
+    </video>
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed2.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed2.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..78688fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Media/embedding: Task 2</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+      video {
+        border: 1px solid black;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      <h1>Video embed</h1>
+
+      <video>
+      </video>
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+video {
+  border: 1px solid black;
+}
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Video embed</h1>
+
+<video>
+</video>
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed3-download.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed3-download.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a46d80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed3-download.html
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>Media/embedding: Task 3</title>
+    <style>
+      body {
+        background-color: #fff;
+        color: #333;
+        font: 1em / 1.4 Helvetica Neue, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;
+        padding: 1em;
+        margin: 0;
+      }
+
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>Embedding</h1>
+
+    <!-- PDF embed here  -->
+
+    <hr>
+
+    <!-- 3rd party embed here  -->
+
+  </body>
+
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed3.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed3.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..41edb73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/media-embed-mediaembed3.html
@@ -0,0 +1,50 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>Media/embedding: Task 3</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="../styles.css" />
+    <style>
+      * {
+        box-sizing: border-box;
+      }
+    </style>
+
+    <style class="editable">
+
+    </style>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <section class="preview">
+
+      <h1>Embedding</h1>
+
+      <!-- PDF embed here  -->
+
+      <hr>
+
+      <!-- 3rd party embed here  -->
+
+    </section>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-css" style="height: 130px;">
+
+    </textarea>
+
+    <textarea class="playable playable-html" style="height: 220px;">
+<h1>Embedding</h1>
+
+<!-- PDF embed here  -->
+
+<hr>
+
+<!-- 3rd party embed here  -->
+    </textarea>
+
+    <div class="playable-buttons">
+      <input id="reset" type="button" value="Reset" />
+    </div>
+  </body>
+  <script src="../playable.js"></script>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..431e445
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Homepage</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <!-- put navigation menu just below here -->
+
+    <ul>
+      <li>Home</li>
+      <li><a href="pictures.html">Pictures</a></li>
+      <li><a href="projects.html">Projects</a></li>
+      <li><a href="social.html">Social</a></li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <h1>Homepage</h1>
+
+    <p>Welcome to my exciting homepage</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-pictures.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-pictures.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..efad3e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-pictures.html
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Pictures</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <!-- put navigation menu just below here -->
+
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
+      <li>Pictures</li>
+      <li><a href="projects.html">Projects</a></li>
+      <li><a href="social.html">Social</a></li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <h1>Pictures</h1>
+
+    <p>My pictures will go here, when I start taking some.</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-projects.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-projects.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65030b1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-projects.html
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Projects</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <!-- put navigation menu just below here -->
+
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
+      <li><a href="pictures.html">Pictures</a></li>
+      <li>Projects</li>
+      <li><a href="social.html">Social</a></li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <h1>My projects</h1>
+
+    <p>Welcome to my project page, showing what exciting things I am currently doing.</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-social.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-social.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..44cf405
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-marked-up-social.html
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Social</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <!-- put navigation menu just below here -->
+
+    <ul>
+      <li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>
+      <li><a href="pictures.html">Pictures</a></li>
+      <li><a href="projects.html">Projects</a></li>
+      <li>Social</li>
+    </ul>
+
+    <h1>Social media</h1>
+
+    <p>Welcome to my social media page. I am currently antisocial, but will start putting my social media widgets on here when the time is right.</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc5a6b2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Homepage</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <!-- put navigation menu just below here -->
+
+    <h1>Homepage</h1>
+
+    <p>Welcome to my exciting homepage</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-pictures.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-pictures.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec2420e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-pictures.html
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Pictures</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <!-- put navigation menu just below here -->
+
+    <h1>Pictures</h1>
+
+    <p>My pictures will go here, when I start taking some.</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-projects.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-projects.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70e6a0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-projects.html
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Projects</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <!-- put navigation menu just below here -->
+
+    <h1>My projects</h1>
+
+    <p>Welcome to my project page, showing what exciting things I am currently doing.</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-social.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-social.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9d45d6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/navigation-menu-start-social.html
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Social</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <!-- put navigation menu just below here -->
+
+    <h1>Social media</h1>
+
+    <p>Welcome to my social media page. I am currently antisocial, but will start putting my social media widgets on here when the time is right.</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-iframe-detail.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-iframe-detail.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e237dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-iframe-detail.html
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Iframe with basic details</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Iframe with basic details</h1>
+
+    <iframe src="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary" width="100%" height="500" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen sandbox>
+      <p> <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary"> Fallback link for browsers that don't support iframes </a> </p>
+    </iframe>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-iframe-youtube.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-iframe-youtube.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba0bc86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-iframe-youtube.html
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Iframe youtube example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Everybody loves Nyancat</h1>
+
+    <iframe width="420" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/QH2-TGUlwu4" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen>\n</iframe>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-object-image.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-object-image.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6ce3f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-object-image.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Object element example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Object element example</h1>
+
+ 
+    <object data="dinosaur.jpg" type="image/jpeg" width="400" height="341">
+      <p>Why oh why didn't we just use the image element?</p>
+    </object>
+
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-object-pdf.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-object-pdf.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..45b1bc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/other-embedding-technologies-object-pdf.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Object element example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Object element example</h1>
+
+ 
+    <object data="mypdf.pdf" type="application/pdf" width="800" height="1200">
+      <p>You don't have a PDF plugin, but you can <a href="mypdf.pdf">download the PDF file.</a></p>
+    </object>
+
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/projects-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/projects-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d48a822
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/projects-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>My project page</title>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <h1>This is my project page</h1>
+
+    <p>A link to my <a href="../pdfs/project-brief.pdf">project brief</a>.</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-not-responsive.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-not-responsive.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f64421b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-not-responsive.html
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Not responsive demo</title>
+    <style>
+      html {
+        font-family: sans-serif;
+        background-color: gray;
+      }
+
+      body {
+        width: 100%;
+        max-width: 1200px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+        background-color: white;
+      }
+
+      header {
+        background: url(header.jpg) no-repeat center;
+        height: 200px;
+      }
+
+      section {
+        padding: 20px;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        line-height: 1.5;
+      }
+
+      img {
+        display: block;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <header>
+      
+    </header>
+
+    <main>
+      <section>
+        <h1>My website</h1>
+
+        <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Mauris eget venenatis ligula. Ut lacinia at dolor vitae pulvinar. Aliquam pretium dignissim eros. Integer faucibus, dui non aliquet bibendum, lectus orci lobortis odio, ornare porttitor est tellus eget velit. Nulla eros elit, malesuada id neque vel, viverra vehicula neque. Nullam auctor turpis non leo iaculis finibus. Quisque blandit arcu venenatis libero tempor, ac pulvinar ligula dapibus.</p>
+
+        <img src="elva-800w.jpg" alt="Chris standing up holding his daughter Elva">
+
+        <p>Suspendisse potenti. Ut in luctus eros. Mauris pulvinar vehicula aliquet. Etiam imperdiet eleifend luctus. Duis ut justo nec eros ornare consectetur. Vestibulum convallis condimentum varius. Maecenas rutrum porta varius. Phasellus volutpat sem id sagittis luctus. Morbi vitae quam vitae nisi iaculis dignissim.</p>
+
+        <img src="elva-fairy-800w.jpg" alt="Elva dressed as a fairy">
+
+        <p>Header image originally by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/miwok/17086751527/">Miwok</a>.</p>
+      </section>
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-responsive.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-responsive.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5620c78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-responsive.html
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Responsive HTML images demo</title>
+    <style>
+      html {
+        font-family: sans-serif;
+        background-color: gray;
+      }
+
+      body {
+        max-width: 1200px;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+        background-color: white;
+      }
+
+      header {
+        background: url(header.jpg) no-repeat center;
+        height: 200px;
+      }
+
+      section {
+        padding: 20px;
+      }
+
+      p {
+        line-height: 1.5;
+      }
+
+      img {
+        display: block;
+        margin: 0 auto;
+        max-width: 100%;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <header>
+
+    </header>
+
+    <main>
+      <section>
+        <h1>My website</h1>
+
+        <p>Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Mauris eget venenatis ligula. Ut lacinia at dolor vitae pulvinar. Aliquam pretium dignissim eros. Integer faucibus, dui non aliquet bibendum, lectus orci lobortis odio, ornare porttitor est tellus eget velit. Nulla eros elit, malesuada id neque vel, viverra vehicula neque. Nullam auctor turpis non leo iaculis finibus. Quisque blandit arcu venenatis libero tempor, ac pulvinar ligula dapibus.</p>
+
+        <picture>
+          <source media="(width < 800px)" srcset="elva-480w-close-portrait.jpg">
+          <source media="(width >= 800px)" srcset="elva-800w.jpg">
+          <img src="elva-800w.jpg" alt="Chris standing up holding his daughter Elva">
+        </picture>
+
+        <p>Suspendisse potenti. Ut in luctus eros. Mauris pulvinar vehicula aliquet. Etiam imperdiet eleifend luctus. Duis ut justo nec eros ornare consectetur. Vestibulum convallis condimentum varius. Maecenas rutrum porta varius. Phasellus volutpat sem id sagittis luctus. Morbi vitae quam vitae nisi iaculis dignissim.</p>
+
+        <img srcset="elva-fairy-480w.jpg 480w,
+                     elva-fairy-800w.jpg 800w"
+             sizes="(width <= 600px) 480px,
+                    800px"
+             src="elva-fairy-800w.jpg" alt="Elva dressed as a fairy">
+
+        <p>Header image originally by <a href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/miwok/17086751527/">Miwok</a>.</p>
+      </section>
+    </main>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-srcset-resolutions.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-srcset-resolutions.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..280ae42
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/responsive-images-srcset-resolutions.html
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
+    <title>Responsive HTML images demo</title>
+    <style>
+      img {
+        width: 320px;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <img
+      srcset="
+        elva-fairy-320w.jpg,
+        elva-fairy-480w.jpg 1.5x,
+        elva-fairy-640w.jpg 2x
+      "
+      src="elva-fairy-640w.jpg"
+      alt="Elva dressed as a fairy"
+      id="img"
+      onload="showUrl()"
+    />
+    <script>
+      function showUrl() {
+        const img = document.getElementById("img");
+        const p = document.createElement("p");
+        const fileName = img.currentSrc?.substring(
+          img.currentSrc.lastIndexOf("/"),
+        );
+        p.textContent = `Loaded: ${fileName}`;
+        document.body.appendChild(p);
+      }
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/structuring-a-page-of-content-finished-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/structuring-a-page-of-content-finished-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..acdb109
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/structuring-a-page-of-content-finished-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Birdwatching</title>
+    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Condensed:300|Cinzel+Decorative:700" rel="stylesheet">
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
+
+
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <header>
+      <h1>Birdwatching</h1>
+      <img src="dove.png" alt="a simple dove logo">
+
+      <nav>
+        <ul>
+          <li><span>Home</span></li>
+          <li><a href="#">Get started</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#">Photos</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#">Gear</a></li>
+          <li><a href="#">Forum</a></li>
+        </ul>
+      </nav>
+    </header>
+
+    <main>
+
+      <article>
+        <h2>Welcome</h2>
+
+        <p>Welcome to our fake birdwatching site. If this were a real site, it would be the ideal place to come to learn more about birdwatching, whether you are a beginner looking to learn how to get into birding, or an expert wanting to share ideas, tips, and photos with other like-minded people.</p>
+
+        <p>So don't waste time! Get what you need, then turn off that computer and get out into the great outdoors!</p>
+      </article>
+
+      <aside>
+        <h2>Favourite photos</h2>
+
+        <a href="favorite-1.jpg"><img src="favorite-1_th.jpg" alt="Small black bird, black claws, long black slender beak, links to larger version of the image"></a>
+        <a href="favorite-2.jpg"><img src="favorite-2_th.jpg" alt="Top half of a pretty bird with bright blue plumage on neck, light colored beak, blue headdress, links to larger version of the image"></a>
+        <a href="favorite-3.jpg"><img src="favorite-3_th.jpg" alt="Top half of a large bird with white plumage, very long curved narrow light colored break, links to larger version of the image"></a>
+        <a href="favorite-4.jpg"><img src="favorite-4_th.jpg" alt="Large bird, mostly white plumage with black plumage on back and rear, long straight white beak, links to larger version of the image"></a>
+      </aside>
+    </main>
+
+    <footer>
+
+      <p>This fake website example is CC0 — any part of this code may be reused in any way you wish. Original example written by Chris Mills, 2016.</p>
+
+      <p><a href="http://game-icons.net/lorc/originals/dove.html">Dove icon</a> by Lorc.</p>
+    </footer>
+
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/structuring-a-page-of-content-start-index.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/structuring-a-page-of-content-start-index.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a62930
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/structuring-a-page-of-content-start-index.html
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Birdwatching</title>
+    <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto+Condensed:300%7CCinzel+Decorative:700" rel="stylesheet">
+
+
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+
+      <h1>Birdwatching</h1>
+      <img src="dove.png" alt="a simple dove logo">
+
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><span>Home</span></li>
+        <li><a href="#">Get started</a></li>
+        <li><a href="#">Photos</a></li>
+        <li><a href="#">Gear</a></li>
+        <li><a href="#">Forum</a></li>
+      </ul>
+
+
+      <h2>Welcome</h2>
+
+      <p>Welcome to our fake birdwatching site. If this were a real site, it would be the ideal place to come to learn more about birdwatching, whether you are a beginner looking to learn how to get into birding, or an expert wanting to share ideas, tips, and photos with other like-minded people.</p>
+
+      <p>So don't waste time! Get what you need, then turn off that computer and get out into the great outdoors!</p>
+
+      <h2>Favourite photos</h2>
+
+      <a href="favorite-1.jpg"><img src="favorite-1_th.jpg" alt="Small black bird, black claws, long black slender beak, links to larger version of the image"></a>
+      <a href="favorite-2.jpg"><img src="favorite-2_th.jpg" alt="Top half of a pretty bird with bright blue plumage on neck, light colored beak, blue headdress, links to larger version of the image"></a>
+      <a href="favorite-3.jpg"><img src="favorite-3_th.jpg" alt="Top half of a large bird with white plumage, very long curved narrow light colored break, links to larger version of the image"></a>
+      <a href="favorite-4.jpg"><img src="favorite-4_th.jpg" alt="Large bird, mostly white plumage with black plumage on back and rear, long straight white beak, links to larger version of the image"></a>
+
+
+      <p>This fake website example is CC0 — any part of this code may be reused in any way you wish. Original example written by Chris Mills, 2016.</p>
+
+      <p><a href="http://game-icons.net/lorc/originals/dove.html">Dove icon</a> by Lorc.</p>
+
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-css-and-js.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-css-and-js.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7d30afd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-css-and-js.html
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Meta examples</title>
+
+    <meta name="author" content="Chris Mills">
+    <meta name="description" content="This is an example page to demonstrate usage of metadata on web pages.">
+
+    <meta property="og:image" content="https://developer.mozilla.org/mdn-social-share.png">
+    <meta property="og:description" content="This is an example page to demonstrate usage of metadata on web pages.">
+    <meta property="og:title" content="Metadata; The HTML &lt;head&gt;, on MDN">
+
+    <link rel="Shortcut Icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
+
+    <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css">
+    <script src="script.js" defer></script>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Meta examples</h1>
+
+    <p>Japanese example: ご飯が熱い。</p>
+
+    
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-meta-example.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-meta-example.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..daf4331
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-meta-example.html
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Meta examples</title>
+
+    <meta name="author" content="Chris Mills">
+    <meta name="description" content="This is an example page to demonstrate usage of metadata on web pages.">
+
+    <meta property="og:image" content="https://developer.mozilla.org/mdn-social-share.png">
+    <meta property="og:description" content="This is an example page to demonstrate usage of metadata on web pages.">
+    <meta property="og:title" content="Metadata; The HTML &lt;head&gt;, on MDN">
+
+    <link rel="Shortcut Icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon">
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Meta examples</h1>
+
+    <p>Japanese example: ご飯が熱い。</p>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-title-example.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-title-example.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3355707
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/the-html-head-title-example.html
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>&lt;title&gt; element</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>&lt;h1&gt; element</h1>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-extra-video-features.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-extra-video-features.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1070d52
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-extra-video-features.html
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Extra video features example</title>
+    <style>
+      video {
+        background: black;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Extra video features example</h1>
+
+    <video controls width="400" height="400"
+           loop muted preload="auto"
+           poster="poster.png">
+      <source src="rabbit320.mp4" type="video/mp4">
+      <source src="rabbit320.webm" type="video/webm">
+      <p>Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video. Here is a <a href="rabbit320.mp4">link to the video</a> instead.</p>
+    </video>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-audio-formats.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-audio-formats.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..da77e1c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-audio-formats.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Multiple format audio example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Below is an audio player that will play in all modern browsers</h1>
+
+    <audio controls>
+      <source src="viper.mp3" type="audio/mp3">
+      <source src="viper.ogg" type="audio/ogg">
+      <p>Your browser doesn't support HTML5 audio. Here is a <a href="viper.mp3">link to the audio</a> instead.</p> 
+    </audio>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-video-formats-no-controls.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-video-formats-no-controls.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d254812
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-video-formats-no-controls.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Multiple format video example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Below is a video that will play in all modern browsers</h1>
+
+    <video>
+      <source src="rabbit320.mp4" type="video/mp4">
+      <source src="rabbit320.webm" type="video/webm">
+      <p>Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video. Here is a <a href="rabbit320.mp4">link to the video</a> instead.</p>
+    </video>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-video-formats.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-video-formats.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2d838ef
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-multiple-video-formats.html
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Multiple format video example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Below is a video that will play in all modern browsers</h1>
+
+    <video controls>
+      <source src="rabbit320.mp4" type="video/mp4">
+      <source src="rabbit320.webm" type="video/webm">
+      <p>Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video. Here is a <a href="rabbit320.mp4">link to the video</a> instead.</p> 
+    </video>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-simple-video.html b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-simple-video.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..07cde8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/mdn-learning-area/video-and-audio-content-simple-video.html
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en-US">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width">
+    <title>Simple video example</title>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <h1>Below is a simple video example</h1>
+
+    <video src="rabbit320.webm" controls>
+      <p>Your browser doesn't support HTML5 video. Here is a <a href="rabbit320.webm">link to the video</a> instead.</p> 
+    </video>
+  </body>
+</html>
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/text-level-semantics-historical.html b/documents/html/wpt/text-level-semantics-historical.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7fe83a9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/text-level-semantics-historical.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!doctype html>
+<title>Historical text-level element features should not be supported</title>
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
+<script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+<div id=log></div>
+<script>
+function t(property, tagNames) {
+  if (typeof tagNames === "string") {
+    tagNames = [tagNames];
+  }
+  tagNames.forEach(function(tagName) {
+    test(function() {
+      assert_false(property in document.createElement(tagName));
+    }, tagName + '.' + property + ' should not be supported');
+  });
+}
+
+// <area> and <link> are in other sections in the spec, but we'll test them here together with <a>
+
+// removed in https://github.com/whatwg/html/commit/790479ab1ba143efc27d1f92cd0465627df48fb0
+t('hreflang', 'area');
+t('type', 'area');
+
+// renamed to dateTime in https://github.com/whatwg/html/commit/8b6732237c7021cd61e3c3463146234ca8ce5bad
+t('datetime', 'time');
+
+// removed in https://github.com/whatwg/html/commit/66fcb2357f205448fe2f40d7834a1e8ea2ed283b
+t('media', ['a', 'area']);
+</script>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-click-handler-with-null-browsing-context-crash.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-click-handler-with-null-browsing-context-crash.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..976dc3a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-click-handler-with-null-browsing-context-crash.html
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<title>HTMLAnchorElement.onclick with null browsing context</title>
+<link rel="author" title="Nate Chapin" href="mailto:japhet@chromium.org">
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/C/#the-a-element">
+<link rel="help" href="https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1083721">
+<meta name="assert" content="An <a> from a discarded browsing context that is cloned into a new document should not crash when clicked"/>
+<body>
+<iframe id="i" src="resources/a-onclick-handler-iframe.html"></iframe>
+<script>
+window.onload = () => {
+  var range = i.contentDocument.createRange();
+  range.selectNodeContents(i.contentDocument.body);
+  i.remove();
+
+  // Clone the <a> into this document, and ensure clicking it does not crash.
+  document.body.appendChild(range.cloneContents());
+  var a = document.getElementsByTagName('a')[0];
+  a.click();
+};
+</script>
+</body>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click-404.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click-404.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c8adc0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click-404.html
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Clicking on an &lt;a> element with a download attribute and href that leads to 404 should not navigate</title>
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-a-element:activation-behaviour">
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/links.html#attr-hyperlink-download">
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
+<script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+<body>
+<script>
+"use strict";
+async_test(t => {
+    const errorFrame = document.createElement("iframe");
+
+    errorFrame.addEventListener("load", t.step_func(function () {
+        errorFrame.contentWindow.addEventListener(
+            "beforeunload", t.unreached_func("Navigated instead of downloading"));
+
+        errorFrame.contentDocument.querySelector("#error-url").click();
+        t.step_timeout(() => t.done(), 1000);
+    }));
+    errorFrame.src = "resources/a-download-404.html";
+    document.body.appendChild(errorFrame);
+}, "Do not navigate to 404 for anchor with download");
+</script>
+</body>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click-redirect-to-javascript.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click-redirect-to-javascript.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..09f63b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click-redirect-to-javascript.html
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Clicking on an &lt;a> element with a download attribute and href that redirects to 'javascript:' should not navigate or execute</title>
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-a-element:activation-behaviour">
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/links.html#attr-hyperlink-download">
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
+<script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+<body>
+<script>
+"use strict";
+async_test(t => {
+    const errorFrame = document.createElement("iframe");
+
+    errorFrame.addEventListener("load", t.step_func(function () {
+        assert_false(errorFrame.contentWindow.executed);
+        errorFrame.contentWindow.addEventListener(
+            "beforeunload", t.unreached_func("Page should not navigate."));
+
+        errorFrame.contentDocument.querySelector("#error-url").click();
+        t.step_timeout(_ => {
+          assert_false(errorFrame.contentWindow.executed, "Redirecting to javascript: was suppressed.");
+          t.done();
+        }, 1000);
+    }));
+    errorFrame.src = "resources/a-download-redirect-to-javascript.html";
+    document.body.appendChild(errorFrame);
+}, "Do not navigate or execute JS when redirecting a download to 'javascript:..'");
+</script>
+</body>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..22d329f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-download-click.html
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>Clicking on an &lt;a> element with a download attribute must not throw an exception</title>
+<link rel="author" title="Domenic Denicola" href="mailto:d@domenic.me">
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-a-element:activation-behaviour">
+<link rel="help" href="https://github.com/whatwg/html/issues/2116">
+<script src="/resources/testharness.js"></script>
+<script src="/resources/testharnessreport.js"></script>
+
+<body>
+<script>
+"use strict";
+async_test(t => {
+    const frame = document.createElement("iframe");
+
+    frame.addEventListener("load", t.step_func(function () {
+        frame.contentWindow.addEventListener(
+            "beforeunload", t.unreached_func("Navigated instead of downloading"));
+        const string = "test";
+        const blob = new Blob([string], { type: "text/html" });
+
+        const link = frame.contentDocument.querySelector("#blob-url");
+        link.href = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
+
+        link.click();
+
+        t.step_timeout(() => t.done(), 1000);
+    }));
+    frame.src = "resources/a-download-click.html";
+    document.body.appendChild(frame);
+}, "Clicking on an <a> element with a download attribute must not throw an exception");
+</script>
+</body>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-stringifier.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-stringifier.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1085a74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-stringifier.html
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<title>HTMLAnchorElement stringifier</title>
+<link rel="author" title="Ms2ger" href="mailto:ms2ger@gmail.com">
+<link rel="help" href="https://webidl.spec.whatwg.org/#es-stringifier">
+<script src=/resources/testharness.js></script>
+<script src=/resources/testharnessreport.js></script>
+<script src=/common/stringifiers.js></script>
+<div id=log></div>
+<script>
+test(function() {
+  test_stringifier_attribute(document.createElement("a"), "href", false);
+  var a = document.createElement("a");
+  a.setAttribute("href", "foo");
+  test_stringifier_attribute(a, "href", false);
+});
+</script>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-text-getter-01.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-text-getter-01.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e0bb73b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-text-getter-01.html
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<title>HTMLAnchorElement.text getting</title>
+<link rel="author" title="Ms2ger" href="mailto:ms2ger@gmail.com">
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#dom-a-text">
+<script src=/resources/testharness.js></script>
+<script src=/resources/testharnessreport.js></script>
+<div id=log></div>
+<script>var b</script>
+<div id="test">
+<a href="a">a b c </a>
+<a href="b">a <!--b-->b c </a>
+<a href="c">a <b>b</b> c </a>
+<a href="d">a <script>b</script> c </a>
+<script>
+var e = document.getElementById("test")
+                .appendChild(document.createElement("a"));
+e.href = "d";
+e.appendChild(document.createTextNode("a "));
+e.appendChild(document.createTextNode("b "));
+e.appendChild(document.createTextNode("c "));
+</script>
+</div>
+<script>
+test(function() {
+  var list = document.getElementById("test")
+                     .getElementsByTagName("a");
+  for (var i = 0, il = list.length; i < il; ++i) {
+    test(function() {
+      assert_equals(list[i].text, list[i].textContent);
+      assert_equals(list[i].text, "a b c ");
+    }, "Test for anchor " + i);
+  }
+});
+</script>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-text-setter-01.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-text-setter-01.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..879a9e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-text-setter-01.html
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<title>HTMLAnchorElement.text setting</title>
+<link rel="author" title="Ms2ger" href="mailto:ms2ger@gmail.com">
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#dom-a-text">
+<script src=/resources/testharness.js></script>
+<script src=/resources/testharnessreport.js></script>
+<div id=log></div>
+<div id="test">
+<a href="a">a b c</a>
+<a href="b">a <!--b--> c</a>
+<a href="c">a <b>b</b> c</a>
+<script>
+var d = document.getElementById("test")
+                .appendChild(document.createElement("a"));
+d.href = "d";
+d.appendChild(document.createTextNode("a "));
+d.appendChild(document.createTextNode("b "));
+d.appendChild(document.createTextNode("c "));
+</script>
+</div>
+<script>
+test(function() {
+  var list = document.getElementById("test")
+                     .getElementsByTagName("a");
+  for (var i = 0, il = list.length; i < il; ++i) {
+    test(function() {
+      list[i].text = "x";
+      assert_equals(list[i].text, "x");
+      assert_equals(list[i].textContent, "x");
+      assert_equals(list[i].firstChild.data, "x");
+      assert_equals(list[i].childNodes.length, 1);
+
+      list[i].textContent = "y";
+      assert_equals(list[i].text, "y");
+      assert_equals(list[i].textContent, "y");
+      assert_equals(list[i].firstChild.data, "y");
+      assert_equals(list[i].childNodes.length, 1);
+    }, "Test for anchor " + i);
+  }
+});
+</script>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-type-historical.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-type-historical.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6ded3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-a-element-a-type-historical.html
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<title>The type attribute is purely advisory</title>
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/links.html#attr-hyperlink-type">
+<script src=/resources/testharness.js></script>
+<script src=/resources/testharnessreport.js></script>
+
+<body>
+<iframe name="i"></iframe>
+<a id="link" href="resources/plain-text.unknown" target="i" type="text/html">click me</a>
+<script>
+async_test(t => {
+  let link = document.getElementById("link");
+  link.click();
+
+  let iframe = document.querySelector("iframe");
+  iframe.onload = t.step_func_done(() => {
+    assert_true(iframe.contentWindow.location.href.endsWith(".unknown"));
+    assert_equals(iframe.contentDocument.contentType, "text/plain");
+  });
+}, "type attribute on anchor doesn't cause document to be loaded as HTML");
+</script>
+</body>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-b-element-b-usage-notref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-b-element-b-usage-notref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3d3c46a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-b-element-b-usage-notref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>HTML Reference File</title>
+<link rel="author" title="Intel" href="http://www.intel.com/">
+
+<p>You enter a small room. Your sword glows brighter. A rat scurries past the corner wall.</p>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-b-element-b-usage.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-b-element-b-usage.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ff2105d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-b-element-b-usage.html
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<meta charset="utf-8">
+<title>HTML test: b - highlight keywords</title>
+<link rel="author" title="Intel" href="http://www.intel.com/">
+<link rel="mismatch" href="b-usage-notref.html">
+<link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element"/>
+
+<p>You enter a small room. Your <b>sword</b> glows brighter. A <b>rat</b> scurries past the corner wall.</p>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..eff61bb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com">
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 500px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[:)], [+- a &#x05D1;], [d &#x05D2; 1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[d &#x05D2; 1] ,[+- a &#x05D1;] ,[:)]&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[:)], [+- a &#x05D1;], [d &#x05D2; 1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[d &#x05D2; 1] ,[+- a &#x05D1;] ,[:)]&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e658500
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-auto-dir-default.html
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML Test: BDI: has dir=auto by default</title>
+    <link rel="match" href="bdi-auto-dir-default-ref.html"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com"/>
+    <link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-bdi-element"/>
+    <meta name="assert" content="
+      'The dir global attribute defaults to auto on this element (it never inherits from the parent
+      element like with other elements).'"/>
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 500px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      	}
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+      In each DIV of the test:
+        - the first BDI, having no characters with strong direction, should be LTR by default;
+        - the second BDI, having an LTR character first, should be LTR by default;
+        - the third BDI, having an RTL character first, should be RTL by default.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi>[:)]</bdi>, <bdi>[+- a &#x05D1;]</bdi>, <bdi>[1 &#x05D2; d]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi>[:)]</bdi>, <bdi>[+- a &#x05D1;]</bdi>, <bdi>[1 &#x05D2; d]</bdi>...</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[:)], [+- a &#x05D1;], [d &#x05D2; 1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[d &#x05D2; 1] ,[+- a &#x05D1;] ,[:)]&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4d44c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com">
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;cb&#x05D0;de...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;cb&#x05D0;de...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;cb&#x05D0;de...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...&#x05D4;&#x05D3;a&#x05D1;&#x05D2;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...&#x05D4;&#x05D3;a&#x05D1;&#x05D2;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...&#x05D4;&#x05D3;a&#x05D1;&#x05D2;&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;cb&#x05D0;de...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;cb&#x05D0;de...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;cb&#x05D0;de...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...&#x05D4;&#x05D3;a&#x05D1;&#x05D2;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...&#x05D4;&#x05D3;a&#x05D1;&#x05D2;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...&#x05D4;&#x05D3;a&#x05D1;&#x05D2;&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ce9da6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-missing-pdf.html
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML Test: BDI: neutral when contains LRO or RLO without PDF</title>
+    <link rel="match" href="bdi-neutral-missing-pdf-ref.html"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com"/>
+    <link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-bdi-element"/>
+    <meta name="assert" content="
+      'For the purposes of applying the bidirectional algorithm to the paragraph-level
+      container that a bdi element finds itself within, the bdi element must be treated
+      like a U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.'
+      Thus, if a BDI contains LRO or RLO characters lacking a matching PDF, these must not affect
+      the visual ordering of the content outside the BDI."/>
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202E; - the RLO (right-to-left-override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO and RLO.
+      If the BDI in the test's first DIV were a SPAN, the RLO it contains, not being closed by a
+      PDF, would visually reorder the de into ed.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi>&#x05D0;&#x202E;bc</bdi>de...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">&#x05D0;&#x202E;bc</bdi>de...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl">&#x05D0;&#x202E;bc</bdi>de...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi>a&#x202D;&#x05D1;&#x05D2;</bdi>&#x05D3;&#x05D4;...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="ltr">a&#x202D;&#x05D1;&#x05D2;</bdi>&#x05D3;&#x05D4;...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="rtl">a&#x202D;&#x05D1;&#x05D2;</bdi>&#x05D3;&#x05D4;...</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;cb&#x05D0;de...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;cb&#x05D0;de...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;cb&#x05D0;de...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...&#x05D4;&#x05D3;a&#x05D1;&#x05D2;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...&#x05D4;&#x05D3;a&#x05D1;&#x05D2;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...&#x05D4;&#x05D3;a&#x05D1;&#x05D2;&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d5d7674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com">
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 500px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;1 + [a + [3 + [b + 4] + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;1 + [a + [3 + [b + 4] + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;1 + [a + [3 + [b + 4] + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;a + [1 + [b + [3 + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;] + 0&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;a + [1 + [b + [3 + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;] + 0&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;a + [1 + [b + [3 + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;] + 0&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;1 + [a + [3 + [b + 4] + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;1 + [a + [3 + [b + 4] + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;1 + [a + [3 + [b + 4] + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;a + [1 + [b + [3 + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;] + 0&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;a + [1 + [b + [3 + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;] + 0&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;a + [1 + [b + [3 + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;] + 0&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1585768
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-nested.html
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML Test: BDI: neutral when nested</title>
+    <link rel="match" href="bdi-neutral-nested-ref.html"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com"/>
+    <link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-bdi-element"/>
+    <meta name="assert" content="
+      'For the purposes of applying the bidirectional algorithm to the paragraph-level
+      container that a bdi element finds itself within, the bdi element must be treated
+      like a U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.'
+      This must apply when a BDI is nested within a BDI."/>
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 500px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x05D0; + <bdi>[a + <bdi>[&#x05D1; + <bdi>[b + 4]</bdi> + 3]</bdi> + 2]</bdi> + 1</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x05D0; + <bdi dir="rtl">[a + <bdi dir="ltr">[&#x05D1; + <bdi dir="rtl">[b + 4]</bdi> + 3]</bdi> + 2]</bdi> + 1</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x05D0; + <bdi dir="ltr">[a + <bdi dir="rtl">[&#x05D1; + <bdi dir="ltr">[b + 4]</bdi> + 3]</bdi> + 2]</bdi> + 1</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">a + <bdi>[&#x05D0; + <bdi>[b + <bdi>[&#x05D1; + 3]</bdi> + 2]</bdi> + 1]</bdi> + 0</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">a + <bdi dir="ltr">[&#x05D0; + <bdi dir="rtl">[b + <bdi dir="ltr">[&#x05D1; + 3]</bdi> + 2]</bdi> + 1]</bdi> + 0</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">a + <bdi dir="rtl">[&#x05D0; + <bdi dir="ltr">[b + <bdi dir="rtl">[&#x05D1; + 3]</bdi> + 2]</bdi> + 1]</bdi> + 0</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;1 + [a + [3 + [b + 4] + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;1 + [a + [3 + [b + 4] + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;1 + [a + [3 + [b + 4] + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;a + [1 + [b + [3 + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;] + 0&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;a + [1 + [b + [3 + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;] + 0&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;a + [1 + [b + [3 + &#x05D1;] + 2] + &#x05D0;] + 0&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..df7af77
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com">
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; - [1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; - [1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; - [1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[1] - a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[1] - a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[1] - a&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; - [1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; - [1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; - [1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[1] - a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[1] - a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[1] - a&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..37e467c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-number.html
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML Test: BDI: neutral when number</title>
+    <link rel="match" href="bdi-neutral-number-ref.html"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com"/>
+    <link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-bdi-element"/>
+    <meta name="assert" content="
+      'For the purposes of applying the bidirectional algorithm to the paragraph-level
+      container that a bdi element finds itself within, the bdi element must be treated
+      like a U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.'"/>
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+      If the BDI in the test's first DIV were a SPAN, the 1 inside it would be visually ordered
+      to the left of the &#x05D0;.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x05D0; - <bdi>[1]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x05D0; - <bdi dir="ltr">[1]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x05D0; - <bdi dir="rtl">[1]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">a - <bdi>[1]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">a - <bdi dir="ltr">[1]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">a - <bdi dir="rtl">[1]</bdi>...</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; - [1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; - [1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; - [1]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[1] - a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[1] - a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[1] - a&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ec8e346
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com">
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 500px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; [1 b] c [d &#x05D4;] &#x05D5;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...f [e &#x05D3;] &#x05D2; [&#x05D1; 1] a&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; [1 b] c [d &#x05D4;] &#x05D5;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...f [e &#x05D3;] &#x05D2; [&#x05D1; 1] a&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7bb8a20
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-separate.html
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML Test: BDI: paragraph-level container</title>
+    <link rel="match" href="bdi-neutral-separate-ref.html"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com"/>
+    <link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-bdi-element"/>
+    <meta name="assert" content="
+      'For the purposes of applying the bidirectional algorithm to the paragraph-level
+      container that a bdi element finds itself within, the bdi element must be treated
+      like a U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.'
+      Thus, under no circumstances should any part of the content outside a BDI be visually
+      reordered inside the BDI's content."/>
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 500px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+      If the BDIs in the test's first DIV were just SPANs, the &#x05D0; would appear between the 1
+      and the b, and the &#x05D5; between the d and the &#x05D4;.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x05D0; <bdi>[1 b]</bdi> c <bdi>[d &#x05D4;]</bdi> &#x05D5;...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">a <bdi>[1 &#x05D1;]</bdi> &#x05D2; <bdi>[&#x05D3; e]</bdi> f...</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; [1 b] c [d &#x05D4;] &#x05D5;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...f [e &#x05D3;] &#x05D2; [&#x05D1; 1] a&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c0f323e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com" />
+    <link rel="author" title="Shai Berger" href="mailto:shai@platonix.com" />
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com" />
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments {
+        display: none;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions">Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8221207
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,58 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>HTML Test: BDI: neutral to another BDI</title>
+    <link rel="match" href="bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-1-ref.html" />
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com" />
+    <link rel="author" title="Shai Berger" href="mailto:shai@platonix.com" />
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com" />
+    <link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-bdi-element" />
+    <meta name="assert" content="
+      'For the purposes of applying the bidirectional algorithm to the paragraph-level
+      container that a bdi element finds itself within, the bdi element must be treated
+      like a U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.'
+      Thus, when a BDI contains text of the same strong direction as another BDI following it, the
+      two must not form a directional run as would be the case if the BDIs were just SPANs." />
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments {
+        display: none;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions">Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+      If the BDIs in the test's first DIV were SPANs, the &#x05D1; would be rendered to the left
+      of the &#x05D0;.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi>[&#x05D0;]</bdi> &gt; <bdi>[&#x05D1;]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl">[&#x05D0;]</bdi> &gt; <bdi dir="rtl">[&#x05D1;]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">[&#x05D0;]</bdi> &gt; <bdi dir="ltr">[&#x05D1;]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi>[a]</bdi> &gt; <bdi>[b]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="ltr">[a]</bdi> &gt; <bdi dir="ltr">[b]</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="rtl">[a]</bdi> &gt; <bdi dir="rtl">[b]</bdi>...</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9aef97c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com" />
+    <link rel="author" title="Shai Berger" href="mailto:shai@platonix.com" />
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com" />
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments {
+        display: none;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions">Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..85aec46
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>HTML Test: BDI: neutral to another immediately following BDI</title>
+    <link rel="match" href="bdi-neutral-to-another-bdi-2-ref.html">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com" />
+    <link rel="author" title="Shai Berger" href="mailto:shai@platonix.com" />
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com" />
+    <link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-bdi-element" />
+    <meta name="assert" content="
+      'For the purposes of applying the bidirectional algorithm to the paragraph-level
+      container that a bdi element finds itself within, the bdi element must be treated
+      like a U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.'
+      Thus, when a BDI contains text of the same strong direction as another BDI following it, the
+      two must not form a directional run as would be the case if the BDIs were just SPANs, even if
+      the two BDIs are not separated by anything at all." />
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments {
+        display: none;
+      }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions">Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+      If the BDIs in the test's first DIV were SPANs, the &#x05D1; would be rendered to the left of
+      the &#x05D0;.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi>&#x05D0;</bdi><bdi>&#x05D1;</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl">&#x05D0;</bdi><bdi dir="rtl">&#x05D1;</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">&#x05D0;</bdi><bdi dir="ltr">&#x05D1;</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi>a</bdi><bdi>b</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="ltr">a</bdi><bdi dir="ltr">b</bdi>...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="rtl">a</bdi><bdi dir="rtl">b</bdi>...</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a34d09b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="Shai Berger" href="mailto:shai@platonix.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com">
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; &#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; &#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; &#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...b &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...b &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...b &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; &#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; &#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; &#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...b &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...b &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...b &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..76da57c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1.html
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML Test: BDI: neutral to following letter</title>
+    <link rel="match" href="bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-1-ref.html"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="Shai Berger" href="mailto:shai@platonix.com"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com"/>
+    <link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-bdi-element"/>
+    <meta name="assert" content="
+      'For the purposes of applying the bidirectional algorithm to the paragraph-level
+      container that a bdi element finds itself within, the bdi element must be treated
+      like a U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.'"/>
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+      If the BDI in the test's first DIV were a SPAN, the &#x05D1; would be rendered to the left
+      of the &#x05D0;
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi>[&#x05D0;]</bdi> &gt; &#x05D1;...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl">[&#x05D0;]</bdi> &gt; &#x05D1;...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">[&#x05D0;]</bdi> &gt; &#x05D1;...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi>[a]</bdi> &gt; b...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="ltr">[a]</bdi> &gt; b...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="rtl">[a]</bdi> &gt; b...</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; &#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; &#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;[&#x05D0;] &gt; &#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...b &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...b &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...b &lt; [a]&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..80f3618
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="Shai Berger" href="mailto:shai@platonix.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com">
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce41983
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2.html
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8"/>
+    <title>HTML Test: BDI: neutral to immediately following letter</title>
+    <link rel="match" href="bdi-neutral-to-letter-following-2-ref.html">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="Shai Berger" href="mailto:shai@platonix.com"/>
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com"/>
+    <link rel="help" href="https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/#the-bdi-element"/>
+    <meta name="assert" content="
+      'For the purposes of applying the bidirectional algorithm to the paragraph-level
+      container that a bdi element finds itself within, the bdi element must be treated
+      like a U+FFFC OBJECT REPLACEMENT CHARACTER.'"/>
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+      If the BDI in the following DIV were a SPAN, the &#x05D1; would be rendered to the left
+      of the &#x05D0;
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi>&#x05D0;</bdi>&#x05D1;...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl">&#x05D0;</bdi>&#x05D1;...</div>
+      <div dir="ltr"><bdi dir="ltr">&#x05D0;</bdi>&#x05D1;...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi>a</bdi>b...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="ltr">a</bdi>b...</div>
+      <div dir="rtl"><bdi dir="rtl">a</bdi>b...</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0;&#x05D1;...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...ba&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-preceding-1-ref.html b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-preceding-1-ref.html
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5e39eab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/html/wpt/the-bdi-element-bdi-neutral-to-letter-preceding-1-ref.html
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8">
+    <link rel="author" title="Aharon Lanin" href="mailto:aharon@google.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="Shai Berger" href="mailto:shai@platonix.com">
+    <link rel="author" title="HTML5 bidi test WG" href="mailto:html5bidi@googlegroups.com">
+    <style>
+      body{
+        font-size:2em;
+      }
+      .test, .ref {
+        border: medium solid gray;
+        width: 400px;
+        margin: 20px;
+      }
+      .comments { display: none; }
+    </style>
+  </head>
+  <body>
+    <div class="instructions"><p>Test passes if the two boxes below look exactly the same.</p></div>
+    <div class="comments">
+      Key to entities used below:
+        &#x05D0; ... &#x05D5; - The first six Hebrew letters (strongly RTL).
+        &#x202D; - The LRO (left-to-right override) formatting character.
+        &#x202C; - The PDF (pop directional formatting) formatting character; closes LRO.
+    </div>
+    <div class="test">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; a&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="ref">
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="ltr">&#x202D;&#x05D0; &gt; [&#x05D1;]...&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; a&#x202C;</div>
+      <div dir="rtl">&#x202D;...[b] &lt; a&#x202C;</div>
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>
diff --git a/scrape/html_open_sources.py b/scrape/html_open_sources.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cc2a5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/html_open_sources.py
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Scrape standalone HTML files from openly-licensed repositories for the
+DocSpec test corpus.
+
+Sources:
+  1. MDN Learning Area       — CC-BY-SA-2.5   (github.com/mdn/learning-area)
+  2. W3C Web Platform Tests  — W3C-20150513   (github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt)
+  3. HTML5 Boilerplate       — MIT            (github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate)
+
+Strategy: sparse-clone via git (bypasses GitHub API rate limits), then copy
+and validate the HTML files into documents/html/<group>/.
+
+Usage:
+    scrape/venv/bin/python scrape/html_open_sources.py
+"""
+
+import shutil
+import subprocess
+import sys
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+import requests
+
+sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent))
+from utils import sanitize_filename  # noqa: E402
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent.parent
+DOCUMENTS_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "documents" / "html"
+CLONE_ROOT = Path("/tmp/docspec-html-clones")
+MIN_HTML_BYTES = 200
+
+SESSION = requests.Session()
+SESSION.headers["User-Agent"] = (
+    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
+)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Helpers
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def is_valid_html(content: bytes) -> bool:
+    text = content[:512].decode("utf-8", errors="replace").lstrip()
+    lower = text.lower()
+    return lower.startswith("<!doctype") or lower.startswith("<html")
+
+
+def git_sparse_clone(url: str, dest: Path, subdirs: list[str]) -> bool:
+    dest.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    if (dest / ".git").exists():
+        print(f"  Already cloned: {dest}")
+        return True
+    print(f"  git clone {url} → {dest}")
+    r = subprocess.run(
+        [
+            "git",
+            "clone",
+            "--depth",
+            "1",
+            "--filter=blob:none",
+            "--sparse",
+            url,
+            str(dest),
+        ],
+        capture_output=True,
+        timeout=120,
+        env={
+            **__import__("os").environ,
+            "GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT": "0",
+            "GCM_INTERACTIVE": "never",
+        },
+    )
+    if r.returncode != 0:
+        print(f"  Clone failed: {r.stderr.decode()[:200]}")
+        return False
+    r = subprocess.run(
+        ["git", "sparse-checkout", "add", *subdirs],
+        capture_output=True,
+        timeout=120,
+        cwd=dest,
+        env={
+            **__import__("os").environ,
+            "GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT": "0",
+            "GCM_INTERACTIVE": "never",
+        },
+    )
+    if r.returncode != 0:
+        print(f"  Sparse-checkout failed: {r.stderr.decode()[:200]}")
+        return False
+    return True
+
+
+def unique_dest(out_dir: Path, rel_path: str, seen: set[str]) -> Path:
+    parts = [p for p in rel_path.replace("\\", "/").split("/") if p]
+    base = (
+        sanitize_filename("-".join(parts[-2:]))
+        if len(parts) >= 2
+        else sanitize_filename(parts[-1])
+    )
+    stem, _, ext = base.rpartition(".")
+    ext = ext or "html"
+    candidate = f"{stem}.{ext}"
+    n = 0
+    while candidate in seen:
+        n += 1
+        candidate = f"{stem}-{n}.{ext}"
+    seen.add(candidate)
+    return out_dir / candidate
+
+
+def copy_html_files(
+    src_dir: Path, rel_prefix: str, out_dir: Path, seen: set[str], limit: int
+) -> int:
+    out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    search_dir = src_dir / rel_prefix if rel_prefix else src_dir
+    if not search_dir.exists():
+        print(f"  Source dir not found: {search_dir}")
+        return 0
+    count = 0
+    for src in sorted(search_dir.rglob("*.html")):
+        if count >= limit:
+            break
+        content = src.read_bytes()
+        if len(content) < MIN_HTML_BYTES or not is_valid_html(content):
+            continue
+        rel = str(src.relative_to(src_dir))
+        dest = unique_dest(out_dir, rel, seen)
+        shutil.copy2(src, dest)
+        count += 1
+    return count
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Source 1 — MDN Learning Area (CC-BY-SA-2.5)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+MDN_HTML_SUBDIRS = [
+    "html/introduction-to-html",
+    "html/multimedia-and-embedding",
+    "html/tables",
+    "html/advanced-text-formatting",
+    "html/forms",
+    "html/css-and-js",
+]
+
+
+def scrape_mdn(target: int = 80) -> int:
+    print("\n── MDN Learning Area (CC-BY-SA-2.5) ──────────────────────────────")
+    clone_dir = CLONE_ROOT / "mdn-learning-area"
+    if not git_sparse_clone(
+        "https://github.com/mdn/learning-area.git",
+        clone_dir,
+        MDN_HTML_SUBDIRS,
+    ):
+        return 0
+
+    out_dir = DOCUMENTS_DIR / "mdn-learning-area"
+    out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    seen: set[str] = {p.name for p in out_dir.glob("*.html")}
+
+    count = 0
+    for subdir in MDN_HTML_SUBDIRS:
+        if count >= target:
+            break
+        n = copy_html_files(clone_dir, subdir, out_dir, seen, limit=target - count)
+        print(f"  {subdir}: {n} files")
+        count += n
+
+    print(f"  MDN total: {count}")
+    return count
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Source 2 — W3C Web Platform Tests (W3C-20150513)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+WPT_HTML_SUBDIRS = [
+    "html/semantics/text-level-semantics",
+    "html/semantics/grouping-content",
+    "html/semantics/sections",
+]
+
+
+def scrape_wpt(target: int = 30) -> int:
+    print("\n── W3C Web Platform Tests (W3C-20150513) ─────────────────────────")
+    clone_dir = CLONE_ROOT / "wpt"
+    if not git_sparse_clone(
+        "https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt.git",
+        clone_dir,
+        WPT_HTML_SUBDIRS,
+    ):
+        return 0
+
+    out_dir = DOCUMENTS_DIR / "wpt"
+    out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    seen: set[str] = {p.name for p in out_dir.glob("*.html")}
+
+    count = 0
+    for subdir in WPT_HTML_SUBDIRS:
+        if count >= target:
+            break
+        n = copy_html_files(clone_dir, subdir, out_dir, seen, limit=target - count)
+        print(f"  {subdir}: {n} files")
+        count += n
+
+    print(f"  WPT total: {count}")
+    return count
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Source 3 — HTML5 Boilerplate (MIT) — direct raw downloads
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+H5BP_URLS: list[tuple[str, str]] = [
+    (
+        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/main/src/index.html",
+        "h5bp-main-index.html",
+    ),
+    (
+        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/v7.3.0/dist/index.html",
+        "h5bp-v7-index.html",
+    ),
+    (
+        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/v6.1.0/dist/index.html",
+        "h5bp-v6-index.html",
+    ),
+]
+
+
+def scrape_h5bp() -> int:
+    print("\n── HTML5 Boilerplate (MIT) ────────────────────────────────────────")
+    out_dir = DOCUMENTS_DIR / "html5-boilerplate"
+    out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    count = 0
+    for raw_url, filename in H5BP_URLS:
+        dest = out_dir / filename
+        if dest.exists():
+            count += 1
+            continue
+        print(f"  GET {filename}")
+        try:
+            time.sleep(0.5)
+            resp = SESSION.get(raw_url, timeout=30)
+            resp.raise_for_status()
+            content = resp.content
+            if len(content) >= MIN_HTML_BYTES and is_valid_html(content):
+                dest.write_bytes(content)
+                count += 1
+            else:
+                print(f"  Rejected: {filename}")
+        except requests.RequestException as exc:
+            print(f"  Error: {exc}")
+    print(f"  H5BP total: {count}")
+    return count
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Main
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def count_html() -> int:
+    return len(list(DOCUMENTS_DIR.rglob("*.html")))
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    print("=" * 65)
+    print("  DocSpec HTML Corpus Scraper")
+    print("=" * 65)
+    CLONE_ROOT.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    scrape_mdn(target=80)
+    scrape_wpt(target=30)
+    scrape_h5bp()
+
+    on_disk = count_html()
+    print(f"\n{'=' * 65}")
+    print(f"Total HTML files: {on_disk}")
+    if on_disk < 100:
+        print(f"⚠️  Only {on_disk} files — check network connectivity and retry")
+        sys.exit(1)
+    print(f"✅ {on_disk} ≥ 100 files")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

From 4c2472bb3e4cb57b4f51ab9a3504209222a9f2bc Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:52:08 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 08/14] feat(markdown): add Markdown corpus from open-source
 repositories

---
 ATTRIBUTION.json                              |   33 +
 .../commonmark/about-this-document.md         |   37 +
 documents/markdown/commonmark/atx-headings.md |   19 +
 documents/markdown/commonmark/autolinks.md    |  188 +++
 .../markdown/commonmark/backslash-escapes.md  |  139 ++
 documents/markdown/commonmark/blank-lines.md  |   45 +
 documents/markdown/commonmark/block-quotes.md |  430 ++++++
 .../commonmark/characters-and-lines.md        |   52 +
 documents/markdown/commonmark/code-spans.md   |  234 +++
 .../container-blocks-and-leaf-blocks.md       |   13 +
 .../emphasis-and-strong-emphasis.md           | 1365 +++++++++++++++++
 ...entity-and-numeric-character-references.md |  212 +++
 .../markdown/commonmark/fenced-code-blocks.md |  427 ++++++
 documents/markdown/commonmark/foo.md          |   34 +
 .../markdown/commonmark/hard-line-breaks.md   |  151 ++
 documents/markdown/commonmark/html-blocks.md  |  822 ++++++++++
 documents/markdown/commonmark/images.md       |  228 +++
 .../commonmark/indented-code-blocks.md        |  201 +++
 .../commonmark/insecure-characters.md         |    7 +
 .../commonmark/link-reference-definitions.md  |  356 +++++
 documents/markdown/commonmark/links.md        | 1071 +++++++++++++
 documents/markdown/commonmark/list-items.md   | 1120 ++++++++++++++
 documents/markdown/commonmark/lists.md        |  650 ++++++++
 documents/markdown/commonmark/overview.md     |   39 +
 documents/markdown/commonmark/paragraphs.md   |  111 ++
 .../commonmark/phase-1-block-structure.md     |  143 ++
 .../commonmark/phase-2-inline-structure.md    |  169 ++
 documents/markdown/commonmark/precedence.md   |   27 +
 documents/markdown/commonmark/raw-html.md     |  277 ++++
 .../markdown/commonmark/setext-headings.md    |  417 +++++
 .../markdown/commonmark/soft-line-breaks.md   |   36 +
 documents/markdown/commonmark/tabs.md         |  137 ++
 .../markdown/commonmark/textual-content.md    |   36 +
 .../markdown/commonmark/thematic-breaks.md    |  225 +++
 .../markdown/commonmark/what-is-markdown.md   |   93 ++
 .../commonmark/why-is-a-spec-needed.md        |  154 ++
 .../markdown/docusaurus/configuration.md      |  294 ++++
 .../markdown/docusaurus/creating-pages.md     |  140 ++
 documents/markdown/docusaurus/deployment.md   |  942 ++++++++++++
 .../markdown/docusaurus/docs-create-doc.md    |  202 +++
 .../markdown/docusaurus/docs-introduction.md  |  120 ++
 documents/markdown/docusaurus/installation.md |  194 +++
 .../markdown-features-admonitions.md          |  420 +++++
 .../docusaurus/markdown-features-assets.md    |  235 +++
 .../markdown-features-code-blocks.md          |  848 ++++++++++
 .../docusaurus/markdown-features-intro.md     |  235 +++
 .../docusaurus/markdown-features-links.md     |   56 +
 .../docusaurus/markdown-features-react.md     |  373 +++++
 .../docusaurus/markdown-features-tabs.md      |  378 +++++
 documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-00.md   |    4 +
 .../rust-book/appendix-01-keywords.md         |  140 ++
 .../rust-book/appendix-02-operators.md        |  206 +++
 .../rust-book/appendix-03-derivable-traits.md |  185 +++
 .../appendix-04-useful-development-tools.md   |  169 ++
 .../rust-book/appendix-05-editions.md         |   59 +
 .../rust-book/appendix-06-translation.md      |   32 +
 .../rust-book/appendix-07-nightly-rust.md     |  206 +++
 .../rust-book/ch00-00-introduction.md         |  201 +++
 .../rust-book/ch01-00-getting-started.md      |    8 +
 .../rust-book/ch01-01-installation.md         |  177 +++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch01-02-hello-world.md |  214 +++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch01-03-hello-cargo.md |  261 ++++
 .../ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.md         |  951 ++++++++++++
 .../ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.md    |   23 +
 .../ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.md       |  192 +++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch03-02-data-types.md  |  385 +++++
 .../rust-book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.md   |  253 +++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch03-04-comments.md    |   45 +
 .../rust-book/ch03-05-control-flow.md         |  397 +++++
 .../ch04-00-understanding-ownership.md        |    7 +
 .../rust-book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.md    |  522 +++++++
 .../ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.md       |  263 ++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch04-03-slices.md      |  334 ++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch05-00-structs.md     |   14 +
 .../rust-book/ch05-01-defining-structs.md     |  313 ++++
 .../rust-book/ch05-02-example-structs.md      |  252 +++
 .../rust-book/ch05-03-method-syntax.md        |  260 ++++
 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-00-enums.md |   11 +
 .../rust-book/ch06-01-defining-an-enum.md     |  330 ++++
 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-02-match.md |  265 ++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch06-03-if-let.md      |  147 ++
 ...ojects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.md |   52 +
 .../rust-book/ch07-01-packages-and-crates.md  |   72 +
 ...ng-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.md |  180 +++
 ...referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.md |  293 ++++
 ...g-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.md |  314 ++++
 ...separating-modules-into-different-files.md |  129 ++
 .../rust-book/ch08-00-common-collections.md   |   25 +
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch08-01-vectors.md     |  260 ++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch08-02-strings.md     |  447 ++++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch08-03-hash-maps.md   |  252 +++
 .../rust-book/ch09-00-error-handling.md       |   24 +
 ...ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.md |  170 ++
 .../ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.md |  546 +++++++
 .../ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.md       |  236 +++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch10-00-generics.md    |  115 ++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch10-01-syntax.md      |  323 ++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch10-02-traits.md      |  404 +++++
 .../rust-book/ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.md      |  641 ++++++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch11-00-testing.md     |   34 +
 .../rust-book/ch11-01-writing-tests.md        |  557 +++++++
 .../rust-book/ch11-02-running-tests.md        |  188 +++
 .../rust-book/ch11-03-test-organization.md    |  266 ++++
 .../rust-book/ch12-00-an-io-project.md        |   48 +
 ...h12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.md |  133 ++
 .../rust-book/ch12-02-reading-a-file.md       |   56 +
 ...improving-error-handling-and-modularity.md |  513 +++++++
 ...2-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.md |  218 +++
 ...2-05-working-with-environment-variables.md |  204 +++
 ...-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.md |  112 ++
 .../rust-book/ch13-00-functional-features.md  |   24 +
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch13-01-closures.md    |  426 +++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch13-02-iterators.md   |  229 +++
 .../ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.md       |  193 +++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch13-04-performance.md |   57 +
 .../rust-book/ch14-00-more-about-cargo.md     |   14 +
 .../rust-book/ch14-01-release-profiles.md     |   75 +
 .../ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.md        |  481 ++++++
 .../rust-book/ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md     |  389 +++++
 .../rust-book/ch14-04-installing-binaries.md  |   48 +
 .../rust-book/ch14-05-extending-cargo.md      |   17 +
 .../rust-book/ch15-00-smart-pointers.md       |   46 +
 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-01-box.md   |  263 ++++
 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-02-deref.md |  312 ++++
 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-03-drop.md  |  146 ++
 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-04-rc.md    |  176 +++
 .../rust-book/ch15-05-interior-mutability.md  |  361 +++++
 .../rust-book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.md     |  323 ++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch16-00-concurrency.md |   49 +
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch16-01-threads.md     |  284 ++++
 .../rust-book/ch16-02-message-passing.md      |  267 ++++
 .../rust-book/ch16-03-shared-state.md         |  255 +++
 ...04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.md |  101 ++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch17-00-async-await.md |  167 ++
 .../rust-book/ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.md   |  405 +++++
 .../ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md         |  421 +++++
 .../rust-book/ch17-03-more-futures.md         |  249 +++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch17-04-streams.md     |  112 ++
 .../rust-book/ch17-05-traits-for-async.md     |  542 +++++++
 .../ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.md          |  105 ++
 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-00-oop.md   |   17 +
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch18-01-what-is-oo.md  |  149 ++
 .../rust-book/ch18-02-trait-objects.md        |  255 +++
 .../rust-book/ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.md   |  546 +++++++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch19-00-patterns.md    |   29 +
 .../ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.md    |  266 ++++
 .../rust-book/ch19-02-refutability.md         |   93 ++
 .../rust-book/ch19-03-pattern-syntax.md       |  639 ++++++++
 .../rust-book/ch20-00-advanced-features.md    |   22 +
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch20-01-unsafe-rust.md |  572 +++++++
 .../rust-book/ch20-02-advanced-traits.md      |  482 ++++++
 .../rust-book/ch20-03-advanced-types.md       |  303 ++++
 ...ch20-04-advanced-functions-and-closures.md |  178 +++
 .../markdown/rust-book/ch20-05-macros.md      |  530 +++++++
 .../ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.md     |   41 +
 .../rust-book/ch21-01-single-threaded.md      |  473 ++++++
 .../rust-book/ch21-02-multithreaded.md        |  728 +++++++++
 .../ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md  |  238 +++
 documents/markdown/rust-book/foreword.md      |   47 +
 documents/markdown/rust-book/title-page.md    |   30 +
 scrape/markdown_github.py                     |  309 ++++
 161 files changed, 40257 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/about-this-document.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/atx-headings.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/autolinks.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/backslash-escapes.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/blank-lines.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/block-quotes.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/characters-and-lines.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/code-spans.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/container-blocks-and-leaf-blocks.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/emphasis-and-strong-emphasis.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/entity-and-numeric-character-references.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/fenced-code-blocks.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/foo.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/hard-line-breaks.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/html-blocks.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/images.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/indented-code-blocks.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/insecure-characters.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/link-reference-definitions.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/links.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/list-items.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/lists.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/overview.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/paragraphs.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/phase-1-block-structure.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/phase-2-inline-structure.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/precedence.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/raw-html.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/setext-headings.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/soft-line-breaks.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/tabs.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/textual-content.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/thematic-breaks.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/what-is-markdown.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/commonmark/why-is-a-spec-needed.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/configuration.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/creating-pages.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/deployment.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/docs-create-doc.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/docs-introduction.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/installation.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-admonitions.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-assets.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-code-blocks.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-intro.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-links.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-react.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-tabs.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-00.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-01-keywords.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-02-operators.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-03-derivable-traits.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-04-useful-development-tools.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-05-editions.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-06-translation.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-07-nightly-rust.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch00-00-introduction.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-00-getting-started.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-01-installation.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-02-hello-world.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-03-hello-cargo.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.md
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 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-02-data-types.md
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 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-04-comments.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-05-control-flow.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-00-understanding-ownership.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-03-slices.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-00-structs.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-01-defining-structs.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-02-example-structs.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-03-method-syntax.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-00-enums.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-01-defining-an-enum.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-02-match.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-03-if-let.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-01-packages-and-crates.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-00-common-collections.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-01-vectors.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-02-strings.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-03-hash-maps.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-00-error-handling.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-00-generics.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-01-syntax.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-02-traits.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-00-testing.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-01-writing-tests.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-02-running-tests.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-03-test-organization.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-00-an-io-project.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-02-reading-a-file.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-00-functional-features.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-01-closures.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-02-iterators.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-04-performance.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-00-more-about-cargo.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-01-release-profiles.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-04-installing-binaries.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-05-extending-cargo.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-00-smart-pointers.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-01-box.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-02-deref.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-03-drop.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-04-rc.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-05-interior-mutability.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-00-concurrency.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-01-threads.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-02-message-passing.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-03-shared-state.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-00-async-await.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md
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 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-04-streams.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-05-traits-for-async.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-00-oop.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-01-what-is-oo.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-02-trait-objects.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-00-patterns.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.md
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 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-03-pattern-syntax.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-00-advanced-features.md
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 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-02-advanced-traits.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-03-advanced-types.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-04-advanced-functions-and-closures.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-05-macros.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-01-single-threaded.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-02-multithreaded.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/foreword.md
 create mode 100644 documents/markdown/rust-book/title-page.md
 create mode 100644 scrape/markdown_github.py

diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.json b/ATTRIBUTION.json
index b0f84f7..31a179e 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.json
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.json
@@ -161,5 +161,38 @@
     ],
     "donated": "2026-04-01",
     "notes": "Starter HTML templates from the HTML5 Boilerplate project (v6, v7, main)"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "markdown",
+    "path": "documents/markdown/commonmark/*.md",
+    "title": "CommonMark Spec Sections",
+    "author": "John MacFarlane and CommonMark contributors",
+    "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
+    "source": "https://github.com/commonmark/commonmark-spec",
+    "tags": ["commonmark", "spec", "markdown"],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "Sections extracted from the CommonMark specification (spec.txt)"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "markdown",
+    "path": "documents/markdown/rust-book/*.md",
+    "title": "The Rust Programming Language Book",
+    "author": "Steve Klabnik, Carol Nichols, and the Rust community",
+    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
+    "source": "https://github.com/rust-lang/book",
+    "tags": ["rust", "book", "programming"],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "Chapter files from the official Rust programming language book"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "markdown",
+    "path": "documents/markdown/docusaurus/*.md",
+    "title": "Docusaurus Documentation",
+    "author": "Meta Platforms, Inc. and Docusaurus contributors",
+    "license": "MIT",
+    "source": "https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus",
+    "tags": ["docusaurus", "documentation", "static-site"],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "Documentation pages from the Docusaurus website docs (MDX saved as .md)"
   }
 ]
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/about-this-document.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/about-this-document.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7e82c2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/about-this-document.md
@@ -0,0 +1,37 @@
+## About this document
+
+
+This document attempts to specify Markdown syntax unambiguously.
+It contains many examples with side-by-side Markdown and
+HTML.  These are intended to double as conformance tests.  An
+accompanying script `spec_tests.py` can be used to run the tests
+against any Markdown program:
+
+    python test/spec_tests.py --spec spec.txt --program PROGRAM
+
+Since this document describes how Markdown is to be parsed into
+an abstract syntax tree, it would have made sense to use an abstract
+representation of the syntax tree instead of HTML.  But HTML is capable
+of representing the structural distinctions we need to make, and the
+choice of HTML for the tests makes it possible to run the tests against
+an implementation without writing an abstract syntax tree renderer.
+
+Note that not every feature of the HTML samples is mandated by
+the spec.  For example, the spec says what counts as a link
+destination, but it doesn't mandate that non-ASCII characters in
+the URL be percent-encoded.  To use the automatic tests,
+implementers will need to provide a renderer that conforms to
+the expectations of the spec examples (percent-encoding
+non-ASCII characters in URLs).  But a conforming implementation
+can use a different renderer and may choose not to
+percent-encode non-ASCII characters in URLs.
+
+This document is generated from a text file, `spec.txt`, written
+in Markdown with a small extension for the side-by-side tests.
+The script `tools/makespec.py` can be used to convert `spec.txt` into
+HTML or CommonMark (which can then be converted into other formats).
+
+In the examples, the `→` character is used to represent tabs.
+
+# Preliminaries
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/atx-headings.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/atx-headings.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..bb78b3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/atx-headings.md
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+## ATX headings
+
+
+An [ATX heading](@)
+consists of a string of characters, parsed as inline content, between an
+opening sequence of 1--6 unescaped `#` characters and an optional
+closing sequence of any number of unescaped `#` characters.
+The opening sequence of `#` characters must be followed by spaces or tabs, or
+by the end of line. The optional closing sequence of `#`s must be preceded by
+spaces or tabs and may be followed by spaces or tabs only.  The opening
+`#` character may be preceded by up to three spaces of indentation.  The raw
+contents of the heading are stripped of leading and trailing space or tabs
+before being parsed as inline content.  The heading level is equal to the number
+of `#` characters in the opening sequence.
+
+Simple headings:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+# foo
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/autolinks.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/autolinks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a215e0c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/autolinks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+## Autolinks
+
+
+[Autolink](@)s are absolute URIs and email addresses inside
+`<` and `>`. They are parsed as links, with the URL or email address
+as the link label.
+
+A [URI autolink](@) consists of `<`, followed by an
+[absolute URI] followed by `>`.  It is parsed as
+a link to the URI, with the URI as the link's label.
+
+An [absolute URI](@),
+for these purposes, consists of a [scheme] followed by a colon (`:`)
+followed by zero or more characters other than [ASCII control
+characters][ASCII control character], [space], `<`, and `>`.
+If the URI includes these characters, they must be percent-encoded
+(e.g. `%20` for a space).
+
+For purposes of this spec, a [scheme](@) is any sequence
+of 2--32 characters beginning with an ASCII letter and followed
+by any combination of ASCII letters, digits, or the symbols plus
+("+"), period ("."), or hyphen ("-").
+
+Here are some valid autolinks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<http://foo.bar.baz>
+.
+<p><a href="http://foo.bar.baz">http://foo.bar.baz</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<https://foo.bar.baz/test?q=hello&id=22&boolean>
+.
+<p><a href="https://foo.bar.baz/test?q=hello&amp;id=22&amp;boolean">https://foo.bar.baz/test?q=hello&amp;id=22&amp;boolean</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<irc://foo.bar:2233/baz>
+.
+<p><a href="irc://foo.bar:2233/baz">irc://foo.bar:2233/baz</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Uppercase is also fine:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<MAILTO:FOO@BAR.BAZ>
+.
+<p><a href="MAILTO:FOO@BAR.BAZ">MAILTO:FOO@BAR.BAZ</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that many strings that count as [absolute URIs] for
+purposes of this spec are not valid URIs, because their
+schemes are not registered or because of other problems
+with their syntax:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a+b+c:d>
+.
+<p><a href="a+b+c:d">a+b+c:d</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<made-up-scheme://foo,bar>
+.
+<p><a href="made-up-scheme://foo,bar">made-up-scheme://foo,bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<https://../>
+.
+<p><a href="https://../">https://../</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<localhost:5001/foo>
+.
+<p><a href="localhost:5001/foo">localhost:5001/foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Spaces are not allowed in autolinks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<https://foo.bar/baz bim>
+.
+<p>&lt;https://foo.bar/baz bim&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Backslash-escapes do not work inside autolinks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<https://example.com/\[\>
+.
+<p><a href="https://example.com/%5C%5B%5C">https://example.com/\[\</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+An [email autolink](@)
+consists of `<`, followed by an [email address],
+followed by `>`.  The link's label is the email address,
+and the URL is `mailto:` followed by the email address.
+
+An [email address](@),
+for these purposes, is anything that matches
+the [non-normative regex from the HTML5
+spec](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/forms.html#e-mail-state-(type=email)):
+
+    /^[a-zA-Z0-9.!#$%&'*+/=?^_`{|}~-]+@[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?
+    (?:\.[a-zA-Z0-9](?:[a-zA-Z0-9-]{0,61}[a-zA-Z0-9])?)*$/
+
+Examples of email autolinks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<foo@bar.example.com>
+.
+<p><a href="mailto:foo@bar.example.com">foo@bar.example.com</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<foo+special@Bar.baz-bar0.com>
+.
+<p><a href="mailto:foo+special@Bar.baz-bar0.com">foo+special@Bar.baz-bar0.com</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Backslash-escapes do not work inside email autolinks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<foo\+@bar.example.com>
+.
+<p>&lt;foo+@bar.example.com&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+These are not autolinks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<>
+.
+<p>&lt;&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+< https://foo.bar >
+.
+<p>&lt; https://foo.bar &gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<m:abc>
+.
+<p>&lt;m:abc&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<foo.bar.baz>
+.
+<p>&lt;foo.bar.baz&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+https://example.com
+.
+<p>https://example.com</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo@bar.example.com
+.
+<p>foo@bar.example.com</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/backslash-escapes.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/backslash-escapes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b9bbf34
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/backslash-escapes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,139 @@
+## Backslash escapes
+
+
+Any ASCII punctuation character may be backslash-escaped:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+\!\"\#\$\%\&\'\(\)\*\+\,\-\.\/\:\;\<\=\>\?\@\[\\\]\^\_\`\{\|\}\~
+.
+<p>!&quot;#$%&amp;'()*+,-./:;&lt;=&gt;?@[\]^_`{|}~</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Backslashes before other characters are treated as literal
+backslashes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+\→\A\a\ \3\φ\«
+.
+<p>\→\A\a\ \3\φ\«</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Escaped characters are treated as regular characters and do
+not have their usual Markdown meanings:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+\*not emphasized*
+\<br/> not a tag
+\[not a link](/foo)
+\`not code`
+1\. not a list
+\* not a list
+\# not a heading
+\[foo]: /url "not a reference"
+\&ouml; not a character entity
+.
+<p>*not emphasized*
+&lt;br/&gt; not a tag
+[not a link](/foo)
+`not code`
+1. not a list
+* not a list
+# not a heading
+[foo]: /url &quot;not a reference&quot;
+&amp;ouml; not a character entity</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If a backslash is itself escaped, the following character is not:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+\\*emphasis*
+.
+<p>\<em>emphasis</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A backslash at the end of the line is a [hard line break]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo\
+bar
+.
+<p>foo<br />
+bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Backslash escapes do not work in code blocks, code spans, autolinks, or
+raw HTML:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`` \[\` ``
+.
+<p><code>\[\`</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    \[\]
+.
+<pre><code>\[\]
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+~~~
+\[\]
+~~~
+.
+<pre><code>\[\]
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<https://example.com?find=\*>
+.
+<p><a href="https://example.com?find=%5C*">https://example.com?find=\*</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a href="/bar\/)">
+.
+<a href="/bar\/)">
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+But they work in all other contexts, including URLs and link titles,
+link references, and [info strings] in [fenced code blocks]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo](/bar\* "ti\*tle")
+.
+<p><a href="/bar*" title="ti*tle">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]
+
+[foo]: /bar\* "ti\*tle"
+.
+<p><a href="/bar*" title="ti*tle">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+``` foo\+bar
+foo
+```
+.
+<pre><code class="language-foo+bar">foo
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/blank-lines.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/blank-lines.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2980d6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/blank-lines.md
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+## Blank lines
+
+
+[Blank lines] between block-level elements are ignored,
+except for the role they play in determining whether a [list]
+is [tight] or [loose].
+
+Blank lines at the beginning and end of the document are also ignored.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  
+
+aaa
+  
+
+# aaa
+
+  
+.
+<p>aaa</p>
+<h1>aaa</h1>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+# Container blocks
+
+A [container block](#container-blocks) is a block that has other
+blocks as its contents.  There are two basic kinds of container blocks:
+[block quotes] and [list items].
+[Lists] are meta-containers for [list items].
+
+We define the syntax for container blocks recursively.  The general
+form of the definition is:
+
+> If X is a sequence of blocks, then the result of
+> transforming X in such-and-such a way is a container of type Y
+> with these blocks as its content.
+
+So, we explain what counts as a block quote or list item by explaining
+how these can be *generated* from their contents. This should suffice
+to define the syntax, although it does not give a recipe for *parsing*
+these constructions.  (A recipe is provided below in the section entitled
+[A parsing strategy](#appendix-a-parsing-strategy).)
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/block-quotes.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/block-quotes.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5b03243
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/block-quotes.md
@@ -0,0 +1,430 @@
+## Block quotes
+
+
+A [block quote marker](@),
+optionally preceded by up to three spaces of indentation,
+consists of (a) the character `>` together with a following space of
+indentation, or (b) a single character `>` not followed by a space of
+indentation.
+
+The following rules define [block quotes]:
+
+1.  **Basic case.**  If a string of lines *Ls* constitute a sequence
+    of blocks *Bs*, then the result of prepending a [block quote
+    marker] to the beginning of each line in *Ls*
+    is a [block quote](#block-quotes) containing *Bs*.
+
+2.  **Laziness.**  If a string of lines *Ls* constitute a [block
+    quote](#block-quotes) with contents *Bs*, then the result of deleting
+    the initial [block quote marker] from one or
+    more lines in which the next character other than a space or tab after the
+    [block quote marker] is [paragraph continuation
+    text] is a block quote with *Bs* as its content.
+    [Paragraph continuation text](@) is text
+    that will be parsed as part of the content of a paragraph, but does
+    not occur at the beginning of the paragraph.
+
+3.  **Consecutiveness.**  A document cannot contain two [block
+    quotes] in a row unless there is a [blank line] between them.
+
+Nothing else counts as a [block quote](#block-quotes).
+
+Here is a simple example:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> # Foo
+> bar
+> baz
+.
+<blockquote>
+<h1>Foo</h1>
+<p>bar
+baz</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The space or tab after the `>` characters can be omitted:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+># Foo
+>bar
+> baz
+.
+<blockquote>
+<h1>Foo</h1>
+<p>bar
+baz</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The `>` characters can be preceded by up to three spaces of indentation:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+   > # Foo
+   > bar
+ > baz
+.
+<blockquote>
+<h1>Foo</h1>
+<p>bar
+baz</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Four spaces of indentation is too many:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    > # Foo
+    > bar
+    > baz
+.
+<pre><code>&gt; # Foo
+&gt; bar
+&gt; baz
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The Laziness clause allows us to omit the `>` before
+[paragraph continuation text]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> # Foo
+> bar
+baz
+.
+<blockquote>
+<h1>Foo</h1>
+<p>bar
+baz</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A block quote can contain some lazy and some non-lazy
+continuation lines:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> bar
+baz
+> foo
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>bar
+baz
+foo</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Laziness only applies to lines that would have been continuations of
+paragraphs had they been prepended with [block quote markers].
+For example, the `> ` cannot be omitted in the second line of
+
+``` markdown
+> foo
+> ---
+```
+
+without changing the meaning:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> foo
+---
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Similarly, if we omit the `> ` in the second line of
+
+``` markdown
+> - foo
+> - bar
+```
+
+then the block quote ends after the first line:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> - foo
+- bar
+.
+<blockquote>
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+</ul>
+</blockquote>
+<ul>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+For the same reason, we can't omit the `> ` in front of
+subsequent lines of an indented or fenced code block:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+>     foo
+    bar
+.
+<blockquote>
+<pre><code>foo
+</code></pre>
+</blockquote>
+<pre><code>bar
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> ```
+foo
+```
+.
+<blockquote>
+<pre><code></code></pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>foo</p>
+<pre><code></code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that in the following case, we have a [lazy
+continuation line]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> foo
+    - bar
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo
+- bar</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+To see why, note that in
+
+```markdown
+> foo
+>     - bar
+```
+
+the `- bar` is indented too far to start a list, and can't
+be an indented code block because indented code blocks cannot
+interrupt paragraphs, so it is [paragraph continuation text].
+
+A block quote can be empty:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+>
+.
+<blockquote>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+>
+>  
+> 
+.
+<blockquote>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A block quote can have initial or final blank lines:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+>
+> foo
+>  
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A blank line always separates block quotes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> foo
+
+> bar
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo</p>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<p>bar</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+(Most current Markdown implementations, including John Gruber's
+original `Markdown.pl`, will parse this example as a single block quote
+with two paragraphs.  But it seems better to allow the author to decide
+whether two block quotes or one are wanted.)
+
+Consecutiveness means that if we put these block quotes together,
+we get a single block quote:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> foo
+> bar
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo
+bar</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+To get a block quote with two paragraphs, use:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> foo
+>
+> bar
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo</p>
+<p>bar</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Block quotes can interrupt paragraphs:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo
+> bar
+.
+<p>foo</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>bar</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+In general, blank lines are not needed before or after block
+quotes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> aaa
+***
+> bbb
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>aaa</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+<blockquote>
+<p>bbb</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, because of laziness, a blank line is needed between
+a block quote and a following paragraph:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> bar
+baz
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>bar
+baz</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> bar
+
+baz
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>bar</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> bar
+>
+baz
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>bar</p>
+</blockquote>
+<p>baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+It is a consequence of the Laziness rule that any number
+of initial `>`s may be omitted on a continuation line of a
+nested block quote:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> > > foo
+bar
+.
+<blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo
+bar</p>
+</blockquote>
+</blockquote>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+>>> foo
+> bar
+>>baz
+.
+<blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo
+bar
+baz</p>
+</blockquote>
+</blockquote>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+When including an indented code block in a block quote,
+remember that the [block quote marker] includes
+both the `>` and a following space of indentation.  So *five spaces* are needed
+after the `>`:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+>     code
+
+>    not code
+.
+<blockquote>
+<pre><code>code
+</code></pre>
+</blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<p>not code</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/characters-and-lines.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/characters-and-lines.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e32ea0d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/characters-and-lines.md
@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+## Characters and lines
+
+
+Any sequence of [characters] is a valid CommonMark
+document.
+
+A [character](@) is a Unicode code point.  Although some
+code points (for example, combining accents) do not correspond to
+characters in an intuitive sense, all code points count as characters
+for purposes of this spec.
+
+This spec does not specify an encoding; it thinks of lines as composed
+of [characters] rather than bytes.  A conforming parser may be limited
+to a certain encoding.
+
+A [line](@) is a sequence of zero or more [characters]
+other than line feed (`U+000A`) or carriage return (`U+000D`),
+followed by a [line ending] or by the end of file.
+
+A [line ending](@) is a line feed (`U+000A`), a carriage return
+(`U+000D`) not followed by a line feed, or a carriage return and a
+following line feed.
+
+A line containing no characters, or a line containing only spaces
+(`U+0020`) or tabs (`U+0009`), is called a [blank line](@).
+
+The following definitions of character classes will be used in this spec:
+
+A [Unicode whitespace character](@) is a character in the Unicode `Zs` general
+category, or a tab (`U+0009`), line feed (`U+000A`), form feed (`U+000C`), or
+carriage return (`U+000D`).
+
+[Unicode whitespace](@) is a sequence of one or more
+[Unicode whitespace characters].
+
+A [tab](@) is `U+0009`.
+
+A [space](@) is `U+0020`.
+
+An [ASCII control character](@) is a character between `U+0000–1F` (both
+including) or `U+007F`.
+
+An [ASCII punctuation character](@)
+is `!`, `"`, `#`, `$`, `%`, `&`, `'`, `(`, `)`,
+`*`, `+`, `,`, `-`, `.`, `/` (U+0021–2F), 
+`:`, `;`, `<`, `=`, `>`, `?`, `@` (U+003A–0040),
+`[`, `\`, `]`, `^`, `_`, `` ` `` (U+005B–0060), 
+`{`, `|`, `}`, or `~` (U+007B–007E).
+
+A [Unicode punctuation character](@) is a character in the Unicode `P`
+(punctuation) or `S` (symbol) general categories.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/code-spans.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/code-spans.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cbee4d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/code-spans.md
@@ -0,0 +1,234 @@
+## Code spans
+
+
+A [backtick string](@)
+is a string of one or more backtick characters (`` ` ``) that is neither
+preceded nor followed by a backtick.
+
+A [code span](@) begins with a backtick string and ends with
+a backtick string of equal length.  The contents of the code span are
+the characters between these two backtick strings, normalized in the
+following ways:
+
+- First, [line endings] are converted to [spaces].
+- If the resulting string both begins *and* ends with a [space]
+  character, but does not consist entirely of [space]
+  characters, a single [space] character is removed from the
+  front and back.  This allows you to include code that begins
+  or ends with backtick characters, which must be separated by
+  whitespace from the opening or closing backtick strings.
+
+This is a simple code span:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`foo`
+.
+<p><code>foo</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here two backticks are used, because the code contains a backtick.
+This example also illustrates stripping of a single leading and
+trailing space:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`` foo ` bar ``
+.
+<p><code>foo ` bar</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This example shows the motivation for stripping leading and trailing
+spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+` `` `
+.
+<p><code>``</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Note that only *one* space is stripped:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`  ``  `
+.
+<p><code> `` </code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+The stripping only happens if the space is on both
+sides of the string:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+` a`
+.
+<p><code> a</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Only [spaces], and not [unicode whitespace] in general, are
+stripped in this way:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+` b `
+.
+<p><code> b </code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+No stripping occurs if the code span contains only spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+` `
+`  `
+.
+<p><code> </code>
+<code>  </code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+[Line endings] are treated like spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+``
+foo
+bar  
+baz
+``
+.
+<p><code>foo bar   baz</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+``
+foo 
+``
+.
+<p><code>foo </code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Interior spaces are not collapsed:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`foo   bar 
+baz`
+.
+<p><code>foo   bar  baz</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Note that browsers will typically collapse consecutive spaces
+when rendering `<code>` elements, so it is recommended that
+the following CSS be used:
+
+    code{white-space: pre-wrap;}
+
+
+Note that backslash escapes do not work in code spans. All backslashes
+are treated literally:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`foo\`bar`
+.
+<p><code>foo\</code>bar`</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Backslash escapes are never needed, because one can always choose a
+string of *n* backtick characters as delimiters, where the code does
+not contain any strings of exactly *n* backtick characters.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+``foo`bar``
+.
+<p><code>foo`bar</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+` foo `` bar `
+.
+<p><code>foo `` bar</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Code span backticks have higher precedence than any other inline
+constructs except HTML tags and autolinks.  Thus, for example, this is
+not parsed as emphasized text, since the second `*` is part of a code
+span:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo`*`
+.
+<p>*foo<code>*</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+And this is not parsed as a link:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[not a `link](/foo`)
+.
+<p>[not a <code>link](/foo</code>)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Code spans, HTML tags, and autolinks have the same precedence.
+Thus, this is code:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`<a href="`">`
+.
+<p><code>&lt;a href=&quot;</code>&quot;&gt;`</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+But this is an HTML tag:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a href="`">`
+.
+<p><a href="`">`</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+And this is code:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`<https://foo.bar.`baz>`
+.
+<p><code>&lt;https://foo.bar.</code>baz&gt;`</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+But this is an autolink:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<https://foo.bar.`baz>`
+.
+<p><a href="https://foo.bar.%60baz">https://foo.bar.`baz</a>`</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+When a backtick string is not closed by a matching backtick string,
+we just have literal backticks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```foo``
+.
+<p>```foo``</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`foo
+.
+<p>`foo</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+The following case also illustrates the need for opening and
+closing backtick strings to be equal in length:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`foo``bar``
+.
+<p>`foo<code>bar</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/container-blocks-and-leaf-blocks.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/container-blocks-and-leaf-blocks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91712b9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/container-blocks-and-leaf-blocks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+## Container blocks and leaf blocks
+
+
+We can divide blocks into two types:
+[container blocks](#container-blocks),
+which can contain other blocks, and [leaf blocks](#leaf-blocks),
+which cannot.
+
+# Leaf blocks
+
+This section describes the different kinds of leaf block that make up a
+Markdown document.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/emphasis-and-strong-emphasis.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/emphasis-and-strong-emphasis.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a6a45a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/emphasis-and-strong-emphasis.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1365 @@
+## Emphasis and strong emphasis
+
+
+John Gruber's original [Markdown syntax
+description](https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax#em) says:
+
+> Markdown treats asterisks (`*`) and underscores (`_`) as indicators of
+> emphasis. Text wrapped with one `*` or `_` will be wrapped with an HTML
+> `<em>` tag; double `*`'s or `_`'s will be wrapped with an HTML `<strong>`
+> tag.
+
+This is enough for most users, but these rules leave much undecided,
+especially when it comes to nested emphasis.  The original
+`Markdown.pl` test suite makes it clear that triple `***` and
+`___` delimiters can be used for strong emphasis, and most
+implementations have also allowed the following patterns:
+
+``` markdown
+***strong emph***
+***strong** in emph*
+***emph* in strong**
+**in strong *emph***
+*in emph **strong***
+```
+
+The following patterns are less widely supported, but the intent
+is clear and they are useful (especially in contexts like bibliography
+entries):
+
+``` markdown
+*emph *with emph* in it*
+**strong **with strong** in it**
+```
+
+Many implementations have also restricted intraword emphasis to
+the `*` forms, to avoid unwanted emphasis in words containing
+internal underscores.  (It is best practice to put these in code
+spans, but users often do not.)
+
+``` markdown
+internal emphasis: foo*bar*baz
+no emphasis: foo_bar_baz
+```
+
+The rules given below capture all of these patterns, while allowing
+for efficient parsing strategies that do not backtrack.
+
+First, some definitions.  A [delimiter run](@) is either
+a sequence of one or more `*` characters that is not preceded or
+followed by a non-backslash-escaped `*` character, or a sequence
+of one or more `_` characters that is not preceded or followed by
+a non-backslash-escaped `_` character.
+
+A [left-flanking delimiter run](@) is
+a [delimiter run] that is (1) not followed by [Unicode whitespace],
+and either (2a) not followed by a [Unicode punctuation character], or
+(2b) followed by a [Unicode punctuation character] and
+preceded by [Unicode whitespace] or a [Unicode punctuation character].
+For purposes of this definition, the beginning and the end of
+the line count as Unicode whitespace.
+
+A [right-flanking delimiter run](@) is
+a [delimiter run] that is (1) not preceded by [Unicode whitespace],
+and either (2a) not preceded by a [Unicode punctuation character], or
+(2b) preceded by a [Unicode punctuation character] and
+followed by [Unicode whitespace] or a [Unicode punctuation character].
+For purposes of this definition, the beginning and the end of
+the line count as Unicode whitespace.
+
+Here are some examples of delimiter runs.
+
+  - left-flanking but not right-flanking:
+
+    ```
+    ***abc
+      _abc
+    **"abc"
+     _"abc"
+    ```
+
+  - right-flanking but not left-flanking:
+
+    ```
+     abc***
+     abc_
+    "abc"**
+    "abc"_
+    ```
+
+  - Both left and right-flanking:
+
+    ```
+     abc***def
+    "abc"_"def"
+    ```
+
+  - Neither left nor right-flanking:
+
+    ```
+    abc *** def
+    a _ b
+    ```
+
+(The idea of distinguishing left-flanking and right-flanking
+delimiter runs based on the character before and the character
+after comes from Roopesh Chander's
+[vfmd](https://web.archive.org/web/20220608143320/http://www.vfmd.org/vfmd-spec/specification/#procedure-for-identifying-emphasis-tags).
+vfmd uses the terminology "emphasis indicator string" instead of "delimiter
+run," and its rules for distinguishing left- and right-flanking runs
+are a bit more complex than the ones given here.)
+
+The following rules define emphasis and strong emphasis:
+
+1.  A single `*` character [can open emphasis](@)
+    iff (if and only if) it is part of a [left-flanking delimiter run].
+
+2.  A single `_` character [can open emphasis] iff
+    it is part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]
+    and either (a) not part of a [right-flanking delimiter run]
+    or (b) part of a [right-flanking delimiter run]
+    preceded by a [Unicode punctuation character].
+
+3.  A single `*` character [can close emphasis](@)
+    iff it is part of a [right-flanking delimiter run].
+
+4.  A single `_` character [can close emphasis] iff
+    it is part of a [right-flanking delimiter run]
+    and either (a) not part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]
+    or (b) part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]
+    followed by a [Unicode punctuation character].
+
+5.  A double `**` [can open strong emphasis](@)
+    iff it is part of a [left-flanking delimiter run].
+
+6.  A double `__` [can open strong emphasis] iff
+    it is part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]
+    and either (a) not part of a [right-flanking delimiter run]
+    or (b) part of a [right-flanking delimiter run]
+    preceded by a [Unicode punctuation character].
+
+7.  A double `**` [can close strong emphasis](@)
+    iff it is part of a [right-flanking delimiter run].
+
+8.  A double `__` [can close strong emphasis] iff
+    it is part of a [right-flanking delimiter run]
+    and either (a) not part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]
+    or (b) part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]
+    followed by a [Unicode punctuation character].
+
+9.  Emphasis begins with a delimiter that [can open emphasis] and ends
+    with a delimiter that [can close emphasis], and that uses the same
+    character (`_` or `*`) as the opening delimiter.  The
+    opening and closing delimiters must belong to separate
+    [delimiter runs].  If one of the delimiters can both
+    open and close emphasis, then the sum of the lengths of the
+    delimiter runs containing the opening and closing delimiters
+    must not be a multiple of 3 unless both lengths are
+    multiples of 3.
+
+10. Strong emphasis begins with a delimiter that
+    [can open strong emphasis] and ends with a delimiter that
+    [can close strong emphasis], and that uses the same character
+    (`_` or `*`) as the opening delimiter.  The
+    opening and closing delimiters must belong to separate
+    [delimiter runs].  If one of the delimiters can both open
+    and close strong emphasis, then the sum of the lengths of
+    the delimiter runs containing the opening and closing
+    delimiters must not be a multiple of 3 unless both lengths
+    are multiples of 3.
+
+11. A literal `*` character cannot occur at the beginning or end of
+    `*`-delimited emphasis or `**`-delimited strong emphasis, unless it
+    is backslash-escaped.
+
+12. A literal `_` character cannot occur at the beginning or end of
+    `_`-delimited emphasis or `__`-delimited strong emphasis, unless it
+    is backslash-escaped.
+
+Where rules 1--12 above are compatible with multiple parsings,
+the following principles resolve ambiguity:
+
+13. The number of nestings should be minimized. Thus, for example,
+    an interpretation `<strong>...</strong>` is always preferred to
+    `<em><em>...</em></em>`.
+
+14. An interpretation `<em><strong>...</strong></em>` is always
+    preferred to `<strong><em>...</em></strong>`.
+
+15. When two potential emphasis or strong emphasis spans overlap,
+    so that the second begins before the first ends and ends after
+    the first ends, the first takes precedence. Thus, for example,
+    `*foo _bar* baz_` is parsed as `<em>foo _bar</em> baz_` rather
+    than `*foo <em>bar* baz</em>`.
+
+16. When there are two potential emphasis or strong emphasis spans
+    with the same closing delimiter, the shorter one (the one that
+    opens later) takes precedence. Thus, for example,
+    `**foo **bar baz**` is parsed as `**foo <strong>bar baz</strong>`
+    rather than `<strong>foo **bar baz</strong>`.
+
+17. Inline code spans, links, images, and HTML tags group more tightly
+    than emphasis.  So, when there is a choice between an interpretation
+    that contains one of these elements and one that does not, the
+    former always wins.  Thus, for example, `*[foo*](bar)` is
+    parsed as `*<a href="bar">foo*</a>` rather than as
+    `<em>[foo</em>](bar)`.
+
+These rules can be illustrated through a series of examples.
+
+Rule 1:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo bar*
+.
+<p><em>foo bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not emphasis, because the opening `*` is followed by
+whitespace, and hence not part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+a * foo bar*
+.
+<p>a * foo bar*</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not emphasis, because the opening `*` is preceded
+by an alphanumeric and followed by punctuation, and hence
+not part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+a*"foo"*
+.
+<p>a*&quot;foo&quot;*</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Unicode nonbreaking spaces count as whitespace, too:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+* a *
+.
+<p>* a *</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Unicode symbols count as punctuation, too:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*$*alpha.
+
+*£*bravo.
+
+*€*charlie.
+
+*𞋿*delta.
+.
+<p>*$*alpha.</p>
+<p>*£*bravo.</p>
+<p>*€*charlie.</p>
+<p>*𞋿*delta.</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Intraword emphasis with `*` is permitted:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo*bar*
+.
+<p>foo<em>bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+5*6*78
+.
+<p>5<em>6</em>78</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 2:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo bar_
+.
+<p><em>foo bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not emphasis, because the opening `_` is followed by
+whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_ foo bar_
+.
+<p>_ foo bar_</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not emphasis, because the opening `_` is preceded
+by an alphanumeric and followed by punctuation:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+a_"foo"_
+.
+<p>a_&quot;foo&quot;_</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Emphasis with `_` is not allowed inside words:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo_bar_
+.
+<p>foo_bar_</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+5_6_78
+.
+<p>5_6_78</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+пристаням_стремятся_
+.
+<p>пристаням_стремятся_</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here `_` does not generate emphasis, because the first delimiter run
+is right-flanking and the second left-flanking:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+aa_"bb"_cc
+.
+<p>aa_&quot;bb&quot;_cc</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is emphasis, even though the opening delimiter is
+both left- and right-flanking, because it is preceded by
+punctuation:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo-_(bar)_
+.
+<p>foo-<em>(bar)</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 3:
+
+This is not emphasis, because the closing delimiter does
+not match the opening delimiter:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo*
+.
+<p>_foo*</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not emphasis, because the closing `*` is preceded by
+whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo bar *
+.
+<p>*foo bar *</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A line ending also counts as whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo bar
+*
+.
+<p>*foo bar
+*</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not emphasis, because the second `*` is
+preceded by punctuation and followed by an alphanumeric
+(hence it is not part of a [right-flanking delimiter run]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*(*foo)
+.
+<p>*(*foo)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The point of this restriction is more easily appreciated
+with this example:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*(*foo*)*
+.
+<p><em>(<em>foo</em>)</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Intraword emphasis with `*` is allowed:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo*bar
+.
+<p><em>foo</em>bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+Rule 4:
+
+This is not emphasis, because the closing `_` is preceded by
+whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo bar _
+.
+<p>_foo bar _</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not emphasis, because the second `_` is
+preceded by punctuation and followed by an alphanumeric:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_(_foo)
+.
+<p>_(_foo)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is emphasis within emphasis:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_(_foo_)_
+.
+<p><em>(<em>foo</em>)</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Intraword emphasis is disallowed for `_`:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo_bar
+.
+<p>_foo_bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_пристаням_стремятся
+.
+<p>_пристаням_стремятся</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo_bar_baz_
+.
+<p><em>foo_bar_baz</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is emphasis, even though the closing delimiter is
+both left- and right-flanking, because it is followed by
+punctuation:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_(bar)_.
+.
+<p><em>(bar)</em>.</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 5:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo bar**
+.
+<p><strong>foo bar</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not strong emphasis, because the opening delimiter is
+followed by whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+** foo bar**
+.
+<p>** foo bar**</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not strong emphasis, because the opening `**` is preceded
+by an alphanumeric and followed by punctuation, and hence
+not part of a [left-flanking delimiter run]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+a**"foo"**
+.
+<p>a**&quot;foo&quot;**</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Intraword strong emphasis with `**` is permitted:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo**bar**
+.
+<p>foo<strong>bar</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 6:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo bar__
+.
+<p><strong>foo bar</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not strong emphasis, because the opening delimiter is
+followed by whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__ foo bar__
+.
+<p>__ foo bar__</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A line ending counts as whitespace:
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__
+foo bar__
+.
+<p>__
+foo bar__</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not strong emphasis, because the opening `__` is preceded
+by an alphanumeric and followed by punctuation:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+a__"foo"__
+.
+<p>a__&quot;foo&quot;__</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Intraword strong emphasis is forbidden with `__`:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo__bar__
+.
+<p>foo__bar__</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+5__6__78
+.
+<p>5__6__78</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+пристаням__стремятся__
+.
+<p>пристаням__стремятся__</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo, __bar__, baz__
+.
+<p><strong>foo, <strong>bar</strong>, baz</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is strong emphasis, even though the opening delimiter is
+both left- and right-flanking, because it is preceded by
+punctuation:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo-__(bar)__
+.
+<p>foo-<strong>(bar)</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+Rule 7:
+
+This is not strong emphasis, because the closing delimiter is preceded
+by whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo bar **
+.
+<p>**foo bar **</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+(Nor can it be interpreted as an emphasized `*foo bar *`, because of
+Rule 11.)
+
+This is not strong emphasis, because the second `**` is
+preceded by punctuation and followed by an alphanumeric:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**(**foo)
+.
+<p>**(**foo)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The point of this restriction is more easily appreciated
+with these examples:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*(**foo**)*
+.
+<p><em>(<strong>foo</strong>)</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**Gomphocarpus (*Gomphocarpus physocarpus*, syn.
+*Asclepias physocarpa*)**
+.
+<p><strong>Gomphocarpus (<em>Gomphocarpus physocarpus</em>, syn.
+<em>Asclepias physocarpa</em>)</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo "*bar*" foo**
+.
+<p><strong>foo &quot;<em>bar</em>&quot; foo</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Intraword emphasis:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo**bar
+.
+<p><strong>foo</strong>bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 8:
+
+This is not strong emphasis, because the closing delimiter is
+preceded by whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo bar __
+.
+<p>__foo bar __</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not strong emphasis, because the second `__` is
+preceded by punctuation and followed by an alphanumeric:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__(__foo)
+.
+<p>__(__foo)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The point of this restriction is more easily appreciated
+with this example:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_(__foo__)_
+.
+<p><em>(<strong>foo</strong>)</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Intraword strong emphasis is forbidden with `__`:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo__bar
+.
+<p>__foo__bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__пристаням__стремятся
+.
+<p>__пристаням__стремятся</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo__bar__baz__
+.
+<p><strong>foo__bar__baz</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is strong emphasis, even though the closing delimiter is
+both left- and right-flanking, because it is followed by
+punctuation:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__(bar)__.
+.
+<p><strong>(bar)</strong>.</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 9:
+
+Any nonempty sequence of inline elements can be the contents of an
+emphasized span.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo [bar](/url)*
+.
+<p><em>foo <a href="/url">bar</a></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo
+bar*
+.
+<p><em>foo
+bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+In particular, emphasis and strong emphasis can be nested
+inside emphasis:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo __bar__ baz_
+.
+<p><em>foo <strong>bar</strong> baz</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo _bar_ baz_
+.
+<p><em>foo <em>bar</em> baz</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo_ bar_
+.
+<p><em><em>foo</em> bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo *bar**
+.
+<p><em>foo <em>bar</em></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo **bar** baz*
+.
+<p><em>foo <strong>bar</strong> baz</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo**bar**baz*
+.
+<p><em>foo<strong>bar</strong>baz</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Note that in the preceding case, the interpretation
+
+``` markdown
+<p><em>foo</em><em>bar<em></em>baz</em></p>
+```
+
+
+is precluded by the condition that a delimiter that
+can both open and close (like the `*` after `foo`)
+cannot form emphasis if the sum of the lengths of
+the delimiter runs containing the opening and
+closing delimiters is a multiple of 3 unless
+both lengths are multiples of 3.
+
+
+For the same reason, we don't get two consecutive
+emphasis sections in this example:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo**bar*
+.
+<p><em>foo**bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The same condition ensures that the following
+cases are all strong emphasis nested inside
+emphasis, even when the interior whitespace is
+omitted:
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+***foo** bar*
+.
+<p><em><strong>foo</strong> bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo **bar***
+.
+<p><em>foo <strong>bar</strong></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo**bar***
+.
+<p><em>foo<strong>bar</strong></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+When the lengths of the interior closing and opening
+delimiter runs are *both* multiples of 3, though,
+they can match to create emphasis:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo***bar***baz
+.
+<p>foo<em><strong>bar</strong></em>baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo******bar*********baz
+.
+<p>foo<strong><strong><strong>bar</strong></strong></strong>***baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Indefinite levels of nesting are possible:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo **bar *baz* bim** bop*
+.
+<p><em>foo <strong>bar <em>baz</em> bim</strong> bop</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo [*bar*](/url)*
+.
+<p><em>foo <a href="/url"><em>bar</em></a></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+There can be no empty emphasis or strong emphasis:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+** is not an empty emphasis
+.
+<p>** is not an empty emphasis</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**** is not an empty strong emphasis
+.
+<p>**** is not an empty strong emphasis</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+Rule 10:
+
+Any nonempty sequence of inline elements can be the contents of an
+strongly emphasized span.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo [bar](/url)**
+.
+<p><strong>foo <a href="/url">bar</a></strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo
+bar**
+.
+<p><strong>foo
+bar</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+In particular, emphasis and strong emphasis can be nested
+inside strong emphasis:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo _bar_ baz__
+.
+<p><strong>foo <em>bar</em> baz</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo __bar__ baz__
+.
+<p><strong>foo <strong>bar</strong> baz</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+____foo__ bar__
+.
+<p><strong><strong>foo</strong> bar</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo **bar****
+.
+<p><strong>foo <strong>bar</strong></strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo *bar* baz**
+.
+<p><strong>foo <em>bar</em> baz</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo*bar*baz**
+.
+<p><strong>foo<em>bar</em>baz</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+***foo* bar**
+.
+<p><strong><em>foo</em> bar</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo *bar***
+.
+<p><strong>foo <em>bar</em></strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Indefinite levels of nesting are possible:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo *bar **baz**
+bim* bop**
+.
+<p><strong>foo <em>bar <strong>baz</strong>
+bim</em> bop</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo [*bar*](/url)**
+.
+<p><strong>foo <a href="/url"><em>bar</em></a></strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+There can be no empty emphasis or strong emphasis:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__ is not an empty emphasis
+.
+<p>__ is not an empty emphasis</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+____ is not an empty strong emphasis
+.
+<p>____ is not an empty strong emphasis</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+Rule 11:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo ***
+.
+<p>foo ***</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo *\**
+.
+<p>foo <em>*</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo *_*
+.
+<p>foo <em>_</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo *****
+.
+<p>foo *****</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo **\***
+.
+<p>foo <strong>*</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo **_**
+.
+<p>foo <strong>_</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that when delimiters do not match evenly, Rule 11 determines
+that the excess literal `*` characters will appear outside of the
+emphasis, rather than inside it:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo*
+.
+<p>*<em>foo</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo**
+.
+<p><em>foo</em>*</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+***foo**
+.
+<p>*<strong>foo</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+****foo*
+.
+<p>***<em>foo</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo***
+.
+<p><strong>foo</strong>*</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo****
+.
+<p><em>foo</em>***</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+Rule 12:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo ___
+.
+<p>foo ___</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo _\__
+.
+<p>foo <em>_</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo _*_
+.
+<p>foo <em>*</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo _____
+.
+<p>foo _____</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo __\___
+.
+<p>foo <strong>_</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo __*__
+.
+<p>foo <strong>*</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo_
+.
+<p>_<em>foo</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that when delimiters do not match evenly, Rule 12 determines
+that the excess literal `_` characters will appear outside of the
+emphasis, rather than inside it:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo__
+.
+<p><em>foo</em>_</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+___foo__
+.
+<p>_<strong>foo</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+____foo_
+.
+<p>___<em>foo</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo___
+.
+<p><strong>foo</strong>_</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo____
+.
+<p><em>foo</em>___</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 13 implies that if you want emphasis nested directly inside
+emphasis, you must use different delimiters:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo**
+.
+<p><strong>foo</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*_foo_*
+.
+<p><em><em>foo</em></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__foo__
+.
+<p><strong>foo</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_*foo*_
+.
+<p><em><em>foo</em></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, strong emphasis within strong emphasis is possible without
+switching delimiters:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+****foo****
+.
+<p><strong><strong>foo</strong></strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+____foo____
+.
+<p><strong><strong>foo</strong></strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+Rule 13 can be applied to arbitrarily long sequences of
+delimiters:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+******foo******
+.
+<p><strong><strong><strong>foo</strong></strong></strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 14:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+***foo***
+.
+<p><em><strong>foo</strong></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_____foo_____
+.
+<p><em><strong><strong>foo</strong></strong></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 15:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo _bar* baz_
+.
+<p><em>foo _bar</em> baz_</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo __bar *baz bim__ bam*
+.
+<p><em>foo <strong>bar *baz bim</strong> bam</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 16:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**foo **bar baz**
+.
+<p>**foo <strong>bar baz</strong></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo *bar baz*
+.
+<p>*foo <em>bar baz</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Rule 17:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*[bar*](/url)
+.
+<p>*<a href="/url">bar*</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_foo [bar_](/url)
+.
+<p>_foo <a href="/url">bar_</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*<img src="foo" title="*"/>
+.
+<p>*<img src="foo" title="*"/></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**<a href="**">
+.
+<p>**<a href="**"></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__<a href="__">
+.
+<p>__<a href="__"></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*a `*`*
+.
+<p><em>a <code>*</code></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_a `_`_
+.
+<p><em>a <code>_</code></em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+**a<https://foo.bar/?q=**>
+.
+<p>**a<a href="https://foo.bar/?q=**">https://foo.bar/?q=**</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+__a<https://foo.bar/?q=__>
+.
+<p>__a<a href="https://foo.bar/?q=__">https://foo.bar/?q=__</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/entity-and-numeric-character-references.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/entity-and-numeric-character-references.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ce3eece
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/entity-and-numeric-character-references.md
@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+## Entity and numeric character references
+
+
+Valid HTML entity references and numeric character references
+can be used in place of the corresponding Unicode character,
+with the following exceptions:
+
+- Entity and character references are not recognized in code
+  blocks and code spans.
+
+- Entity and character references cannot stand in place of
+  special characters that define structural elements in
+  CommonMark.  For example, although `&#42;` can be used
+  in place of a literal `*` character, `&#42;` cannot replace
+  `*` in emphasis delimiters, bullet list markers, or thematic
+  breaks.
+
+Conforming CommonMark parsers need not store information about
+whether a particular character was represented in the source
+using a Unicode character or an entity reference.
+
+[Entity references](@) consist of `&` + any of the valid
+HTML5 entity names + `;`. The
+document <https://html.spec.whatwg.org/entities.json>
+is used as an authoritative source for the valid entity
+references and their corresponding code points.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+&nbsp; &amp; &copy; &AElig; &Dcaron;
+&frac34; &HilbertSpace; &DifferentialD;
+&ClockwiseContourIntegral; &ngE;
+.
+<p>  &amp; © Æ Ď
+¾ ℋ ⅆ
+∲ ≧̸</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+[Decimal numeric character
+references](@)
+consist of `&#` + a string of 1--7 arabic digits + `;`. A
+numeric character reference is parsed as the corresponding
+Unicode character. Invalid Unicode code points will be replaced by
+the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER (`U+FFFD`).  For security reasons,
+the code point `U+0000` will also be replaced by `U+FFFD`.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+&#35; &#1234; &#992; &#0;
+.
+<p># Ӓ Ϡ �</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+[Hexadecimal numeric character
+references](@) consist of `&#` +
+either `X` or `x` + a string of 1-6 hexadecimal digits + `;`.
+They too are parsed as the corresponding Unicode character (this
+time specified with a hexadecimal numeral instead of decimal).
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+&#X22; &#XD06; &#xcab;
+.
+<p>&quot; ആ ಫ</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here are some nonentities:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+&nbsp &x; &#; &#x;
+&#87654321;
+&#abcdef0;
+&ThisIsNotDefined; &hi?;
+.
+<p>&amp;nbsp &amp;x; &amp;#; &amp;#x;
+&amp;#87654321;
+&amp;#abcdef0;
+&amp;ThisIsNotDefined; &amp;hi?;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Although HTML5 does accept some entity references
+without a trailing semicolon (such as `&copy`), these are not
+recognized here, because it makes the grammar too ambiguous:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+&copy
+.
+<p>&amp;copy</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Strings that are not on the list of HTML5 named entities are not
+recognized as entity references either:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+&MadeUpEntity;
+.
+<p>&amp;MadeUpEntity;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Entity and numeric character references are recognized in any
+context besides code spans or code blocks, including
+URLs, [link titles], and [fenced code block][] [info strings]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a href="&ouml;&ouml;.html">
+.
+<a href="&ouml;&ouml;.html">
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo](/f&ouml;&ouml; "f&ouml;&ouml;")
+.
+<p><a href="/f%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="föö">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]
+
+[foo]: /f&ouml;&ouml; "f&ouml;&ouml;"
+.
+<p><a href="/f%C3%B6%C3%B6" title="föö">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+``` f&ouml;&ouml;
+foo
+```
+.
+<pre><code class="language-föö">foo
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Entity and numeric character references are treated as literal
+text in code spans and code blocks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`f&ouml;&ouml;`
+.
+<p><code>f&amp;ouml;&amp;ouml;</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    f&ouml;f&ouml;
+.
+<pre><code>f&amp;ouml;f&amp;ouml;
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Entity and numeric character references cannot be used
+in place of symbols indicating structure in CommonMark
+documents.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+&#42;foo&#42;
+*foo*
+.
+<p>*foo*
+<em>foo</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+&#42; foo
+
+* foo
+.
+<p>* foo</p>
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo&#10;&#10;bar
+.
+<p>foo
+
+bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+&#9;foo
+.
+<p>→foo</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[a](url &quot;tit&quot;)
+.
+<p>[a](url &quot;tit&quot;)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+# Blocks and inlines
+
+We can think of a document as a sequence of
+[blocks](@)---structural elements like paragraphs, block
+quotations, lists, headings, rules, and code blocks.  Some blocks (like
+block quotes and list items) contain other blocks; others (like
+headings and paragraphs) contain [inline](@) content---text,
+links, emphasized text, images, code spans, and so on.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/fenced-code-blocks.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/fenced-code-blocks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9746fa4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/fenced-code-blocks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,427 @@
+## Fenced code blocks
+
+
+A [code fence](@) is a sequence
+of at least three consecutive backtick characters (`` ` ``) or
+tildes (`~`).  (Tildes and backticks cannot be mixed.)
+A [fenced code block](@)
+begins with a code fence, preceded by up to three spaces of indentation.
+
+The line with the opening code fence may optionally contain some text
+following the code fence; this is trimmed of leading and trailing
+spaces or tabs and called the [info string](@). If the [info string] comes
+after a backtick fence, it must not contain any backtick
+characters.  (The reason for this restriction is that otherwise
+some inline code would be incorrectly interpreted as the
+beginning of a fenced code block.)
+
+The content of the code block consists of all subsequent lines, until
+a closing [code fence] of the same type as the code block
+began with (backticks or tildes), and with at least as many backticks
+or tildes as the opening code fence.  If the leading code fence is
+preceded by N spaces of indentation, then up to N spaces of indentation are
+removed from each line of the content (if present).  (If a content line is not
+indented, it is preserved unchanged.  If it is indented N spaces or less, all
+of the indentation is removed.)
+
+The closing code fence may be preceded by up to three spaces of indentation, and
+may be followed only by spaces or tabs, which are ignored.  If the end of the
+containing block (or document) is reached and no closing code fence
+has been found, the code block contains all of the lines after the
+opening code fence until the end of the containing block (or
+document).  (An alternative spec would require backtracking in the
+event that a closing code fence is not found.  But this makes parsing
+much less efficient, and there seems to be no real downside to the
+behavior described here.)
+
+A fenced code block may interrupt a paragraph, and does not require
+a blank line either before or after.
+
+The content of a code fence is treated as literal text, not parsed
+as inlines.  The first word of the [info string] is typically used to
+specify the language of the code sample, and rendered in the `class`
+attribute of the `code` tag.  However, this spec does not mandate any
+particular treatment of the [info string].
+
+Here is a simple example with backticks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```
+<
+ >
+```
+.
+<pre><code>&lt;
+ &gt;
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+With tildes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+~~~
+<
+ >
+~~~
+.
+<pre><code>&lt;
+ &gt;
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Fewer than three backticks is not enough:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+``
+foo
+``
+.
+<p><code>foo</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+The closing code fence must use the same character as the opening
+fence:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```
+aaa
+~~~
+```
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+~~~
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+~~~
+aaa
+```
+~~~
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+```
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The closing code fence must be at least as long as the opening fence:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+````
+aaa
+```
+``````
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+```
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+~~~~
+aaa
+~~~
+~~~~
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+~~~
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Unclosed code blocks are closed by the end of the document
+(or the enclosing [block quote][block quotes] or [list item][list items]):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```
+.
+<pre><code></code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`````
+
+```
+aaa
+.
+<pre><code>
+```
+aaa
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> ```
+> aaa
+
+bbb
+.
+<blockquote>
+<pre><code>aaa
+</code></pre>
+</blockquote>
+<p>bbb</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A code block can have all empty lines as its content:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```
+
+  
+```
+.
+<pre><code>
+  
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A code block can be empty:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```
+```
+.
+<pre><code></code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Fences can be indented.  If the opening fence is indented,
+content lines will have equivalent opening indentation removed,
+if present:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ ```
+ aaa
+aaa
+```
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+aaa
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  ```
+aaa
+  aaa
+aaa
+  ```
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+aaa
+aaa
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+   ```
+   aaa
+    aaa
+  aaa
+   ```
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+ aaa
+aaa
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Four spaces of indentation is too many:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    ```
+    aaa
+    ```
+.
+<pre><code>```
+aaa
+```
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Closing fences may be preceded by up to three spaces of indentation, and their
+indentation need not match that of the opening fence:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```
+aaa
+  ```
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+   ```
+aaa
+  ```
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not a closing fence, because it is indented 4 spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```
+aaa
+    ```
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+    ```
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+Code fences (opening and closing) cannot contain internal spaces or tabs:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+``` ```
+aaa
+.
+<p><code> </code>
+aaa</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+~~~~~~
+aaa
+~~~ ~~
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+~~~ ~~
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Fenced code blocks can interrupt paragraphs, and can be followed
+directly by paragraphs, without a blank line between:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo
+```
+bar
+```
+baz
+.
+<p>foo</p>
+<pre><code>bar
+</code></pre>
+<p>baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Other blocks can also occur before and after fenced code blocks
+without an intervening blank line:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo
+---
+~~~
+bar
+~~~
+# baz
+.
+<h2>foo</h2>
+<pre><code>bar
+</code></pre>
+<h1>baz</h1>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+An [info string] can be provided after the opening code fence.
+Although this spec doesn't mandate any particular treatment of
+the info string, the first word is typically used to specify
+the language of the code block. In HTML output, the language is
+normally indicated by adding a class to the `code` element consisting
+of `language-` followed by the language name.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```ruby
+def foo(x)
+  return 3
+end
+```
+.
+<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo(x)
+  return 3
+end
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+~~~~    ruby startline=3 $%@#$
+def foo(x)
+  return 3
+end
+~~~~~~~
+.
+<pre><code class="language-ruby">def foo(x)
+  return 3
+end
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+````;
+````
+.
+<pre><code class="language-;"></code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+[Info strings] for backtick code blocks cannot contain backticks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+``` aa ```
+foo
+.
+<p><code>aa</code>
+foo</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+[Info strings] for tilde code blocks can contain backticks and tildes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+~~~ aa ``` ~~~
+foo
+~~~
+.
+<pre><code class="language-aa">foo
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Closing code fences cannot have [info strings]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```
+``` aaa
+```
+.
+<pre><code>``` aaa
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/foo.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/foo.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e1b1a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/foo.md
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+## foo
+
+****
+.
+<hr />
+<h2>foo</h2>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo bar
+# baz
+Bar foo
+.
+<p>Foo bar</p>
+<h1>baz</h1>
+<p>Bar foo</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+ATX headings can be empty:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+## 
+#
+### ###
+.
+<h2></h2>
+<h1></h1>
+<h3></h3>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/hard-line-breaks.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/hard-line-breaks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e88fdba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/hard-line-breaks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+## Hard line breaks
+
+
+A line ending (not in a code span or HTML tag) that is preceded
+by two or more spaces and does not occur at the end of a block
+is parsed as a [hard line break](@) (rendered
+in HTML as a `<br />` tag):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo  
+baz
+.
+<p>foo<br />
+baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+For a more visible alternative, a backslash before the
+[line ending] may be used instead of two or more spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo\
+baz
+.
+<p>foo<br />
+baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+More than two spaces can be used:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo       
+baz
+.
+<p>foo<br />
+baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Leading spaces at the beginning of the next line are ignored:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo  
+     bar
+.
+<p>foo<br />
+bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo\
+     bar
+.
+<p>foo<br />
+bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Hard line breaks can occur inside emphasis, links, and other constructs
+that allow inline content:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo  
+bar*
+.
+<p><em>foo<br />
+bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo\
+bar*
+.
+<p><em>foo<br />
+bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Hard line breaks do not occur inside code spans
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`code  
+span`
+.
+<p><code>code   span</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`code\
+span`
+.
+<p><code>code\ span</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+or HTML tags:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a href="foo  
+bar">
+.
+<p><a href="foo  
+bar"></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a href="foo\
+bar">
+.
+<p><a href="foo\
+bar"></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Hard line breaks are for separating inline content within a block.
+Neither syntax for hard line breaks works at the end of a paragraph or
+other block element:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo\
+.
+<p>foo\</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo  
+.
+<p>foo</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+### foo\
+.
+<h3>foo\</h3>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+### foo  
+.
+<h3>foo</h3>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/html-blocks.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/html-blocks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e010c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/html-blocks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,822 @@
+## HTML blocks
+
+
+An [HTML block](@) is a group of lines that is treated
+as raw HTML (and will not be escaped in HTML output).
+
+There are seven kinds of [HTML block], which can be defined by their
+start and end conditions.  The block begins with a line that meets a
+[start condition](@) (after up to three optional spaces of indentation).
+It ends with the first subsequent line that meets a matching
+[end condition](@), or the last line of the document, or the last line of
+the [container block](#container-blocks) containing the current HTML
+block, if no line is encountered that meets the [end condition].  If
+the first line meets both the [start condition] and the [end
+condition], the block will contain just that line.
+
+1.  **Start condition:**  line begins with the string `<pre`,
+`<script`, `<style`, or `<textarea` (case-insensitive), followed by a space,
+a tab, the string `>`, or the end of the line.\
+**End condition:**  line contains an end tag
+`</pre>`, `</script>`, `</style>`, or `</textarea>` (case-insensitive; it
+need not match the start tag).
+
+2.  **Start condition:** line begins with the string `<!--`.\
+**End condition:**  line contains the string `-->`.
+
+3.  **Start condition:** line begins with the string `<?`.\
+**End condition:** line contains the string `?>`.
+
+4.  **Start condition:** line begins with the string `<!`
+followed by an ASCII letter.\
+**End condition:** line contains the character `>`.
+
+5.  **Start condition:**  line begins with the string
+`<![CDATA[`.\
+**End condition:** line contains the string `]]>`.
+
+6.  **Start condition:** line begins with the string `<` or `</`
+followed by one of the strings (case-insensitive) `address`,
+`article`, `aside`, `base`, `basefont`, `blockquote`, `body`,
+`caption`, `center`, `col`, `colgroup`, `dd`, `details`, `dialog`,
+`dir`, `div`, `dl`, `dt`, `fieldset`, `figcaption`, `figure`,
+`footer`, `form`, `frame`, `frameset`,
+`h1`, `h2`, `h3`, `h4`, `h5`, `h6`, `head`, `header`, `hr`,
+`html`, `iframe`, `legend`, `li`, `link`, `main`, `menu`, `menuitem`,
+`nav`, `noframes`, `ol`, `optgroup`, `option`, `p`, `param`,
+`search`, `section`, `summary`, `table`, `tbody`, `td`,
+`tfoot`, `th`, `thead`, `title`, `tr`, `track`, `ul`, followed
+by a space, a tab, the end of the line, the string `>`, or
+the string `/>`.\
+**End condition:** line is followed by a [blank line].
+
+7.  **Start condition:**  line begins with a complete [open tag]
+(with any [tag name] other than `pre`, `script`,
+`style`, or `textarea`) or a complete [closing tag],
+all on a single line, followed by zero or more spaces and tabs,
+followed by the end of the line.\
+**End condition:** line is followed by a [blank line].
+
+HTML blocks continue until they are closed by their appropriate
+[end condition], or the last line of the document or other [container
+block](#container-blocks).  This means any HTML **within an HTML
+block** that might otherwise be recognised as a start condition will
+be ignored by the parser and passed through as-is, without changing
+the parser's state.
+
+For instance, `<pre>` within an HTML block started by `<table>` will not affect
+the parser state; as the HTML block was started in by start condition 6, it
+will end at any blank line. This can be surprising:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<table><tr><td>
+<pre>
+**Hello**,
+
+_world_.
+</pre>
+</td></tr></table>
+.
+<table><tr><td>
+<pre>
+**Hello**,
+<p><em>world</em>.
+</pre></p>
+</td></tr></table>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+In this case, the HTML block is terminated by the blank line — the `**Hello**`
+text remains verbatim — and regular parsing resumes, with a paragraph,
+emphasised `world` and inline and block HTML following.
+
+All types of [HTML blocks] except type 7 may interrupt
+a paragraph.  Blocks of type 7 cannot interrupt a paragraph.
+(This restriction is intended to prevent unwanted interpretation
+of long tags inside a wrapped paragraph as starting HTML blocks.)
+
+Some simple examples follow.  Here are some basic HTML blocks
+of type 6:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+           hi
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+
+okay.
+.
+<table>
+  <tr>
+    <td>
+           hi
+    </td>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+<p>okay.</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ <div>
+  *hello*
+         <foo><a>
+.
+ <div>
+  *hello*
+         <foo><a>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A block can also start with a closing tag:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+</div>
+*foo*
+.
+</div>
+*foo*
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here we have two HTML blocks with a Markdown paragraph between them:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<DIV CLASS="foo">
+
+*Markdown*
+
+</DIV>
+.
+<DIV CLASS="foo">
+<p><em>Markdown</em></p>
+</DIV>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The tag on the first line can be partial, as long
+as it is split where there would be whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div id="foo"
+  class="bar">
+</div>
+.
+<div id="foo"
+  class="bar">
+</div>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div id="foo" class="bar
+  baz">
+</div>
+.
+<div id="foo" class="bar
+  baz">
+</div>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+An open tag need not be closed:
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div>
+*foo*
+
+*bar*
+.
+<div>
+*foo*
+<p><em>bar</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+A partial tag need not even be completed (garbage
+in, garbage out):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div id="foo"
+*hi*
+.
+<div id="foo"
+*hi*
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div class
+foo
+.
+<div class
+foo
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The initial tag doesn't even need to be a valid
+tag, as long as it starts like one:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div *???-&&&-<---
+*foo*
+.
+<div *???-&&&-<---
+*foo*
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+In type 6 blocks, the initial tag need not be on a line by
+itself:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div><a href="bar">*foo*</a></div>
+.
+<div><a href="bar">*foo*</a></div>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<table><tr><td>
+foo
+</td></tr></table>
+.
+<table><tr><td>
+foo
+</td></tr></table>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Everything until the next blank line or end of document
+gets included in the HTML block.  So, in the following
+examples, what looks like a Markdown code block or block quote
+is actually part of the HTML block, which continues until a blank
+line or the end of the document is reached:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div></div>
+``` c
+int x = 33;
+```
+.
+<div></div>
+``` c
+int x = 33;
+```
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div
+> not quoted text
+.
+<div
+> not quoted text
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+To start an [HTML block] with a tag that is *not* in the
+list of block-level tags in (6), you must put the tag by
+itself on the first line (and it must be complete):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a href="foo">
+*bar*
+</a>
+.
+<a href="foo">
+*bar*
+</a>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+In type 7 blocks, the [tag name] can be anything:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<Warning>
+*bar*
+</Warning>
+.
+<Warning>
+*bar*
+</Warning>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<i class="foo">
+*bar*
+</i>
+.
+<i class="foo">
+*bar*
+</i>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+</ins>
+*bar*
+.
+</ins>
+*bar*
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+These rules are designed to allow us to work with tags that
+can function as either block-level or inline-level tags.
+The `<del>` tag is a nice example.  We can surround content with
+`<del>` tags in three different ways.  In this case, we get a raw
+HTML block, because the `<del>` tag is on a line by itself:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<del>
+*foo*
+</del>
+.
+<del>
+*foo*
+</del>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+In this case, we get a raw HTML block that just includes
+the `<del>` tag (because it ends with the following blank
+line).  So the contents get interpreted as CommonMark:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<del>
+
+*foo*
+
+</del>
+.
+<del>
+<p><em>foo</em></p>
+</del>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Finally, in these cases, the `<del>` tags are interpreted
+as [raw HTML] *inside* the CommonMark paragraph.  (Because
+the tag is not on a line by itself, we get inline HTML
+rather than an [HTML block].)
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<del>*foo*</del>
+.
+<p><del><em>foo</em></del></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<del
+class="foo">
+*foo*
+</del>
+.
+<p><del
+class="foo">
+<em>foo</em>
+</del></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+HTML tags designed to contain literal content
+(`pre`, `script`, `style`, `textarea`), comments, processing instructions,
+and declarations are treated somewhat differently.
+Instead of ending at the first blank line, these blocks
+end at the first line containing a corresponding end tag.
+As a result, these blocks can contain blank lines:
+
+A pre tag (type 1):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<pre language="haskell"><code>
+import Text.HTML.TagSoup
+
+main :: IO ()
+main = print $ parseTags tags
+</code></pre>
+okay
+.
+<pre language="haskell"><code>
+import Text.HTML.TagSoup
+
+main :: IO ()
+main = print $ parseTags tags
+</code></pre>
+<p>okay</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A script tag (type 1):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<script type="text/javascript">
+// JavaScript example
+
+document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
+</script>
+okay
+.
+<script type="text/javascript">
+// JavaScript example
+
+document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JavaScript!";
+</script>
+<p>okay</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A textarea tag (type 1):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<textarea>
+
+*foo*
+
+_bar_
+
+</textarea>
+.
+<textarea>
+
+*foo*
+
+_bar_
+
+</textarea>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+A style tag (type 1):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<style
+  type="text/css">
+h1 {color:red;}
+
+p {color:blue;}
+</style>
+okay
+.
+<style
+  type="text/css">
+h1 {color:red;}
+
+p {color:blue;}
+</style>
+<p>okay</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If there is no matching end tag, the block will end at the
+end of the document (or the enclosing [block quote][block quotes]
+or [list item][list items]):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<style
+  type="text/css">
+
+foo
+.
+<style
+  type="text/css">
+
+foo
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> <div>
+> foo
+
+bar
+.
+<blockquote>
+<div>
+foo
+</blockquote>
+<p>bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- <div>
+- foo
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<div>
+</li>
+<li>foo</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The end tag can occur on the same line as the start tag:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<style>p{color:red;}</style>
+*foo*
+.
+<style>p{color:red;}</style>
+<p><em>foo</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<!-- foo -->*bar*
+*baz*
+.
+<!-- foo -->*bar*
+<p><em>baz</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that anything on the last line after the
+end tag will be included in the [HTML block]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<script>
+foo
+</script>1. *bar*
+.
+<script>
+foo
+</script>1. *bar*
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A comment (type 2):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<!-- Foo
+
+bar
+   baz -->
+okay
+.
+<!-- Foo
+
+bar
+   baz -->
+<p>okay</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+A processing instruction (type 3):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<?php
+
+  echo '>';
+
+?>
+okay
+.
+<?php
+
+  echo '>';
+
+?>
+<p>okay</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A declaration (type 4):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+.
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+CDATA (type 5):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<![CDATA[
+function matchwo(a,b)
+{
+  if (a < b && a < 0) then {
+    return 1;
+
+  } else {
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+]]>
+okay
+.
+<![CDATA[
+function matchwo(a,b)
+{
+  if (a < b && a < 0) then {
+    return 1;
+
+  } else {
+
+    return 0;
+  }
+}
+]]>
+<p>okay</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The opening tag can be preceded by up to three spaces of indentation, but not
+four:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  <!-- foo -->
+
+    <!-- foo -->
+.
+  <!-- foo -->
+<pre><code>&lt;!-- foo --&gt;
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  <div>
+
+    <div>
+.
+  <div>
+<pre><code>&lt;div&gt;
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+An HTML block of types 1--6 can interrupt a paragraph, and need not be
+preceded by a blank line.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+<div>
+bar
+</div>
+.
+<p>Foo</p>
+<div>
+bar
+</div>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, a following blank line is needed, except at the end of
+a document, and except for blocks of types 1--5, [above][HTML
+block]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div>
+bar
+</div>
+*foo*
+.
+<div>
+bar
+</div>
+*foo*
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+HTML blocks of type 7 cannot interrupt a paragraph:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+<a href="bar">
+baz
+.
+<p>Foo
+<a href="bar">
+baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This rule differs from John Gruber's original Markdown syntax
+specification, which says:
+
+> The only restrictions are that block-level HTML elements —
+> e.g. `<div>`, `<table>`, `<pre>`, `<p>`, etc. — must be separated from
+> surrounding content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the
+> block should not be indented with spaces or tabs.
+
+In some ways Gruber's rule is more restrictive than the one given
+here:
+
+- It requires that an HTML block be preceded by a blank line.
+- It does not allow the start tag to be indented.
+- It requires a matching end tag, which it also does not allow to
+  be indented.
+
+Most Markdown implementations (including some of Gruber's own) do not
+respect all of these restrictions.
+
+There is one respect, however, in which Gruber's rule is more liberal
+than the one given here, since it allows blank lines to occur inside
+an HTML block.  There are two reasons for disallowing them here.
+First, it removes the need to parse balanced tags, which is
+expensive and can require backtracking from the end of the document
+if no matching end tag is found. Second, it provides a very simple
+and flexible way of including Markdown content inside HTML tags:
+simply separate the Markdown from the HTML using blank lines:
+
+Compare:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div>
+
+*Emphasized* text.
+
+</div>
+.
+<div>
+<p><em>Emphasized</em> text.</p>
+</div>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<div>
+*Emphasized* text.
+</div>
+.
+<div>
+*Emphasized* text.
+</div>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Some Markdown implementations have adopted a convention of
+interpreting content inside tags as text if the open tag has
+the attribute `markdown=1`.  The rule given above seems a simpler and
+more elegant way of achieving the same expressive power, which is also
+much simpler to parse.
+
+The main potential drawback is that one can no longer paste HTML
+blocks into Markdown documents with 100% reliability.  However,
+*in most cases* this will work fine, because the blank lines in
+HTML are usually followed by HTML block tags.  For example:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<table>
+
+<tr>
+
+<td>
+Hi
+</td>
+
+</tr>
+
+</table>
+.
+<table>
+<tr>
+<td>
+Hi
+</td>
+</tr>
+</table>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+There are problems, however, if the inner tags are indented
+*and* separated by spaces, as then they will be interpreted as
+an indented code block:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<table>
+
+  <tr>
+
+    <td>
+      Hi
+    </td>
+
+  </tr>
+
+</table>
+.
+<table>
+  <tr>
+<pre><code>&lt;td&gt;
+  Hi
+&lt;/td&gt;
+</code></pre>
+  </tr>
+</table>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Fortunately, blank lines are usually not necessary and can be
+deleted.  The exception is inside `<pre>` tags, but as described
+[above][HTML blocks], raw HTML blocks starting with `<pre>`
+*can* contain blank lines.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/images.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/images.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7ef241f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/images.md
@@ -0,0 +1,228 @@
+## Images
+
+
+Syntax for images is like the syntax for links, with one
+difference. Instead of [link text], we have an
+[image description](@).  The rules for this are the
+same as for [link text], except that (a) an
+image description starts with `![` rather than `[`, and
+(b) an image description may contain links.
+An image description has inline elements
+as its contents.  When an image is rendered to HTML,
+this is standardly used as the image's `alt` attribute.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo](/url "title")
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="foo" title="title" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo *bar*]
+
+[foo *bar*]: train.jpg "train & tracks"
+.
+<p><img src="train.jpg" alt="foo bar" title="train &amp; tracks" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo ![bar](/url)](/url2)
+.
+<p><img src="/url2" alt="foo bar" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo [bar](/url)](/url2)
+.
+<p><img src="/url2" alt="foo bar" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Though this spec is concerned with parsing, not rendering, it is
+recommended that in rendering to HTML, only the plain string content
+of the [image description] be used.  Note that in
+the above example, the alt attribute's value is `foo bar`, not `foo
+[bar](/url)` or `foo <a href="/url">bar</a>`.  Only the plain string
+content is rendered, without formatting.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo *bar*][]
+
+[foo *bar*]: train.jpg "train & tracks"
+.
+<p><img src="train.jpg" alt="foo bar" title="train &amp; tracks" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo *bar*][foobar]
+
+[FOOBAR]: train.jpg "train & tracks"
+.
+<p><img src="train.jpg" alt="foo bar" title="train &amp; tracks" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo](train.jpg)
+.
+<p><img src="train.jpg" alt="foo" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+My ![foo bar](/path/to/train.jpg  "title"   )
+.
+<p>My <img src="/path/to/train.jpg" alt="foo bar" title="title" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo](<url>)
+.
+<p><img src="url" alt="foo" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![](/url)
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Reference-style:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo][bar]
+
+[bar]: /url
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="foo" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo][bar]
+
+[BAR]: /url
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="foo" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Collapsed:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo][]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="foo" title="title" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![*foo* bar][]
+
+[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="foo bar" title="title" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The labels are case-insensitive:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![Foo][]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="Foo" title="title" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+As with reference links, spaces, tabs, and line endings, are not allowed
+between the two sets of brackets:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo] 
+[]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="foo" title="title" />
+[]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Shortcut:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![foo]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="foo" title="title" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![*foo* bar]
+
+[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="foo bar" title="title" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that link labels cannot contain unescaped brackets:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![[foo]]
+
+[[foo]]: /url "title"
+.
+<p>![[foo]]</p>
+<p>[[foo]]: /url &quot;title&quot;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The link labels are case-insensitive:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![Foo]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><img src="/url" alt="Foo" title="title" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If you just want a literal `!` followed by bracketed text, you can
+backslash-escape the opening `[`:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+!\[foo]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p>![foo]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If you want a link after a literal `!`, backslash-escape the
+`!`:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+\![foo]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p>!<a href="/url" title="title">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/indented-code-blocks.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/indented-code-blocks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1ff76d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/indented-code-blocks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+## Indented code blocks
+
+
+An [indented code block](@) is composed of one or more
+[indented chunks] separated by blank lines.
+An [indented chunk](@) is a sequence of non-blank lines,
+each preceded by four or more spaces of indentation. The contents of the code
+block are the literal contents of the lines, including trailing
+[line endings], minus four spaces of indentation.
+An indented code block has no [info string].
+
+An indented code block cannot interrupt a paragraph, so there must be
+a blank line between a paragraph and a following indented code block.
+(A blank line is not needed, however, between a code block and a following
+paragraph.)
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    a simple
+      indented code block
+.
+<pre><code>a simple
+  indented code block
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If there is any ambiguity between an interpretation of indentation
+as a code block and as indicating that material belongs to a [list
+item][list items], the list item interpretation takes precedence:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  - foo
+
+    bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<p>bar</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1.  foo
+
+    - bar
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<ul>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+The contents of a code block are literal text, and do not get parsed
+as Markdown:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    <a/>
+    *hi*
+
+    - one
+.
+<pre><code>&lt;a/&gt;
+*hi*
+
+- one
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here we have three chunks separated by blank lines:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    chunk1
+
+    chunk2
+  
+ 
+ 
+    chunk3
+.
+<pre><code>chunk1
+
+chunk2
+
+
+
+chunk3
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Any initial spaces or tabs beyond four spaces of indentation will be included in
+the content, even in interior blank lines:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    chunk1
+      
+      chunk2
+.
+<pre><code>chunk1
+  
+  chunk2
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+An indented code block cannot interrupt a paragraph.  (This
+allows hanging indents and the like.)
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+    bar
+
+.
+<p>Foo
+bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, any non-blank line with fewer than four spaces of indentation ends
+the code block immediately.  So a paragraph may occur immediately
+after indented code:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    foo
+bar
+.
+<pre><code>foo
+</code></pre>
+<p>bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+And indented code can occur immediately before and after other kinds of
+blocks:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+# Heading
+    foo
+Heading
+------
+    foo
+----
+.
+<h1>Heading</h1>
+<pre><code>foo
+</code></pre>
+<h2>Heading</h2>
+<pre><code>foo
+</code></pre>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The first line can be preceded by more than four spaces of indentation:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+        foo
+    bar
+.
+<pre><code>    foo
+bar
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Blank lines preceding or following an indented code block
+are not included in it:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+
+    
+    foo
+    
+
+.
+<pre><code>foo
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Trailing spaces or tabs are included in the code block's content:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    foo  
+.
+<pre><code>foo  
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/insecure-characters.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/insecure-characters.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..63c742b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/insecure-characters.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+## Insecure characters
+
+
+For security reasons, the Unicode character `U+0000` must be replaced
+with the REPLACEMENT CHARACTER (`U+FFFD`).
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/link-reference-definitions.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/link-reference-definitions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aeabb69
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/link-reference-definitions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+## Link reference definitions
+
+
+A [link reference definition](@)
+consists of a [link label], optionally preceded by up to three spaces of
+indentation, followed
+by a colon (`:`), optional spaces or tabs (including up to one
+[line ending]), a [link destination],
+optional spaces or tabs (including up to one
+[line ending]), and an optional [link
+title], which if it is present must be separated
+from the [link destination] by spaces or tabs.
+No further character may occur.
+
+A [link reference definition]
+does not correspond to a structural element of a document.  Instead, it
+defines a label which can be used in [reference links]
+and reference-style [images] elsewhere in the document.  [Link
+reference definitions] can come either before or after the links that use
+them.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url "title"
+
+[foo]
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+   [foo]: 
+      /url  
+           'the title'  
+
+[foo]
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="the title">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[Foo*bar\]]:my_(url) 'title (with parens)'
+
+[Foo*bar\]]
+.
+<p><a href="my_(url)" title="title (with parens)">Foo*bar]</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[Foo bar]:
+<my url>
+'title'
+
+[Foo bar]
+.
+<p><a href="my%20url" title="title">Foo bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The title may extend over multiple lines:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url '
+title
+line1
+line2
+'
+
+[foo]
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="
+title
+line1
+line2
+">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, it must not contain a [blank line]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url 'title
+
+with blank line'
+
+[foo]
+.
+<p>[foo]: /url 'title</p>
+<p>with blank line'</p>
+<p>[foo]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The title may be omitted:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]:
+/url
+
+[foo]
+.
+<p><a href="/url">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The link destination must not be omitted:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]:
+
+[foo]
+.
+<p>[foo]:</p>
+<p>[foo]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+ However, an empty link destination may be specified using
+ angle brackets:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: <>
+
+[foo]
+.
+<p><a href="">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+The title must be separated from the link destination by
+spaces or tabs:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: <bar>(baz)
+
+[foo]
+.
+<p>[foo]: <bar>(baz)</p>
+<p>[foo]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Both title and destination can contain backslash escapes
+and literal backslashes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url\bar\*baz "foo\"bar\baz"
+
+[foo]
+.
+<p><a href="/url%5Cbar*baz" title="foo&quot;bar\baz">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A link can come before its corresponding definition:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]
+
+[foo]: url
+.
+<p><a href="url">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If there are several matching definitions, the first one takes
+precedence:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]
+
+[foo]: first
+[foo]: second
+.
+<p><a href="first">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+As noted in the section on [Links], matching of labels is
+case-insensitive (see [matches]).
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[FOO]: /url
+
+[Foo]
+.
+<p><a href="/url">Foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[ΑΓΩ]: /φου
+
+[αγω]
+.
+<p><a href="/%CF%86%CE%BF%CF%85">αγω</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Whether something is a [link reference definition] is
+independent of whether the link reference it defines is
+used in the document.  Thus, for example, the following
+document contains just a link reference definition, and
+no visible content:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url
+.
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here is another one:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[
+foo
+]: /url
+bar
+.
+<p>bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not a link reference definition, because there are
+characters other than spaces or tabs after the title:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url "title" ok
+.
+<p>[foo]: /url &quot;title&quot; ok</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is a link reference definition, but it has no title:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url
+"title" ok
+.
+<p>&quot;title&quot; ok</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not a link reference definition, because it is indented
+four spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    [foo]: /url "title"
+
+[foo]
+.
+<pre><code>[foo]: /url &quot;title&quot;
+</code></pre>
+<p>[foo]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not a link reference definition, because it occurs inside
+a code block:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+```
+[foo]: /url
+```
+
+[foo]
+.
+<pre><code>[foo]: /url
+</code></pre>
+<p>[foo]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A [link reference definition] cannot interrupt a paragraph.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+[bar]: /baz
+
+[bar]
+.
+<p>Foo
+[bar]: /baz</p>
+<p>[bar]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, it can directly follow other block elements, such as headings
+and thematic breaks, and it need not be followed by a blank line.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+# [Foo]
+[foo]: /url
+> bar
+.
+<h1><a href="/url">Foo</a></h1>
+<blockquote>
+<p>bar</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url
+bar
+===
+[foo]
+.
+<h1>bar</h1>
+<p><a href="/url">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url
+===
+[foo]
+.
+<p>===
+<a href="/url">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Several [link reference definitions]
+can occur one after another, without intervening blank lines.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /foo-url "foo"
+[bar]: /bar-url
+  "bar"
+[baz]: /baz-url
+
+[foo],
+[bar],
+[baz]
+.
+<p><a href="/foo-url" title="foo">foo</a>,
+<a href="/bar-url" title="bar">bar</a>,
+<a href="/baz-url">baz</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+[Link reference definitions] can occur
+inside block containers, like lists and block quotations.  They
+affect the entire document, not just the container in which they
+are defined:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]
+
+> [foo]: /url
+.
+<p><a href="/url">foo</a></p>
+<blockquote>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/links.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/links.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..774fb9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/links.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1071 @@
+## Links
+
+
+A link contains [link text] (the visible text), a [link destination]
+(the URI that is the link destination), and optionally a [link title].
+There are two basic kinds of links in Markdown.  In [inline links] the
+destination and title are given immediately after the link text.  In
+[reference links] the destination and title are defined elsewhere in
+the document.
+
+A [link text](@) consists of a sequence of zero or more
+inline elements enclosed by square brackets (`[` and `]`).  The
+following rules apply:
+
+- Links cannot contain other links, at any level of nesting. If
+  multiple otherwise valid link definitions appear nested inside each
+  other, the inner-most definition is used.
+
+- Brackets are allowed in the [link text] only if (a) they
+  are backslash-escaped or (b) they appear as a matched pair of brackets,
+  with an open bracket `[`, a sequence of zero or more inlines, and
+  a close bracket `]`.
+
+- Backtick [code spans], [autolinks], and raw [HTML tags] bind more tightly
+  than the brackets in link text.  Thus, for example,
+  `` [foo`]` `` could not be a link text, since the second `]`
+  is part of a code span.
+
+- The brackets in link text bind more tightly than markers for
+  [emphasis and strong emphasis]. Thus, for example, `*[foo*](url)` is a link.
+
+A [link destination](@) consists of either
+
+- a sequence of zero or more characters between an opening `<` and a
+  closing `>` that contains no line endings or unescaped
+  `<` or `>` characters, or
+
+- a nonempty sequence of characters that does not start with `<`,
+  does not include [ASCII control characters][ASCII control character]
+  or [space] character, and includes parentheses only if (a) they are
+  backslash-escaped or (b) they are part of a balanced pair of
+  unescaped parentheses.
+  (Implementations may impose limits on parentheses nesting to
+  avoid performance issues, but at least three levels of nesting
+  should be supported.)
+
+A [link title](@)  consists of either
+
+- a sequence of zero or more characters between straight double-quote
+  characters (`"`), including a `"` character only if it is
+  backslash-escaped, or
+
+- a sequence of zero or more characters between straight single-quote
+  characters (`'`), including a `'` character only if it is
+  backslash-escaped, or
+
+- a sequence of zero or more characters between matching parentheses
+  (`(...)`), including a `(` or `)` character only if it is
+  backslash-escaped.
+
+Although [link titles] may span multiple lines, they must not contain
+a [blank line].
+
+An [inline link](@) consists of a [link text] followed immediately
+by a left parenthesis `(`, an optional [link destination], an optional
+[link title], and a right parenthesis `)`.
+These four components may be separated by spaces, tabs, and up to one line
+ending.
+If both [link destination] and [link title] are present, they *must* be
+separated by spaces, tabs, and up to one line ending.
+
+The link's text consists of the inlines contained
+in the [link text] (excluding the enclosing square brackets).
+The link's URI consists of the link destination, excluding enclosing
+`<...>` if present, with backslash-escapes in effect as described
+above.  The link's title consists of the link title, excluding its
+enclosing delimiters, with backslash-escapes in effect as described
+above.
+
+Here is a simple inline link:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](/uri "title")
+.
+<p><a href="/uri" title="title">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The title, the link text and even 
+the destination may be omitted:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](/uri)
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[](./target.md)
+.
+<p><a href="./target.md"></a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link]()
+.
+<p><a href="">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](<>)
+.
+<p><a href="">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[]()
+.
+<p><a href=""></a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+The destination can only contain spaces if it is
+enclosed in angle brackets:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](/my uri)
+.
+<p>[link](/my uri)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](</my uri>)
+.
+<p><a href="/my%20uri">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+The destination cannot contain line endings,
+even if enclosed in angle brackets:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](foo
+bar)
+.
+<p>[link](foo
+bar)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](<foo
+bar>)
+.
+<p>[link](<foo
+bar>)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+The destination can contain `)` if it is enclosed
+in angle brackets:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[a](<b)c>)
+.
+<p><a href="b)c">a</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Angle brackets that enclose links must be unescaped:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](<foo\>)
+.
+<p>[link](&lt;foo&gt;)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+These are not links, because the opening angle bracket
+is not matched properly:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[a](<b)c
+[a](<b)c>
+[a](<b>c)
+.
+<p>[a](&lt;b)c
+[a](&lt;b)c&gt;
+[a](<b>c)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Parentheses inside the link destination may be escaped:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](\(foo\))
+.
+<p><a href="(foo)">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Any number of parentheses are allowed without escaping, as long as they are
+balanced:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](foo(and(bar)))
+.
+<p><a href="foo(and(bar))">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+However, if you have unbalanced parentheses, you need to escape or use the
+`<...>` form:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](foo(and(bar))
+.
+<p>[link](foo(and(bar))</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](foo\(and\(bar\))
+.
+<p><a href="foo(and(bar)">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](<foo(and(bar)>)
+.
+<p><a href="foo(and(bar)">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Parentheses and other symbols can also be escaped, as usual
+in Markdown:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](foo\)\:)
+.
+<p><a href="foo):">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A link can contain fragment identifiers and queries:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](#fragment)
+
+[link](https://example.com#fragment)
+
+[link](https://example.com?foo=3#frag)
+.
+<p><a href="#fragment">link</a></p>
+<p><a href="https://example.com#fragment">link</a></p>
+<p><a href="https://example.com?foo=3#frag">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that a backslash before a non-escapable character is
+just a backslash:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](foo\bar)
+.
+<p><a href="foo%5Cbar">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+URL-escaping should be left alone inside the destination, as all
+URL-escaped characters are also valid URL characters. Entity and
+numerical character references in the destination will be parsed
+into the corresponding Unicode code points, as usual.  These may
+be optionally URL-escaped when written as HTML, but this spec
+does not enforce any particular policy for rendering URLs in
+HTML or other formats.  Renderers may make different decisions
+about how to escape or normalize URLs in the output.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](foo%20b&auml;)
+.
+<p><a href="foo%20b%C3%A4">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that, because titles can often be parsed as destinations,
+if you try to omit the destination and keep the title, you'll
+get unexpected results:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link]("title")
+.
+<p><a href="%22title%22">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Titles may be in single quotes, double quotes, or parentheses:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](/url "title")
+[link](/url 'title')
+[link](/url (title))
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title">link</a>
+<a href="/url" title="title">link</a>
+<a href="/url" title="title">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Backslash escapes and entity and numeric character references
+may be used in titles:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](/url "title \"&quot;")
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title &quot;&quot;">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Titles must be separated from the link using spaces, tabs, and up to one line
+ending.
+Other [Unicode whitespace] like non-breaking space doesn't work.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](/url "title")
+.
+<p><a href="/url%C2%A0%22title%22">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Nested balanced quotes are not allowed without escaping:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](/url "title "and" title")
+.
+<p>[link](/url &quot;title &quot;and&quot; title&quot;)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+But it is easy to work around this by using a different quote type:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](/url 'title "and" title')
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title &quot;and&quot; title">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+(Note:  `Markdown.pl` did allow double quotes inside a double-quoted
+title, and its test suite included a test demonstrating this.
+But it is hard to see a good rationale for the extra complexity this
+brings, since there are already many ways---backslash escaping,
+entity and numeric character references, or using a different
+quote type for the enclosing title---to write titles containing
+double quotes.  `Markdown.pl`'s handling of titles has a number
+of other strange features.  For example, it allows single-quoted
+titles in inline links, but not reference links.  And, in
+reference links but not inline links, it allows a title to begin
+with `"` and end with `)`.  `Markdown.pl` 1.0.1 even allows
+titles with no closing quotation mark, though 1.0.2b8 does not.
+It seems preferable to adopt a simple, rational rule that works
+the same way in inline links and link reference definitions.)
+
+Spaces, tabs, and up to one line ending is allowed around the destination and
+title:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link](   /uri
+  "title"  )
+.
+<p><a href="/uri" title="title">link</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+But it is not allowed between the link text and the
+following parenthesis:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link] (/uri)
+.
+<p>[link] (/uri)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The link text may contain balanced brackets, but not unbalanced ones,
+unless they are escaped:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link [foo [bar]]](/uri)
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">link [foo [bar]]</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link] bar](/uri)
+.
+<p>[link] bar](/uri)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link [bar](/uri)
+.
+<p>[link <a href="/uri">bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link \[bar](/uri)
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">link [bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The link text may contain inline content:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link *foo **bar** `#`*](/uri)
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">link <em>foo <strong>bar</strong> <code>#</code></em></a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[![moon](moon.jpg)](/uri)
+.
+<p><a href="/uri"><img src="moon.jpg" alt="moon" /></a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, links cannot contain other links, at any level of nesting.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo [bar](/uri)](/uri)
+.
+<p>[foo <a href="/uri">bar</a>](/uri)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo *[bar [baz](/uri)](/uri)*](/uri)
+.
+<p>[foo <em>[bar <a href="/uri">baz</a>](/uri)</em>](/uri)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+![[[foo](uri1)](uri2)](uri3)
+.
+<p><img src="uri3" alt="[foo](uri2)" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+These cases illustrate the precedence of link text grouping over
+emphasis grouping:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*[foo*](/uri)
+.
+<p>*<a href="/uri">foo*</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo *bar](baz*)
+.
+<p><a href="baz*">foo *bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that brackets that *aren't* part of links do not take
+precedence:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*foo [bar* baz]
+.
+<p><em>foo [bar</em> baz]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+These cases illustrate the precedence of HTML tags, code spans,
+and autolinks over link grouping:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo <bar attr="](baz)">
+.
+<p>[foo <bar attr="](baz)"></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo`](/uri)`
+.
+<p>[foo<code>](/uri)</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo<https://example.com/?search=](uri)>
+.
+<p>[foo<a href="https://example.com/?search=%5D(uri)">https://example.com/?search=](uri)</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+There are three kinds of [reference link](@)s:
+[full](#full-reference-link), [collapsed](#collapsed-reference-link),
+and [shortcut](#shortcut-reference-link).
+
+A [full reference link](@)
+consists of a [link text] immediately followed by a [link label]
+that [matches] a [link reference definition] elsewhere in the document.
+
+A [link label](@)  begins with a left bracket (`[`) and ends
+with the first right bracket (`]`) that is not backslash-escaped.
+Between these brackets there must be at least one character that is not a space,
+tab, or line ending.
+Unescaped square bracket characters are not allowed inside the
+opening and closing square brackets of [link labels].  A link
+label can have at most 999 characters inside the square
+brackets.
+
+One label [matches](@)
+another just in case their normalized forms are equal.  To normalize a
+label, strip off the opening and closing brackets,
+perform the *Unicode case fold*, strip leading and trailing
+spaces, tabs, and line endings, and collapse consecutive internal
+spaces, tabs, and line endings to a single space.  If there are multiple
+matching reference link definitions, the one that comes first in the
+document is used.  (It is desirable in such cases to emit a warning.)
+
+The link's URI and title are provided by the matching [link
+reference definition].
+
+Here is a simple example:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][bar]
+
+[bar]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The rules for the [link text] are the same as with
+[inline links].  Thus:
+
+The link text may contain balanced brackets, but not unbalanced ones,
+unless they are escaped:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link [foo [bar]]][ref]
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">link [foo [bar]]</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link \[bar][ref]
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">link [bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The link text may contain inline content:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[link *foo **bar** `#`*][ref]
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">link <em>foo <strong>bar</strong> <code>#</code></em></a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[![moon](moon.jpg)][ref]
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p><a href="/uri"><img src="moon.jpg" alt="moon" /></a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, links cannot contain other links, at any level of nesting.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo [bar](/uri)][ref]
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p>[foo <a href="/uri">bar</a>]<a href="/uri">ref</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo *bar [baz][ref]*][ref]
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p>[foo <em>bar <a href="/uri">baz</a></em>]<a href="/uri">ref</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+(In the examples above, we have two [shortcut reference links]
+instead of one [full reference link].)
+
+The following cases illustrate the precedence of link text grouping over
+emphasis grouping:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*[foo*][ref]
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p>*<a href="/uri">foo*</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo *bar][ref]*
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">foo *bar</a>*</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+These cases illustrate the precedence of HTML tags, code spans,
+and autolinks over link grouping:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo <bar attr="][ref]">
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p>[foo <bar attr="][ref]"></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo`][ref]`
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p>[foo<code>][ref]</code></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo<https://example.com/?search=][ref]>
+
+[ref]: /uri
+.
+<p>[foo<a href="https://example.com/?search=%5D%5Bref%5D">https://example.com/?search=][ref]</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Matching is case-insensitive:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][BaR]
+
+[bar]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Unicode case fold is used:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[ẞ]
+
+[SS]: /url
+.
+<p><a href="/url">ẞ</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Consecutive internal spaces, tabs, and line endings are treated as one space for
+purposes of determining matching:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[Foo
+  bar]: /url
+
+[Baz][Foo bar]
+.
+<p><a href="/url">Baz</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+No spaces, tabs, or line endings are allowed between the [link text] and the
+[link label]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo] [bar]
+
+[bar]: /url "title"
+.
+<p>[foo] <a href="/url" title="title">bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]
+[bar]
+
+[bar]: /url "title"
+.
+<p>[foo]
+<a href="/url" title="title">bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is a departure from John Gruber's original Markdown syntax
+description, which explicitly allows whitespace between the link
+text and the link label.  It brings reference links in line with
+[inline links], which (according to both original Markdown and
+this spec) cannot have whitespace after the link text.  More
+importantly, it prevents inadvertent capture of consecutive
+[shortcut reference links]. If whitespace is allowed between the
+link text and the link label, then in the following we will have
+a single reference link, not two shortcut reference links, as
+intended:
+
+``` markdown
+[foo]
+[bar]
+
+[foo]: /url1
+[bar]: /url2
+```
+
+(Note that [shortcut reference links] were introduced by Gruber
+himself in a beta version of `Markdown.pl`, but never included
+in the official syntax description.  Without shortcut reference
+links, it is harmless to allow space between the link text and
+link label; but once shortcut references are introduced, it is
+too dangerous to allow this, as it frequently leads to
+unintended results.)
+
+When there are multiple matching [link reference definitions],
+the first is used:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]: /url1
+
+[foo]: /url2
+
+[bar][foo]
+.
+<p><a href="/url1">bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that matching is performed on normalized strings, not parsed
+inline content.  So the following does not match, even though the
+labels define equivalent inline content:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[bar][foo\!]
+
+[foo!]: /url
+.
+<p>[bar][foo!]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+[Link labels] cannot contain brackets, unless they are
+backslash-escaped:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][ref[]
+
+[ref[]: /uri
+.
+<p>[foo][ref[]</p>
+<p>[ref[]: /uri</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][ref[bar]]
+
+[ref[bar]]: /uri
+.
+<p>[foo][ref[bar]]</p>
+<p>[ref[bar]]: /uri</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[[[foo]]]
+
+[[[foo]]]: /url
+.
+<p>[[[foo]]]</p>
+<p>[[[foo]]]: /url</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][ref\[]
+
+[ref\[]: /uri
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that in this example `]` is not backslash-escaped:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[bar\\]: /uri
+
+[bar\\]
+.
+<p><a href="/uri">bar\</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A [link label] must contain at least one character that is not a space, tab, or
+line ending:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[]
+
+[]: /uri
+.
+<p>[]</p>
+<p>[]: /uri</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[
+ ]
+
+[
+ ]: /uri
+.
+<p>[
+]</p>
+<p>[
+]: /uri</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A [collapsed reference link](@)
+consists of a [link label] that [matches] a
+[link reference definition] elsewhere in the
+document, followed by the string `[]`.
+The contents of the link label are parsed as inlines,
+which are used as the link's text.  The link's URI and title are
+provided by the matching reference link definition.  Thus,
+`[foo][]` is equivalent to `[foo][foo]`.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[*foo* bar][]
+
+[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title"><em>foo</em> bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The link labels are case-insensitive:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[Foo][]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title">Foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+As with full reference links, spaces, tabs, or line endings are not
+allowed between the two sets of brackets:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo] 
+[]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title">foo</a>
+[]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A [shortcut reference link](@)
+consists of a [link label] that [matches] a
+[link reference definition] elsewhere in the
+document and is not followed by `[]` or a link label.
+The contents of the link label are parsed as inlines,
+which are used as the link's text.  The link's URI and title
+are provided by the matching link reference definition.
+Thus, `[foo]` is equivalent to `[foo][]`.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[*foo* bar]
+
+[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title"><em>foo</em> bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[[*foo* bar]]
+
+[*foo* bar]: /url "title"
+.
+<p>[<a href="/url" title="title"><em>foo</em> bar</a>]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[[bar [foo]
+
+[foo]: /url
+.
+<p>[[bar <a href="/url">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The link labels are case-insensitive:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[Foo]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p><a href="/url" title="title">Foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A space after the link text should be preserved:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo] bar
+
+[foo]: /url
+.
+<p><a href="/url">foo</a> bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If you just want bracketed text, you can backslash-escape the
+opening bracket to avoid links:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+\[foo]
+
+[foo]: /url "title"
+.
+<p>[foo]</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that this is a link, because a link label ends with the first
+following closing bracket:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo*]: /url
+
+*[foo*]
+.
+<p>*<a href="/url">foo*</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Full and collapsed references take precedence over shortcut
+references:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][bar]
+
+[foo]: /url1
+[bar]: /url2
+.
+<p><a href="/url2">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][]
+
+[foo]: /url1
+.
+<p><a href="/url1">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Inline links also take precedence:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo]()
+
+[foo]: /url1
+.
+<p><a href="">foo</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo](not a link)
+
+[foo]: /url1
+.
+<p><a href="/url1">foo</a>(not a link)</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+In the following case `[bar][baz]` is parsed as a reference,
+`[foo]` as normal text:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][bar][baz]
+
+[baz]: /url
+.
+<p>[foo]<a href="/url">bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here, though, `[foo][bar]` is parsed as a reference, since
+`[bar]` is defined:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][bar][baz]
+
+[baz]: /url1
+[bar]: /url2
+.
+<p><a href="/url2">foo</a><a href="/url1">baz</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here `[foo]` is not parsed as a shortcut reference, because it
+is followed by a link label (even though `[bar]` is not defined):
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+[foo][bar][baz]
+
+[baz]: /url1
+[foo]: /url2
+.
+<p>[foo]<a href="/url1">bar</a></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/list-items.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/list-items.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2b419c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/list-items.md
@@ -0,0 +1,1120 @@
+## List items
+
+
+A [list marker](@) is a
+[bullet list marker] or an [ordered list marker].
+
+A [bullet list marker](@)
+is a `-`, `+`, or `*` character.
+
+An [ordered list marker](@)
+is a sequence of 1--9 arabic digits (`0-9`), followed by either a
+`.` character or a `)` character.  (The reason for the length
+limit is that with 10 digits we start seeing integer overflows
+in some browsers.)
+
+The following rules define [list items]:
+
+1.  **Basic case.**  If a sequence of lines *Ls* constitute a sequence of
+    blocks *Bs* starting with a character other than a space or tab, and *M* is
+    a list marker of width *W* followed by 1 ≤ *N* ≤ 4 spaces of indentation,
+    then the result of prepending *M* and the following spaces to the first line
+    of *Ls*, and indenting subsequent lines of *Ls* by *W + N* spaces, is a
+    list item with *Bs* as its contents.  The type of the list item
+    (bullet or ordered) is determined by the type of its list marker.
+    If the list item is ordered, then it is also assigned a start
+    number, based on the ordered list marker.
+
+    Exceptions:
+
+    1. When the first list item in a [list] interrupts
+       a paragraph---that is, when it starts on a line that would
+       otherwise count as [paragraph continuation text]---then (a)
+       the lines *Ls* must not begin with a blank line, and (b) if
+       the list item is ordered, the start number must be 1.
+    2. If any line is a [thematic break][thematic breaks] then
+       that line is not a list item.
+
+For example, let *Ls* be the lines
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+A paragraph
+with two lines.
+
+    indented code
+
+> A block quote.
+.
+<p>A paragraph
+with two lines.</p>
+<pre><code>indented code
+</code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>A block quote.</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+And let *M* be the marker `1.`, and *N* = 2.  Then rule #1 says
+that the following is an ordered list item with start number 1,
+and the same contents as *Ls*:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1.  A paragraph
+    with two lines.
+
+        indented code
+
+    > A block quote.
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>A paragraph
+with two lines.</p>
+<pre><code>indented code
+</code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>A block quote.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The most important thing to notice is that the position of
+the text after the list marker determines how much indentation
+is needed in subsequent blocks in the list item.  If the list
+marker takes up two spaces of indentation, and there are three spaces between
+the list marker and the next character other than a space or tab, then blocks
+must be indented five spaces in order to fall under the list
+item.
+
+Here are some examples showing how far content must be indented to be
+put under the list item:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- one
+
+ two
+.
+<ul>
+<li>one</li>
+</ul>
+<p>two</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- one
+
+  two
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>one</p>
+<p>two</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ -    one
+
+     two
+.
+<ul>
+<li>one</li>
+</ul>
+<pre><code> two
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ -    one
+
+      two
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>one</p>
+<p>two</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+It is tempting to think of this in terms of columns:  the continuation
+blocks must be indented at least to the column of the first character other than
+a space or tab after the list marker.  However, that is not quite right.
+The spaces of indentation after the list marker determine how much relative
+indentation is needed.  Which column this indentation reaches will depend on
+how the list item is embedded in other constructions, as shown by
+this example:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+   > > 1.  one
+>>
+>>     two
+.
+<blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>one</p>
+<p>two</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</blockquote>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here `two` occurs in the same column as the list marker `1.`,
+but is actually contained in the list item, because there is
+sufficient indentation after the last containing blockquote marker.
+
+The converse is also possible.  In the following example, the word `two`
+occurs far to the right of the initial text of the list item, `one`, but
+it is not considered part of the list item, because it is not indented
+far enough past the blockquote marker:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+>>- one
+>>
+  >  > two
+.
+<blockquote>
+<blockquote>
+<ul>
+<li>one</li>
+</ul>
+<p>two</p>
+</blockquote>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that at least one space or tab is needed between the list marker and
+any following content, so these are not list items:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-one
+
+2.two
+.
+<p>-one</p>
+<p>2.two</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A list item may contain blocks that are separated by more than
+one blank line.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+
+
+  bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<p>bar</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A list item may contain any kind of block:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1.  foo
+
+    ```
+    bar
+    ```
+
+    baz
+
+    > bam
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<pre><code>bar
+</code></pre>
+<p>baz</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>bam</p>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A list item that contains an indented code block will preserve
+empty lines within the code block verbatim.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- Foo
+
+      bar
+
+
+      baz
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>Foo</p>
+<pre><code>bar
+
+
+baz
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Note that ordered list start numbers must be nine digits or less:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+123456789. ok
+.
+<ol start="123456789">
+<li>ok</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1234567890. not ok
+.
+<p>1234567890. not ok</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A start number may begin with 0s:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+0. ok
+.
+<ol start="0">
+<li>ok</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+003. ok
+.
+<ol start="3">
+<li>ok</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A start number must not be negative:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-1. not ok
+.
+<p>-1. not ok</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+2.  **Item starting with indented code.**  If a sequence of lines *Ls*
+    constitute a sequence of blocks *Bs* starting with an indented code
+    block, and *M* is a list marker of width *W* followed by
+    one space of indentation, then the result of prepending *M* and the
+    following space to the first line of *Ls*, and indenting subsequent lines
+    of *Ls* by *W + 1* spaces, is a list item with *Bs* as its contents.
+    If a line is empty, then it need not be indented.  The type of the
+    list item (bullet or ordered) is determined by the type of its list
+    marker.  If the list item is ordered, then it is also assigned a
+    start number, based on the ordered list marker.
+
+An indented code block will have to be preceded by four spaces of indentation
+beyond the edge of the region where text will be included in the list item.
+In the following case that is 6 spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+
+      bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<pre><code>bar
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+And in this case it is 11 spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  10.  foo
+
+           bar
+.
+<ol start="10">
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<pre><code>bar
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If the *first* block in the list item is an indented code block,
+then by rule #2, the contents must be preceded by *one* space of indentation
+after the list marker:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    indented code
+
+paragraph
+
+    more code
+.
+<pre><code>indented code
+</code></pre>
+<p>paragraph</p>
+<pre><code>more code
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1.     indented code
+
+   paragraph
+
+       more code
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<pre><code>indented code
+</code></pre>
+<p>paragraph</p>
+<pre><code>more code
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that an additional space of indentation is interpreted as space
+inside the code block:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1.      indented code
+
+   paragraph
+
+       more code
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<pre><code> indented code
+</code></pre>
+<p>paragraph</p>
+<pre><code>more code
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Note that rules #1 and #2 only apply to two cases:  (a) cases
+in which the lines to be included in a list item begin with a
+character other than a space or tab, and (b) cases in which
+they begin with an indented code
+block.  In a case like the following, where the first block begins with
+three spaces of indentation, the rules do not allow us to form a list item by
+indenting the whole thing and prepending a list marker:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+   foo
+
+bar
+.
+<p>foo</p>
+<p>bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-    foo
+
+  bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+</ul>
+<p>bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is not a significant restriction, because when a block is preceded by up to
+three spaces of indentation, the indentation can always be removed without
+a change in interpretation, allowing rule #1 to be applied.  So, in
+the above case:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-  foo
+
+   bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<p>bar</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+3.  **Item starting with a blank line.**  If a sequence of lines *Ls*
+    starting with a single [blank line] constitute a (possibly empty)
+    sequence of blocks *Bs*, and *M* is a list marker of width *W*,
+    then the result of prepending *M* to the first line of *Ls*, and
+    preceding subsequent lines of *Ls* by *W + 1* spaces of indentation, is a
+    list item with *Bs* as its contents.
+    If a line is empty, then it need not be indented.  The type of the
+    list item (bullet or ordered) is determined by the type of its list
+    marker.  If the list item is ordered, then it is also assigned a
+    start number, based on the ordered list marker.
+
+Here are some list items that start with a blank line but are not empty:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-
+  foo
+-
+  ```
+  bar
+  ```
+-
+      baz
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+<li>
+<pre><code>bar
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+<li>
+<pre><code>baz
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+When the list item starts with a blank line, the number of spaces
+following the list marker doesn't change the required indentation:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-   
+  foo
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A list item can begin with at most one blank line.
+In the following example, `foo` is not part of the list
+item:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-
+
+  foo
+.
+<ul>
+<li></li>
+</ul>
+<p>foo</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here is an empty bullet list item:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+-
+- bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+<li></li>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+It does not matter whether there are spaces or tabs following the [list marker]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+-   
+- bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+<li></li>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here is an empty ordered list item:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1. foo
+2.
+3. bar
+.
+<ol>
+<li>foo</li>
+<li></li>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A list may start or end with an empty list item:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*
+.
+<ul>
+<li></li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+However, an empty list item cannot interrupt a paragraph:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo
+*
+
+foo
+1.
+.
+<p>foo
+*</p>
+<p>foo
+1.</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+4.  **Indentation.**  If a sequence of lines *Ls* constitutes a list item
+    according to rule #1, #2, or #3, then the result of preceding each line
+    of *Ls* by up to three spaces of indentation (the same for each line) also
+    constitutes a list item with the same contents and attributes.  If a line is
+    empty, then it need not be indented.
+
+Indented one space:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ 1.  A paragraph
+     with two lines.
+
+         indented code
+
+     > A block quote.
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>A paragraph
+with two lines.</p>
+<pre><code>indented code
+</code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>A block quote.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Indented two spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  1.  A paragraph
+      with two lines.
+
+          indented code
+
+      > A block quote.
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>A paragraph
+with two lines.</p>
+<pre><code>indented code
+</code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>A block quote.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Indented three spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+   1.  A paragraph
+       with two lines.
+
+           indented code
+
+       > A block quote.
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>A paragraph
+with two lines.</p>
+<pre><code>indented code
+</code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>A block quote.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Four spaces indent gives a code block:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    1.  A paragraph
+        with two lines.
+
+            indented code
+
+        > A block quote.
+.
+<pre><code>1.  A paragraph
+    with two lines.
+
+        indented code
+
+    &gt; A block quote.
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+5.  **Laziness.**  If a string of lines *Ls* constitute a [list
+    item](#list-items) with contents *Bs*, then the result of deleting
+    some or all of the indentation from one or more lines in which the
+    next character other than a space or tab after the indentation is
+    [paragraph continuation text] is a
+    list item with the same contents and attributes.  The unindented
+    lines are called
+    [lazy continuation line](@)s.
+
+Here is an example with [lazy continuation lines]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  1.  A paragraph
+with two lines.
+
+          indented code
+
+      > A block quote.
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>A paragraph
+with two lines.</p>
+<pre><code>indented code
+</code></pre>
+<blockquote>
+<p>A block quote.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Indentation can be partially deleted:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  1.  A paragraph
+    with two lines.
+.
+<ol>
+<li>A paragraph
+with two lines.</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+These examples show how laziness can work in nested structures:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> 1. > Blockquote
+continued here.
+.
+<blockquote>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Blockquote
+continued here.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> 1. > Blockquote
+> continued here.
+.
+<blockquote>
+<ol>
+<li>
+<blockquote>
+<p>Blockquote
+continued here.</p>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+</ol>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+
+6.  **That's all.** Nothing that is not counted as a list item by rules
+    #1--5 counts as a [list item](#list-items).
+
+The rules for sublists follow from the general rules
+[above][List items].  A sublist must be indented the same number
+of spaces of indentation a paragraph would need to be in order to be included
+in the list item.
+
+So, in this case we need two spaces indent:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+  - bar
+    - baz
+      - boo
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo
+<ul>
+<li>bar
+<ul>
+<li>baz
+<ul>
+<li>boo</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+One is not enough:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+ - bar
+  - baz
+   - boo
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+<li>bar</li>
+<li>baz</li>
+<li>boo</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here we need four, because the list marker is wider:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+10) foo
+    - bar
+.
+<ol start="10">
+<li>foo
+<ul>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Three is not enough:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+10) foo
+   - bar
+.
+<ol start="10">
+<li>foo</li>
+</ol>
+<ul>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A list may be the first block in a list item:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- - foo
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1. - 2. foo
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<ol start="2">
+<li>foo</li>
+</ol>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A list item can contain a heading:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- # Foo
+- Bar
+  ---
+  baz
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<h1>Foo</h1>
+</li>
+<li>
+<h2>Bar</h2>
+baz</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+### Motivation
+
+John Gruber's Markdown spec says the following about list items:
+
+1. "List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented
+   by up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more
+   spaces or a tab."
+
+2. "To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents....
+   But if you don't want to, you don't have to."
+
+3. "List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent
+   paragraph in a list item must be indented by either 4 spaces or one
+   tab."
+
+4. "It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent paragraphs,
+   but here again, Markdown will allow you to be lazy."
+
+5. "To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's `>`
+   delimiters need to be indented."
+
+6. "To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs to be
+   indented twice — 8 spaces or two tabs."
+
+These rules specify that a paragraph under a list item must be indented
+four spaces (presumably, from the left margin, rather than the start of
+the list marker, but this is not said), and that code under a list item
+must be indented eight spaces instead of the usual four.  They also say
+that a block quote must be indented, but not by how much; however, the
+example given has four spaces indentation.  Although nothing is said
+about other kinds of block-level content, it is certainly reasonable to
+infer that *all* block elements under a list item, including other
+lists, must be indented four spaces.  This principle has been called the
+*four-space rule*.
+
+The four-space rule is clear and principled, and if the reference
+implementation `Markdown.pl` had followed it, it probably would have
+become the standard.  However, `Markdown.pl` allowed paragraphs and
+sublists to start with only two spaces indentation, at least on the
+outer level.  Worse, its behavior was inconsistent: a sublist of an
+outer-level list needed two spaces indentation, but a sublist of this
+sublist needed three spaces.  It is not surprising, then, that different
+implementations of Markdown have developed very different rules for
+determining what comes under a list item.  (Pandoc and python-Markdown,
+for example, stuck with Gruber's syntax description and the four-space
+rule, while discount, redcarpet, marked, PHP Markdown, and others
+followed `Markdown.pl`'s behavior more closely.)
+
+Unfortunately, given the divergences between implementations, there
+is no way to give a spec for list items that will be guaranteed not
+to break any existing documents.  However, the spec given here should
+correctly handle lists formatted with either the four-space rule or
+the more forgiving `Markdown.pl` behavior, provided they are laid out
+in a way that is natural for a human to read.
+
+The strategy here is to let the width and indentation of the list marker
+determine the indentation necessary for blocks to fall under the list
+item, rather than having a fixed and arbitrary number.  The writer can
+think of the body of the list item as a unit which gets indented to the
+right enough to fit the list marker (and any indentation on the list
+marker).  (The laziness rule, #5, then allows continuation lines to be
+unindented if needed.)
+
+This rule is superior, we claim, to any rule requiring a fixed level of
+indentation from the margin.  The four-space rule is clear but
+unnatural. It is quite unintuitive that
+
+``` markdown
+- foo
+
+  bar
+
+  - baz
+```
+
+should be parsed as two lists with an intervening paragraph,
+
+``` html
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+</ul>
+<p>bar</p>
+<ul>
+<li>baz</li>
+</ul>
+```
+
+as the four-space rule demands, rather than a single list,
+
+``` html
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<p>bar</p>
+<ul>
+<li>baz</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+```
+
+The choice of four spaces is arbitrary.  It can be learned, but it is
+not likely to be guessed, and it trips up beginners regularly.
+
+Would it help to adopt a two-space rule?  The problem is that such
+a rule, together with the rule allowing up to three spaces of indentation for
+the initial list marker, allows text that is indented *less than* the
+original list marker to be included in the list item. For example,
+`Markdown.pl` parses
+
+``` markdown
+   - one
+
+  two
+```
+
+as a single list item, with `two` a continuation paragraph:
+
+``` html
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>one</p>
+<p>two</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+```
+
+and similarly
+
+``` markdown
+>   - one
+>
+>  two
+```
+
+as
+
+``` html
+<blockquote>
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>one</p>
+<p>two</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</blockquote>
+```
+
+This is extremely unintuitive.
+
+Rather than requiring a fixed indent from the margin, we could require
+a fixed indent (say, two spaces, or even one space) from the list marker (which
+may itself be indented).  This proposal would remove the last anomaly
+discussed.  Unlike the spec presented above, it would count the following
+as a list item with a subparagraph, even though the paragraph `bar`
+is not indented as far as the first paragraph `foo`:
+
+``` markdown
+ 10. foo
+
+   bar  
+```
+
+Arguably this text does read like a list item with `bar` as a subparagraph,
+which may count in favor of the proposal.  However, on this proposal indented
+code would have to be indented six spaces after the list marker.  And this
+would break a lot of existing Markdown, which has the pattern:
+
+``` markdown
+1.  foo
+
+        indented code
+```
+
+where the code is indented eight spaces.  The spec above, by contrast, will
+parse this text as expected, since the code block's indentation is measured
+from the beginning of `foo`.
+
+The one case that needs special treatment is a list item that *starts*
+with indented code.  How much indentation is required in that case, since
+we don't have a "first paragraph" to measure from?  Rule #2 simply stipulates
+that in such cases, we require one space indentation from the list marker
+(and then the normal four spaces for the indented code).  This will match the
+four-space rule in cases where the list marker plus its initial indentation
+takes four spaces (a common case), but diverge in other cases.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/lists.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/lists.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fee2fc5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/lists.md
@@ -0,0 +1,650 @@
+## Lists
+
+
+A [list](@) is a sequence of one or more
+list items [of the same type].  The list items
+may be separated by any number of blank lines.
+
+Two list items are [of the same type](@)
+if they begin with a [list marker] of the same type.
+Two list markers are of the
+same type if (a) they are bullet list markers using the same character
+(`-`, `+`, or `*`) or (b) they are ordered list numbers with the same
+delimiter (either `.` or `)`).
+
+A list is an [ordered list](@)
+if its constituent list items begin with
+[ordered list markers], and a
+[bullet list](@) if its constituent list
+items begin with [bullet list markers].
+
+The [start number](@)
+of an [ordered list] is determined by the list number of
+its initial list item.  The numbers of subsequent list items are
+disregarded.
+
+A list is [loose](@) if any of its constituent
+list items are separated by blank lines, or if any of its constituent
+list items directly contain two block-level elements with a blank line
+between them.  Otherwise a list is [tight](@).
+(The difference in HTML output is that paragraphs in a loose list are
+wrapped in `<p>` tags, while paragraphs in a tight list are not.)
+
+Changing the bullet or ordered list delimiter starts a new list:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+- bar
++ baz
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+<ul>
+<li>baz</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1. foo
+2. bar
+3) baz
+.
+<ol>
+<li>foo</li>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ol>
+<ol start="3">
+<li>baz</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+In CommonMark, a list can interrupt a paragraph. That is,
+no blank line is needed to separate a paragraph from a following
+list:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+- bar
+- baz
+.
+<p>Foo</p>
+<ul>
+<li>bar</li>
+<li>baz</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+`Markdown.pl` does not allow this, through fear of triggering a list
+via a numeral in a hard-wrapped line:
+
+``` markdown
+The number of windows in my house is
+14.  The number of doors is 6.
+```
+
+Oddly, though, `Markdown.pl` *does* allow a blockquote to
+interrupt a paragraph, even though the same considerations might
+apply.
+
+In CommonMark, we do allow lists to interrupt paragraphs, for
+two reasons.  First, it is natural and not uncommon for people
+to start lists without blank lines:
+
+``` markdown
+I need to buy
+- new shoes
+- a coat
+- a plane ticket
+```
+
+Second, we are attracted to a
+
+> [principle of uniformity](@):
+> if a chunk of text has a certain
+> meaning, it will continue to have the same meaning when put into a
+> container block (such as a list item or blockquote).
+
+(Indeed, the spec for [list items] and [block quotes] presupposes
+this principle.) This principle implies that if
+
+``` markdown
+  * I need to buy
+    - new shoes
+    - a coat
+    - a plane ticket
+```
+
+is a list item containing a paragraph followed by a nested sublist,
+as all Markdown implementations agree it is (though the paragraph
+may be rendered without `<p>` tags, since the list is "tight"),
+then
+
+``` markdown
+I need to buy
+- new shoes
+- a coat
+- a plane ticket
+```
+
+by itself should be a paragraph followed by a nested sublist.
+
+Since it is well established Markdown practice to allow lists to
+interrupt paragraphs inside list items, the [principle of
+uniformity] requires us to allow this outside list items as
+well.  ([reStructuredText](https://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html)
+takes a different approach, requiring blank lines before lists
+even inside other list items.)
+
+In order to solve the problem of unwanted lists in paragraphs with
+hard-wrapped numerals, we allow only lists starting with `1` to
+interrupt paragraphs.  Thus,
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+The number of windows in my house is
+14.  The number of doors is 6.
+.
+<p>The number of windows in my house is
+14.  The number of doors is 6.</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+We may still get an unintended result in cases like
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+The number of windows in my house is
+1.  The number of doors is 6.
+.
+<p>The number of windows in my house is</p>
+<ol>
+<li>The number of doors is 6.</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+but this rule should prevent most spurious list captures.
+
+There can be any number of blank lines between items:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+
+- bar
+
+
+- baz
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>bar</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>baz</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+  - bar
+    - baz
+
+
+      bim
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo
+<ul>
+<li>bar
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>baz</p>
+<p>bim</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+To separate consecutive lists of the same type, or to separate a
+list from an indented code block that would otherwise be parsed
+as a subparagraph of the final list item, you can insert a blank HTML
+comment:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+- bar
+
+<!-- -->
+
+- baz
+- bim
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+<!-- -->
+<ul>
+<li>baz</li>
+<li>bim</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-   foo
+
+    notcode
+
+-   foo
+
+<!-- -->
+
+    code
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<p>notcode</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<!-- -->
+<pre><code>code
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+List items need not be indented to the same level.  The following
+list items will be treated as items at the same list level,
+since none is indented enough to belong to the previous list
+item:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+ - b
+  - c
+   - d
+  - e
+ - f
+- g
+.
+<ul>
+<li>a</li>
+<li>b</li>
+<li>c</li>
+<li>d</li>
+<li>e</li>
+<li>f</li>
+<li>g</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1. a
+
+  2. b
+
+   3. c
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>a</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>b</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>c</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Note, however, that list items must not be preceded by more than
+three spaces of indentation.  Here `- e` is treated as a paragraph continuation
+line, because it is indented more than three spaces:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+ - b
+  - c
+   - d
+    - e
+.
+<ul>
+<li>a</li>
+<li>b</li>
+<li>c</li>
+<li>d
+- e</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+And here, `3. c` is treated as in indented code block,
+because it is indented four spaces and preceded by a
+blank line.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1. a
+
+  2. b
+
+    3. c
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<p>a</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>b</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+<pre><code>3. c
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is a loose list, because there is a blank line between
+two of the list items:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+- b
+
+- c
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>a</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>b</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>c</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+So is this, with a empty second item:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+* a
+*
+
+* c
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>a</p>
+</li>
+<li></li>
+<li>
+<p>c</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+These are loose lists, even though there are no blank lines between the items,
+because one of the items directly contains two block-level elements
+with a blank line between them:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+- b
+
+  c
+- d
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>a</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>b</p>
+<p>c</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>d</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+- b
+
+  [ref]: /url
+- d
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>a</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>b</p>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>d</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is a tight list, because the blank lines are in a code block:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+- ```
+  b
+
+
+  ```
+- c
+.
+<ul>
+<li>a</li>
+<li>
+<pre><code>b
+
+
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+<li>c</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is a tight list, because the blank line is between two
+paragraphs of a sublist.  So the sublist is loose while
+the outer list is tight:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+  - b
+
+    c
+- d
+.
+<ul>
+<li>a
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>b</p>
+<p>c</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>d</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This is a tight list, because the blank line is inside the
+block quote:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+* a
+  > b
+  >
+* c
+.
+<ul>
+<li>a
+<blockquote>
+<p>b</p>
+</blockquote>
+</li>
+<li>c</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This list is tight, because the consecutive block elements
+are not separated by blank lines:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+  > b
+  ```
+  c
+  ```
+- d
+.
+<ul>
+<li>a
+<blockquote>
+<p>b</p>
+</blockquote>
+<pre><code>c
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+<li>d</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A single-paragraph list is tight:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+.
+<ul>
+<li>a</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+  - b
+.
+<ul>
+<li>a
+<ul>
+<li>b</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This list is loose, because of the blank line between the
+two block elements in the list item:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+1. ```
+   foo
+   ```
+
+   bar
+.
+<ol>
+<li>
+<pre><code>foo
+</code></pre>
+<p>bar</p>
+</li>
+</ol>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Here the outer list is loose, the inner list tight:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+* foo
+  * bar
+
+  baz
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<ul>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+<p>baz</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- a
+  - b
+  - c
+
+- d
+  - e
+  - f
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>a</p>
+<ul>
+<li>b</li>
+<li>c</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li>
+<p>d</p>
+<ul>
+<li>e</li>
+<li>f</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+# Inlines
+
+Inlines are parsed sequentially from the beginning of the character
+stream to the end (left to right, in left-to-right languages).
+Thus, for example, in
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`hi`lo`
+.
+<p><code>hi</code>lo`</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+`hi` is parsed as code, leaving the backtick at the end as a literal
+backtick.
+
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/overview.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/overview.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49f7521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/overview.md
@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+## Overview
+
+
+Parsing has two phases:
+
+1. In the first phase, lines of input are consumed and the block
+structure of the document---its division into paragraphs, block quotes,
+list items, and so on---is constructed.  Text is assigned to these
+blocks but not parsed. Link reference definitions are parsed and a
+map of links is constructed.
+
+2. In the second phase, the raw text contents of paragraphs and headings
+are parsed into sequences of Markdown inline elements (strings,
+code spans, links, emphasis, and so on), using the map of link
+references constructed in phase 1.
+
+At each point in processing, the document is represented as a tree of
+**blocks**.  The root of the tree is a `document` block.  The `document`
+may have any number of other blocks as **children**.  These children
+may, in turn, have other blocks as children.  The last child of a block
+is normally considered **open**, meaning that subsequent lines of input
+can alter its contents.  (Blocks that are not open are **closed**.)
+Here, for example, is a possible document tree, with the open blocks
+marked by arrows:
+
+``` tree
+-> document
+  -> block_quote
+       paragraph
+         "Lorem ipsum dolor\nsit amet."
+    -> list (type=bullet tight=true bullet_char=-)
+         list_item
+           paragraph
+             "Qui *quodsi iracundia*"
+      -> list_item
+        -> paragraph
+             "aliquando id"
+```
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/paragraphs.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/paragraphs.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..91f8ada
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/paragraphs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,111 @@
+## Paragraphs
+
+
+A sequence of non-blank lines that cannot be interpreted as other
+kinds of blocks forms a [paragraph](@).
+The contents of the paragraph are the result of parsing the
+paragraph's raw content as inlines.  The paragraph's raw content
+is formed by concatenating the lines and removing initial and final
+spaces or tabs.
+
+A simple example with two paragraphs:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+aaa
+
+bbb
+.
+<p>aaa</p>
+<p>bbb</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Paragraphs can contain multiple lines, but no blank lines:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+aaa
+bbb
+
+ccc
+ddd
+.
+<p>aaa
+bbb</p>
+<p>ccc
+ddd</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Multiple blank lines between paragraphs have no effect:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+aaa
+
+
+bbb
+.
+<p>aaa</p>
+<p>bbb</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Leading spaces or tabs are skipped:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  aaa
+ bbb
+.
+<p>aaa
+bbb</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Lines after the first may be indented any amount, since indented
+code blocks cannot interrupt paragraphs.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+aaa
+             bbb
+                                       ccc
+.
+<p>aaa
+bbb
+ccc</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, the first line may be preceded by up to three spaces of indentation.
+Four spaces of indentation is too many:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+   aaa
+bbb
+.
+<p>aaa
+bbb</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    aaa
+bbb
+.
+<pre><code>aaa
+</code></pre>
+<p>bbb</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Final spaces or tabs are stripped before inline parsing, so a paragraph
+that ends with two or more spaces will not end with a [hard line
+break]:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+aaa     
+bbb     
+.
+<p>aaa<br />
+bbb</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/phase-1-block-structure.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/phase-1-block-structure.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7061d86
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/phase-1-block-structure.md
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+## Phase 1: block structure
+
+
+Each line that is processed has an effect on this tree.  The line is
+analyzed and, depending on its contents, the document may be altered
+in one or more of the following ways:
+
+1. One or more open blocks may be closed.
+2. One or more new blocks may be created as children of the
+   last open block.
+3. Text may be added to the last (deepest) open block remaining
+   on the tree.
+
+Once a line has been incorporated into the tree in this way,
+it can be discarded, so input can be read in a stream.
+
+For each line, we follow this procedure:
+
+1. First we iterate through the open blocks, starting with the
+root document, and descending through last children down to the last
+open block.  Each block imposes a condition that the line must satisfy
+if the block is to remain open.  For example, a block quote requires a
+`>` character.  A paragraph requires a non-blank line.
+In this phase we may match all or just some of the open
+blocks.  But we cannot close unmatched blocks yet, because we may have a
+[lazy continuation line].
+
+2.  Next, after consuming the continuation markers for existing
+blocks, we look for new block starts (e.g. `>` for a block quote).
+If we encounter a new block start, we close any blocks unmatched
+in step 1 before creating the new block as a child of the last
+matched container block.
+
+3.  Finally, we look at the remainder of the line (after block
+markers like `>`, list markers, and indentation have been consumed).
+This is text that can be incorporated into the last open
+block (a paragraph, code block, heading, or raw HTML).
+
+Setext headings are formed when we see a line of a paragraph
+that is a [setext heading underline].
+
+Reference link definitions are detected when a paragraph is closed;
+the accumulated text lines are parsed to see if they begin with
+one or more reference link definitions.  Any remainder becomes a
+normal paragraph.
+
+We can see how this works by considering how the tree above is
+generated by four lines of Markdown:
+
+``` markdown
+> Lorem ipsum dolor
+sit amet.
+> - Qui *quodsi iracundia*
+> - aliquando id
+```
+
+At the outset, our document model is just
+
+``` tree
+-> document
+```
+
+The first line of our text,
+
+``` markdown
+> Lorem ipsum dolor
+```
+
+causes a `block_quote` block to be created as a child of our
+open `document` block, and a `paragraph` block as a child of
+the `block_quote`.  Then the text is added to the last open
+block, the `paragraph`:
+
+``` tree
+-> document
+  -> block_quote
+    -> paragraph
+         "Lorem ipsum dolor"
+```
+
+The next line,
+
+``` markdown
+sit amet.
+```
+
+is a "lazy continuation" of the open `paragraph`, so it gets added
+to the paragraph's text:
+
+``` tree
+-> document
+  -> block_quote
+    -> paragraph
+         "Lorem ipsum dolor\nsit amet."
+```
+
+The third line,
+
+``` markdown
+> - Qui *quodsi iracundia*
+```
+
+causes the `paragraph` block to be closed, and a new `list` block
+opened as a child of the `block_quote`.  A `list_item` is also
+added as a child of the `list`, and a `paragraph` as a child of
+the `list_item`.  The text is then added to the new `paragraph`:
+
+``` tree
+-> document
+  -> block_quote
+       paragraph
+         "Lorem ipsum dolor\nsit amet."
+    -> list (type=bullet tight=true bullet_char=-)
+      -> list_item
+        -> paragraph
+             "Qui *quodsi iracundia*"
+```
+
+The fourth line,
+
+``` markdown
+> - aliquando id
+```
+
+causes the `list_item` (and its child the `paragraph`) to be closed,
+and a new `list_item` opened up as child of the `list`.  A `paragraph`
+is added as a child of the new `list_item`, to contain the text.
+We thus obtain the final tree:
+
+``` tree
+-> document
+  -> block_quote
+       paragraph
+         "Lorem ipsum dolor\nsit amet."
+    -> list (type=bullet tight=true bullet_char=-)
+         list_item
+           paragraph
+             "Qui *quodsi iracundia*"
+      -> list_item
+        -> paragraph
+             "aliquando id"
+```
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/phase-2-inline-structure.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/phase-2-inline-structure.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c741ac6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/phase-2-inline-structure.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+## Phase 2: inline structure
+
+
+Once all of the input has been parsed, all open blocks are closed.
+
+We then "walk the tree," visiting every node, and parse raw
+string contents of paragraphs and headings as inlines.  At this
+point we have seen all the link reference definitions, so we can
+resolve reference links as we go.
+
+``` tree
+document
+  block_quote
+    paragraph
+      str "Lorem ipsum dolor"
+      softbreak
+      str "sit amet."
+    list (type=bullet tight=true bullet_char=-)
+      list_item
+        paragraph
+          str "Qui "
+          emph
+            str "quodsi iracundia"
+      list_item
+        paragraph
+          str "aliquando id"
+```
+
+Notice how the [line ending] in the first paragraph has
+been parsed as a `softbreak`, and the asterisks in the first list item
+have become an `emph`.
+
+### An algorithm for parsing nested emphasis and links
+
+By far the trickiest part of inline parsing is handling emphasis,
+strong emphasis, links, and images.  This is done using the following
+algorithm.
+
+When we're parsing inlines and we hit either
+
+- a run of `*` or `_` characters, or
+- a `[` or `![`
+
+we insert a text node with these symbols as its literal content, and we
+add a pointer to this text node to the [delimiter stack](@).
+
+The [delimiter stack] is a doubly linked list.  Each
+element contains a pointer to a text node, plus information about
+
+- the type of delimiter (`[`, `![`, `*`, `_`)
+- the number of delimiters,
+- whether the delimiter is "active" (all are active to start), and
+- whether the delimiter is a potential opener, a potential closer,
+  or both (which depends on what sort of characters precede
+  and follow the delimiters).
+
+When we hit a `]` character, we call the *look for link or image*
+procedure (see below).
+
+When we hit the end of the input, we call the *process emphasis*
+procedure (see below), with `stack_bottom` = NULL.
+
+#### *look for link or image*
+
+Starting at the top of the delimiter stack, we look backwards
+through the stack for an opening `[` or `![` delimiter.
+
+- If we don't find one, we return a literal text node `]`.
+
+- If we do find one, but it's not *active*, we remove the inactive
+  delimiter from the stack, and return a literal text node `]`.
+
+- If we find one and it's active, then we parse ahead to see if
+  we have an inline link/image, reference link/image, collapsed reference
+  link/image, or shortcut reference link/image.
+
+  + If we don't, then we remove the opening delimiter from the
+    delimiter stack and return a literal text node `]`.
+
+  + If we do, then
+
+    * We return a link or image node whose children are the inlines
+      after the text node pointed to by the opening delimiter.
+
+    * We run *process emphasis* on these inlines, with the `[` opener
+      as `stack_bottom`.
+
+    * We remove the opening delimiter.
+
+    * If we have a link (and not an image), we also set all
+      `[` delimiters before the opening delimiter to *inactive*.  (This
+      will prevent us from getting links within links.)
+
+#### *process emphasis*
+
+Parameter `stack_bottom` sets a lower bound to how far we
+descend in the [delimiter stack].  If it is NULL, we can
+go all the way to the bottom.  Otherwise, we stop before
+visiting `stack_bottom`.
+
+Let `current_position` point to the element on the [delimiter stack]
+just above `stack_bottom` (or the first element if `stack_bottom`
+is NULL).
+
+We keep track of the `openers_bottom` for each delimiter
+type (`*`, `_`), indexed to the length of the closing delimiter run
+(modulo 3) and to whether the closing delimiter can also be an
+opener.  Initialize this to `stack_bottom`.
+
+Then we repeat the following until we run out of potential
+closers:
+
+- Move `current_position` forward in the delimiter stack (if needed)
+  until we find the first potential closer with delimiter `*` or `_`.
+  (This will be the potential closer closest
+  to the beginning of the input -- the first one in parse order.)
+
+- Now, look back in the stack (staying above `stack_bottom` and
+  the `openers_bottom` for this delimiter type) for the
+  first valid potential opener, where being "valid" requires that:
+
+  + the token is a potential opener; and
+
+  + the token has the same delimiter type as the current potential
+    closer; and
+
+  + any of the following are true:
+
+    * the closer is not a potential opener and the opener is not a
+      potential closer; or
+
+    * the original length of the closing delimiter run is a multiple
+      of 3; or
+
+    * the original length of the opening delimiter run + the original
+      length of the closing delimiter run is not a multiple of 3
+
+- If one is found:
+
+  + Figure out whether we have emphasis or strong emphasis:
+    if both closer and opener spans have length >= 2, we have
+    strong, otherwise regular.
+
+  + Insert an emph or strong emph node accordingly, after
+    the text node corresponding to the opener.
+
+  + Remove any delimiters between the opener and closer from
+    the delimiter stack.
+
+  + Remove 1 (for regular emph) or 2 (for strong emph) delimiters
+    from the opening and closing text nodes.  If they become empty
+    as a result, remove them and remove the corresponding element
+    of the delimiter stack.  If the closing node is removed, reset
+    `current_position` to the next element in the stack.
+
+- If none is found:
+
+  + Set `openers_bottom` to the element before `current_position`.
+    (We know that there are no openers for this kind of closer up to and
+    including this point, so this puts a lower bound on future searches.)
+
+  + If the closer at `current_position` is not a potential opener,
+    remove it from the delimiter stack (since we know it can't
+    be a closer either).
+
+  + Advance `current_position` to the next element in the stack.
+
+After we're done, we remove all delimiters above `stack_bottom` from the
+delimiter stack.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/precedence.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/precedence.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ba95844
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/precedence.md
@@ -0,0 +1,27 @@
+## Precedence
+
+
+Indicators of block structure always take precedence over indicators
+of inline structure.  So, for example, the following is a list with
+two items, not a list with one item containing a code span:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- `one
+- two`
+.
+<ul>
+<li>`one</li>
+<li>two`</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+This means that parsing can proceed in two steps:  first, the block
+structure of the document can be discerned; second, text lines inside
+paragraphs, headings, and other block constructs can be parsed for inline
+structure.  The second step requires information about link reference
+definitions that will be available only at the end of the first
+step.  Note that the first step requires processing lines in sequence,
+but the second can be parallelized, since the inline parsing of
+one block element does not affect the inline parsing of any other.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/raw-html.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/raw-html.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c277617
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/raw-html.md
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+## Raw HTML
+
+
+Text between `<` and `>` that looks like an HTML tag is parsed as a
+raw HTML tag and will be rendered in HTML without escaping.
+Tag and attribute names are not limited to current HTML tags,
+so custom tags (and even, say, DocBook tags) may be used.
+
+Here is the grammar for tags:
+
+A [tag name](@) consists of an ASCII letter
+followed by zero or more ASCII letters, digits, or
+hyphens (`-`).
+
+An [attribute](@) consists of spaces, tabs, and up to one line ending,
+an [attribute name], and an optional
+[attribute value specification].
+
+An [attribute name](@)
+consists of an ASCII letter, `_`, or `:`, followed by zero or more ASCII
+letters, digits, `_`, `.`, `:`, or `-`.  (Note:  This is the XML
+specification restricted to ASCII.  HTML5 is laxer.)
+
+An [attribute value specification](@)
+consists of optional spaces, tabs, and up to one line ending,
+a `=` character, optional spaces, tabs, and up to one line ending,
+and an [attribute value].
+
+An [attribute value](@)
+consists of an [unquoted attribute value],
+a [single-quoted attribute value], or a [double-quoted attribute value].
+
+An [unquoted attribute value](@)
+is a nonempty string of characters not
+including spaces, tabs, line endings, `"`, `'`, `=`, `<`, `>`, or `` ` ``.
+
+A [single-quoted attribute value](@)
+consists of `'`, zero or more
+characters not including `'`, and a final `'`.
+
+A [double-quoted attribute value](@)
+consists of `"`, zero or more
+characters not including `"`, and a final `"`.
+
+An [open tag](@) consists of a `<` character, a [tag name],
+zero or more [attributes], optional spaces, tabs, and up to one line ending,
+an optional `/` character, and a `>` character.
+
+A [closing tag](@) consists of the string `</`, a
+[tag name], optional spaces, tabs, and up to one line ending, and the character
+`>`.
+
+An [HTML comment](@) consists of `<!-->`, `<!--->`, or  `<!--`, a string of
+characters not including the string `-->`, and `-->` (see the
+[HTML spec](https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#markup-declaration-open-state)).
+
+A [processing instruction](@)
+consists of the string `<?`, a string
+of characters not including the string `?>`, and the string
+`?>`.
+
+A [declaration](@) consists of the string `<!`, an ASCII letter, zero or more
+characters not including the character `>`, and the character `>`.
+
+A [CDATA section](@) consists of
+the string `<![CDATA[`, a string of characters not including the string
+`]]>`, and the string `]]>`.
+
+An [HTML tag](@) is an [open tag], a [closing tag],
+an [HTML comment], a [processing instruction], a [declaration],
+or a [CDATA section].
+
+Here are some simple open tags:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a><bab><c2c>
+.
+<p><a><bab><c2c></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Empty elements:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a/><b2/>
+.
+<p><a/><b2/></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Whitespace is allowed:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a  /><b2
+data="foo" >
+.
+<p><a  /><b2
+data="foo" ></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+With attributes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a foo="bar" bam = 'baz <em>"</em>'
+_boolean zoop:33=zoop:33 />
+.
+<p><a foo="bar" bam = 'baz <em>"</em>'
+_boolean zoop:33=zoop:33 /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Custom tag names can be used:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo <responsive-image src="foo.jpg" />
+.
+<p>Foo <responsive-image src="foo.jpg" /></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Illegal tag names, not parsed as HTML:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<33> <__>
+.
+<p>&lt;33&gt; &lt;__&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Illegal attribute names:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a h*#ref="hi">
+.
+<p>&lt;a h*#ref=&quot;hi&quot;&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Illegal attribute values:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a href="hi'> <a href=hi'>
+.
+<p>&lt;a href=&quot;hi'&gt; &lt;a href=hi'&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Illegal whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+< a><
+foo><bar/ >
+<foo bar=baz
+bim!bop />
+.
+<p>&lt; a&gt;&lt;
+foo&gt;&lt;bar/ &gt;
+&lt;foo bar=baz
+bim!bop /&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Missing whitespace:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a href='bar'title=title>
+.
+<p>&lt;a href='bar'title=title&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Closing tags:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+</a></foo >
+.
+<p></a></foo ></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Illegal attributes in closing tag:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+</a href="foo">
+.
+<p>&lt;/a href=&quot;foo&quot;&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Comments:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo <!-- this is a --
+comment - with hyphens -->
+.
+<p>foo <!-- this is a --
+comment - with hyphens --></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo <!--> foo -->
+
+foo <!---> foo -->
+.
+<p>foo <!--> foo --&gt;</p>
+<p>foo <!---> foo --&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Processing instructions:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo <?php echo $a; ?>
+.
+<p>foo <?php echo $a; ?></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Declarations:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo <!ELEMENT br EMPTY>
+.
+<p>foo <!ELEMENT br EMPTY></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+CDATA sections:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo <![CDATA[>&<]]>
+.
+<p>foo <![CDATA[>&<]]></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Entity and numeric character references are preserved in HTML
+attributes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo <a href="&ouml;">
+.
+<p>foo <a href="&ouml;"></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Backslash escapes do not work in HTML attributes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo <a href="\*">
+.
+<p>foo <a href="\*"></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a href="\"">
+.
+<p>&lt;a href=&quot;&quot;&quot;&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A block quote can prevent a line from being parsed as inline HTML,
+even though line breaks are allowed in tags:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+<a
+> quoted text
+.
+<p>&lt;a</p>
+<blockquote>
+<p>quoted text</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/setext-headings.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/setext-headings.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8729491
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/setext-headings.md
@@ -0,0 +1,417 @@
+## Setext headings
+
+
+A [setext heading](@) consists of one or more
+lines of text, not interrupted by a blank line, of which the first line does not
+have more than 3 spaces of indentation, followed by
+a [setext heading underline].  The lines of text must be such
+that, were they not followed by the setext heading underline,
+they would be interpreted as a paragraph:  they cannot be
+interpretable as a [code fence], [ATX heading][ATX headings],
+[block quote][block quotes], [thematic break][thematic breaks],
+[list item][list items], or [HTML block][HTML blocks].
+
+A [setext heading underline](@) is a sequence of
+`=` characters or a sequence of `-` characters, with no more than 3
+spaces of indentation and any number of trailing spaces or tabs.
+
+The heading is a level 1 heading if `=` characters are used in
+the [setext heading underline], and a level 2 heading if `-`
+characters are used.  The contents of the heading are the result
+of parsing the preceding lines of text as CommonMark inline
+content.
+
+In general, a setext heading need not be preceded or followed by a
+blank line.  However, it cannot interrupt a paragraph, so when a
+setext heading comes after a paragraph, a blank line is needed between
+them.
+
+Simple examples:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo *bar*
+=========
+
+Foo *bar*
+---------
+.
+<h1>Foo <em>bar</em></h1>
+<h2>Foo <em>bar</em></h2>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The content of the header may span more than one line:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo *bar
+baz*
+====
+.
+<h1>Foo <em>bar
+baz</em></h1>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+The contents are the result of parsing the headings's raw
+content as inlines.  The heading's raw content is formed by
+concatenating the lines and removing initial and final
+spaces or tabs.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  Foo *bar
+baz*→
+====
+.
+<h1>Foo <em>bar
+baz</em></h1>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The underlining can be any length:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+-------------------------
+
+Foo
+=
+.
+<h2>Foo</h2>
+<h1>Foo</h1>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The heading content can be preceded by up to three spaces of indentation, and
+need not line up with the underlining:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+   Foo
+---
+
+  Foo
+-----
+
+  Foo
+  ===
+.
+<h2>Foo</h2>
+<h2>Foo</h2>
+<h1>Foo</h1>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Four spaces of indentation is too many:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    Foo
+    ---
+
+    Foo
+---
+.
+<pre><code>Foo
+---
+
+Foo
+</code></pre>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The setext heading underline can be preceded by up to three spaces of
+indentation, and may have trailing spaces or tabs:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+   ----      
+.
+<h2>Foo</h2>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Four spaces of indentation is too many:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+    ---
+.
+<p>Foo
+---</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The setext heading underline cannot contain internal spaces or tabs:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+= =
+
+Foo
+--- -
+.
+<p>Foo
+= =</p>
+<p>Foo</p>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Trailing spaces or tabs in the content line do not cause a hard line break:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo  
+-----
+.
+<h2>Foo</h2>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Nor does a backslash at the end:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo\
+----
+.
+<h2>Foo\</h2>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Since indicators of block structure take precedence over
+indicators of inline structure, the following are setext headings:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+`Foo
+----
+`
+
+<a title="a lot
+---
+of dashes"/>
+.
+<h2>`Foo</h2>
+<p>`</p>
+<h2>&lt;a title=&quot;a lot</h2>
+<p>of dashes&quot;/&gt;</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+The setext heading underline cannot be a [lazy continuation
+line] in a list item or block quote:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> Foo
+---
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>Foo</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> foo
+bar
+===
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo
+bar
+===</p>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- Foo
+---
+.
+<ul>
+<li>Foo</li>
+</ul>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A blank line is needed between a paragraph and a following
+setext heading, since otherwise the paragraph becomes part
+of the heading's content:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+Bar
+---
+.
+<h2>Foo
+Bar</h2>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+But in general a blank line is not required before or after
+setext headings:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+---
+Foo
+---
+Bar
+---
+Baz
+.
+<hr />
+<h2>Foo</h2>
+<h2>Bar</h2>
+<p>Baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Setext headings cannot be empty:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+
+====
+.
+<p>====</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Setext heading text lines must not be interpretable as block
+constructs other than paragraphs.  So, the line of dashes
+in these examples gets interpreted as a thematic break:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+---
+---
+.
+<hr />
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+-----
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+</ul>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    foo
+---
+.
+<pre><code>foo
+</code></pre>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+> foo
+-----
+.
+<blockquote>
+<p>foo</p>
+</blockquote>
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If you want a heading with `> foo` as its literal text, you can
+use backslash escapes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+\> foo
+------
+.
+<h2>&gt; foo</h2>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+**Compatibility note:**  Most existing Markdown implementations
+do not allow the text of setext headings to span multiple lines.
+But there is no consensus about how to interpret
+
+``` markdown
+Foo
+bar
+---
+baz
+```
+
+One can find four different interpretations:
+
+1. paragraph "Foo", heading "bar", paragraph "baz"
+2. paragraph "Foo bar", thematic break, paragraph "baz"
+3. paragraph "Foo bar --- baz"
+4. heading "Foo bar", paragraph "baz"
+
+We find interpretation 4 most natural, and interpretation 4
+increases the expressive power of CommonMark, by allowing
+multiline headings.  Authors who want interpretation 1 can
+put a blank line after the first paragraph:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+
+bar
+---
+baz
+.
+<p>Foo</p>
+<h2>bar</h2>
+<p>baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Authors who want interpretation 2 can put blank lines around
+the thematic break,
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+bar
+
+---
+
+baz
+.
+<p>Foo
+bar</p>
+<hr />
+<p>baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+or use a thematic break that cannot count as a [setext heading
+underline], such as
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+bar
+* * *
+baz
+.
+<p>Foo
+bar</p>
+<hr />
+<p>baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Authors who want interpretation 3 can use backslash escapes:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+bar
+\---
+baz
+.
+<p>Foo
+bar
+---
+baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/soft-line-breaks.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/soft-line-breaks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dbb6f00
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/soft-line-breaks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+## Soft line breaks
+
+
+A regular line ending (not in a code span or HTML tag) that is not
+preceded by two or more spaces or a backslash is parsed as a
+[softbreak](@).  (A soft line break may be rendered in HTML either as a
+[line ending] or as a space. The result will be the same in
+browsers. In the examples here, a [line ending] will be used.)
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo
+baz
+.
+<p>foo
+baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Spaces at the end of the line and beginning of the next line are
+removed:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+foo 
+ baz
+.
+<p>foo
+baz</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+A conforming parser may render a soft line break in HTML either as a
+line ending or as a space.
+
+A renderer may also provide an option to render soft line breaks
+as hard line breaks.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/tabs.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/tabs.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7f38a87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/tabs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+## Tabs
+
+
+Tabs in lines are not expanded to [spaces].  However,
+in contexts where spaces help to define block structure,
+tabs behave as if they were replaced by spaces with a tab stop
+of 4 characters.
+
+Thus, for example, a tab can be used instead of four spaces
+in an indented code block.  (Note, however, that internal
+tabs are passed through as literal tabs, not expanded to
+spaces.)
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+→foo→baz→→bim
+.
+<pre><code>foo→baz→→bim
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  →foo→baz→→bim
+.
+<pre><code>foo→baz→→bim
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    a→a
+    ὐ→a
+.
+<pre><code>a→a
+ὐ→a
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+In the following example, a continuation paragraph of a list
+item is indented with a tab; this has exactly the same effect
+as indentation with four spaces would:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+  - foo
+
+→bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<p>bar</p>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+
+→→bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<p>foo</p>
+<pre><code>  bar
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+Normally the `>` that begins a block quote may be followed
+optionally by a space, which is not considered part of the
+content.  In the following case `>` is followed by a tab,
+which is treated as if it were expanded into three spaces.
+Since one of these spaces is considered part of the
+delimiter, `foo` is considered to be indented six spaces
+inside the block quote context, so we get an indented
+code block starting with two spaces.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+>→→foo
+.
+<blockquote>
+<pre><code>  foo
+</code></pre>
+</blockquote>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-→→foo
+.
+<ul>
+<li>
+<pre><code>  foo
+</code></pre>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    foo
+→bar
+.
+<pre><code>foo
+bar
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ - foo
+   - bar
+→ - baz
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo
+<ul>
+<li>bar
+<ul>
+<li>baz</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+#→Foo
+.
+<h1>Foo</h1>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+*→*→*→
+.
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/textual-content.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/textual-content.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b446912
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/textual-content.md
@@ -0,0 +1,36 @@
+## Textual content
+
+
+Any characters not given an interpretation by the above rules will
+be parsed as plain textual content.
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+hello $.;'there
+.
+<p>hello $.;'there</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo χρῆν
+.
+<p>Foo χρῆν</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Internal spaces are preserved verbatim:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Multiple     spaces
+.
+<p>Multiple     spaces</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+<!-- END TESTS -->
+
+# Appendix: A parsing strategy
+
+In this appendix we describe some features of the parsing strategy
+used in the CommonMark reference implementations.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/thematic-breaks.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/thematic-breaks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dcc5cc7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/thematic-breaks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,225 @@
+## Thematic breaks
+
+
+A line consisting of optionally up to three spaces of indentation, followed by a
+sequence of three or more matching `-`, `_`, or `*` characters, each followed
+optionally by any number of spaces or tabs, forms a
+[thematic break](@).
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+***
+---
+___
+.
+<hr />
+<hr />
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Wrong characters:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
++++
+.
+<p>+++</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+===
+.
+<p>===</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Not enough characters:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+--
+**
+__
+.
+<p>--
+**
+__</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Up to three spaces of indentation are allowed:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ ***
+  ***
+   ***
+.
+<hr />
+<hr />
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Four spaces of indentation is too many:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+    ***
+.
+<pre><code>***
+</code></pre>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+    ***
+.
+<p>Foo
+***</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+More than three characters may be used:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_____________________________________
+.
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Spaces and tabs are allowed between the characters:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ - - -
+.
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ **  * ** * ** * **
+.
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+-     -      -      -
+.
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Spaces and tabs are allowed at the end:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- - - -    
+.
+<hr />
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+However, no other characters may occur in the line:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+_ _ _ _ a
+
+a------
+
+---a---
+.
+<p>_ _ _ _ a</p>
+<p>a------</p>
+<p>---a---</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+It is required that all of the characters other than spaces or tabs be the same.
+So, this is not a thematic break:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+ *-*
+.
+<p><em>-</em></p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Thematic breaks do not need blank lines before or after:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- foo
+***
+- bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>foo</li>
+</ul>
+<hr />
+<ul>
+<li>bar</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+Thematic breaks can interrupt a paragraph:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+***
+bar
+.
+<p>Foo</p>
+<hr />
+<p>bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If a line of dashes that meets the above conditions for being a
+thematic break could also be interpreted as the underline of a [setext
+heading], the interpretation as a
+[setext heading] takes precedence. Thus, for example,
+this is a setext heading, not a paragraph followed by a thematic break:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+Foo
+---
+bar
+.
+<h2>Foo</h2>
+<p>bar</p>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+When both a thematic break and a list item are possible
+interpretations of a line, the thematic break takes precedence:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+* Foo
+* * *
+* Bar
+.
+<ul>
+<li>Foo</li>
+</ul>
+<hr />
+<ul>
+<li>Bar</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
+If you want a thematic break in a list item, use a different bullet:
+
+```````````````````````````````` example
+- Foo
+- * * *
+.
+<ul>
+<li>Foo</li>
+<li>
+<hr />
+</li>
+</ul>
+````````````````````````````````
+
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/what-is-markdown.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/what-is-markdown.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..31b548d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/what-is-markdown.md
@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+## What is Markdown?
+
+
+Markdown is a plain text format for writing structured documents,
+based on conventions for indicating formatting in email
+and usenet posts.  It was developed by John Gruber (with
+help from Aaron Swartz) and released in 2004 in the form of a
+[syntax description](https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax)
+and a Perl script (`Markdown.pl`) for converting Markdown to
+HTML.  In the next decade, dozens of implementations were
+developed in many languages.  Some extended the original
+Markdown syntax with conventions for footnotes, tables, and
+other document elements.  Some allowed Markdown documents to be
+rendered in formats other than HTML.  Websites like Reddit,
+StackOverflow, and GitHub had millions of people using Markdown.
+And Markdown started to be used beyond the web, to author books,
+articles, slide shows, letters, and lecture notes.
+
+What distinguishes Markdown from many other lightweight markup
+syntaxes, which are often easier to write, is its readability.
+As Gruber writes:
+
+> The overriding design goal for Markdown's formatting syntax is
+> to make it as readable as possible. The idea is that a
+> Markdown-formatted document should be publishable as-is, as
+> plain text, without looking like it's been marked up with tags
+> or formatting instructions.
+> (<https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/>)
+
+The point can be illustrated by comparing a sample of
+[AsciiDoc](https://asciidoc.org/) with
+an equivalent sample of Markdown.  Here is a sample of
+AsciiDoc from the AsciiDoc manual:
+
+```
+1. List item one.
++
+List item one continued with a second paragraph followed by an
+Indented block.
++
+.................
+$ ls *.sh
+$ mv *.sh ~/tmp
+.................
++
+List item continued with a third paragraph.
+
+2. List item two continued with an open block.
++
+--
+This paragraph is part of the preceding list item.
+
+a. This list is nested and does not require explicit item
+continuation.
++
+This paragraph is part of the preceding list item.
+
+b. List item b.
+
+This paragraph belongs to item two of the outer list.
+--
+```
+
+And here is the equivalent in Markdown:
+```
+1.  List item one.
+
+    List item one continued with a second paragraph followed by an
+    Indented block.
+
+        $ ls *.sh
+        $ mv *.sh ~/tmp
+
+    List item continued with a third paragraph.
+
+2.  List item two continued with an open block.
+
+    This paragraph is part of the preceding list item.
+
+    1. This list is nested and does not require explicit item continuation.
+
+       This paragraph is part of the preceding list item.
+
+    2. List item b.
+
+    This paragraph belongs to item two of the outer list.
+```
+
+The AsciiDoc version is, arguably, easier to write. You don't need
+to worry about indentation.  But the Markdown version is much easier
+to read.  The nesting of list items is apparent to the eye in the
+source, not just in the processed document.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/commonmark/why-is-a-spec-needed.md b/documents/markdown/commonmark/why-is-a-spec-needed.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0a0559c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/commonmark/why-is-a-spec-needed.md
@@ -0,0 +1,154 @@
+## Why is a spec needed?
+
+
+John Gruber's [canonical description of Markdown's
+syntax](https://daringfireball.net/projects/markdown/syntax)
+does not specify the syntax unambiguously.  Here are some examples of
+questions it does not answer:
+
+1.  How much indentation is needed for a sublist?  The spec says that
+    continuation paragraphs need to be indented four spaces, but is
+    not fully explicit about sublists.  It is natural to think that
+    they, too, must be indented four spaces, but `Markdown.pl` does
+    not require that.  This is hardly a "corner case," and divergences
+    between implementations on this issue often lead to surprises for
+    users in real documents. (See [this comment by John
+    Gruber](https://web.archive.org/web/20170611172104/http://article.gmane.org/gmane.text.markdown.general/1997).)
+
+2.  Is a blank line needed before a block quote or heading?
+    Most implementations do not require the blank line.  However,
+    this can lead to unexpected results in hard-wrapped text, and
+    also to ambiguities in parsing (note that some implementations
+    put the heading inside the blockquote, while others do not).
+    (John Gruber has also spoken [in favor of requiring the blank
+    lines](https://web.archive.org/web/20170611172104/http://article.gmane.org/gmane.text.markdown.general/2146).)
+
+3.  Is a blank line needed before an indented code block?
+    (`Markdown.pl` requires it, but this is not mentioned in the
+    documentation, and some implementations do not require it.)
+
+    ``` markdown
+    paragraph
+        code?
+    ```
+
+4.  What is the exact rule for determining when list items get
+    wrapped in `<p>` tags?  Can a list be partially "loose" and partially
+    "tight"?  What should we do with a list like this?
+
+    ``` markdown
+    1. one
+
+    2. two
+    3. three
+    ```
+
+    Or this?
+
+    ``` markdown
+    1.  one
+        - a
+
+        - b
+    2.  two
+    ```
+
+    (There are some relevant comments by John Gruber
+    [here](https://web.archive.org/web/20170611172104/http://article.gmane.org/gmane.text.markdown.general/2554).)
+
+5.  Can list markers be indented?  Can ordered list markers be right-aligned?
+
+    ``` markdown
+     8. item 1
+     9. item 2
+    10. item 2a
+    ```
+
+6.  Is this one list with a thematic break in its second item,
+    or two lists separated by a thematic break?
+
+    ``` markdown
+    * a
+    * * * * *
+    * b
+    ```
+
+7.  When list markers change from numbers to bullets, do we have
+    two lists or one?  (The Markdown syntax description suggests two,
+    but the perl scripts and many other implementations produce one.)
+
+    ``` markdown
+    1. fee
+    2. fie
+    -  foe
+    -  fum
+    ```
+
+8.  What are the precedence rules for the markers of inline structure?
+    For example, is the following a valid link, or does the code span
+    take precedence ?
+
+    ``` markdown
+    [a backtick (`)](/url) and [another backtick (`)](/url).
+    ```
+
+9.  What are the precedence rules for markers of emphasis and strong
+    emphasis?  For example, how should the following be parsed?
+
+    ``` markdown
+    *foo *bar* baz*
+    ```
+
+10. What are the precedence rules between block-level and inline-level
+    structure?  For example, how should the following be parsed?
+
+    ``` markdown
+    - `a long code span can contain a hyphen like this
+      - and it can screw things up`
+    ```
+
+11. Can list items include section headings?  (`Markdown.pl` does not
+    allow this, but does allow blockquotes to include headings.)
+
+    ``` markdown
+    - # Heading
+    ```
+
+12. Can list items be empty?
+
+    ``` markdown
+    * a
+    *
+    * b
+    ```
+
+13. Can link references be defined inside block quotes or list items?
+
+    ``` markdown
+    > Blockquote [foo].
+    >
+    > [foo]: /url
+    ```
+
+14. If there are multiple definitions for the same reference, which takes
+    precedence?
+
+    ``` markdown
+    [foo]: /url1
+    [foo]: /url2
+
+    [foo][]
+    ```
+
+In the absence of a spec, early implementers consulted `Markdown.pl`
+to resolve these ambiguities.  But `Markdown.pl` was quite buggy, and
+gave manifestly bad results in many cases, so it was not a
+satisfactory replacement for a spec.
+
+Because there is no unambiguous spec, implementations have diverged
+considerably.  As a result, users are often surprised to find that
+a document that renders one way on one system (say, a GitHub wiki)
+renders differently on another (say, converting to docbook using
+pandoc).  To make matters worse, because nothing in Markdown counts
+as a "syntax error," the divergence often isn't discovered right away.
+
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/configuration.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/configuration.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d84d07a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/configuration.md
@@ -0,0 +1,294 @@
+---
+description: Configuring your site's behavior through docusaurus.config.js and more.
+---
+
+# Configuration
+
+import TOCInline from '@theme/TOCInline';
+
+:::info
+
+Check the [**`docusaurus.config.js` API reference**](api/docusaurus.config.js.mdx) for an exhaustive list of options.
+
+:::
+
+Docusaurus has a unique take on configurations. We encourage you to congregate information about your site into one place. We guard the fields of this file and facilitate making this data object accessible across your site.
+
+Keeping a well-maintained `docusaurus.config.js` helps you, your collaborators, and your open source contributors to be able to focus on documentation while still being able to customize the site.
+
+## Syntax to declare `docusaurus.config.js` {/* #syntax-to-declare-docusaurus-config */}
+
+The `docusaurus.config.js` file is run in Node.js and should export either:
+
+- a **config object**
+- a **function** that creates the config object
+
+:::info
+
+The `docusaurus.config.js` file supports:
+
+- [**ES Modules**](https://flaviocopes.com/es-modules/)
+- [**CommonJS**](https://flaviocopes.com/commonjs/)
+- [**TypeScript**](./typescript-support.mdx#typing-config)
+
+Constraints:
+
+- **Required:** use `export default /* your config*/` (or `module.exports`) to export your Docusaurus config
+- **Optional:** use `import Lib from 'lib'` (or `require('lib')`) to import Node.js packages
+
+:::
+
+Docusaurus gives us the ability to declare its configuration in various **equivalent ways**, and all the following config examples lead to the exact same result:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  title: 'Docusaurus',
+  url: 'https://docusaurus.io',
+  // your site config ...
+};
+```
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+module.exports = {
+  title: 'Docusaurus',
+  url: 'https://docusaurus.io',
+  // your site config ...
+};
+```
+
+```ts title="docusaurus.config.ts"
+import type {Config} from '@docusaurus/types';
+
+export default {
+  title: 'Docusaurus',
+  url: 'https://docusaurus.io',
+  // your site config ...
+} satisfies Config;
+```
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+const config = {
+  title: 'Docusaurus',
+  url: 'https://docusaurus.io',
+  // your site config ...
+};
+
+export default config;
+```
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default function configCreator() {
+  return {
+    title: 'Docusaurus',
+    url: 'https://docusaurus.io',
+    // your site config ...
+  };
+}
+```
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default async function createConfigAsync() {
+  return {
+    title: 'Docusaurus',
+    url: 'https://docusaurus.io',
+    // your site config ...
+  };
+}
+```
+
+:::tip Using ESM-only packages
+
+Using an async config creator can be useful to import ESM-only modules (notably most Remark plugins). It is possible to import such modules thanks to dynamic imports:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default async function createConfigAsync() {
+  // Use a dynamic import instead of require('esm-lib')
+  // highlight-next-line
+  const lib = await import('lib');
+
+  return {
+    title: 'Docusaurus',
+    url: 'https://docusaurus.io',
+    // rest of your site config...
+  };
+}
+```
+
+:::
+
+## What goes into a `docusaurus.config.js`? {/* #what-goes-into-a-docusaurusconfigjs */}
+
+You should not have to write your `docusaurus.config.js` from scratch even if you are developing your site. All templates come with a `docusaurus.config.js` that includes defaults for the common options.
+
+However, it can be helpful if you have a high-level understanding of how the configurations are designed and implemented.
+
+The high-level overview of Docusaurus configuration can be categorized into:
+
+<TOCInline toc={toc} minHeadingLevel={3} maxHeadingLevel={3} />
+
+### Site metadata {/* #site-metadata */}
+
+Site metadata contains the essential global metadata such as `title`, `url`, `baseUrl`, and `favicon`.
+
+They are used in several places such as your site's title and headings, browser tab icon, social sharing (Facebook, X) information or even to generate the correct path to serve your static files.
+
+### Deployment configurations {/* #deployment-configurations */}
+
+Deployment configurations such as `projectName`, `organizationName`, and optionally `deploymentBranch` are used when you deploy your site with the `deploy` command.
+
+It is recommended to check the [deployment docs](deployment.mdx) for more information.
+
+### Theme, plugin, and preset configurations {/* #theme-plugin-and-preset-configurations */}
+
+List the [themes](./using-plugins.mdx#using-themes), [plugins](./using-plugins.mdx), and [presets](./using-plugins.mdx#using-presets) for your site in the `themes`, `plugins`, and `presets` fields, respectively. These are typically npm packages:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  plugins: [
+    '@docusaurus/plugin-content-blog',
+    '@docusaurus/plugin-content-pages',
+  ],
+  themes: ['@docusaurus/theme-classic'],
+};
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+Docusaurus supports [**module shorthands**](./using-plugins.mdx#module-shorthands), allowing you to simplify the above configuration as:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  plugins: ['content-blog', 'content-pages'],
+  themes: ['classic'],
+};
+```
+
+:::
+
+They can also be loaded from local directories:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+import path from 'path';
+
+export default {
+  // ...
+  themes: [path.resolve(__dirname, '/path/to/docusaurus-local-theme')],
+};
+```
+
+To specify options for a plugin or theme, replace the name of the plugin or theme in the config file with an array containing the name and an options object:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  plugins: [
+    [
+      'content-blog',
+      {
+        path: 'blog',
+        routeBasePath: 'blog',
+        include: ['*.md', '*.mdx'],
+        // ...
+      },
+    ],
+    'content-pages',
+  ],
+};
+```
+
+To specify options for a plugin or theme that is bundled in a preset, pass the options through the `presets` field. In this example, `docs` refers to `@docusaurus/plugin-content-docs` and `theme` refers to `@docusaurus/theme-classic`.
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  presets: [
+    [
+      '@docusaurus/preset-classic',
+      {
+        docs: {
+          sidebarPath: './sidebars.js',
+        },
+        theme: {
+          customCss: ['./src/css/custom.css'],
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  ],
+};
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+The `presets: [['classic', {...}]]` shorthand works as well.
+
+:::
+
+For further help configuring themes, plugins, and presets, see [Using Plugins](./using-plugins.mdx).
+
+### Custom configurations {/* #custom-configurations */}
+
+Docusaurus guards `docusaurus.config.js` from unknown fields. To add custom fields, define them in `customFields`.
+
+Example:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  // highlight-start
+  customFields: {
+    image: '',
+    keywords: [],
+  },
+  // highlight-end
+  // ...
+};
+```
+
+## Accessing configuration from components {/* #accessing-configuration-from-components */}
+
+Your configuration object will be made available to all the components of your site. And you may access them via React context as `siteConfig`.
+
+Basic example:
+
+```jsx
+import React from 'react';
+// highlight-next-line
+import useDocusaurusContext from '@docusaurus/useDocusaurusContext';
+
+const Hello = () => {
+  // highlight-start
+  const {siteConfig} = useDocusaurusContext();
+  // highlight-end
+  const {title, tagline} = siteConfig;
+
+  return <div>{`${title} · ${tagline}`}</div>;
+};
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+If you just want to use those fields on the client side, you could create your own JS files and import them as ES6 modules, there is no need to put them in `docusaurus.config.js`.
+
+:::
+
+## Customizing Babel Configuration {/* #customizing-babel-configuration */}
+
+Docusaurus transpiles your site's source code using Babel by default. If you want to customize the Babel configuration, you can do so by creating a `babel.config.js` file in your project root.
+
+To use the built-in preset as a base configuration, install the following package and use it
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm install --save @docusaurus/babel
+```
+
+Then use the preset in your `babel.config.js` file:
+
+```js title="babel.config.js"
+export default {
+  presets: ['@docusaurus/babel/preset'],
+};
+```
+
+Most of the time, the default preset configuration will work just fine. If you want to customize your Babel configuration (e.g. to add support for Flow), you can directly edit this file. For your changes to take effect, you need to restart the Docusaurus dev server.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/creating-pages.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/creating-pages.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..55a9e73
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/creating-pages.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+---
+slug: /creating-pages
+sidebar_label: Pages
+---
+
+# Creating Pages
+
+In this section, we will learn about creating pages in Docusaurus.
+
+The `@docusaurus/plugin-content-pages` plugin empowers you to create **one-off standalone pages** like a showcase page, playground page, or support page. You can use React components, or Markdown.
+
+:::note
+
+Pages do not have sidebars, only [docs](./docs/docs-introduction.mdx) do.
+
+:::
+
+:::info
+
+Check the [Pages Plugin API Reference documentation](./../api/plugins/plugin-content-pages.mdx) for an exhaustive list of options.
+
+:::
+
+## Add a React page {/* #add-a-react-page */}
+
+React is used as the UI library to create pages. Every page component should export a React component, and you can leverage the expressiveness of React to build rich and interactive content.
+
+Create a file `/src/pages/helloReact.js`:
+
+```jsx title="/src/pages/helloReact.js"
+import React from 'react';
+import Layout from '@theme/Layout';
+
+export default function Hello() {
+  return (
+    <Layout title="Hello" description="Hello React Page">
+      <div
+        style={{
+          display: 'flex',
+          justifyContent: 'center',
+          alignItems: 'center',
+          height: '50vh',
+          fontSize: '20px',
+        }}>
+        <p>
+          Edit <code>pages/helloReact.js</code> and save to reload.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+    </Layout>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+Once you save the file, the development server will automatically reload the changes. Now open [`http://localhost:3000/helloReact`](http://localhost:3000/helloReact) and you will see the new page you just created.
+
+Each page doesn't come with any styling. You will need to import the `Layout` component from `@theme/Layout` and wrap your contents within that component if you want the navbar and/or footer to appear.
+
+:::tip
+
+You can also create TypeScript pages with the `.tsx` extension (`helloReact.tsx`).
+
+:::
+
+## Add a Markdown page {/* #add-a-markdown-page */}
+
+Create a file `/src/pages/helloMarkdown.md`:
+
+```md title="/src/pages/helloMarkdown.md"
+---
+title: my hello page title
+description: my hello page description
+hide_table_of_contents: true
+---
+
+# Hello
+
+How are you?
+```
+
+In the same way, a page will be created at [`http://localhost:3000/helloMarkdown`](http://localhost:3000/helloMarkdown).
+
+Markdown pages are less flexible than React pages because it always uses the theme layout.
+
+Here's an [example Markdown page](/examples/markdownPageExample).
+
+:::tip
+
+You can use the full power of React in Markdown pages too, refer to the [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/) documentation.
+
+:::
+
+## Routing {/* #routing */}
+
+If you are familiar with other static site generators like Jekyll and Next, this routing approach will feel familiar to you. Any JavaScript file you create under `/src/pages/` directory will be automatically converted to a website page, following the `/src/pages/` directory hierarchy. For example:
+
+- `/src/pages/index.js` → `[baseUrl]`
+- `/src/pages/foo.js` → `[baseUrl]/foo`
+- `/src/pages/foo/test.js` → `[baseUrl]/foo/test`
+- `/src/pages/foo/index.js` → `[baseUrl]/foo/`
+
+In this component-based development era, it is encouraged to co-locate your styling, markup, and behavior together into components. Each page is a component, and if you need to customize your page design with your own styles, we recommend co-locating your styles with the page component in its own directory. For example, to create a "Support" page, you could do one of the following:
+
+- Add a `/src/pages/support.js` file
+- Create a `/src/pages/support/` directory and a `/src/pages/support/index.js` file.
+
+The latter is preferred as it has the benefits of letting you put files related to the page within that directory. For example, a CSS module file (`styles.module.css`) with styles meant to only be used on the "Support" page.
+
+:::note
+
+This is merely a recommended directory structure, and you will still need to manually import the CSS module file within your component module (`support/index.js`).
+
+:::
+
+By default, any Markdown or JavaScript file starting with `_` will be ignored and no routes will be created for that file (see the `exclude` option).
+
+```bash
+my-website
+├── src
+│   └── pages
+│       ├── styles.module.css
+│       ├── index.js
+│       ├── _ignored.js
+│       ├── _ignored-folder
+│       │   ├── Component1.js
+│       │   └── Component2.js
+│       └── support
+│           ├── index.js
+│           └── styles.module.css
+.
+```
+
+:::warning
+
+All JavaScript/TypeScript files within the `src/pages/` directory will have corresponding website paths generated for them. If you want to create reusable components into that directory, use the `exclude` option (by default, files prefixed with `_`, test files(`.test.js`), and files in `__tests__` directory are not turned into pages).
+
+:::
+
+### Duplicate Routes {/* #duplicate-routes */}
+
+You may accidentally create multiple pages that are meant to be accessed on the same route. When this happens, Docusaurus will warn you about duplicate routes when you run `yarn start` or `yarn build` (behavior configurable through the [`onDuplicateRoutes`](../api/docusaurus.config.js.mdx#onDuplicateRoutes) config), but the site will still be built successfully. The page that was created last will be accessible, but it will override other conflicting pages. To resolve this issue, you should modify or remove any conflicting routes.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/deployment.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/deployment.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..290a62e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/deployment.md
@@ -0,0 +1,942 @@
+---
+description: Deploy your Docusaurus app for production on a range of static site hosting services.
+---
+
+# Deployment
+
+To build the static files of your website for production, run:
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm run build
+```
+
+Once it finishes, the static files will be generated within the `build` directory.
+
+:::note
+
+The only responsibility of Docusaurus is to build your site and emit static files in `build`.
+
+It is now up to you to choose how to host those static files.
+
+:::
+
+You can deploy your site to static site hosting services such as [Vercel](https://vercel.com/), [GitHub Pages](https://pages.github.com/), [Netlify](https://www.netlify.com/), [Render](https://render.com/docs/static-sites), and [Surge](https://surge.sh/help/getting-started-with-surge).
+
+A Docusaurus site is statically rendered, and it can generally work without JavaScript!
+
+## Configuration {/* #configuration */}
+
+The following parameters are required in `docusaurus.config.js` to optimize routing and serve files from the correct location:
+
+| Name | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `url` | URL for your site. For a site deployed at `https://my-org.com/my-project/`, `url` is `https://my-org.com/`. |
+| `baseUrl` | Base URL for your project, with a trailing slash. For a site deployed at `https://my-org.com/my-project/`, `baseUrl` is `/my-project/`. |
+
+## Testing your Build Locally {/* #testing-build-locally */}
+
+It is important to test your build locally before deploying it for production. Docusaurus provides a [`docusaurus serve`](cli.mdx#docusaurus-serve-sitedir) command for that:
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm run serve
+```
+
+By default, this will load your site at [`http://localhost:3000/`](http://localhost:3000/).
+
+## Trailing slash configuration {/* #trailing-slashes */}
+
+Docusaurus has a [`trailingSlash` config](./api/docusaurus.config.js.mdx#trailingSlash) to allow customizing URLs/links and emitted filename patterns.
+
+The default value generally works fine. Unfortunately, each static hosting provider has a **different behavior**, and deploying the exact same site to various hosts can lead to distinct results. Depending on your host, it can be useful to change this config.
+
+:::tip
+
+Use [slorber/trailing-slash-guide](https://github.com/slorber/trailing-slash-guide) to understand better the behavior of your host and configure `trailingSlash` appropriately.
+
+:::
+
+## Using environment variables {/* #using-environment-variables */}
+
+Putting potentially sensitive information in the environment is common practice. However, in a typical Docusaurus website, the `docusaurus.config.js` file is the only interface to the Node.js environment (see [our architecture overview](advanced/architecture.mdx)), while everything else (MDX pages, React components, etc.) are client side and do not have direct access to the `process` global variable. In this case, you can consider using [`customFields`](api/docusaurus.config.js.mdx#customFields) to pass environment variables to the client side.
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+// If you are using dotenv (https://www.npmjs.com/package/dotenv)
+import 'dotenv/config';
+
+export default {
+  title: '...',
+  url: process.env.URL, // You can use environment variables to control site specifics as well
+  // highlight-start
+  customFields: {
+    // Put your custom environment here
+    teamEmail: process.env.EMAIL,
+  },
+  // highlight-end
+};
+```
+
+```jsx title="home.jsx"
+import useDocusaurusContext from '@docusaurus/useDocusaurusContext';
+
+export default function Home() {
+  const {
+    siteConfig: {customFields},
+  } = useDocusaurusContext();
+  return <div>Contact us through {customFields.teamEmail}!</div>;
+}
+```
+
+## Choosing a hosting provider {/* #choosing-a-hosting-provider */}
+
+There are a few common hosting options:
+
+- [Self hosting](#self-hosting) with an HTTP server like Apache2 or Nginx.
+- Jamstack providers (e.g. [Netlify](#deploying-to-netlify) and [Vercel](#deploying-to-vercel)). We will use them as references, but the same reasoning can apply to other providers.
+- [GitHub Pages](#deploying-to-github-pages) (by definition, it is also Jamstack, but we compare it separately).
+
+If you are unsure of which one to choose, ask the following questions:
+
+<details>
+
+<summary>
+  How many resources (money, person-hours, etc.) am I willing to invest in this?
+</summary>
+
+- 🔴 Self-hosting requires experience in networking as well as Linux and web server administration. It's the most difficult option, and would require the most time to manage successfully. Expense-wise, cloud services are almost never free, and purchasing/deploying an onsite server can be even more costly.
+- 🟢 Jamstack providers can help you set up a working website in almost no time and offer features like server-side redirects that are easily configurable. Many providers offer generous build-time quotas even for free plans that you would almost never exceed. However, free plans have limits, and you would need to pay once you hit those limits. Check the pricing page of your provider for details.
+- 🟡 The GitHub Pages deployment workflow can be tedious to set up. (Evidence: see the length of [Deploying to GitHub Pages](#deploying-to-github-pages)!) However, this service (including build and deployment) is always free for public repositories, and we have detailed instructions to help you make it work.
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+
+<summary>How much server-side customization do I need?</summary>
+
+- 🟢 With self-hosting, you have access to the entire server's configuration. You can configure the virtual host to serve different content based on the request URL, you can do complicated server-side redirects, you can implement authentication, and so on. If you need a lot of server-side features, self-host your website.
+- 🟡 Jamstack usually offers some server-side configuration (e.g. URL formatting (trailing slashes), server-side redirects, etc.).
+- 🔴 GitHub Pages doesn't expose server-side configuration besides enforcing HTTPS and setting CNAME records.
+
+</details>
+
+<details>
+
+<summary>Do I need collaboration-friendly deployment workflows?</summary>
+
+- 🟡 Self-hosted services can leverage continuous deployment functionality like Netlify, but more heavy-lifting is involved. Usually, you would designate a specific person to manage the deployment, and the workflow wouldn't be very git-based as opposed to the other two options.
+- 🟢 Netlify and Vercel have deploy previews for every pull request, which is useful for a team to review work before merging to production. You can also manage a team with different member access to the deployment.
+- 🟡 GitHub Pages cannot do deploy previews in a non-convoluted way. One repo can only be associated with one site deployment. On the other hand, you can control who has write access to the site's deployment.
+
+</details>
+
+There isn't a silver bullet. You need to weigh your needs and resources before making a choice.
+
+## Self-Hosting {/* #self-hosting */}
+
+Docusaurus can be self-hosted using [`docusaurus serve`](cli.mdx#docusaurus-serve-sitedir). Change port using `--port` and `--host` to change host.
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm run serve -- --build --port 80 --host 0.0.0.0
+```
+
+:::warning
+
+It is not the best option, compared to a static hosting provider / CDN.
+
+:::
+
+:::warning
+
+In the following sections, we will introduce a few common hosting providers and how they should be configured to deploy Docusaurus sites most efficiently. Docusaurus is not affiliated with any of these services, and this information is provided for convenience only. Some of the write-ups are provided by third-parties, and recent API changes may not be reflected on our side. If you see outdated content, PRs are welcome.
+
+Because we can only provide this content on a best-effort basis only, we have stopped accepting PRs adding new hosting options. You can, however, publish your writeup on a separate site (e.g. your blog, or the provider's official website), and ask us to include a link to your writeup.
+
+:::
+
+## Deploying to Netlify {/* #deploying-to-netlify */}
+
+To deploy your Docusaurus sites to [Netlify](https://www.netlify.com/), first make sure the following options are properly configured:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // highlight-start
+  url: 'https://docusaurus-2.netlify.app', // Url to your site with no trailing slash
+  baseUrl: '/', // Base directory of your site relative to your repo
+  // highlight-end
+  // ...
+};
+```
+
+Then, [create your site with Netlify](https://app.netlify.com/start).
+
+While you set up the site, specify the build commands and directories as follows:
+
+- build command: `npm run build`
+- publish directory: `build`
+
+If you did not configure these build options, you may still go to "Site settings" -> "Build & deploy" after your site is created.
+
+Once properly configured with the above options, your site should deploy and automatically redeploy upon merging to your deploy branch, which defaults to `main`.
+
+:::warning
+
+Some Docusaurus sites put the `docs` folder outside of `website` (most likely former Docusaurus v1 sites):
+
+```bash
+repo           # git root
+├── docs       # MD files
+└── website    # Docusaurus root
+```
+
+If you decide to use the `website` folder as Netlify's base directory, Netlify will not trigger builds when you update the `docs` folder, and you need to configure a [custom `ignore` command](https://docs.netlify.com/configure-builds/common-configurations/ignore-builds/):
+
+```toml title="website/netlify.toml"
+[build]
+  ignore = "git diff --quiet $CACHED_COMMIT_REF $COMMIT_REF . ../docs/"
+```
+
+:::
+
+:::warning
+
+By default, Netlify adds trailing slashes to Docusaurus URLs.
+
+It is recommended to disable the Netlify setting `Post Processing > Asset Optimization > Pretty Urls` to prevent lowercase URLs, unnecessary redirects, and 404 errors.
+
+**Be very careful**: the `Disable asset optimization` global checkbox is broken and does not really disable the `Pretty URLs` setting in practice. Please make sure to **uncheck it independently**.
+
+If you want to keep the `Pretty Urls` Netlify setting on, adjust the `trailingSlash` Docusaurus config appropriately.
+
+Refer to [slorber/trailing-slash-guide](https://github.com/slorber/trailing-slash-guide) for more information.
+
+:::
+
+## Deploying to Vercel {/* #deploying-to-vercel */}
+
+Deploying your Docusaurus project to [Vercel](https://vercel.com/) will provide you with [various benefits](https://vercel.com/) in the areas of performance and ease of use.
+
+To deploy your Docusaurus project with a [Vercel for Git Integration](https://vercel.com/docs/concepts/git), make sure it has been pushed to a Git repository.
+
+Import the project into Vercel using the [Import Flow](https://vercel.com/import/git). During the import, you will find all relevant options preconfigured for you; however, you can choose to change any of these [options](https://vercel.com/docs/build-step#build-&-development-settings).
+
+After your project has been imported, all subsequent pushes to branches will generate [Preview Deployments](https://vercel.com/docs/platform/deployments#preview), and all changes made to the [Production Branch](https://vercel.com/docs/git-integrations#production-branch) (usually "main" or "master") will result in a [Production Deployment](https://vercel.com/docs/platform/deployments#production).
+
+## Deploying to GitHub Pages {/* #deploying-to-github-pages */}
+
+Docusaurus provides an easy way to publish to [GitHub Pages](https://pages.github.com/), which comes free with every GitHub repository.
+
+### Overview {/* #github-pages-overview */}
+
+Usually, there are two repositories (at least two branches) involved in a publishing process: the branch containing the source files, and the branch containing the build output to be served with GitHub Pages. In the following tutorial, they will be referred to as **"source"** and **"deployment"**, respectively.
+
+Each GitHub repository is associated with a GitHub Pages service. If the deployment repository is called `my-org/my-project` (where `my-org` is the organization name or username), the deployed site will appear at `https://my-org.github.io/my-project/`. If the deployment repository is called `my-org/my-org.github.io` (the _organization GitHub Pages repo_), the site will appear at `https://my-org.github.io/`.
+
+:::info
+
+In case you want to use your custom domain for GitHub Pages, create a `CNAME` file in the `static` directory. Anything within the `static` directory will be copied to the root of the `build` directory for deployment. When using a custom domain, you should be able to move back from `baseUrl: '/projectName/'` to `baseUrl: '/'`, and also set your `url` to your custom domain.
+
+You may refer to GitHub Pages' documentation [User, Organization, and Project Pages](https://help.github.com/en/articles/user-organization-and-project-pages) for more details.
+
+:::
+
+GitHub Pages picks up deploy-ready files (the output from `docusaurus build`) from the default branch (`master` / `main`, usually) or the `gh-pages` branch, and either from the root or the `/docs` folder. You can configure that through `Settings > Pages` in your repository. This branch will be called the "deployment branch".
+
+We provide a `docusaurus deploy` command that helps you deploy your site from the source branch to the deployment branch in one command: clone, build, and commit.
+
+### `docusaurus.config.js` settings {/* #docusaurusconfigjs-settings */}
+
+First, modify your `docusaurus.config.js` and add the following params:
+
+| Name | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `organizationName` | The GitHub user or organization that owns the deployment repository. |
+| `projectName` | The name of the deployment repository. |
+| `deploymentBranch` | The name of the deployment branch. It defaults to `'gh-pages'` for non-organization GitHub Pages repos (`projectName` not ending in `.github.io`). Otherwise, it needs to be explicit as a config field or environment variable. |
+
+These fields also have their environment variable counterparts which have a higher priority: `ORGANIZATION_NAME`, `PROJECT_NAME`, and `DEPLOYMENT_BRANCH`.
+
+:::warning
+
+GitHub Pages adds a trailing slash to Docusaurus URLs by default. It is recommended to set a `trailingSlash` config (`true` or `false`, not `undefined`).
+
+:::
+
+Example:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  url: 'https://endiliey.github.io', // Your website URL
+  baseUrl: '/',
+  // highlight-start
+  projectName: 'endiliey.github.io',
+  organizationName: 'endiliey',
+  trailingSlash: false,
+  // highlight-end
+  // ...
+};
+```
+
+:::warning
+
+By default, GitHub Pages runs published files through [Jekyll](https://jekyllrb.com/). Since Jekyll will discard any files that begin with `_`, it is recommended that you disable Jekyll by adding an empty file named `.nojekyll` file to your `static` directory.
+
+:::
+
+### Environment settings {/* #environment-settings */}
+
+| Name | Description |
+| --- | --- |
+| `USE_SSH` | Set to `true` to use SSH instead of the default HTTPS for the connection to the GitHub repo. If the source repo URL is an SSH URL (e.g. `git@github.com:facebook/docusaurus.git`), `USE_SSH` is inferred to be `true`. |
+| `GIT_USER` | The username for a GitHub account that **has push access to the deployment repo**. For your own repositories, this will usually be your GitHub username. Required if not using SSH, and ignored otherwise. |
+| `GIT_PASS` | Personal access token of the git user (specified by `GIT_USER`), to facilitate non-interactive deployment (e.g. continuous deployment) |
+| `CURRENT_BRANCH` | The source branch. Usually, the branch will be `main` or `master`, but it could be any branch except for `gh-pages`. If nothing is set for this variable, then the current branch from which `docusaurus deploy` is invoked will be used. |
+| `GIT_USER_NAME` | The `git config user.name` value to use when pushing to the deployment repo |
+| `GIT_USER_EMAIL` | The `git config user.email` value to use when pushing to the deployment repo |
+
+GitHub enterprise installations should work in the same manner as github.com; you only need to set the organization's GitHub Enterprise host as an environment variable:
+
+| Name          | Description                                     |
+| ------------- | ----------------------------------------------- |
+| `GITHUB_HOST` | The domain name of your GitHub enterprise site. |
+| `GITHUB_PORT` | The port of your GitHub enterprise site.        |
+
+### Deploy {/* #deploy */}
+
+Finally, to deploy your site to GitHub Pages, run:
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<Tabs>
+<TabItem value="bash" label="Bash">
+```
+
+```bash
+GIT_USER=<GITHUB_USERNAME> yarn deploy
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="windows" label="Windows">
+```
+
+```batch
+cmd /C "set "GIT_USER=<GITHUB_USERNAME>" && yarn deploy"
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="powershell" label="PowerShell">
+```
+
+```powershell
+cmd /C 'set "GIT_USER=<GITHUB_USERNAME>" && yarn deploy'
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+:::warning
+
+Beginning in August 2021, GitHub requires every command-line sign-in to use the **personal access token** instead of the password. When GitHub prompts for your password, enter the PAT instead. See the [GitHub documentation](https://docs.github.com/en/authentication/keeping-your-account-and-data-secure/creating-a-personal-access-token) for more information.
+
+Alternatively, you can use SSH (`USE_SSH=true`) to log in.
+
+:::
+
+### Triggering deployment with GitHub Actions {/* #triggering-deployment-with-github-actions */}
+
+[GitHub Actions](https://help.github.com/en/actions) allow you to automate, customize, and execute your software development workflows right in your repository.
+
+The workflow examples below assume your website source resides in the `main` branch of your repository (the _source branch_ is `main`), and your [publishing source](https://help.github.com/en/github/working-with-github-pages/configuring-a-publishing-source-for-your-github-pages-site) is configured for [publishing with a custom GitHub Actions Workflow](https://docs.github.com/en/pages/getting-started-with-github-pages/configuring-a-publishing-source-for-your-github-pages-site#publishing-with-a-custom-github-actions-workflow).
+
+Our goal is that:
+
+1. When a new pull request is made to `main`, there's an action that ensures the site builds successfully, without actually deploying. This job will be called `test-deploy`.
+2. When a pull request is merged to the `main` branch or someone pushes to the `main` branch directly, it will be built and deployed to GitHub Pages. This job will be called `deploy`.
+
+Here are two approaches to deploying your docs with GitHub Actions. Based on the location of your deployment repository, choose the relevant tab below:
+
+- Source repo and deployment repo are the **same** repository.
+- The deployment repo is a **remote** repository, different from the source. Instructions for this scenario assume [publishing source](https://help.github.com/en/github/working-with-github-pages/configuring-a-publishing-source-for-your-github-pages-site) is the `gh-pages` branch.
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<Tabs>
+<TabItem value="same" label="Same">
+```
+
+While you can have both jobs defined in the same workflow file, the original `deploy` workflow will always be listed as skipped in the PR check suite status, which is not indicative of the actual status and provides no value to the review process. We therefore propose to manage them as separate workflows instead.
+
+<details>
+<summary>GitHub action files</summary>
+
+Add these two workflow files:
+
+:::warning Tweak the parameters for your setup
+
+If your Docusaurus project is not at the root of your repo, you may need to configure a [default working directory](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#example-set-the-default-shell-and-working-directory), and adjust the paths accordingly.
+
+:::
+
+<Tabs>
+  <TabItem value="npm" label="npm">
+
+```yml title=".github/workflows/deploy.yml"
+name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+    # Review gh actions docs if you want to further define triggers, paths, etc
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#on
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Build Docusaurus
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: npm
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+      - name: Build website
+        run: npm run build
+
+      - name: Upload Build Artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          path: build
+
+  deploy:
+    name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+    needs: build
+
+    # Grant GITHUB_TOKEN the permissions required to make a Pages deployment
+    permissions:
+      pages: write # to deploy to Pages
+      id-token: write # to verify the deployment originates from an appropriate source
+
+    # Deploy to the github-pages environment
+    environment:
+      name: github-pages
+      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+        id: deployment
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
+```
+
+```yml title=".github/workflows/test-deploy.yml"
+name: Test deployment
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - main
+    # Review gh actions docs if you want to further define triggers, paths, etc
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#on
+
+jobs:
+  test-deploy:
+    name: Test deployment
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: npm
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: npm ci
+      - name: Test build website
+        run: npm run build
+```
+
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="yarn" label="Yarn">
+
+```yml title=".github/workflows/deploy.yml"
+name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main
+    # Review gh actions docs if you want to further define triggers, paths, etc
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#on
+
+jobs:
+  build:
+    name: Build Docusaurus
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: yarn
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: yarn install --frozen-lockfile
+      - name: Build website
+        run: yarn build
+
+      - name: Upload Build Artifact
+        uses: actions/upload-pages-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          path: build
+
+  deploy:
+    name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+    needs: build
+
+    # Grant GITHUB_TOKEN the permissions required to make a Pages deployment
+    permissions:
+      pages: write # to deploy to Pages
+      id-token: write # to verify the deployment originates from an appropriate source
+
+    # Deploy to the github-pages environment
+    environment:
+      name: github-pages
+      url: ${{ steps.deployment.outputs.page_url }}
+
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+        id: deployment
+        uses: actions/deploy-pages@v4
+```
+
+```yml title=".github/workflows/test-deploy.yml"
+name: Test deployment
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches:
+      - main
+    # Review gh actions docs if you want to further define triggers, paths, etc
+    # https://docs.github.com/en/actions/using-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#on
+
+jobs:
+  test-deploy:
+    name: Test deployment
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: yarn
+
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: yarn install --frozen-lockfile
+      - name: Test build website
+        run: yarn build
+```
+
+  </TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+
+</details>
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="remote" label="Remote">
+```
+
+A cross-repo publish is more difficult to set up because you need to push to another repo with permission checks. We will be using SSH to do the authentication.
+
+1. Generate a new [SSH key](https://help.github.com/en/github/authenticating-to-github/generating-a-new-ssh-key-and-adding-it-to-the-ssh-agent). Since this SSH key will be used in CI, make sure to not enter any passphrase.
+2. By default, your public key should have been created in `~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub`; otherwise, use the name you've provided in the previous step to add your key to [GitHub deploy keys](https://developer.github.com/v3/guides/managing-deploy-keys/).
+3. Copy the key to clipboard with `pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub` and paste it as a [deploy key](https://developer.github.com/v3/guides/managing-deploy-keys/#deploy-keys) in the deployment repository. Copy the file content if the command line doesn't work for you. Check the box for `Allow write access` before saving your deployment key.
+4. You'll need your private key as a [GitHub secret](https://help.github.com/en/actions/configuring-and-managing-workflows/creating-and-storing-encrypted-secrets) to allow Docusaurus to run the deployment for you.
+5. Copy your private key with `pbcopy < ~/.ssh/id_rsa` and paste a GitHub secret with the name `GH_PAGES_DEPLOY` on your source repository. Copy the file content if the command line doesn't work for you. Save your secret.
+6. Create your [documentation workflow](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/use-cases-and-examples/creating-an-example-workflow) in the `.github/workflows/` directory. In this example it's the `deploy.yml` file.
+
+At this point, you should have:
+
+- the source repo with the GitHub workflow set with the private SSH key as the GitHub Secret, and
+- your deployment repo set with the public SSH key in GitHub Deploy Keys.
+
+<details>
+
+<summary>GitHub action file</summary>
+
+:::warning
+
+Please make sure that you replace `actions@github.com` with your GitHub email and `gh-actions` with your name.
+
+This file assumes you are using Yarn. If you use npm, change `cache: yarn`, `yarn install --frozen-lockfile`, `yarn build` to `cache: npm`, `npm ci`, `npm run build` accordingly.
+
+:::
+
+```yml title=".github/workflows/deploy.yml"
+name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+
+on:
+  pull_request:
+    branches: [main]
+  push:
+    branches: [main]
+
+permissions:
+  contents: write
+
+jobs:
+  test-deploy:
+    if: github.event_name != 'push'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: yarn
+      - name: Install dependencies
+        run: yarn install --frozen-lockfile
+      - name: Test build website
+        run: yarn build
+  deploy:
+    if: github.event_name != 'pull_request'
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          fetch-depth: 0
+      - uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 20
+          cache: yarn
+      - uses: webfactory/ssh-agent@v0.5.0
+        with:
+          ssh-private-key: ${{ secrets.GH_PAGES_DEPLOY }}
+      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
+        env:
+          USE_SSH: true
+        run: |
+          git config --global user.email "actions@github.com"
+          git config --global user.name "gh-actions"
+          yarn install --frozen-lockfile
+          yarn deploy
+```
+
+</details>
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+<details>
+
+<summary>Site not deployed properly?</summary>
+
+After pushing to main, if you don't see your site published at the desired location (for example, it says "There isn't a GitHub Pages site here", or it's showing your repo's README.md file), try the following:
+
+- Wait about three minutes and refresh. It may take a few minutes for GitHub pages to pick up the new files.
+- Check your repo's landing page for a little green tick next to the last commit's title, indicating the CI has passed. If you see a cross, it means the build or deployment failed, and you should check the log for more debugging information.
+- Click on the tick and make sure you see a "Deploy to GitHub Pages" workflow. Names like "pages build and deployment / deploy" are GitHub's default workflows, indicating your custom deployment workflow failed to be triggered at all. Make sure the YAML files are placed under the `.github/workflows` folder, and that the trigger condition is set correctly (e.g., if your default branch is "master" instead of "main", you need to change the `on.push` property).
+- Under your repo's Settings > Pages, make sure the "Source" (which is the source for the _deployment_ files, not "source" as in our terminology) is set to "gh-pages" + "/ (root)", since we are using `gh-pages` as the deployment branch.
+
+If you are using a custom domain:
+
+- Verify that you have the correct DNS records set up if you're using a custom domain. See [GitHub pages documentation on configuring custom domains](https://docs.github.com/en/pages/configuring-a-custom-domain-for-your-github-pages-site/about-custom-domains-and-github-pages). Also, please be aware that it may take up to 24 hours for DNS changes to propagate through the internet.
+
+</details>
+
+### Triggering deployment with Travis CI {/* #triggering-deployment-with-travis-ci */}
+
+Continuous integration (CI) services are typically used to perform routine tasks whenever new commits are checked in to source control. These tasks can be any combination of running unit tests and integration tests, automating builds, publishing packages to npm, and deploying changes to your website. All you need to do to automate the deployment of your website is to invoke the `yarn deploy` script whenever your website is updated. The following section covers how to do just that using [Travis CI](https://travis-ci.com/), a popular continuous integration service provider.
+
+1. Go to https://github.com/settings/tokens and generate a new [personal access token](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-personal-access-token-for-the-command-line/). When creating the token, grant it the `repo` scope so that it has the permissions it needs.
+2. Using your GitHub account, [add the Travis CI app](https://github.com/marketplace/travis-ci) to the repository you want to activate.
+3. Open your Travis CI dashboard. The URL looks like `https://travis-ci.com/USERNAME/REPO`, and navigate to the `More options > Setting > Environment Variables` section of your repository.
+4. Create a new environment variable named `GH_TOKEN` with your newly generated token as its value, then `GH_EMAIL` (your email address) and `GH_NAME` (your GitHub username).
+5. Create a `.travis.yml` on the root of your repository with the following:
+
+```yml title=".travis.yml"
+language: node_js
+node_js:
+  - 20
+branches:
+  only:
+    - main
+cache:
+  yarn: true
+script:
+  - git config --global user.name "${GH_NAME}"
+  - git config --global user.email "${GH_EMAIL}"
+  - echo "machine github.com login ${GH_NAME} password ${GH_TOKEN}" > ~/.netrc
+  - yarn install
+  - GIT_USER="${GH_NAME}" yarn deploy
+```
+
+Now, whenever a new commit lands in `main`, Travis CI will run your suite of tests and if everything passes, your website will be deployed via the `yarn deploy` script.
+
+### Triggering deployment with Buddy {/* #triggering-deployment-with-buddy */}
+
+[Buddy](https://buddy.works/) is an easy-to-use CI/CD tool that allows you to automate the deployment of your portal to different environments, including GitHub Pages.
+
+Follow these steps to create a pipeline that automatically deploys a new version of your website whenever you push changes to the selected branch of your project:
+
+1. Go to https://github.com/settings/tokens and generate a new [personal access token](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-personal-access-token-for-the-command-line/). When creating the token, grant it the `repo` scope so that it has the permissions it needs.
+2. Sign in to your Buddy account and create a new project.
+3. Choose GitHub as your git hosting provider and select the repository with the code of your website.
+4. Using the left navigation panel, switch to the `Pipelines` view.
+5. Create a new pipeline. Define its name, set the trigger mode to `On push`, and select the branch that triggers the pipeline execution.
+6. Add a `Node.js` action.
+7. Add these commands in the action's terminal:
+
+```bash
+GIT_USER=<GH_PERSONAL_ACCESS_TOKEN>
+git config --global user.email "<YOUR_GH_EMAIL>"
+git config --global user.name "<YOUR_GH_USERNAME>"
+yarn deploy
+```
+
+After creating this simple pipeline, each new commit pushed to the branch you selected deploys your website to GitHub Pages using `yarn deploy`. Read [this guide](https://buddy.works/guides/react-docusaurus) to learn more about setting up a CI/CD pipeline for Docusaurus.
+
+### Using Azure Pipelines {/* #using-azure-pipelines */}
+
+1. Sign Up at [Azure Pipelines](https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/services/devops/pipelines/) if you haven't already.
+2. Create an organization. Within the organization, create a project and connect your repository from GitHub.
+3. Go to https://github.com/settings/tokens and generate a new [personal access token](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-personal-access-token-for-the-command-line/) with the `repo` scope.
+4. In the project page (which looks like `https://dev.azure.com/ORG_NAME/REPO_NAME/_build`), create a new pipeline with the following text. Also, click on edit and add a new environment variable named `GH_TOKEN` with your newly generated token as its value, then `GH_EMAIL` (your email address) and `GH_NAME` (your GitHub username). Make sure to mark them as secret. Alternatively, you can also add a file named `azure-pipelines.yml` at your repository root.
+
+```yml title="azure-pipelines.yml"
+trigger:
+  - main
+
+pool:
+  vmImage: ubuntu-latest
+
+steps:
+  - checkout: self
+    persistCredentials: true
+
+  - task: NodeTool@0
+    inputs:
+      versionSpec: '20'
+    displayName: Install Node.js
+
+  - script: |
+      git config --global user.name "${GH_NAME}"
+      git config --global user.email "${GH_EMAIL}"
+      git checkout -b main
+      echo "machine github.com login ${GH_NAME} password ${GH_TOKEN}" > ~/.netrc
+      yarn install
+      GIT_USER="${GH_NAME}" yarn deploy
+    env:
+      GH_NAME: $(GH_NAME)
+      GH_EMAIL: $(GH_EMAIL)
+      GH_TOKEN: $(GH_TOKEN)
+    displayName: Install and build
+```
+
+### Using Drone {/* #using-drone */}
+
+1. Create a new SSH key that will be the [deploy key](https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/developers/overview/managing-deploy-keys#deploy-keys) for your project.
+2. Name your private and public keys to be specific and so that it does not overwrite your other [SSH keys](https://docs.github.com/en/free-pro-team@latest/github/authenticating-to-github/generating-a-new-ssh-key-and-adding-it-to-the-ssh-agent).
+3. Go to `https://github.com/USERNAME/REPO/settings/keys` and add a new deploy key by pasting in the public key you just generated.
+4. Open your Drone.io dashboard and log in. The URL looks like `https://cloud.drone.io/USERNAME/REPO`.
+5. Click on the repository, click on activate repository, and add a secret called `git_deploy_private_key` with your private key value that you just generated.
+6. Create a `.drone.yml` on the root of your repository with the below text.
+
+```yml title=".drone.yml"
+kind: pipeline
+type: docker
+trigger:
+  event:
+    - tag
+- name: Website
+  image: node
+  commands:
+    - mkdir -p $HOME/.ssh
+    - ssh-keyscan -t rsa github.com >> $HOME/.ssh/known_hosts
+    - echo "$GITHUB_PRIVATE_KEY" > "$HOME/.ssh/id_rsa"
+    - chmod 0600 $HOME/.ssh/id_rsa
+    - cd website
+    - yarn install
+    - yarn deploy
+  environment:
+    USE_SSH: true
+    GITHUB_PRIVATE_KEY:
+      from_secret: git_deploy_private_key
+```
+
+Now, whenever you push a new tag to GitHub, this trigger will start the drone CI job to publish your website.
+
+## Deploying to Flightcontrol {/* #deploying-to-flightcontrol */}
+
+[Flightcontrol](https://www.flightcontrol.dev/?ref=docusaurus) is a service that automatically builds and deploys your web apps to AWS Fargate directly from your Git repository. It gives you full access to inspect and make infrastructure changes without the limitations of a traditional PaaS.
+
+Get started by following [Flightcontrol's step-by-step Docusaurus guide](https://www.flightcontrol.dev/docs/reference/examples/docusaurus/?ref=docusaurus).
+
+## Deploying to Koyeb {/* #deploying-to-koyeb */}
+
+[Koyeb](https://www.koyeb.com) is a developer-friendly serverless platform to deploy apps globally. The platform lets you seamlessly run Docker containers, web apps, and APIs with git-based deployment, native autoscaling, a global edge network, and built-in service mesh and discovery. Check out the [Koyeb's Docusaurus deployment guide](https://www.koyeb.com/tutorials/deploy-docusaurus-on-koyeb) to get started.
+
+## Deploying to Render {/* #deploying-to-render */}
+
+[Render](https://render.com) offers [free static site hosting](https://render.com/docs/static-sites) with fully managed SSL, custom domains, a global CDN, and continuous auto-deploy from your Git repo. Get started in just a few minutes by following [Render's guide to deploying Docusaurus](https://render.com/docs/deploy-docusaurus).
+
+## Deploying to Qovery {/* #deploying-to-qovery */}
+
+[Qovery](https://www.qovery.com) is a fully-managed cloud platform that runs on your AWS, Digital Ocean, and Scaleway account where you can host static sites, backend APIs, databases, cron jobs, and all your other apps in one place.
+
+1. Create a Qovery account. Visit the [Qovery dashboard](https://console.qovery.com) to create an account if you don't already have one.
+2. Create a project.
+   - Click on **Create project** and give a name to your project.
+   - Click on **Next**.
+3. Create a new environment.
+   - Click on **Create environment** and give a name (e.g. staging, production).
+4. Add an application.
+   - Click on **Create an application**, give a name and select your GitHub or GitLab repository where your Docusaurus app is located.
+   - Define the main branch name and the root application path.
+   - Click on **Create**. After the application is created:
+   - Navigate to your application **Settings**
+   - Select **Port**
+   - Add port used by your Docusaurus application
+5. Deploy
+   - All you have to do now is to navigate to your application and click on **Deploy**.
+
+![Deploy the app](https://hub.qovery.com/img/heroku/heroku-1.png)
+
+That's it. Watch the status and wait till the app is deployed. To open the application in your browser, click on **Action** and **Open** in your application overview.
+
+## Deploying to Hostman {/* #deploying-to-hostman */}
+
+[Hostman](https://hostman.com/) allows you to host static websites for free. Hostman automates everything, you just need to connect your repository and follow these easy steps:
+
+1. Create a service.
+
+   - To deploy a Docusaurus static website, click **Create** in the top-left corner of your [Dashboard](https://dashboard.hostman.com/) and choose **Front-end app or static website**.
+
+2. Select the project to deploy.
+
+   - If you are logged in to Hostman with your GitHub, GitLab, or Bitbucket account, you will see the repository with your projects, including the private ones.
+
+   - Choose the project you want to deploy. It must contain the directory with the project's files (e.g. `website`).
+
+   - To access a different repository, click **Connect another repository**.
+
+   - If you didn't use your Git account credentials to log in, you'll be able to access the necessary account now, and then select the project.
+
+3. Configure the build settings.
+
+   - Next, the **Website customization** window will appear. Choose the **Static website** option from the list of frameworks.
+
+   - The **Directory with app** points at the directory that will contain the project's files after the build. If you selected the repository with the contents of the website (or `my_website`) directory during Step 2, you can leave it empty.
+
+   - The standard build command for Docusaurus is:
+
+     ```bash npm2yarn
+     npm run build
+     ```
+
+   - You can modify the build command if needed. You can enter multiple commands separated by `&&`.
+
+4. Deploy.
+
+   - Click **Deploy** to start the build process.
+
+   - Once it starts, you will enter the deployment log. If there are any issues with the code, you will get warning or error messages in the log specifying the cause of the problem. Usually, the log contains all the debugging data you'll need.
+
+   - When the deployment is complete, you will receive an email notification and also see a log entry. All done! Your project is up and ready.
+
+## Deploying to Surge {/* #deploying-to-surge */}
+
+Surge is a [static web hosting platform](https://surge.sh/help/getting-started-with-surge) that you can use to deploy your Docusaurus project from the command line in seconds. Deploying your project to Surge is easy and free (including custom domains and SSL certs).
+
+Deploy your app in a matter of seconds using Surge with the following steps:
+
+1. First, install Surge using npm by running the following command:
+   ```bash npm2yarn
+   npm install -g surge
+   ```
+2. To build the static files of your site for production in the root directory of your project, run:
+   ```bash npm2yarn
+   npm run build
+   ```
+3. Then, run this command inside the root directory of your project:
+   ```bash
+   surge build/
+   ```
+
+First-time users of Surge would be prompted to create an account from the command line (which happens only once).
+
+Confirm that the site you want to publish is in the `build` directory. A randomly generated subdomain `*.surge.sh subdomain` is always given (which can be edited).
+
+### Using your domain {/* #using-your-domain */}
+
+If you have a domain name you can deploy your site using the command:
+
+```bash
+surge build/ your-domain.com
+```
+
+Your site is now deployed for free at `subdomain.surge.sh` or `your-domain.com` depending on the method you chose.
+
+### Setting up CNAME file {/* #setting-up-cname-file */}
+
+Store your domain in a CNAME file for future deployments with the following command:
+
+```bash
+echo subdomain.surge.sh > CNAME
+```
+
+You can deploy any other changes in the future with the command `surge`.
+
+## Deploying to Stormkit {/* #deploying-to-stormkit */}
+
+You can deploy your Docusaurus project to [Stormkit](https://www.stormkit.io), a deployment platform for static websites, single-page applications (SPAs), and serverless functions. For detailed instructions, refer to this [guide](https://www.stormkit.io/blog/how-to-deploy-docusarous).
+
+## Deploying to QuantCDN {/* #deploying-to-quantcdn */}
+
+1. Install [Quant CLI](https://docs.quantcdn.io/docs/cli/get-started)
+2. Create a QuantCDN account by [signing up](https://dashboard.quantcdn.io/register)
+3. Initialize your project with `quant init` and fill in your credentials:
+   ```bash
+   quant init
+   ```
+4. Deploy your site.
+   ```bash
+   quant deploy
+   ```
+
+See [docs](https://docs.quantcdn.io/docs/cli/continuous-integration) and [blog](https://www.quantcdn.io/blog) for more examples and use cases for deploying to QuantCDN.
+
+## Deploying to Cloudflare {/* #deploying-to-cloudflare */}
+
+[Cloudflare](https://cloudflare.com/) offers two approaches for deploying your Docusaurus site: **Cloudflare Workers** and **Cloudflare Pages**.
+
+- [Cloudflare's framework guide for deploying Docusaurus with Workers](https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/framework-guides/web-apps/more-web-frameworks/docusaurus/).
+- [Cloudflare's guide to deploying Docusaurus with Pages](https://developers.cloudflare.com/pages/framework-guides/deploy-a-docusaurus-site/).
+
+## Deploying to Azure Static Web Apps {/* #deploying-to-azure-static-web-apps */}
+
+[Azure Static Web Apps](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/static-web-apps/overview) is a service that automatically builds and deploys full-stack web apps to Azure directly from the code repository, simplifying the developer experience for CI/CD. Static Web Apps separates the web application's static assets from its dynamic (API) endpoints. Static assets are served from globally-distributed content servers, making it faster for clients to retrieve files using servers nearby. Dynamic APIs are scaled with serverless architectures using an event-driven functions-based approach that is more cost-effective and scales on demand. Get started in a few minutes by following [this step-by-step guide](https://dev.to/azure/11-share-content-with-docusaurus-azure-static-web-apps-30hc).
+
+## Deploying to Kinsta {/* #deploying-to-kinsta */}
+
+[Kinsta Static Site Hosting](https://kinsta.com/static-site-hosting) lets you deploy up to 100 static sites for free, custom domains with SSL, 100 GB monthly bandwidth, and 260+ Cloudflare CDN locations.
+
+Get started in just a few clicks by following our [Docusaurus on Kinsta](https://kinsta.com/docs/docusaurus-example/) article.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/docs-create-doc.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/docs-create-doc.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e659e36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/docs-create-doc.md
@@ -0,0 +1,202 @@
+---
+id: create-doc
+description: Create a Markdown Document
+slug: /create-doc
+---
+
+# Create a doc
+
+Create a Markdown file, `greeting.md`, and place it under the `docs` directory.
+
+```bash
+website # root directory of your site
+├── docs
+│   └── greeting.md
+├── src
+│   └── pages
+├── docusaurus.config.js
+├── ...
+```
+
+```md
+---
+description: Create a doc page with rich content.
+---
+
+# Hello from Docusaurus
+
+Are you ready to create the documentation site for your open source project?
+
+## Headers
+
+will show up on the table of contents on the upper right
+
+So that your users will know what this page is all about without scrolling down or even without reading too much.
+
+## Only h2 and h3 will be in the TOC by default.
+
+You can configure the TOC heading levels either per-document or in the theme configuration.
+
+The headers are well-spaced so that the hierarchy is clear.
+
+- lists will help you
+- present the key points
+- that you want your users to remember
+  - and you may nest them
+    - multiple times
+```
+
+:::note
+
+All files prefixed with an underscore (`_`) under the `docs` directory are treated as "partial" pages and will be ignored by default.
+
+Read more about [importing partial pages](../markdown-features/markdown-features-react.mdx#importing-markdown).
+
+:::
+
+## Doc front matter {/* #doc-front-matter */}
+
+The [front matter](../markdown-features/markdown-features-intro.mdx#front-matter) is used to provide additional metadata for your doc page. Front matter is optional—Docusaurus will be able to infer all necessary metadata without the front matter. For example, the [doc tags](#doc-tags) feature introduced below requires using front matter. For all possible fields, see [the API documentation](../../api/plugins/plugin-content-docs.mdx#markdown-front-matter).
+
+## Doc tags {/* #doc-tags */}
+
+Tags are declared in the front matter and introduce another dimension of categorization in addition to the [docs sidebar](./sidebar/index.mdx).
+
+It is possible to define tags inline, or to reference predefined tags declared in a [`tags file`](../../api/plugins/plugin-content-docs.mdx#tags-file) (optional, usually `docs/tags.yml`).
+
+In the following example:
+
+- `docusaurus` references a predefined tag key declared in `docs/tags.yml`
+- `Releases` is an inline tag, because it does not exist in `docs/tags.yml`
+
+```md title="docs/my-doc.md"
+---
+tags:
+  - Releases
+  - docusaurus
+---
+
+# Title
+
+Content
+```
+
+```yml title="docs/tags.yml"
+docusaurus:
+  label: 'Docusaurus'
+  permalink: '/docusaurus'
+  description: 'Docs related to the Docusaurus framework'
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+Tags can also be declared with `tags: [Demo, Getting started]`.
+
+Read more about all the possible [Yaml array syntaxes](https://www.w3schools.io/file/yaml-arrays/).
+
+:::
+
+## Organizing folder structure {/* #organizing-folder-structure */}
+
+How the Markdown files are arranged under the `docs` folder can have multiple impacts on Docusaurus content generation. However, most of them can be decoupled from the file structure.
+
+### Document ID {/* #document-id */}
+
+Every document has a unique `id`. By default, a document `id` is the name of the document (without the extension) relative to the root docs directory.
+
+For example, the ID of `greeting.md` is `greeting`, and the ID of `guide/hello.md` is `guide/hello`.
+
+```bash
+website # Root directory of your site
+└── docs
+   ├── greeting.md
+   └── guide
+      └── hello.md
+```
+
+However, the **last part** of the `id` can be defined by the user in the front matter. For example, if `guide/hello.md`'s content is defined as below, its final `id` is `guide/part1`.
+
+```md
+---
+id: part1
+---
+
+Lorem ipsum
+```
+
+The ID is used to refer to a document when hand-writing sidebars, or when using docs-related layout components or hooks.
+
+### Doc URLs {/* #doc-urls */}
+
+By default, the document's URL location is derived from the [document `id`](#document-id), which in turn is based on the document's file path.
+
+If a file is named one of the following, the file name won't be included in the URL:
+
+- Named as `index` (case-insensitive): `docs/Guides/index.md`
+- Named as `README` (case-insensitive): `docs/Guides/README.mdx`
+- Same name as parent folder: `docs/Guides/Guides.md`
+
+In all cases, the default `slug` would only be `/Guides`, without the `/index`, `/README`, or duplicate `/Guides` segment.
+
+:::note
+
+This convention is exactly the same as [the category index convention](./sidebar/autogenerated.mdx#category-index-convention). However, the `isCategoryIndex` configuration does _not_ affect the document URL.
+
+:::
+
+Use the `slug` front matter to provide an explicit document URL and override the default one.
+
+For example, suppose your site structure looks like this:
+
+```bash
+website # Root directory of your site
+└── docs
+    └── guide
+        └── hello.md
+```
+
+By default, `hello.md` will be available at `/docs/guide/hello`. You can change its URL location to `/docs/bonjour`:
+
+```md
+---
+slug: /bonjour
+---
+
+Lorem ipsum
+```
+
+`slug` will be appended to the doc plugin's `routeBasePath`, which is `/docs` by default. See [Docs-only mode](docs-introduction.mdx#docs-only-mode) for how to remove the `/docs` part from the URL.
+
+:::note
+
+It is possible to use:
+
+- absolute slugs: `slug: /mySlug`, `slug: /`...
+- relative slugs: `slug: mySlug`, `slug: ./../mySlug`...
+
+:::
+
+:::tip
+
+Changing a document's filename or `id`, will change its default URL. To prevent breaking permalinks when renaming files, we recommend setting an explicit `slug` to keep your URLs stable.
+
+:::
+
+#### Making a document available at the root {/* #making-a-document-available-at-the-root */}
+
+If you want a document to be available at the root, and have a path like `https://docusaurus.io/docs/`, you can use the slug front matter:
+
+```md
+---
+id: my-home-doc
+slug: /
+---
+
+Lorem ipsum
+```
+
+### Sidebars {/* #sidebars */}
+
+When using [autogenerated sidebars](./sidebar/autogenerated.mdx), the file structure will determine the sidebar structure.
+
+Our recommendation for file system organization is: make your file system mirror the sidebar structure (so you don't need to handwrite your `sidebars.js` file), and use the `slug` front matter to customize URLs of each document.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/docs-introduction.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/docs-introduction.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f8cb4a0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/docs-introduction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+---
+id: introduction
+sidebar_label: Introduction
+slug: /docs-introduction
+---
+
+# Docs Introduction
+
+The docs feature provides users with a way to organize Markdown files in a hierarchical format.
+
+:::info
+
+Check the [Docs Plugin API Reference documentation](./../../api/plugins/plugin-content-docs.mdx) for an exhaustive list of options.
+
+:::
+
+Your site's documentation is organized by four levels, from lowest to highest:
+
+1. Individual pages.
+2. Sidebars.
+3. Versions.
+4. Plugin instances.
+
+The guide will introduce them in that order: starting from [how individual pages can be configured](./docs-create-doc.mdx), to [how to create a sidebar or multiple ones](./sidebar/index.mdx), to [how to create and manage versions](./versioning.mdx), to [how to use multiple docs plugin instances](./docs-multi-instance.mdx).
+
+## Docs-only mode {/* #docs-only-mode */}
+
+A freshly initialized Docusaurus site has the following structure:
+
+```
+example.com/                                -> generated from `src/pages/index.js`
+
+example.com/docs/intro                      -> generated from `docs/intro.md`
+example.com/docs/tutorial-basics/...        -> generated from `docs/tutorial-basics/...`
+...
+
+example.com/blog/2021/08/26/welcome         -> generated from `blog/2021-08-26-welcome/index.md`
+example.com/blog/2021/08/01/mdx-blog-post   -> generated from `blog/2021-08-01-mdx-blog-post.mdx`
+...
+```
+
+All docs will be served under the subroute `docs/`. But what if **your site only has docs**, or you want to prioritize your docs by putting them at the root?
+
+Assume that you have the following in your configuration:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  presets: [
+    [
+      '@docusaurus/preset-classic',
+      {
+        docs: {
+          /* docs plugin options */
+        },
+        blog: {
+          /* blog plugin options */
+        },
+        // ...
+      },
+    ],
+  ],
+};
+```
+
+To enter docs-only mode, change it to like this:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  presets: [
+    [
+      '@docusaurus/preset-classic',
+      {
+        docs: {
+          // highlight-next-line
+          routeBasePath: '/', // Serve the docs at the site's root
+          /* other docs plugin options */
+        },
+        // highlight-next-line
+        blog: false, // Optional: disable the blog plugin
+        // ...
+      },
+    ],
+  ],
+};
+```
+
+Note that you **don't necessarily have to give up on using the blog** or other plugins; all that `routeBasePath: '/'` does is that instead of serving the docs through `https://example.com/docs/some-doc`, they are now at the site root: `https://example.com/some-doc`. The blog, if enabled, can still be accessed through the `blog/` subroute.
+
+Don't forget to put some page at the root (`https://example.com/`) through adding the front matter:
+
+```md title="docs/intro.md"
+---
+# highlight-next-line
+slug: /
+---
+
+This page will be the home page when users visit https://example.com/.
+```
+
+:::warning
+
+If you added `slug: /` to a doc to make it the homepage, you should delete the existing homepage at `./src/pages/index.js`, or else there will be two files mapping to the same route!
+
+:::
+
+Now, the site's structure will be like the following:
+
+```
+example.com/                       -> generated from `docs/intro.md`
+example.com/tutorial-basics/...    -> generated from `docs/tutorial-basics/...`
+...
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+There's also a "blog-only mode" for those who only want to use the blog feature of Docusaurus. You can use the same method detailed above. Follow the setup instructions on [Blog-only mode](../../blog.mdx#blog-only-mode).
+
+:::
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/installation.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/installation.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0251d76
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/installation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+---
+description: How to install Docusaurus locally, and start a Docusaurus site in no time.
+---
+
+# Installation
+
+```mdx-code-block
+import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
+import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
+```
+
+Docusaurus consists of a set of npm [packages](https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus/tree/main/packages).
+
+:::tip
+
+Use the **[Fast Track](introduction.mdx#fast-track)** to understand Docusaurus in **5 minutes ⏱**!
+
+Use **[docusaurus.new](https://docusaurus.new)** to test Docusaurus immediately in your browser!
+
+:::
+
+## Requirements {/* #requirements */}
+
+- [Node.js](https://nodejs.org/en/download/) version 20.0 or above (which can be checked by running `node -v`). You can use [nvm](https://github.com/nvm-sh/nvm) to manage multiple Node.js versions on a single machine.
+  - When installing Node.js, it is recommended to check all checkboxes related to dependencies.
+
+## Scaffold project website {/* #scaffold-project-website */}
+
+The easiest way to install Docusaurus is to use the [`create-docusaurus`](./api/misc/create-docusaurus.mdx) command line tool that helps you scaffold a skeleton Docusaurus website. You can run this command anywhere in a new empty repository or within an existing repository, it will create a new directory containing the scaffolded files.
+
+```bash
+npx create-docusaurus@latest my-website classic
+```
+
+We recommend the `classic` template so that you can get started quickly, and it contains features found in Docusaurus 1. The `classic` template contains `@docusaurus/preset-classic` which includes standard documentation, a blog, custom pages, and a CSS framework (with dark mode support). You can get up and running extremely quickly with the classic template and customize things later on when you have gained more familiarity with Docusaurus.
+
+You can also use the template's TypeScript variant by passing the `--typescript` flag. See [TypeScript support](./typescript-support.mdx) for more information.
+
+```bash
+npx create-docusaurus@latest my-website classic --typescript
+```
+
+:::info Meta-Only
+
+If you are setting up a new Docusaurus website for a Meta open source project, run this command inside an internal repository, which comes with some useful Meta-specific defaults:
+
+```bash
+scarf static-docs-bootstrap
+```
+
+:::
+
+<details>
+  <summary>Alternative installation commands</summary>
+
+You can also initialize a new project using your preferred project manager:
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm init docusaurus
+```
+
+</details>
+
+Run `npx create-docusaurus@latest --help`, or check out its [API docs](./api/misc/create-docusaurus.mdx) for more information about all available flags.
+
+## Project structure {/* #project-structure */}
+
+Assuming you chose the classic template and named your site `my-website`, you will see the following files generated under a new directory `my-website/`:
+
+```bash
+my-website
+├── blog
+│   ├── 2019-05-28-hola.md
+│   ├── 2019-05-29-hello-world.md
+│   └── 2020-05-30-welcome.md
+├── docs
+│   ├── doc1.md
+│   ├── doc2.md
+│   ├── doc3.md
+│   └── mdx.md
+├── src
+│   ├── css
+│   │   └── custom.css
+│   └── pages
+│       ├── styles.module.css
+│       └── index.js
+├── static
+│   └── img
+├── docusaurus.config.js
+├── package.json
+├── README.md
+├── sidebars.js
+└── yarn.lock
+```
+
+### Project structure rundown {/* #project-structure-rundown */}
+
+- `/blog/` - Contains the blog Markdown files. You can delete the directory if you've disabled the blog plugin, or you can change its name after setting the `path` option. More details can be found in the [blog guide](blog.mdx)
+- `/docs/` - Contains the Markdown files for the docs. Customize the order of the docs sidebar in `sidebars.js`. You can delete the directory if you've disabled the docs plugin, or you can change its name after setting the `path` option. More details can be found in the [docs guide](./guides/docs/docs-introduction.mdx)
+- `/src/` - Non-documentation files like pages or custom React components. You don't have to strictly put your non-documentation files here, but putting them under a centralized directory makes it easier to specify in case you need to do some sort of linting/processing
+  - `/src/pages` - Any JSX/TSX/MDX file within this directory will be converted into a website page. More details can be found in the [pages guide](guides/creating-pages.mdx)
+- `/static/` - Static directory. Any contents inside here will be copied into the root of the final `build` directory
+- `/docusaurus.config.js` - A config file containing the site configuration. This is the equivalent of `siteConfig.js` in Docusaurus v1
+- `/package.json` - A Docusaurus website is a React app. You can install and use any npm packages you like in it.
+- `/sidebars.js` - Used by the documentation to specify the order of documents in the sidebar
+
+### Monorepos {/* #monorepos */}
+
+If you are using Docusaurus for documentation of an existing project, a monorepo may be the solution for you. Monorepos allow you to share dependencies between similar projects. For example, your website may use your local packages to showcase latest features instead of depending on a released version. Then, your contributors can update the docs as they implement features. An example monorepo folder structure is below:
+
+```bash
+my-monorepo
+├── package-a # Another package, your actual project
+│   ├── src
+│   └── package.json # Package A's dependencies
+├── website   # Docusaurus root
+│   ├── docs
+│   ├── src
+│   └── package.json # Docusaurus' dependencies
+├── package.json # Monorepo's shared dependencies
+```
+
+In this case, you should run `npx create-docusaurus` within the `./my-monorepo` folder.
+
+If you're using a hosting provider such as Netlify or Vercel, you will need to change the `Base directory` of the site to where your Docusaurus root is. In this case, that would be `./website`. Read more about configuring ignore commands in the [deployment docs](./deployment.mdx#deploying-to-netlify).
+
+Read more about monorepos in the [Yarn documentation](https://yarnpkg.com/features/workspaces) (Yarn is not the only way to set up a monorepo, but it's a common solution), or check out [Docusaurus](https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus) and [Jest](https://github.com/facebook/jest) for some real-world examples.
+
+## Running the development server {/* #running-the-development-server */}
+
+To preview your changes as you edit the files, you can run a local development server that will serve your website and reflect the latest changes.
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+cd my-website
+npm run start
+```
+
+By default, a browser window will open at [`http://localhost:3000`](http://localhost:3000).
+
+Congratulations! You have just created your first Docusaurus site! Browse around the site to see what's available.
+
+## Build {/* #build */}
+
+Docusaurus is a modern static website generator, so we need to build the website into a directory of static contents and put it on a web server so that it can be viewed. To build the website:
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm run build
+```
+
+and contents will be generated within the `/build` directory, which can be copied to any static file hosting service like [GitHub pages](https://pages.github.com/), [Vercel](https://vercel.com/) or [Netlify](https://www.netlify.com/). Check out the docs on [deployment](deployment.mdx) for more details.
+
+## Updating your Docusaurus version {/* #updating-your-docusaurus-version */}
+
+There are many ways to update your Docusaurus version. One guaranteed way is to manually change the version number in `package.json` to the desired version. Note that all `@docusaurus/`-namespaced packages should be using the same version.
+
+import UpgradeGuide from '@site/src/components/UpgradeGuide';
+
+<UpgradeGuide />
+
+Then, in the directory containing `package.json`, run your package manager's install command:
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm install
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+`npm install` may report several vulnerabilities and recommend running `npm audit` to address them. Typically, these reported vulnerabilities, such as RegExp DOS vulnerabilities, are harmless and can be safely ignored. Also read this article, which reflects our thinking: [npm audit: Broken by Design](https://overreacted.io/npm-audit-broken-by-design/).
+
+:::
+
+To check that the update occurred successfully, run:
+
+```bash
+npx docusaurus --version
+```
+
+You should see the correct version as output.
+
+Alternatively, if you are using Yarn, you can do:
+
+```bash
+yarn add @docusaurus/core @docusaurus/preset-classic
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+Use new unreleased features of Docusaurus with the [`@canary` npm dist tag](/community/canary)
+
+:::
+
+## Problems? {/* #problems */}
+
+Ask for help on [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/docusaurus), on our [GitHub repository](https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus), our [Discord server](https://discordapp.com/invite/docusaurus), or [X](https://x.com/docusaurus).
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-admonitions.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-admonitions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..802f60a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-admonitions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,420 @@
+---
+id: admonitions
+description: Handling admonitions/callouts in Docusaurus Markdown
+slug: /markdown-features/admonitions
+---
+
+# Admonitions
+
+import BrowserWindow from '@site/src/components/BrowserWindow';
+import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
+import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
+import Admonition from '@theme/Admonition';
+
+In addition to the basic Markdown syntax, we have a special admonitions syntax by wrapping text with a set of 3 colons, followed by a label denoting its type.
+
+Example:
+
+```md
+:::note
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+
+:::tip
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+
+:::info
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+
+:::warning
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+
+:::danger
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+:::note
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+
+:::tip
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+
+:::info
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+
+:::warning
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+
+:::danger
+
+Some **content** with _Markdown_ `syntax`. Check [this `api`](#).
+
+:::
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+## Usage with Prettier {/* #usage-with-prettier */}
+
+If you use [Prettier](https://prettier.io) to format your Markdown files, Prettier might auto-format your code to invalid admonition syntax. To avoid this problem, add empty lines around the starting and ending directives. This is also why the examples we show here all have empty lines around the content.
+
+{/* prettier-ignore */}
+```md
+<!-- Prettier doesn't change this -->
+:::note
+
+Hello world
+
+:::
+
+<!-- Prettier changes this -->
+:::note
+Hello world
+:::
+
+<!-- to this -->
+::: note Hello world:::
+```
+
+## Specifying title {/* #specifying-title */}
+
+You may also specify an optional title.
+
+```md
+:::note[Your Title **with** some _Markdown_ `syntax`!]
+
+Some **content** with some _Markdown_ `syntax`.
+
+:::
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+:::note[Your Title **with** some _Markdown_ `syntax`!]
+
+Some **content** with some _Markdown_ `syntax`.
+
+:::
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+## Specifying attributes {/* #specifying-attributes */}
+
+You may also provide classes or IDs to admonitions.
+
+```md
+:::note[With css classes]{.padding--lg .text--italic}
+
+Note the padding and the italicized text.
+
+:::
+
+:::note{#admonition-id}
+
+The admonition container has now the id `admonition-id`.
+
+:::
+
+:::note{.padding--lg #admonition-id-2}
+
+Use id and classes together.
+
+:::
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+:::note[With css classes]{.padding--lg .text--italic}
+
+Note the padding and the italicized text.
+
+:::
+
+:::note{#admonition-id}
+
+The admonition container has now the id `admonition-id`.
+
+:::
+
+:::note{.padding--lg #admonition-id-2}
+
+Use id and classes together.
+
+:::
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+## Nested admonitions {/* #nested-admonitions */}
+
+Admonitions can be nested. Use more colons `:` for each parent admonition level.
+
+```md
+:::::info Parent
+
+Parent content
+
+::::danger Child
+
+Child content
+
+:::tip Deep Child
+
+Deep child content
+
+:::
+
+::::
+
+:::::
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+:::::info Parent
+
+Parent content
+
+::::danger Child
+
+Child content
+
+:::tip Deep Child
+
+Deep child content
+
+:::
+
+::::
+
+:::::
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+## Admonitions with MDX {/* #admonitions-with-mdx */}
+
+You can use MDX inside admonitions too!
+
+```jsx
+import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
+
+import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
+
+:::tip[Use tabs in admonitions]
+
+<Tabs>
+  <TabItem value="apple" label="Apple">This is an apple 🍎</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="orange" label="Orange">This is an orange 🍊</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="banana" label="Banana">This is a banana 🍌</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+
+:::
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+:::tip[Use tabs in admonitions]
+
+<Tabs>
+  <TabItem value="apple" label="Apple">This is an apple 🍎</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="orange" label="Orange">This is an orange 🍊</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="banana" label="Banana">This is a banana 🍌</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+
+:::
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+## Usage in JSX {/* #usage-in-jsx */}
+
+Outside of Markdown, you can use the `@theme/Admonition` component to get the same output.
+
+```jsx title="MyReactPage.jsx"
+import Admonition from '@theme/Admonition';
+
+export default function MyReactPage() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <Admonition type="info">
+        <p>Some information</p>
+      </Admonition>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+The types that are accepted are the same as above: `note`, `tip`, `danger`, `info`, `warning`. Optionally, you can specify an icon by passing a JSX element or a string, or a title:
+
+```jsx title="MyReactPage.jsx"
+<Admonition type="tip" icon="💡" title="Did you know...">
+  Use plugins to introduce shorter syntax for the most commonly used JSX
+  elements in your project.
+</Admonition>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Admonition type="tip" icon="💡" title="Did you know...">
+    Use plugins to introduce shorter syntax for the most commonly used JSX
+    elements in your project.
+  </Admonition>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+## Customizing admonitions {/* #customizing-admonitions */}
+
+There are two kinds of customizations possible with admonitions: **parsing** and **rendering**.
+
+### Customizing rendering behavior {/* #customizing-rendering-behavior */}
+
+You can customize how each individual admonition type is rendered through [swizzling](../../swizzling.mdx). You can often achieve your goal through a simple wrapper. For example, in the follow example, we swap out the icon for `info` admonitions only.
+
+```jsx title="src/theme/Admonition.js"
+import React from 'react';
+import Admonition from '@theme-original/Admonition';
+import MyCustomNoteIcon from '@site/static/img/info.svg';
+
+export default function AdmonitionWrapper(props) {
+  if (props.type !== 'info') {
+    return <Admonition title="My Custom Admonition Title" {...props} />;
+  }
+  return <Admonition icon={<MyCustomNoteIcon />} {...props} />;
+}
+```
+
+### Customizing parsing behavior {/* #customizing-parsing-behavior */}
+
+Admonitions are implemented with a [Remark plugin](./markdown-features-plugins.mdx). The plugin is designed to be configurable. To customize the Remark plugin for a specific content plugin (docs, blog, pages), pass the options through the `admonitions` key.
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  presets: [
+    [
+      '@docusaurus/preset-classic',
+      {
+        docs: {
+          admonitions: {
+            keywords: ['note', 'tip', 'info', 'warning', 'danger'],
+            extendDefaults: true,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  ],
+};
+```
+
+The plugin accepts the following options:
+
+- `keywords`: An array of keywords that can be used as the type for the admonition.
+- `extendDefaults`: Should the provided options (such as `keywords`) be merged into the existing defaults. Defaults to `true`.
+
+The `keyword` will be passed as the `type` prop of the `Admonition` component.
+
+### Custom admonition type components {/* #custom-admonition-type-components */}
+
+By default, the theme doesn't know what do to with custom admonition keywords such as `:::my-custom-admonition`. It is your responsibility to map each admonition keyword to a React component so that the theme knows how to render them.
+
+If you registered a new admonition type `my-custom-admonition` via the following config:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  presets: [
+    [
+      'classic',
+      {
+        // ...
+        docs: {
+          admonitions: {
+            keywords: ['my-custom-admonition'],
+            extendDefaults: true,
+          },
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  ],
+};
+```
+
+You can provide the corresponding React component for `:::my-custom-admonition` by creating the following file (unfortunately, since it's not a React component file, it's not swizzlable):
+
+```js title="src/theme/Admonition/Types.js"
+import React from 'react';
+import DefaultAdmonitionTypes from '@theme-original/Admonition/Types';
+
+function MyCustomAdmonition(props) {
+  return (
+    <div style={{border: 'solid red', padding: 10}}>
+      <h5 style={{color: 'blue', fontSize: 30}}>{props.title}</h5>
+      <div>{props.children}</div>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+
+const AdmonitionTypes = {
+  ...DefaultAdmonitionTypes,
+
+  // Add all your custom admonition types here...
+  // You can also override the default ones if you want
+  'my-custom-admonition': MyCustomAdmonition,
+};
+
+export default AdmonitionTypes;
+```
+
+Now you can use your new admonition keyword in a Markdown file, and it will be parsed and rendered with your custom logic:
+
+```md
+:::my-custom-admonition[My Title]
+
+It works!
+
+:::
+```
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+:::my-custom-admonition[My Title]
+
+It works!
+
+:::
+
+</BrowserWindow>
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-assets.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-assets.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7e89fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-assets.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+---
+id: assets
+description: Handling assets in Docusaurus Markdown
+slug: /markdown-features/assets
+---
+
+# Assets
+
+import BrowserWindow from '@site/src/components/BrowserWindow';
+import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
+import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
+
+Sometimes you want to link to assets (e.g. docx files, images...) directly from Markdown files, and it is convenient to co-locate the asset next to the Markdown file using it.
+
+Let's imagine the following file structure:
+
+```
+# Your doc
+/website/docs/myFeature.mdx
+
+# Some assets you want to use
+/website/docs/assets/docusaurus-asset-example-banner.png
+/website/docs/assets/docusaurus-asset-example.docx
+```
+
+## Images {/* #images */}
+
+You can display images in three different ways: Markdown syntax, CJS require, or ES imports syntax.
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<Tabs>
+<TabItem value="Markdown syntax">
+```
+
+Display images using simple Markdown syntax:
+
+```md
+![Example banner](./assets/docusaurus-asset-example-banner.png)
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="CommonJS require">
+```
+
+Display images using inline CommonJS `require` in JSX image tag:
+
+```jsx
+<img
+  src={require('./assets/docusaurus-asset-example-banner.png').default}
+  alt="Example banner"
+/>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="Import statement">
+```
+
+Display images using ES `import` syntax and JSX image tag:
+
+```jsx
+import myImageUrl from './assets/docusaurus-asset-example-banner.png';
+
+<img src={myImageUrl} alt="Example banner" />;
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+All of the above result in displaying the image:
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+![My image alternative text](../../assets/docusaurus-asset-example-banner.png)
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+
+:::note
+
+If you are using [@docusaurus/plugin-ideal-image](../../api/plugins/plugin-ideal-image.mdx), you need to use the dedicated image component, as documented.
+
+:::
+
+## Files {/* #files */}
+
+In the same way, you can link to existing assets by `require`'ing them and using the returned URL in `video`s, `a` anchor links, etc.
+
+```md
+# My Markdown page
+
+<a target="\_blank" href={require('./assets/docusaurus-asset-example.docx').default}> Download this docx </a>
+
+or
+
+[Download this docx using Markdown](./assets/docusaurus-asset-example.docx)
+```
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+<a
+  target="_blank"
+  href={require('../../assets/docusaurus-asset-example.docx').default}>
+  {'Download this docx'}
+</a>
+
+[Download this docx using Markdown](../../assets/docusaurus-asset-example.docx)
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+
+:::info Markdown links are always file paths
+
+If you use the Markdown image or link syntax, all asset paths will be resolved as file paths by Docusaurus and automatically converted to `require()` calls. You don't need to use `require()` in Markdown unless you use the JSX syntax, which you do have to handle yourself.
+
+:::
+
+## Inline SVGs {/* #inline-svgs */}
+
+Docusaurus supports inlining SVGs out of the box.
+
+```jsx
+import DocusaurusSvg from './docusaurus.svg';
+
+<DocusaurusSvg />;
+```
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+import DocusaurusSvg from '@site/static/img/docusaurus.svg';
+
+<DocusaurusSvg />
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+
+This can be useful if you want to alter the part of the SVG image via CSS. For example, you can change one of the SVG colors based on the current theme.
+
+```jsx
+import DocusaurusSvg from './docusaurus.svg';
+
+<DocusaurusSvg className="themedDocusaurus" />;
+```
+
+```css
+[data-theme='light'] .themedDocusaurus [fill='#FFFF50'] {
+  fill: greenyellow;
+}
+
+[data-theme='dark'] .themedDocusaurus [fill='#FFFF50'] {
+  fill: seagreen;
+}
+```
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <DocusaurusSvg className="themedDocusaurus" />
+</BrowserWindow>
+
+## Themed Images {/* #themed-images */}
+
+Docusaurus supports themed images: the `ThemedImage` component (included in the themes) allows you to switch the image source based on the current theme.
+
+```jsx
+import useBaseUrl from '@docusaurus/useBaseUrl';
+import ThemedImage from '@theme/ThemedImage';
+
+<ThemedImage
+  alt="Docusaurus themed image"
+  // highlight-start
+  sources={{
+    light: useBaseUrl('/img/docusaurus_light.svg'),
+    dark: useBaseUrl('/img/docusaurus_dark.svg'),
+  }}
+  // highlight-end
+/>;
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+import useBaseUrl from '@docusaurus/useBaseUrl';
+import ThemedImage from '@theme/ThemedImage';
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+<ThemedImage
+  alt="Docusaurus themed image"
+  sources={{
+    light: useBaseUrl('/img/docusaurus_keytar.svg'),
+    dark: useBaseUrl('/img/docusaurus_speed.svg'),
+  }}
+/>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+### GitHub-style themed images {/* #github-style-themed-images */}
+
+GitHub uses its own [image theming approach](https://github.blog/changelog/2021-11-24-specify-theme-context-for-images-in-markdown/) with path fragments, which you can easily implement yourself.
+
+To toggle the visibility of an image using the path fragment (for GitHub, it's `#gh-dark-mode-only` and `#gh-light-mode-only`), add the following to your custom CSS (you can also use your own suffix if you don't want to be coupled to GitHub):
+
+```css title="src/css/custom.css"
+[data-theme='light'] img[src$='#gh-dark-mode-only'],
+[data-theme='dark'] img[src$='#gh-light-mode-only'] {
+  display: none;
+}
+```
+
+```md
+![Docusaurus themed image](/img/docusaurus_keytar.svg#gh-light-mode-only)![Docusaurus themed image](/img/docusaurus_speed.svg#gh-dark-mode-only)
+```
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+![Docusaurus themed image](/img/docusaurus_keytar.svg#gh-light-mode-only)![Docusaurus themed image](/img/docusaurus_speed.svg#gh-dark-mode-only)
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+
+## Static assets {/* #static-assets */}
+
+If a Markdown link or image has an absolute path, the path will be seen as a file path and will be resolved from the static directories. For example, if you have configured [static directories](../../static-assets.mdx) to be `['public', 'static']`, then for the following image:
+
+```md title="my-doc.md"
+![An image from the static](/img/docusaurus.png)
+```
+
+Docusaurus will try to look for it in both `static/img/docusaurus.png` and `public/img/docusaurus.png`. The link will then be converted to a `require()` call instead of staying as a URL. This is desirable in two regards:
+
+1. You don't have to worry about the base URL, which Docusaurus will take care of when serving the asset;
+2. The image enters Webpack's build pipeline and its name will be appended by a hash, which enables browsers to aggressively cache the image and improves your site's performance.
+
+If you intend to write URLs, you can use the `pathname://` protocol to disable automatic asset linking.
+
+```md
+![banner](pathname:///img/docusaurus-asset-example-banner.png)
+```
+
+This link will be generated as `<img src="/img/docusaurus-asset-example-banner.png" alt="banner" />`, without any processing or file existence checking.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-code-blocks.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-code-blocks.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..a5a3fb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-code-blocks.md
@@ -0,0 +1,848 @@
+---
+id: code-blocks
+description: Handling code blocks in Docusaurus Markdown
+slug: /markdown-features/code-blocks
+---
+
+# Code blocks
+
+import BrowserWindow from '@site/src/components/BrowserWindow';
+import CodeBlock from '@theme/CodeBlock';
+
+Code blocks within documentation are super-powered 💪.
+
+## Code title {/* #code-title */}
+
+You can add a title to the code block by adding a `title` key after the language (leave a space between them).
+
+````md
+```jsx title="/src/components/HelloCodeTitle.js"
+function HelloCodeTitle(props) {
+  return <h1>Hello, {props.name}</h1>;
+}
+```
+````
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+```jsx title="/src/components/HelloCodeTitle.js"
+function HelloCodeTitle(props) {
+  return <h1>Hello, {props.name}</h1>;
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+## Syntax highlighting {/* #syntax-highlighting */}
+
+Code blocks are text blocks wrapped around by strings of 3 backticks. You may check out [this reference](https://mdxjs.com/docs/) for the specifications of MDX.
+
+````md
+```js
+console.log('Every repo must come with a mascot.');
+```
+````
+
+Use the matching language meta string for your code block, and Docusaurus will pick up syntax highlighting automatically, powered by [Prism React Renderer](https://github.com/FormidableLabs/prism-react-renderer).
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+```js
+console.log('Every repo must come with a mascot.');
+```
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+
+### Theming {/* #theming */}
+
+By default, the Prism [syntax highlighting theme](https://github.com/FormidableLabs/prism-react-renderer#theming) we use is [Palenight](https://github.com/FormidableLabs/prism-react-renderer/blob/master/packages/prism-react-renderer/src/themes/palenight.ts). You can change this to another theme by passing `theme` field in `prism` as `themeConfig` in your docusaurus.config.js.
+
+For example, if you prefer to use the `dracula` highlighting theme:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+import {themes as prismThemes} from 'prism-react-renderer';
+
+export default {
+  themeConfig: {
+    prism: {
+      // highlight-next-line
+      theme: prismThemes.dracula,
+    },
+  },
+};
+```
+
+Because a Prism theme is just a JS object, you can also write your own theme if you are not satisfied with the default. Docusaurus enhances the `github` and `vsDark` themes to provide richer highlight, and you can check our implementations for the [light](https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus/blob/main/website/src/utils/prismLight.ts) and [dark](https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus/blob/main/website/src/utils/prismDark.ts) code block themes.
+
+### Supported Languages {/* #supported-languages */}
+
+By default, Docusaurus comes with a subset of [commonly used languages](https://github.com/FormidableLabs/prism-react-renderer/blob/master/packages/generate-prism-languages/index.ts#L10-L25).
+
+:::warning
+
+Some popular languages like Java, C#, or PHP are not enabled by default.
+
+:::
+
+To add syntax highlighting for any of the other [Prism-supported languages](https://prismjs.com/#supported-languages), define it in an array of additional languages.
+
+:::note
+
+Each additional language has to be a valid Prism component name. For example, Prism would map the _language_ `cs` to `csharp`, but only `prism-csharp.js` exists as a _component_, so you need to use `additionalLanguages: ['csharp']`. You can look into `node_modules/prismjs/components` to find all components (languages) available.
+
+:::
+
+For example, if you want to add highlighting for the PowerShell language:
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  themeConfig: {
+    prism: {
+      // highlight-next-line
+      additionalLanguages: ['powershell'],
+    },
+    // ...
+  },
+};
+```
+
+After adding `additionalLanguages`, restart Docusaurus.
+
+If you want to add highlighting for languages not yet supported by Prism, you can swizzle `prism-include-languages`:
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm run swizzle @docusaurus/theme-classic prism-include-languages
+```
+
+It will produce `prism-include-languages.js` in your `src/theme` folder. You can add highlighting support for custom languages by editing `prism-include-languages.js`:
+
+```js title="src/theme/prism-include-languages.js"
+const prismIncludeLanguages = (Prism) => {
+  // ...
+
+  additionalLanguages.forEach((lang) => {
+    require(`prismjs/components/prism-${lang}`);
+  });
+
+  // highlight-next-line
+  require('/path/to/your/prism-language-definition');
+
+  // ...
+};
+```
+
+You can refer to [Prism's official language definitions](https://github.com/PrismJS/prism/tree/master/components) when you are writing your own language definitions.
+
+When adding a custom language definition, you do not need to add the language to the `additionalLanguages` config array, since Docusaurus only looks up the `additionalLanguages` strings in languages that Prism provides. Adding the language import in `prism-include-languages.js` is sufficient.
+
+## Line highlighting {/* #line-highlighting */}
+
+### Highlighting with comments {/* #highlighting-with-comments */}
+
+You can use comments with `highlight-next-line`, `highlight-start`, and `highlight-end` to select which lines are highlighted.
+
+````md
+```js
+function HighlightSomeText(highlight) {
+  if (highlight) {
+    // highlight-next-line
+    return 'This text is highlighted!';
+  }
+
+  return 'Nothing highlighted';
+}
+
+function HighlightMoreText(highlight) {
+  // highlight-start
+  if (highlight) {
+    return 'This range is highlighted!';
+  }
+  // highlight-end
+
+  return 'Nothing highlighted';
+}
+```
+````
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+```js
+function HighlightSomeText(highlight) {
+  if (highlight) {
+    // highlight-next-line
+    return 'This text is highlighted!';
+  }
+
+  return 'Nothing highlighted';
+}
+
+function HighlightMoreText(highlight) {
+  // highlight-start
+  if (highlight) {
+    return 'This range is highlighted!';
+  }
+  // highlight-end
+
+  return 'Nothing highlighted';
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+Supported commenting syntax:
+
+| Style      | Syntax                   |
+| ---------- | ------------------------ |
+| C-style    | `/* ... */` and `// ...` |
+| JSX-style  | `{/* ... */}`            |
+| Bash-style | `# ...`                  |
+| HTML-style | `<!-- ... -->`           |
+
+We will do our best to infer which set of comment styles to use based on the language, and default to allowing _all_ comment styles. If there's a comment style that is not currently supported, we are open to adding them! Pull requests welcome. Note that different comment styles have no semantic difference, only their content does.
+
+You can set your own background color for highlighted code line in your `src/css/custom.css` which will better fit to your selected syntax highlighting theme. The color given below works for the default highlighting theme (Palenight), so if you are using another theme, you will have to tweak the color accordingly.
+
+```css title="/src/css/custom.css"
+:root {
+  --docusaurus-highlighted-code-line-bg: rgb(72, 77, 91);
+}
+
+/* If you have a different syntax highlighting theme for dark mode. */
+[data-theme='dark'] {
+  /* Color which works with dark mode syntax highlighting theme */
+  --docusaurus-highlighted-code-line-bg: rgb(100, 100, 100);
+}
+```
+
+If you also need to style the highlighted code line in some other way, you can target on `theme-code-block-highlighted-line` CSS class.
+
+### Highlighting with metadata string {/* #highlighting-with-metadata-string */}
+
+You can also specify highlighted line ranges within the language meta string (leave a space after the language). To highlight multiple lines, separate the line numbers by commas or use the range syntax to select a chunk of lines. This feature uses the `parse-number-range` library and you can find [more syntax](https://www.npmjs.com/package/parse-numeric-range) on their project details.
+
+````md
+```jsx {1,4-6,11}
+import React from 'react';
+
+function MyComponent(props) {
+  if (props.isBar) {
+    return <div>Bar</div>;
+  }
+
+  return <div>Foo</div>;
+}
+
+export default MyComponent;
+```
+````
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+```jsx {1,4-6,11}
+import React from 'react';
+
+function MyComponent(props) {
+  if (props.isBar) {
+    return <div>Bar</div>;
+  }
+
+  return <div>Foo</div>;
+}
+
+export default MyComponent;
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+:::tip prefer comments
+
+Prefer highlighting with comments where you can. By inlining highlight in the code, you don't have to manually count the lines if your code block becomes long. If you add/remove lines, you also don't have to offset your line ranges.
+
+````diff
+- ```jsx {3}
++ ```jsx {4}
+  function HighlightSomeText(highlight) {
+    if (highlight) {
++     console.log('Highlighted text found');
+      return 'This text is highlighted!';
+    }
+
+    return 'Nothing highlighted';
+  }
+  ```
+````
+
+Below, we will introduce how the magic comment system can be extended to define custom directives and their functionalities. The magic comments would only be parsed if a highlight metastring is not present.
+
+:::
+
+### Custom magic comments {/* #custom-magic-comments */}
+
+`// highlight-next-line` and `// highlight-start` etc. are called "magic comments", because they will be parsed and removed, and their purposes are to add metadata to the next line, or the section that the pair of start- and end-comments enclose.
+
+You can declare custom magic comments through theme config. For example, you can register another magic comment that adds a `code-block-error-line` class name:
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<Tabs>
+<TabItem value="docusaurus.config.js">
+```
+
+```js
+export default {
+  themeConfig: {
+    prism: {
+      magicComments: [
+        // Remember to extend the default highlight class name as well!
+        {
+          className: 'theme-code-block-highlighted-line',
+          line: 'highlight-next-line',
+          block: {start: 'highlight-start', end: 'highlight-end'},
+        },
+        // highlight-start
+        {
+          className: 'code-block-error-line',
+          line: 'This will error',
+        },
+        // highlight-end
+      ],
+    },
+  },
+};
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="src/css/custom.css">
+```
+
+```css
+.code-block-error-line {
+  background-color: #ff000020;
+  display: block;
+  margin: 0 calc(-1 * var(--ifm-pre-padding));
+  padding: 0 var(--ifm-pre-padding);
+  border-left: 3px solid #ff000080;
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="myDoc.md">
+```
+
+````md
+In JavaScript, trying to access properties on `null` will error.
+
+```js
+const name = null;
+// This will error
+console.log(name.toUpperCase());
+// Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of null (reading 'toUpperCase')
+```
+````
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+In JavaScript, trying to access properties on `null` will error.
+
+```js
+const name = null;
+// This will error
+console.log(name.toUpperCase());
+// Uncaught TypeError: Cannot read properties of null (reading 'toUpperCase')
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+If you use number ranges in metastring (the `{1,3-4}` syntax), Docusaurus will apply the **first `magicComments` entry**'s class name. This, by default, is `theme-code-block-highlighted-line`, but if you change the `magicComments` config and use a different entry as the first one, the meaning of the metastring range will change as well.
+
+You can disable the default line highlighting comments with `magicComments: []`. If there's no magic comment config, but Docusaurus encounters a code block containing a metastring range, it will error because there will be no class name to apply—the highlighting class name, after all, is just a magic comment entry.
+
+Every magic comment entry will contain three keys: `className` (required), `line`, which applies to the directly next line, or `block` (containing `start` and `end`), which applies to the entire block enclosed by the two comments.
+
+Using CSS to target the class can already do a lot, but you can unlock the full potential of this feature through [swizzling](../../swizzling.mdx).
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm run swizzle @docusaurus/theme-classic CodeBlock/Line
+```
+
+The `Line` component will receive the list of class names, based on which you can conditionally render different markup.
+
+## Line numbering {/* #line-numbering */}
+
+You can enable line numbering for your code block by using `showLineNumbers` key within the language meta string (don't forget to add space directly before the key).
+
+````md
+```jsx showLineNumbers
+import React from 'react';
+
+export default function MyComponent(props) {
+  return <div>Foo</div>;
+}
+```
+````
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+```jsx showLineNumbers
+import React from 'react';
+
+export default function MyComponent(props) {
+  return <div>Foo</div>;
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+By default, the counter starts at line number 1. It's possible to pass a custom counter start value to split large code blocks for readability:
+
+````md
+```jsx showLineNumbers=3
+export default function MyComponent(props) {
+  return <div>Foo</div>;
+}
+```
+````
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+```jsx showLineNumbers=3
+export default function MyComponent(props) {
+  return <div>Foo</div>;
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+## Interactive code editor {/* #interactive-code-editor */}
+
+(Powered by [React Live](https://github.com/FormidableLabs/react-live))
+
+You can create an interactive coding editor with the `@docusaurus/theme-live-codeblock` plugin. First, add the plugin to your package.
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm install --save @docusaurus/theme-live-codeblock
+```
+
+You will also need to add the plugin to your `docusaurus.config.js`.
+
+```js {3}
+export default {
+  // ...
+  themes: ['@docusaurus/theme-live-codeblock'],
+  // ...
+};
+```
+
+To use the plugin, create a code block with `live` attached to the language meta string.
+
+````md
+```jsx live
+function Clock(props) {
+  const [date, setDate] = useState(new Date());
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const id = setInterval(() => {
+      setDate(new Date());
+    }, 1000);
+    return () => clearInterval(id);
+  }, []);
+
+  return <h2>It is {date.toLocaleTimeString()}.</h2>;
+}
+```
+````
+
+The code block will be rendered as an interactive editor. Changes to the code will reflect on the result panel live.
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+```jsx live
+function Clock(props) {
+  const [date, setDate] = useState(new Date());
+
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const id = setInterval(() => {
+      setDate(new Date());
+    }, 1000);
+    return () => clearInterval(id);
+  }, []);
+
+  return <h2>It is {date.toLocaleTimeString()}.</h2>;
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+### Imports {/* #imports */}
+
+:::warning react-live and imports
+
+It is not possible to import components directly from the react-live code editor, you have to define available imports upfront.
+
+:::
+
+By default, all React imports are available. If you need more imports available, swizzle the react-live scope:
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm run swizzle @docusaurus/theme-live-codeblock ReactLiveScope -- --eject
+```
+
+```jsx title="src/theme/ReactLiveScope/index.js"
+import React from 'react';
+
+// highlight-start
+const ButtonExample = (props) => (
+  <button
+    {...props}
+    style={{
+      backgroundColor: 'white',
+      color: 'black',
+      border: 'solid red',
+      borderRadius: 20,
+      padding: 10,
+      cursor: 'pointer',
+      ...props.style,
+    }}
+  />
+);
+// highlight-end
+
+// Add react-live imports you need here
+const ReactLiveScope = {
+  React,
+  ...React,
+  // highlight-next-line
+  ButtonExample,
+};
+
+export default ReactLiveScope;
+```
+
+The `ButtonExample` component is now available to use:
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+```jsx live
+function MyPlayground(props) {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      <ButtonExample onClick={() => alert('hey!')}>Click me</ButtonExample>
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+### Imperative Rendering (noInline) {/* #imperative-rendering-noinline */}
+
+The `noInline` option should be used to avoid errors when your code spans multiple components or variables.
+
+````md
+```jsx live noInline
+const project = 'Docusaurus';
+
+const Greeting = () => <p>Hello {project}!</p>;
+
+render(<Greeting />);
+```
+````
+
+Unlike an ordinary interactive code block, when using `noInline` React Live won't wrap your code in an inline function to render it.
+
+You will need to explicitly call `render()` at the end of your code to display the output.
+
+````mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+```jsx live noInline
+const project = "Docusaurus";
+
+const Greeting = () => (
+  <p>Hello {project}!</p>
+);
+
+render(
+  <Greeting />
+);
+```
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+````
+
+## Using JSX markup in code blocks {/* #using-jsx-markup */}
+
+Code block in Markdown always preserves its content as plain text, meaning you can't do something like:
+
+```ts
+type EditUrlFunction = (params: {
+  // This doesn't turn into a link (for good reason!)
+  version: <a href="/docs/versioning">Version</a>;
+  versionDocsDirPath: string;
+  docPath: string;
+  permalink: string;
+  locale: string;
+}) => string | undefined;
+```
+
+If you want to embed HTML markup such as anchor links or bold type, you can use the `<pre>` tag, `<code>` tag, or `<CodeBlock>` component.
+
+```jsx
+<pre>
+  <b>Input: </b>1 2 3 4{'\n'}
+  <b>Output: </b>"366300745"{'\n'}
+</pre>
+```
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <pre>
+    <b>{'Input: '}</b>
+    {'1 2 3 4\n'}
+    <b>{'Output: '}</b>
+    {'"366300745"\n'}
+  </pre>
+</BrowserWindow>
+
+:::warning MDX is whitespace insensitive
+
+MDX is in line with JSX behavior: line break characters, even when inside `<pre>`, are turned into spaces. You have to explicitly write the new line character for it to be printed out.
+
+:::
+
+:::warning
+
+Syntax highlighting only works on plain strings. Docusaurus will not attempt to parse code block content containing JSX children.
+
+:::
+
+## Multi-language support code blocks {/* #multi-language-support-code-blocks */}
+
+With MDX, you can easily create interactive components within your documentation, for example, to display code in multiple programming languages and switch between them using a tabs component.
+
+Instead of implementing a dedicated component for multi-language support code blocks, we've implemented a general-purpose [`<Tabs>`](./markdown-features-tabs.mdx) component in the classic theme so that you can use it for other non-code scenarios as well.
+
+The following example is how you can have multi-language code tabs in your docs. Note that the empty lines above and below each language block are **intentional**. This is a [current limitation of MDX](./markdown-features-react.mdx#markdown-and-jsx-interoperability): you have to leave empty lines around Markdown syntax for the MDX parser to know that it's Markdown syntax and not JSX.
+
+````jsx
+import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
+import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
+
+<Tabs>
+<TabItem value="js" label="JavaScript">
+
+```js
+function helloWorld() {
+  console.log('Hello, world!');
+}
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="py" label="Python">
+
+```py
+def hello_world():
+  print("Hello, world!")
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="java" label="Java">
+
+```java
+class HelloWorld {
+  public static void main(String args[]) {
+    System.out.println("Hello, World");
+  }
+}
+```
+
+</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+````
+
+And you will get the following:
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+<Tabs>
+<TabItem value="js" label="JavaScript">
+```
+
+```js
+function helloWorld() {
+  console.log('Hello, world!');
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="py" label="Python">
+```
+
+```py
+def hello_world():
+  print("Hello, world!")
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+<TabItem value="java" label="Java">
+```
+
+```java
+class HelloWorld {
+  public static void main(String args[]) {
+    System.out.println("Hello, World");
+  }
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+If you have multiple of these multi-language code tabs, and you want to sync the selection across the tab instances, refer to the [Syncing tab choices section](markdown-features-tabs.mdx#syncing-tab-choices).
+
+### Docusaurus npm2yarn remark plugin {/* #npm2yarn-remark-plugin */}
+
+Displaying CLI commands in both npm and Yarn is a very common need, for example:
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm install @docusaurus/remark-plugin-npm2yarn
+```
+
+Docusaurus provides such a utility out of the box, freeing you from using the `Tabs` component every time. To enable this feature, first install the `@docusaurus/remark-plugin-npm2yarn` package as above, and then in `docusaurus.config.js`, for the plugins where you need this feature (doc, blog, pages, etc.), register it in the `remarkPlugins` option. (See [Docs configuration](../../api/plugins/plugin-content-docs.mdx#ex-config) for more details on configuration format)
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  // ...
+  presets: [
+    [
+      '@docusaurus/preset-classic',
+      {
+        docs: {
+          // highlight-start
+          remarkPlugins: [
+            [require('@docusaurus/remark-plugin-npm2yarn'), {sync: true}],
+          ],
+          // highlight-end
+        },
+        pages: {
+          // highlight-next-line
+          remarkPlugins: [require('@docusaurus/remark-plugin-npm2yarn')],
+        },
+        blog: {
+          // highlight-start
+          remarkPlugins: [
+            [
+              require('@docusaurus/remark-plugin-npm2yarn'),
+              {converters: ['pnpm']},
+            ],
+          ],
+          // highlight-end
+          // ...
+        },
+      },
+    ],
+  ],
+};
+```
+
+And then use it by adding the `npm2yarn` key to the code block:
+
+````md
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm install @docusaurus/remark-plugin-npm2yarn
+```
+````
+
+#### Configuration {/* #npm2yarn-remark-plugin-configuration */}
+
+| Option | Type | Default | Description |
+| --- | --- | --- | --- |
+| `sync` | `boolean` | `false` | Whether to sync the selected converter across all code blocks. |
+| `converters` | `array` | `'yarn'`, `'pnpm'` | The list of converters to use. The order of the converters is important, as the first converter will be used as the default choice. |
+
+## Usage in JSX {/* #usage-in-jsx */}
+
+Outside of Markdown, you can use the `@theme/CodeBlock` component to get the same output.
+
+```jsx
+import CodeBlock from '@theme/CodeBlock';
+
+export default function MyReactPage() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      {/* highlight-start */}
+      <CodeBlock
+        language="jsx"
+        title="/src/components/HelloCodeTitle.js"
+        showLineNumbers>
+        {`function HelloCodeTitle(props) {
+  return <h1>Hello, {props.name}</h1>;
+}`}
+      </CodeBlock>
+      {/* highlight-end */}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <CodeBlock
+    language="jsx"
+    title="/src/components/HelloCodeTitle.js"
+    showLineNumbers>
+    {`function HelloCodeTitle(props) {
+  return <h1>Hello, {props.name}</h1>;
+}`}
+  </CodeBlock>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+The props accepted are `language`, `title` and `showLineNumbers`, in the same way as you write Markdown code blocks.
+
+Although discouraged, you can also pass in a `metastring` prop like `metastring='{1-2} title="/src/components/HelloCodeTitle.js" showLineNumbers'`, which is how Markdown code blocks are handled under the hood. However, we recommend you [use comments for highlighting lines](#highlighting-with-comments).
+
+As [previously stated](#using-jsx-markup), syntax highlighting is only applied when the children is a simple string.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-intro.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-intro.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d6cbc04
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-intro.md
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+---
+id: introduction
+description: Docusaurus uses MDX. Find out more about Docusaurus-specific features when writing Markdown.
+slug: /markdown-features
+---
+
+# Markdown Features
+
+import BrowserWindow from '@site/src/components/BrowserWindow';
+
+Docusaurus uses **[Markdown](https://commonmark.org/)** as its main content authoring format.
+
+:::tip Learn Markdown
+
+You can [learn Markdown in 10 minutes](https://commonmark.org/help/).
+
+:::
+
+Docusaurus uses modern tooling to help you create **interactive documentation**.
+
+The **[MDX](https://mdxjs.com/)** compiler transforms **Markdown files to React components**, and allows you to use JSX in your Markdown content. This enables you to easily interleave React components within your content, and create delightful learning experiences.
+
+:::tip Use the MDX Playground
+
+The **[MDX playground](https://mdxjs.com/playground/)** is your new best friend!
+
+It is a very helpful debugging tool that shows how the MDX compiler transforms Markdown to React.
+
+**Options**: select the right format (MDX or CommonMark) and the following plugins Docusaurus uses: `remark-gfm`, `remark-directive`, `rehype-raw`.
+
+:::
+
+## MDX vs. CommonMark {/* #mdx-vs-commonmark */}
+
+Docusaurus compiles both `.md` and `.mdx` files to React components using the MDX compiler, but **the syntax can be interpreted differently** depending on your settings.
+
+The MDX compiler supports [2 formats](https://mdxjs.com/packages/mdx/#optionsformat):
+
+- The [MDX format](https://mdxjs.com/docs/what-is-mdx/): a powerful parser allowing the usage of JSX
+- The [CommonMark format](https://commonmark.org/): a standard-compliant Markdown parser that does not allow the usage of JSX
+
+By default, **Docusaurus v3 uses the MDX format for all files** (including `.md` files) for historical reasons.
+
+It is possible to **opt-in for CommonMark** using the [`siteConfig.markdown.format`](../../api/docusaurus.config.js.mdx#markdown) setting or the `mdx.format: md` front matter.
+
+:::tip how to use CommonMark
+
+If you plan to use CommonMark, we recommend the [`siteConfig.markdown.format: 'detect'`](../../api/docusaurus.config.js.mdx#markdown) setting. The appropriate format will be selected automatically, based on file extensions:
+
+- `.md` files will use the CommonMark format
+- `.mdx` files will use the MDX format
+
+:::
+
+:::danger Experimental CommonMark support
+
+The CommonMark support is **experimental** and currently has a few [limitations](https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus/issues/9092).
+
+:::
+
+## Standard features {/* #standard-features */}
+
+Markdown is a syntax that enables you to write formatted content in a readable syntax.
+
+```md
+### My Doc Section
+
+Hello world message with some **bold** text, some _italic_ text, and a [link](/)
+
+![img alt](/img/docusaurus.png)
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+<h3>My Doc Section</h3>
+
+Hello world message with some **bold** text, some _italic_ text and a [link](/)
+
+![img alt](/img/docusaurus.png)
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+<details>
+
+<summary>Markdown is declarative</summary>
+
+Some may assume a 1-1 correlation between Markdown and HTML, e.g., `![Preview](/img/docusaurus.png)` will always become `<img src="/img/docusaurus.png" alt="Preview" />`, as-is. However, _that is not the case_.
+
+The Markdown syntax `![message](url)` only declaratively tells Docusaurus that an image needs to be inserted here, but we may do other things like transforming a [file path to URL path](./markdown-features-assets.mdx#images), so the generated markup may differ from the output of other Markdown renderers, or a naïve hand-transcription to the equivalent JSX/HTML code.
+
+In general, you should only assume the _semantics_ of the markup (` ``` ` fences become [code blocks](./markdown-features-code-blocks.mdx); `>` becomes [quotes](#quotes), etc.), but not the actual compiled output.
+
+</details>
+
+## Front matter {/* #front-matter */}
+
+Front matter is used to add metadata to your Markdown file. All content plugins have their own front matter schema, and use the front matter to enrich the default metadata inferred from the content or other configuration.
+
+Front matter is provided at the very top of the file, enclosed by three dashes `---`. The content is parsed as [YAML](https://yaml.org/spec/1.2.2/).
+
+```md
+---
+title: My Doc Title
+more_data:
+  - Can be provided
+  - as: objects
+    or: arrays
+---
+```
+
+:::info
+
+The API documentation of each official plugin lists the supported attributes:
+
+- [Docs front matter](../../api/plugins/plugin-content-docs.mdx#markdown-front-matter)
+- [Blog front matter](../../api/plugins/plugin-content-blog.mdx#markdown-front-matter)
+- [Pages front matter](../../api/plugins/plugin-content-pages.mdx#markdown-front-matter)
+
+:::
+
+:::tip enhance your front matter
+
+Use the [Markdown config `parseFrontMatter` function](../../api/docusaurus.config.js.mdx#markdown) to provide your own front matter parser, or to enhance the default parser.
+
+It is possible to reuse the default parser to wrap it with your own custom proprietary logic. This makes it possible to implement convenient front matter transformations, shortcuts, or to integrate with external systems using front matter that Docusaurus plugins do not support.
+
+```js title="docusaurus.config.js"
+export default {
+  markdown: {
+    // highlight-start
+    parseFrontMatter: async (params) => {
+      // Reuse the default parser
+      const result = await params.defaultParseFrontMatter(params);
+
+      // Process front matter description placeholders
+      result.frontMatter.description =
+        result.frontMatter.description?.replaceAll('{{MY_VAR}}', 'MY_VALUE');
+
+      // Create your own front matter shortcut
+      if (result.frontMatter.i_do_not_want_docs_pagination) {
+        result.frontMatter.pagination_prev = null;
+        result.frontMatter.pagination_next = null;
+      }
+
+      // Rename an unsupported front matter coming from another system
+      if (result.frontMatter.cms_seo_summary) {
+        result.frontMatter.description = result.frontMatter.cms_seo_summary;
+        delete result.frontMatter.cms_seo_summary;
+      }
+
+      return result;
+    },
+    // highlight-end
+  },
+};
+```
+
+:::
+
+## Quotes {/* #quotes */}
+
+Markdown quotes are beautifully styled:
+
+```md
+> Easy to maintain open source documentation websites.
+>
+> — Docusaurus
+```
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+> Easy to maintain open source documentation websites.
+>
+> — Docusaurus
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+
+## Details {/* #details */}
+
+Markdown can embed HTML elements, and [`details`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/details) HTML elements are beautifully styled:
+
+{/* prettier-ignore */}
+````md
+### Details element example
+
+<details>
+  <summary>Toggle me!</summary>
+
+  This is the detailed content
+
+  ```js
+  console.log("Markdown features including the code block are available");
+  ```
+
+  You can use Markdown here including **bold** and _italic_ text, and [inline link](https://docusaurus.io)
+  <details>
+    <summary>Nested toggle! Some surprise inside...</summary>
+
+    😲😲😲😲😲
+  </details>
+</details>
+````
+
+````mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+<h3>Details element example</h3>
+
+<details>
+  <summary>Toggle me!</summary>
+
+  This is the detailed content
+
+  ```js
+  console.log("Markdown features including the code block are available");
+  ```
+
+  You can use Markdown here including **bold** and _italic_ text, and [inline link](https://docusaurus.io)
+  <details>
+    <summary>Nested toggle! Some surprise inside...</summary>
+
+    😲😲😲😲😲
+  </details>
+</details>
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+````
+
+:::info
+
+You may want to keep your `<summary>` on a single line. Keep in mind that [MDX creates extra HTML `<p>` paragraphs for line breaks.](https://mdxjs.com/migrating/v2/#jsx). When in doubt, use the [MDX playground](https://mdxjs.com/playground/) to troubleshoot `<details>` rendering problems.
+
+:::
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-links.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-links.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5bd0127
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-links.md
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+---
+id: links
+description: Links to other pages in Markdown
+slug: /markdown-features/links
+---
+
+# Markdown links
+
+There are two ways of adding a link to another page: through a **URL path** and a **file path**.
+
+```md
+- [URL path to another document](./installation)
+- [file path to another document](./installation.mdx)
+```
+
+URL paths are unprocessed by Docusaurus, and you can see them as directly rendering to `<a href="./installation">`, i.e. it will be resolved according to the page's URL location, rather than its file-system location.
+
+If you want to reference another Markdown file **included by the same plugin**, you could use the relative path of the document you want to link to. Docusaurus' Markdown loader will convert the file path to the target file's URL path (and hence remove the `.md` extension).
+
+For example, if you are in `docs/folder/doc1.md` and you want to reference `docs/folder/doc2.md`, `docs/folder/subfolder/doc3.md` and `docs/otherFolder/doc4.md`:
+
+```md title="docs/folder/doc1.md"
+I am referencing a [document](doc2.mdx).
+
+Reference to another [document in a subfolder](subfolder/doc3.mdx).
+
+[Relative document](../otherFolder/doc4.mdx) referencing works as well.
+```
+
+Relative file paths are resolved against the current file's directory. Absolute file paths, on the other hand, are resolved relative to the **content root**, usually `docs/`, `blog/`, or [localized ones](../../i18n/i18n-tutorial.mdx) like `i18n/zh-Hans/plugin-content-docs/current`.
+
+Here are some examples of file path links and how they get resolved, assuming the current file is `website/docs/category/source.mdx`:
+
+- `[link](./target.mdx)` is resolved from the current file's directory `website/docs/category`.
+- `[link](../target.mdx)` is resolved from the parent file's directory `website/docs`.
+- `[link](/target.mdx)` is resolved from the docs content root `website/docs`, using in priority the localized docs.
+- `[link](target.mdx)` is resolved from the current directory `website/docs/category`, then from the docs content roots, then from the site root.
+
+Absolute file paths can also be relative to the site directory. However, beware that links that begin with `/docs/`, `/blog/` or `@site/` are **not portable** as you would need to manually update them if you create new doc versions or localize them:
+
+- `[link](/docs/target.mdx)` is resolved from the site root `website` (⚠️ less portable).
+- `[link](@site/docs/target.mdx)` is relative to the site root `website` (⚠️ less portable).
+
+Using relative _file_ paths (with `.md` extensions) instead of relative _URL_ links provides the following benefits:
+
+- Links will keep working on the GitHub interface and many Markdown editors
+- You can customize the files' slugs without having to update all the links
+- Moving files around the folders can be tracked by your editor, and some editors may automatically update file links
+- A [versioned doc](../docs/versioning.mdx) will link to another doc of the exact same version
+- Relative URL links are very likely to break if you update the [`trailingSlash` config](../../api/docusaurus.config.js.mdx#trailingSlash)
+
+:::warning
+
+Markdown file references only work when the source and target files are processed by the same plugin instance. This is a technical limitation of our Markdown processing architecture and will be fixed in the future. If you are linking files between plugins (e.g. linking to a doc page from a blog post), you have to use URL links.
+
+:::
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-react.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-react.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e3de9a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-react.md
@@ -0,0 +1,373 @@
+---
+id: react
+description: Using the power of React in Docusaurus Markdown documents, thanks to MDX
+slug: /markdown-features/react
+---
+
+# MDX and React
+
+```mdx-code-block
+import BrowserWindow from '@site/src/components/BrowserWindow';
+import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
+import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
+import styles from './markdown-features-react.module.css';
+```
+
+Docusaurus has built-in support for [MDX](https://mdxjs.com/), which allows you to write JSX within your Markdown files and render them as React components.
+
+Check out the [MDX docs](https://mdxjs.com/) to see what fancy stuff you can do with MDX.
+
+:::tip Debugging MDX
+
+The MDX format is quite strict, and you may get compilation errors.
+
+Use the **[MDX playground](https://mdxjs.com/playground/)** to debug them and make sure your syntax is valid.
+
+:::
+
+:::info
+
+Prettier, the most popular formatter, [supports only the legacy MDX v1](https://github.com/prettier/prettier/issues/12209). If you get an unintentional formatting result, you may want to add `{/* prettier-ignore */}` before the problematic area, or add `*.mdx` to your `.prettierignore`, until Prettier has proper support for MDX v3. [One of the main authors of MDX recommends `remark-cli` with `remark-mdx`](https://github.com/orgs/mdx-js/discussions/2067).
+
+:::
+
+### Exporting components {/* #exporting-components */}
+
+To define any custom component within an MDX file, you have to export it: only paragraphs that start with `export` will be parsed as components instead of prose.
+
+```jsx
+export const Highlight = ({children, color}) => (
+  <span
+    style={{
+      backgroundColor: color,
+      borderRadius: '2px',
+      color: '#fff',
+      padding: '0.2rem',
+    }}>
+    {children}
+  </span>
+);
+
+<Highlight color="#25c2a0">Docusaurus green</Highlight> and <Highlight color="#1877F2">Facebook blue</Highlight> are my favorite colors.
+
+I can write **Markdown** alongside my _JSX_!
+```
+
+Notice how it renders both the markup from your React component and the Markdown syntax:
+
+```mdx-code-block
+export const Highlight = ({children, color}) => (
+  <span
+    style={{
+      backgroundColor: color,
+      borderRadius: '2px',
+      color: '#fff',
+      padding: '0.2rem',
+    }}>
+    {children}
+  </span>
+);
+
+<BrowserWindow minHeight={240}>
+
+<><Highlight color="#25c2a0">Docusaurus green</Highlight>
+{` `}and <Highlight color="#1877F2">Facebook blue</Highlight> are my favorite colors.</>
+
+I can write **Markdown** alongside my _JSX_!
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+:::warning MDX is JSX
+
+Since all doc files are parsed using MDX, anything that looks like HTML is actually JSX. Therefore, if you need to inline-style a component, follow JSX flavor and provide style objects.
+
+{/* prettier-ignore */}
+```jsx
+/* Instead of this: */
+<span style="background-color: red">Foo</span>
+/* Use this: */
+<span style={{backgroundColor: 'red'}}>Foo</span>
+```
+
+:::
+
+### Importing components {/* #importing-components */}
+
+You can also import your own components defined in other files or third-party components installed via npm.
+
+{/* prettier-ignore */}
+```md
+<!-- Docusaurus theme component -->
+import TOCInline from '@theme/TOCInline';
+<!-- External component -->
+import Button from '@mui/material/Button';
+<!-- Custom component -->
+import BrowserWindow from '@site/src/components/BrowserWindow';
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+The `@site` alias points to your website's directory, usually where the `docusaurus.config.js` file is. Using an alias instead of relative paths (`'../../src/components/BrowserWindow'`) saves you from updating import paths when moving files around, or when [versioning docs](../docs/versioning.mdx) and [translating](../../i18n/i18n-tutorial.mdx).
+
+:::
+
+While declaring components within Markdown is very convenient for simple cases, it becomes hard to maintain because of limited editor support, risks of parsing errors, and low reusability. Use a separate `.js` file when your component involves complex JS logic:
+
+```jsx title="src/components/Highlight.js"
+import React from 'react';
+
+export default function Highlight({children, color}) {
+  return (
+    <span
+      style={{
+        backgroundColor: color,
+        borderRadius: '2px',
+        color: '#fff',
+        padding: '0.2rem',
+      }}>
+      {children}
+    </span>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+```md title="markdown-file.mdx"
+import Highlight from '@site/src/components/Highlight';
+
+<Highlight color="#25c2a0">Docusaurus green</Highlight>
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+If you use the same component across a lot of files, you don't need to import it everywhere—consider adding it to the global scope. [See below](#mdx-component-scope)
+
+:::
+
+### MDX component scope {/* #mdx-component-scope */}
+
+Apart from [importing a component](#importing-components) and [exporting a component](#exporting-components), a third way to use a component in MDX is to **register it to the global scope**, which will make it automatically available in every MDX file, without any import statements.
+
+For example, given this MDX file:
+
+```md
+- a
+- list!
+
+And some <Highlight>custom markup</Highlight>...
+```
+
+It will be compiled to a React component containing `ul`, `li`, `p`, and `Highlight` elements. `Highlight` is not a native html element: you need to provide your own React component implementation for it.
+
+In Docusaurus, the MDX component scope is provided by the `@theme/MDXComponents` file. It's not a React component, _per se_, unlike most other exports under the `@theme/` alias: it is a record from tag names like `Highlight` to their React component implementations.
+
+If you [swizzle](../../swizzling.mdx) this component, you will find all tags that have been implemented, and you can further customize our implementation by swizzling the respective sub-component, like `@theme/MDXComponents/Code` (which is used to render [Markdown code blocks](./markdown-features-code-blocks.mdx)).
+
+If you want to register extra tag names (like the `<Highlight>` tag above), you should consider [wrapping `@theme/MDXComponents`](../../swizzling.mdx#wrapping), so you don't have to maintain all the existing mappings. Since the swizzle CLI doesn't allow wrapping non-component files yet, you should manually create the wrapper:
+
+```js title="src/theme/MDXComponents.js"
+import React from 'react';
+// Import the original mapper
+import MDXComponents from '@theme-original/MDXComponents';
+// highlight-next-line
+import Highlight from '@site/src/components/Highlight';
+
+export default {
+  // Re-use the default mapping
+  ...MDXComponents,
+  // Map the "<Highlight>" tag to our Highlight component
+  // `Highlight` will receive all props that were passed to `<Highlight>` in MDX
+  // highlight-next-line
+  Highlight,
+};
+```
+
+And now, you can freely use `<Highlight>` in every page, without writing the import statement:
+
+```md
+I can conveniently use <Highlight color="#25c2a0">Docusaurus green</Highlight> everywhere!
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+I can conveniently use <Highlight color="#25c2a0">Docusaurus green</Highlight> everywhere!
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+:::warning
+
+We use **upper-case** tag names like `Highlight` on purpose.
+
+From MDX v3+ onward (Docusaurus v3+), lower-case tag names are always rendered as native html elements, and will not use any component mapping you provide.
+
+:::
+
+:::warning
+
+This feature is powered by [an `MDXProvider`](https://mdxjs.com/docs/using-mdx/#mdx-provider). If you are importing Markdown in a React page, you have to supply this provider yourself through the `MDXContent` theme component.
+
+```jsx title="src/pages/index.js"
+import React from 'react';
+import FeatureDisplay from './_featureDisplay.mdx';
+// highlight-next-line
+import MDXContent from '@theme/MDXContent';
+
+export default function LandingPage() {
+  return (
+    <div>
+      {/* highlight-start */}
+      <MDXContent>
+        <FeatureDisplay />
+      </MDXContent>
+      {/* highlight-end */}
+    </div>
+  );
+}
+```
+
+If you don't wrap your imported MDX with `MDXContent`, the global scope will not be available.
+
+:::
+
+### Markdown and JSX interoperability {/* #markdown-and-jsx-interoperability */}
+
+Docusaurus v3 is using [MDX v3](https://mdxjs.com/blog/v3/).
+
+The [MDX syntax](https://mdxjs.com/docs/what-is-mdx/#mdx-syntax) is mostly compatible with [CommonMark](https://commonmark.org/), but is much stricter because your `.mdx` files can use JSX and are compiled into real React components (check the [playground](https://mdxjs.com/playground/)).
+
+Some valid CommonMark features won't work with MDX ([more info](https://mdxjs.com/docs/what-is-mdx/#markdown)), notably:
+
+- Indented code blocks: use triple backticks instead
+- Autolinks (`<http://localhost:3000>`): use regular link syntax instead (`[http://localhost:3000](http://localhost:3000)`)
+- HTML syntax (`<p style="color: red;">`): use JSX instead (`<p style={{color: 'red'}}>`)
+- Unescaped `{` and `<`: escape them with `\` instead (`\{` and `\<`)
+
+:::danger Experimental CommonMark support
+
+Docusaurus v3 makes it possible to opt-in for a less strict, standard [CommonMark](https://commonmark.org/) support with the following options:
+
+- The `mdx.format: md` front matter
+- The `.md` file extension combined with the `siteConfig.markdown.format: "detect"` configuration
+
+This feature is **experimental** and currently has a few [limitations](https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus/issues/9092).
+
+:::
+
+## Importing code snippets {/* #importing-code-snippets */}
+
+You can not only import a file containing a component definition, but also import any code file as raw text, and then insert it in a code block, thanks to [Webpack raw-loader](https://webpack.js.org/loaders/raw-loader/). In order to use `raw-loader`, you first need to install it in your project:
+
+```bash npm2yarn
+npm install --save raw-loader
+```
+
+Now you can import code snippets from another file as it is:
+
+{/* prettier-ignore */}
+```jsx title="myMarkdownFile.mdx"
+import CodeBlock from '@theme/CodeBlock';
+import MyComponentSource from '!!raw-loader!./myComponent';
+
+<CodeBlock language="jsx">{MyComponentSource}</CodeBlock>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+import CodeBlock from '@theme/CodeBlock';
+import MyComponentSource from '!!raw-loader!@site/src/pages/examples/_myComponent';
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+<CodeBlock language="jsx">{MyComponentSource}</CodeBlock>
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+See [using code blocks in JSX](./markdown-features-code-blocks.mdx#usage-in-jsx) for more details of the `<CodeBlock>` component.
+
+:::note
+
+You have to use `<CodeBlock>` rather than the Markdown triple-backtick ` ``` `, because the latter will ship out any of its content as-is, but you want to interpolate the imported text here.
+
+:::
+
+:::warning
+
+This feature is experimental and might be subject to breaking API changes in the future.
+
+:::
+
+## Importing Markdown {/* #importing-markdown */}
+
+You can use Markdown files as components and import them elsewhere, either in Markdown files or in React pages. Each MDX file default-exports its page content as a React component. In the `import` statement, you can default-import this component with any name, but it must be capitalized following React's naming rules.
+
+By convention, using the **`_` filename prefix** will not create any doc page and means the Markdown file is a **"partial"**, to be imported by other files.
+
+```md title="_markdown-partial-example.mdx"
+<span>Hello {props.name}</span>
+
+This is text some content from `_markdown-partial-example.mdx`.
+```
+
+{/* prettier-ignore */}
+```jsx title="someOtherDoc.mdx"
+import PartialExample from './_markdown-partial-example.mdx';
+
+<PartialExample name="Sebastien" />
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+import PartialExample from './_markdown-partial-example.mdx';
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <PartialExample name="Sebastien" />
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+This way, you can reuse content among multiple pages and avoid duplicating materials.
+
+## Available exports {/* #available-exports */}
+
+Within the MDX page, the following variables are available as globals:
+
+- `frontMatter`: the front matter as a record of string keys and values;
+- `toc`: the table of contents, as a tree of headings. See also [Inline TOC](./markdown-features-toc.mdx#inline-table-of-contents) for a more concrete use-case.
+- `contentTitle`: the Markdown title, which is the first `h1` heading in the Markdown text. It's `undefined` if there isn't one (e.g. title specified in the front matter).
+
+```jsx
+import TOCInline from '@theme/TOCInline';
+import CodeBlock from '@theme/CodeBlock';
+
+The table of contents for this page, serialized:
+
+<CodeBlock className="language-json">{JSON.stringify(toc, null, 2)}</CodeBlock>
+
+The front matter of this page:
+
+<ul>
+  {Object.entries(frontMatter).map(([key, value]) => <li key={key}><b>{key}</b>: {value}</li>)}
+</ul>
+
+<p>The title of this page is: <b>{contentTitle}</b></p>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+import TOCInline from '@theme/TOCInline';
+
+<BrowserWindow>
+
+The table of contents for this page, serialized:
+
+<CodeBlock className="language-json">{JSON.stringify(toc, null, 2)}</CodeBlock>
+
+The front matter of this page:
+
+<ul>
+  {Object.entries(frontMatter).map(([key, value]) => <li key={key}><b>{key}</b>: {value}</li>)}
+</ul>
+
+<p>The title of this page is: <b>{contentTitle}</b></p>
+
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
diff --git a/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-tabs.md b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-tabs.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b878104
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/docusaurus/markdown-features-tabs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+---
+id: tabs
+description: Using tabs inside Docusaurus Markdown
+slug: /markdown-features/tabs
+---
+
+# Tabs
+
+```mdx-code-block
+import BrowserWindow from '@site/src/components/BrowserWindow';
+import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
+import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
+import styles from './markdown-features-tabs-styles.module.css';
+```
+
+Docusaurus provides the `<Tabs>` component that you can use in Markdown thanks to [MDX](./markdown-features-react.mdx):
+
+{/* prettier-ignore */}
+```jsx
+import Tabs from '@theme/Tabs';
+import TabItem from '@theme/TabItem';
+
+<Tabs>
+  <TabItem value="apple" label="Apple" default>
+    This is an apple 🍎
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="orange" label="Orange">
+    This is an orange 🍊
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="banana" label="Banana">
+    This is a banana 🍌
+  </TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs>
+    <TabItem value="apple" label="Apple">This is an apple 🍎</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="orange" label="Orange">This is an orange 🍊</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="banana" label="Banana">This is a banana 🍌</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+---
+
+It is also possible to provide `values` and `defaultValue` props to `Tabs`:
+
+```jsx
+<Tabs
+  defaultValue="apple"
+  values={[
+    {label: 'Apple', value: 'apple'},
+    {label: 'Orange', value: 'orange'},
+    {label: 'Banana', value: 'banana'},
+  ]}>
+  <TabItem value="apple">This is an apple 🍎</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="orange">This is an orange 🍊</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="banana">This is a banana 🍌</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs
+    defaultValue="apple"
+    values={[
+      {label: 'Apple', value: 'apple'},
+      {label: 'Orange', value: 'orange'},
+      {label: 'Banana', value: 'banana'},
+    ]}>
+    <TabItem value="apple">This is an apple 🍎</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="orange">This is an orange 🍊</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="banana">This is a banana 🍌</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+<details>
+  <summary><code>Tabs</code> props take precedence over the <code>TabItem</code> props:</summary>
+
+```jsx
+<Tabs
+  defaultValue="apple"
+  values={[
+    {label: 'Apple 1', value: 'apple'},
+    {label: 'Orange 1', value: 'orange'},
+    {label: 'Banana 1', value: 'banana'},
+  ]}>
+  <TabItem value="apple" label="Apple 2">
+    This is an apple 🍎
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="orange" label="Orange 2">
+    This is an orange 🍊
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="banana" label="Banana 2" default>
+    This is a banana 🍌
+  </TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs
+    defaultValue="apple"
+    values={[
+      {label: 'Apple 1', value: 'apple'},
+      {label: 'Orange 1', value: 'orange'},
+      {label: 'Banana 1', value: 'banana'},
+    ]}>
+    <TabItem value="apple" label="Apple 2">This is an apple 🍎</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="orange" label="Orange 2">This is an orange 🍊</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="banana" label="Banana 2" default>This is a banana 🍌</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+</details>
+
+:::tip
+
+By default, all tabs are rendered eagerly during the build process, and search engines can index hidden tabs.
+
+It is possible to only render the default tab with `<Tabs lazy />`.
+
+:::
+
+## Displaying a default tab {/* #displaying-a-default-tab */}
+
+The first tab is displayed by default, and to override this behavior, you can specify a default tab by adding `default` to one of the tab items. You can also set the `defaultValue` prop of the `Tabs` component to the label value of your choice. For example, in the example above, either setting `default` for the `value="apple"` tab or setting `defaultValue="apple"` for the tabs forces the "Apple" tab to be open by default.
+
+Docusaurus will throw an error if a `defaultValue` is provided for the `Tabs` but it refers to a non-existing value. If you want none of the tabs to be shown by default, use `defaultValue={null}`.
+
+## Syncing tab choices {/* #syncing-tab-choices */}
+
+You may want choices of the same kind of tabs to sync with each other. For example, you might want to provide different instructions for users on Windows vs users on macOS, and you want to change all OS-specific instructions tabs in one click. To achieve that, you can give all related tabs the same `groupId` prop. Note that doing this will persist the choice in `localStorage` and all `<Tab>` instances with the same `groupId` will update automatically when the value of one of them is changed. Note that group IDs are globally namespaced.
+
+```jsx
+// highlight-next-line
+<Tabs groupId="operating-systems">
+  <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">Use Ctrl + C to copy.</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="mac" label="macOS">Use Command + C to copy.</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+
+// highlight-next-line
+<Tabs groupId="operating-systems">
+  <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">Use Ctrl + V to paste.</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="mac" label="macOS">Use Command + V to paste.</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs groupId="operating-systems">
+    <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">Use Ctrl + C to copy.</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="mac" label="macOS">Use Command + C to copy.</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+
+  <Tabs groupId="operating-systems">
+    <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">Use Ctrl + V to paste.</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="mac" label="macOS">Use Command + V to paste.</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+For all tab groups that have the same `groupId`, the possible values do not need to be the same. If one tab group is chosen a value that does not exist in another tab group with the same `groupId`, the tab group with the missing value won't change its tab. You can see that from the following example. Try to select Linux, and the above tab groups don't change.
+
+```jsx
+<Tabs groupId="operating-systems">
+  <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">
+    I am Windows.
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="mac" label="macOS">
+    I am macOS.
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="linux" label="Linux">
+    I am Linux.
+  </TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs groupId="operating-systems">
+    <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">I am Windows.</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="mac" label="macOS">I am macOS.</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="linux" label="Linux">I am Linux.</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+---
+
+Tab choices with different group IDs will not interfere with each other:
+
+```jsx
+// highlight-next-line
+<Tabs groupId="operating-systems">
+  <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">Windows in windows.</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="mac" label="macOS">macOS is macOS.</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+
+// highlight-next-line
+<Tabs groupId="non-mac-operating-systems">
+  <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">Windows is windows.</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="unix" label="Unix">Unix is unix.</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs groupId="operating-systems">
+    <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">Windows in windows.</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="mac" label="macOS">macOS is macOS.</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+
+  <Tabs groupId="non-mac-operating-systems">
+    <TabItem value="win" label="Windows">Windows is windows.</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="unix" label="Unix">Unix is unix.</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+## Customizing tabs {/* #customizing-tabs */}
+
+You might want to customize the appearance of a certain set of tabs. You can pass the string in `className` prop, and the specified CSS class will be added to the `Tabs` component:
+
+```jsx
+// highlight-next-line
+<Tabs className="unique-tabs">
+  <TabItem value="Apple">This is an apple 🍎</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="Orange">This is an orange 🍊</TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="Banana">This is a banana 🍌</TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs className="unique-tabs">
+    <TabItem value="Apple">This is an apple 🍎</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="Orange">This is an orange 🍊</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="Banana">This is a banana 🍌</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+### Customizing tab headings {/* #customizing-tab-headings */}
+
+You can also customize each tab heading independently by using the `attributes` field. The extra props can be passed to the headings either through the `values` prop in `Tabs`, or props of each `TabItem`—in the same way as you declare `label`.
+
+{/* prettier-ignore */}
+```jsx title="some-doc.mdx"
+import styles from './styles.module.css';
+
+<Tabs>
+  <TabItem value="apple" label="Apple" attributes={{className: styles.red}}>
+    This is an apple 🍎
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="orange" label="Orange" attributes={{className: styles.orange}}>
+    This is an orange 🍊
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="banana" label="Banana" attributes={{className: styles.yellow}}>
+    This is a banana 🍌
+  </TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```css title="styles.module.css"
+.red {
+  color: red;
+}
+.red[aria-selected='true'] {
+  border-bottom-color: red;
+}
+
+.orange {
+  color: orange;
+}
+.orange[aria-selected='true'] {
+  border-bottom-color: orange;
+}
+
+.yellow {
+  color: yellow;
+}
+.yellow[aria-selected='true'] {
+  border-bottom-color: yellow;
+}
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs>
+    <TabItem value="apple" label="Apple" attributes={{className: styles.red}}>
+      This is an apple 🍎
+    </TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="orange" label="Orange" attributes={{className: styles.orange}}>
+      This is an orange 🍊
+    </TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="banana" label="Banana" attributes={{className: styles.yellow}}>
+      This is a banana 🍌
+    </TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+:::tip
+
+`className` would be merged with other default class names. You may also use a custom `data-value` field (`{'data-value': 'apple'}`) paired with CSS attribute selectors:
+
+```css title="styles.module.css"
+li[role='tab'][data-value='apple'] {
+  color: red;
+}
+```
+
+:::
+
+## Query string {/* #query-string */}
+
+It is possible to persist the selected tab into the url search parameters. This enables you to share a link to a page which pre-selects the tab - linking from your Android app to documentation with the Android tabs pre-selected. This feature does not provide an anchor link - the browser will not scroll to the tab.
+
+Use the `queryString` prop to enable this feature and define the search param name to use.
+
+```tsx
+// highlight-next-line
+<Tabs queryString="current-os">
+  <TabItem value="android" label="Android">
+    Android
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="ios" label="iOS">
+    iOS
+  </TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs queryString='current-os'>
+    <TabItem value="android" label="Android">Android</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="ios" label="iOS">iOS</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+As soon as a tab is clicked, a search parameter is added at the end of the url: `?current-os=android` or `?current-os=ios`.
+
+:::tip
+
+`queryString` can be used together with `groupId`.
+
+For convenience, when the `queryString` prop is `true`, the `groupId` value will be used as a fallback.
+
+```tsx
+// highlight-next-line
+<Tabs groupId="current-os" queryString>
+  <TabItem value="android" label="Android">
+    Android
+  </TabItem>
+  <TabItem value="ios" label="iOS">
+    iOS
+  </TabItem>
+</Tabs>
+```
+
+```mdx-code-block
+<BrowserWindow>
+  <Tabs queryString groupId="current-os">
+    <TabItem value="android" label="Android">Android</TabItem>
+    <TabItem value="ios" label="iOS">iOS</TabItem>
+  </Tabs>
+</BrowserWindow>
+```
+
+When the page loads, the tab query string choice will be restored in priority over the `groupId` choice (using `localStorage`).
+
+:::
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-00.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-00.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..83a7e91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-00.md
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Appendix
+
+The following sections contain reference material you may find useful in your
+Rust journey.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-01-keywords.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-01-keywords.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d4716b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-01-keywords.md
@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+## Appendix A: Keywords
+
+The following lists contain keywords that are reserved for current or future
+use by the Rust language. As such, they cannot be used as identifiers (except
+as raw identifiers, as we discuss in the [“Raw
+Identifiers”][raw-identifiers]<!-- ignore --> section). _Identifiers_ are names
+of functions, variables, parameters, struct fields, modules, crates, constants,
+macros, static values, attributes, types, traits, or lifetimes.
+
+[raw-identifiers]: #raw-identifiers
+
+### Keywords Currently in Use
+
+The following is a list of keywords currently in use, with their functionality
+described.
+
+- **`as`**: Perform primitive casting, disambiguate the specific trait
+  containing an item, or rename items in `use` statements.
+- **`async`**: Return a `Future` instead of blocking the current thread.
+- **`await`**: Suspend execution until the result of a `Future` is ready.
+- **`break`**: Exit a loop immediately.
+- **`const`**: Define constant items or constant raw pointers.
+- **`continue`**: Continue to the next loop iteration.
+- **`crate`**: In a module path, refers to the crate root.
+- **`dyn`**: Dynamic dispatch to a trait object.
+- **`else`**: Fallback for `if` and `if let` control flow constructs.
+- **`enum`**: Define an enumeration.
+- **`extern`**: Link an external function or variable.
+- **`false`**: Boolean false literal.
+- **`fn`**: Define a function or the function pointer type.
+- **`for`**: Loop over items from an iterator, implement a trait, or specify a
+  higher ranked lifetime.
+- **`if`**: Branch based on the result of a conditional expression.
+- **`impl`**: Implement inherent or trait functionality.
+- **`in`**: Part of `for` loop syntax.
+- **`let`**: Bind a variable.
+- **`loop`**: Loop unconditionally.
+- **`match`**: Match a value to patterns.
+- **`mod`**: Define a module.
+- **`move`**: Make a closure take ownership of all its captures.
+- **`mut`**: Denote mutability in references, raw pointers, or pattern bindings.
+- **`pub`**: Denote public visibility in struct fields, `impl` blocks, or
+  modules.
+- **`ref`**: Bind by reference.
+- **`return`**: Return from function.
+- **`Self`**: A type alias for the type we are defining or implementing.
+- **`self`**: Method subject or current module.
+- **`static`**: Global variable or lifetime lasting the entire program
+  execution.
+- **`struct`**: Define a structure.
+- **`super`**: Parent module of the current module.
+- **`trait`**: Define a trait.
+- **`true`**: Boolean true literal.
+- **`type`**: Define a type alias or associated type.
+- **`union`**: Define a [union][union]<!-- ignore -->; is a keyword only when
+  used in a union declaration.
+- **`unsafe`**: Denote unsafe code, functions, traits, or implementations.
+- **`use`**: Bring symbols into scope.
+- **`where`**: Denote clauses that constrain a type.
+- **`while`**: Loop conditionally based on the result of an expression.
+
+[union]: ../reference/items/unions.html
+
+### Keywords Reserved for Future Use
+
+The following keywords do not yet have any functionality but are reserved by
+Rust for potential future use:
+
+- `abstract`
+- `become`
+- `box`
+- `do`
+- `final`
+- `gen`
+- `macro`
+- `override`
+- `priv`
+- `try`
+- `typeof`
+- `unsized`
+- `virtual`
+- `yield`
+
+### Raw Identifiers
+
+_Raw identifiers_ are the syntax that lets you use keywords where they wouldn’t
+normally be allowed. You use a raw identifier by prefixing a keyword with `r#`.
+
+For example, `match` is a keyword. If you try to compile the following function
+that uses `match` as its name:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+fn match(needle: &str, haystack: &str) -> bool {
+    haystack.contains(needle)
+}
+```
+
+you’ll get this error:
+
+```text
+error: expected identifier, found keyword `match`
+ --> src/main.rs:4:4
+  |
+4 | fn match(needle: &str, haystack: &str) -> bool {
+  |    ^^^^^ expected identifier, found keyword
+```
+
+The error shows that you can’t use the keyword `match` as the function
+identifier. To use `match` as a function name, you need to use the raw
+identifier syntax, like this:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+fn r#match(needle: &str, haystack: &str) -> bool {
+    haystack.contains(needle)
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    assert!(r#match("foo", "foobar"));
+}
+```
+
+This code will compile without any errors. Note the `r#` prefix on the function
+name in its definition as well as where the function is called in `main`.
+
+Raw identifiers allow you to use any word you choose as an identifier, even if
+that word happens to be a reserved keyword. This gives us more freedom to choose
+identifier names, as well as lets us integrate with programs written in a
+language where these words aren’t keywords. In addition, raw identifiers allow
+you to use libraries written in a different Rust edition than your crate uses.
+For example, `try` isn’t a keyword in the 2015 edition but is in the 2018, 2021,
+and 2024 editions. If you depend on a library that is written using the 2015
+edition and has a `try` function, you’ll need to use the raw identifier syntax,
+`r#try` in this case, to call that function from your code on later editions.
+See [Appendix E][appendix-e]<!-- ignore --> for more information on editions.
+
+[appendix-e]: appendix-05-editions.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-02-operators.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-02-operators.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e938b5e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-02-operators.md
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+## Appendix B: Operators and Symbols
+
+This appendix contains a glossary of Rust’s syntax, including operators and
+other symbols that appear by themselves or in the context of paths, generics,
+trait bounds, macros, attributes, comments, tuples, and brackets.
+
+### Operators
+
+Table B-1 contains the operators in Rust, an example of how the operator would
+appear in context, a short explanation, and whether that operator is
+overloadable. If an operator is overloadable, the relevant trait to use to
+overload that operator is listed.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-1: Operators</span>
+
+| Operator                  | Example                                                 | Explanation                                                           | Overloadable?  |
+| ------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------- |
+| `!`                       | `ident!(...)`, `ident!{...}`, `ident![...]`             | Macro expansion                                                       |                |
+| `!`                       | `!expr`                                                 | Bitwise or logical complement                                         | `Not`          |
+| `!=`                      | `expr != expr`                                          | Nonequality comparison                                                | `PartialEq`    |
+| `%`                       | `expr % expr`                                           | Arithmetic remainder                                                  | `Rem`          |
+| `%=`                      | `var %= expr`                                           | Arithmetic remainder and assignment                                   | `RemAssign`    |
+| `&`                       | `&expr`, `&mut expr`                                    | Borrow                                                                |                |
+| `&`                       | `&type`, `&mut type`, `&'a type`, `&'a mut type`        | Borrowed pointer type                                                 |                |
+| `&`                       | `expr & expr`                                           | Bitwise AND                                                           | `BitAnd`       |
+| `&=`                      | `var &= expr`                                           | Bitwise AND and assignment                                            | `BitAndAssign` |
+| `&&`                      | `expr && expr`                                          | Short-circuiting logical AND                                          |                |
+| `*`                       | `expr * expr`                                           | Arithmetic multiplication                                             | `Mul`          |
+| `*=`                      | `var *= expr`                                           | Arithmetic multiplication and assignment                              | `MulAssign`    |
+| `*`                       | `*expr`                                                 | Dereference                                                           | `Deref`        |
+| `*`                       | `*const type`, `*mut type`                              | Raw pointer                                                           |                |
+| `+`                       | `trait + trait`, `'a + trait`                           | Compound type constraint                                              |                |
+| `+`                       | `expr + expr`                                           | Arithmetic addition                                                   | `Add`          |
+| `+=`                      | `var += expr`                                           | Arithmetic addition and assignment                                    | `AddAssign`    |
+| `,`                       | `expr, expr`                                            | Argument and element separator                                        |                |
+| `-`                       | `- expr`                                                | Arithmetic negation                                                   | `Neg`          |
+| `-`                       | `expr - expr`                                           | Arithmetic subtraction                                                | `Sub`          |
+| `-=`                      | `var -= expr`                                           | Arithmetic subtraction and assignment                                 | `SubAssign`    |
+| `->`                      | `fn(...) -> type`, <code>&vert;...&vert; -> type</code> | Function and closure return type                                      |                |
+| `.`                       | `expr.ident`                                            | Field access                                                          |                |
+| `.`                       | `expr.ident(expr, ...)`                                 | Method call                                                           |                |
+| `.`                       | `expr.0`, `expr.1`, and so on                           | Tuple indexing                                                        |                |
+| `..`                      | `..`, `expr..`, `..expr`, `expr..expr`                  | Right-exclusive range literal                                         | `PartialOrd`   |
+| `..=`                     | `..=expr`, `expr..=expr`                                | Right-inclusive range literal                                         | `PartialOrd`   |
+| `..`                      | `..expr`                                                | Struct literal update syntax                                          |                |
+| `..`                      | `variant(x, ..)`, `struct_type { x, .. }`               | “And the rest” pattern binding                                        |                |
+| `...`                     | `expr...expr`                                           | (Deprecated, use `..=` instead) In a pattern: inclusive range pattern |                |
+| `/`                       | `expr / expr`                                           | Arithmetic division                                                   | `Div`          |
+| `/=`                      | `var /= expr`                                           | Arithmetic division and assignment                                    | `DivAssign`    |
+| `:`                       | `pat: type`, `ident: type`                              | Constraints                                                           |                |
+| `:`                       | `ident: expr`                                           | Struct field initializer                                              |                |
+| `:`                       | `'a: loop {...}`                                        | Loop label                                                            |                |
+| `;`                       | `expr;`                                                 | Statement and item terminator                                         |                |
+| `;`                       | `[...; len]`                                            | Part of fixed-size array syntax                                       |                |
+| `<<`                      | `expr << expr`                                          | Left-shift                                                            | `Shl`          |
+| `<<=`                     | `var <<= expr`                                          | Left-shift and assignment                                             | `ShlAssign`    |
+| `<`                       | `expr < expr`                                           | Less than comparison                                                  | `PartialOrd`   |
+| `<=`                      | `expr <= expr`                                          | Less than or equal to comparison                                      | `PartialOrd`   |
+| `=`                       | `var = expr`, `ident = type`                            | Assignment/equivalence                                                |                |
+| `==`                      | `expr == expr`                                          | Equality comparison                                                   | `PartialEq`    |
+| `=>`                      | `pat => expr`                                           | Part of match arm syntax                                              |                |
+| `>`                       | `expr > expr`                                           | Greater than comparison                                               | `PartialOrd`   |
+| `>=`                      | `expr >= expr`                                          | Greater than or equal to comparison                                   | `PartialOrd`   |
+| `>>`                      | `expr >> expr`                                          | Right-shift                                                           | `Shr`          |
+| `>>=`                     | `var >>= expr`                                          | Right-shift and assignment                                            | `ShrAssign`    |
+| `@`                       | `ident @ pat`                                           | Pattern binding                                                       |                |
+| `^`                       | `expr ^ expr`                                           | Bitwise exclusive OR                                                  | `BitXor`       |
+| `^=`                      | `var ^= expr`                                           | Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment                                   | `BitXorAssign` |
+| <code>&vert;</code>       | <code>pat &vert; pat</code>                             | Pattern alternatives                                                  |                |
+| <code>&vert;</code>       | <code>expr &vert; expr</code>                           | Bitwise OR                                                            | `BitOr`        |
+| <code>&vert;=</code>      | <code>var &vert;= expr</code>                           | Bitwise OR and assignment                                             | `BitOrAssign`  |
+| <code>&vert;&vert;</code> | <code>expr &vert;&vert; expr</code>                     | Short-circuiting logical OR                                           |                |
+| `?`                       | `expr?`                                                 | Error propagation                                                     |                |
+
+### Non-operator Symbols
+
+The following tables contain all symbols that don’t function as operators; that
+is, they don’t behave like a function or method call.
+
+Table B-2 shows symbols that appear on their own and are valid in a variety of
+locations.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-2: Stand-alone Syntax</span>
+
+| Symbol                                                                 | Explanation                                                            |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `'ident`                                                               | Named lifetime or loop label                                           |
+| Digits immediately followed by `u8`, `i32`, `f64`, `usize`, and so on  | Numeric literal of specific type                                       |
+| `"..."`                                                                | String literal                                                         |
+| `r"..."`, `r#"..."#`, `r##"..."##`, and so on                          | Raw string literal; escape characters not processed                    |
+| `b"..."`                                                               | Byte string literal; constructs an array of bytes instead of a string  |
+| `br"..."`, `br#"..."#`, `br##"..."##`, and so on                       | Raw byte string literal; combination of raw and byte string literal    |
+| `'...'`                                                                | Character literal                                                      |
+| `b'...'`                                                               | ASCII byte literal                                                     |
+| <code>&vert;...&vert; expr</code>                                      | Closure                                                                |
+| `!`                                                                    | Always-empty bottom type for diverging functions                       |
+| `_`                                                                    | “Ignored” pattern binding; also used to make integer literals readable |
+
+Table B-3 shows symbols that appear in the context of a path through the module
+hierarchy to an item.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-3: Path-Related Syntax</span>
+
+| Symbol                                  | Explanation                                                                                                  |
+| --------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
+| `ident::ident`                          | Namespace path                                                                                               |
+| `::path`                                | Path relative to the crate root (that is, an explicitly absolute path)                                       |
+| `self::path`                            | Path relative to the current module (that is, an explicitly relative path)                                   |
+| `super::path`                           | Path relative to the parent of the current module                                                            |
+| `type::ident`, `<type as trait>::ident` | Associated constants, functions, and types                                                                   |
+| `<type>::...`                           | Associated item for a type that cannot be directly named (for example, `<&T>::...`, `<[T]>::...`, and so on) |
+| `trait::method(...)`                    | Disambiguating a method call by naming the trait that defines it                                             |
+| `type::method(...)`                     | Disambiguating a method call by naming the type for which it’s defined                                       |
+| `<type as trait>::method(...)`          | Disambiguating a method call by naming the trait and type                                                    |
+
+Table B-4 shows symbols that appear in the context of using generic type
+parameters.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-4: Generics</span>
+
+| Symbol                         | Explanation                                                                                                                                         |
+| ------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `path<...>`                    | Specifies parameters to a generic type in a type (for example, `Vec<u8>`)                                                                           |
+| `path::<...>`, `method::<...>` | Specifies parameters to a generic type, function, or method in an expression; often referred to as _turbofish_ (for example, `"42".parse::<i32>()`) |
+| `fn ident<...> ...`            | Define generic function                                                                                                                             |
+| `struct ident<...> ...`        | Define generic structure                                                                                                                            |
+| `enum ident<...> ...`          | Define generic enumeration                                                                                                                          |
+| `impl<...> ...`                | Define generic implementation                                                                                                                       |
+| `for<...> type`                | Higher ranked lifetime bounds                                                                                                                       |
+| `type<ident=type>`             | A generic type where one or more associated types have specific assignments (for example, `Iterator<Item=T>`)                                       |
+
+Table B-5 shows symbols that appear in the context of constraining generic type
+parameters with trait bounds.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-5: Trait Bound Constraints</span>
+
+| Symbol                        | Explanation                                                                                                                                |
+| ----------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
+| `T: U`                        | Generic parameter `T` constrained to types that implement `U`                                                                              |
+| `T: 'a`                       | Generic type `T` must outlive lifetime `'a` (meaning the type cannot transitively contain any references with lifetimes shorter than `'a`) |
+| `T: 'static`                  | Generic type `T` contains no borrowed references other than `'static` ones                                                                 |
+| `'b: 'a`                      | Generic lifetime `'b` must outlive lifetime `'a`                                                                                           |
+| `T: ?Sized`                   | Allow generic type parameter to be a dynamically sized type                                                                                |
+| `'a + trait`, `trait + trait` | Compound type constraint                                                                                                                   |
+
+Table B-6 shows symbols that appear in the context of calling or defining
+macros and specifying attributes on an item.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-6: Macros and Attributes</span>
+
+| Symbol                                      | Explanation        |
+| ------------------------------------------- | ------------------ |
+| `#[meta]`                                   | Outer attribute    |
+| `#![meta]`                                  | Inner attribute    |
+| `$ident`                                    | Macro substitution |
+| `$ident:kind`                               | Macro metavariable |
+| `$(...)...`                                 | Macro repetition   |
+| `ident!(...)`, `ident!{...}`, `ident![...]` | Macro invocation   |
+
+Table B-7 shows symbols that create comments.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-7: Comments</span>
+
+| Symbol     | Explanation             |
+| ---------- | ----------------------- |
+| `//`       | Line comment            |
+| `//!`      | Inner line doc comment  |
+| `///`      | Outer line doc comment  |
+| `/*...*/`  | Block comment           |
+| `/*!...*/` | Inner block doc comment |
+| `/**...*/` | Outer block doc comment |
+
+Table B-8 shows the contexts in which parentheses are used.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-8: Parentheses</span>
+
+| Symbol                   | Explanation                                                                                 |
+| ------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `()`                     | Empty tuple (aka unit), both literal and type                                               |
+| `(expr)`                 | Parenthesized expression                                                                    |
+| `(expr,)`                | Single-element tuple expression                                                             |
+| `(type,)`                | Single-element tuple type                                                                   |
+| `(expr, ...)`            | Tuple expression                                                                            |
+| `(type, ...)`            | Tuple type                                                                                  |
+| `expr(expr, ...)`        | Function call expression; also used to initialize tuple `struct`s and tuple `enum` variants |
+
+Table B-9 shows the contexts in which curly brackets are used.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-9: Curly Brackets</span>
+
+| Context      | Explanation      |
+| ------------ | ---------------- |
+| `{...}`      | Block expression |
+| `Type {...}` | Struct literal   |
+
+Table B-10 shows the contexts in which square brackets are used.
+
+<span class="caption">Table B-10: Square Brackets</span>
+
+| Context                                            | Explanation                                                                                                                   |
+| -------------------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
+| `[...]`                                            | Array literal                                                                                                                 |
+| `[expr; len]`                                      | Array literal containing `len` copies of `expr`                                                                               |
+| `[type; len]`                                      | Array type containing `len` instances of `type`                                                                               |
+| `expr[expr]`                                       | Collection indexing; overloadable (`Index`, `IndexMut`)                                                                       |
+| `expr[..]`, `expr[a..]`, `expr[..b]`, `expr[a..b]` | Collection indexing pretending to be collection slicing, using `Range`, `RangeFrom`, `RangeTo`, or `RangeFull` as the “index” |
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-03-derivable-traits.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-03-derivable-traits.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1bcc1de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-03-derivable-traits.md
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+## Appendix C: Derivable Traits
+
+In various places in the book, we’ve discussed the `derive` attribute, which
+you can apply to a struct or enum definition. The `derive` attribute generates
+code that will implement a trait with its own default implementation on the
+type you’ve annotated with the `derive` syntax.
+
+In this appendix, we provide a reference of all the traits in the standard
+library that you can use with `derive`. Each section covers:
+
+- What operators and methods deriving this trait will enable
+- What the implementation of the trait provided by `derive` does
+- What implementing the trait signifies about the type
+- The conditions in which you’re allowed or not allowed to implement the trait
+- Examples of operations that require the trait
+
+If you want different behavior from that provided by the `derive` attribute,
+consult the [standard library documentation](../std/index.html)<!-- ignore -->
+for each trait for details on how to manually implement them.
+
+The traits listed here are the only ones defined by the standard library that
+can be implemented on your types using `derive`. Other traits defined in the
+standard library don’t have sensible default behavior, so it’s up to you to
+implement them in the way that makes sense for what you’re trying to accomplish.
+
+An example of a trait that can’t be derived is `Display`, which handles
+formatting for end users. You should always consider the appropriate way to
+display a type to an end user. What parts of the type should an end user be
+allowed to see? What parts would they find relevant? What format of the data
+would be most relevant to them? The Rust compiler doesn’t have this insight, so
+it can’t provide appropriate default behavior for you.
+
+The list of derivable traits provided in this appendix is not comprehensive:
+Libraries can implement `derive` for their own traits, making the list of
+traits you can use `derive` with truly open ended. Implementing `derive`
+involves using a procedural macro, which is covered in the [“Custom `derive`
+Macros”][custom-derive-macros]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 20.
+
+### `Debug` for Programmer Output
+
+The `Debug` trait enables debug formatting in format strings, which you
+indicate by adding `:?` within `{}` placeholders.
+
+The `Debug` trait allows you to print instances of a type for debugging
+purposes, so you and other programmers using your type can inspect an instance
+at a particular point in a program’s execution.
+
+The `Debug` trait is required, for example, in the use of the `assert_eq!`
+macro. This macro prints the values of instances given as arguments if the
+equality assertion fails so that programmers can see why the two instances
+weren’t equal.
+
+### `PartialEq` and `Eq` for Equality Comparisons
+
+The `PartialEq` trait allows you to compare instances of a type to check for
+equality and enables use of the `==` and `!=` operators.
+
+Deriving `PartialEq` implements the `eq` method. When `PartialEq` is derived on
+structs, two instances are equal only if _all_ fields are equal, and the
+instances are not equal if _any_ fields are not equal. When derived on enums,
+each variant is equal to itself and not equal to the other variants.
+
+The `PartialEq` trait is required, for example, with the use of the
+`assert_eq!` macro, which needs to be able to compare two instances of a type
+for equality.
+
+The `Eq` trait has no methods. Its purpose is to signal that for every value of
+the annotated type, the value is equal to itself. The `Eq` trait can only be
+applied to types that also implement `PartialEq`, although not all types that
+implement `PartialEq` can implement `Eq`. One example of this is floating-point
+number types: The implementation of floating-point numbers states that two
+instances of the not-a-number (`NaN`) value are not equal to each other.
+
+An example of when `Eq` is required is for keys in a `HashMap<K, V>` so that
+the `HashMap<K, V>` can tell whether two keys are the same.
+
+### `PartialOrd` and `Ord` for Ordering Comparisons
+
+The `PartialOrd` trait allows you to compare instances of a type for sorting
+purposes. A type that implements `PartialOrd` can be used with the `<`, `>`,
+`<=`, and `>=` operators. You can only apply the `PartialOrd` trait to types
+that also implement `PartialEq`.
+
+Deriving `PartialOrd` implements the `partial_cmp` method, which returns an
+`Option<Ordering>` that will be `None` when the values given don’t produce an
+ordering. An example of a value that doesn’t produce an ordering, even though
+most values of that type can be compared, is the `NaN` floating point value.
+Calling `partial_cmp` with any floating-point number and the `NaN`
+floating-point value will return `None`.
+
+When derived on structs, `PartialOrd` compares two instances by comparing the
+value in each field in the order in which the fields appear in the struct
+definition. When derived on enums, variants of the enum declared earlier in the
+enum definition are considered less than the variants listed later.
+
+The `PartialOrd` trait is required, for example, for the `gen_range` method
+from the `rand` crate that generates a random value in the range specified by a
+range expression.
+
+The `Ord` trait allows you to know that for any two values of the annotated
+type, a valid ordering will exist. The `Ord` trait implements the `cmp` method,
+which returns an `Ordering` rather than an `Option<Ordering>` because a valid
+ordering will always be possible. You can only apply the `Ord` trait to types
+that also implement `PartialOrd` and `Eq` (and `Eq` requires `PartialEq`). When
+derived on structs and enums, `cmp` behaves the same way as the derived
+implementation for `partial_cmp` does with `PartialOrd`.
+
+An example of when `Ord` is required is when storing values in a `BTreeSet<T>`,
+a data structure that stores data based on the sort order of the values.
+
+### `Clone` and `Copy` for Duplicating Values
+
+The `Clone` trait allows you to explicitly create a deep copy of a value, and
+the duplication process might involve running arbitrary code and copying heap
+data. See the [“Variables and Data Interacting with
+Clone”][variables-and-data-interacting-with-clone]<!-- ignore --> section in
+Chapter 4 for more information on `Clone`.
+
+Deriving `Clone` implements the `clone` method, which when implemented for the
+whole type, calls `clone` on each of the parts of the type. This means all the
+fields or values in the type must also implement `Clone` to derive `Clone`.
+
+An example of when `Clone` is required is when calling the `to_vec` method on a
+slice. The slice doesn’t own the type instances it contains, but the vector
+returned from `to_vec` will need to own its instances, so `to_vec` calls
+`clone` on each item. Thus, the type stored in the slice must implement `Clone`.
+
+The `Copy` trait allows you to duplicate a value by only copying bits stored on
+the stack; no arbitrary code is necessary. See the [“Stack-Only Data:
+Copy”][stack-only-data-copy]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 4 for more
+information on `Copy`.
+
+The `Copy` trait doesn’t define any methods to prevent programmers from
+overloading those methods and violating the assumption that no arbitrary code
+is being run. That way, all programmers can assume that copying a value will be
+very fast.
+
+You can derive `Copy` on any type whose parts all implement `Copy`. A type that
+implements `Copy` must also implement `Clone` because a type that implements
+`Copy` has a trivial implementation of `Clone` that performs the same task as
+`Copy`.
+
+The `Copy` trait is rarely required; types that implement `Copy` have
+optimizations available, meaning you don’t have to call `clone`, which makes
+the code more concise.
+
+Everything possible with `Copy` you can also accomplish with `Clone`, but the
+code might be slower or have to use `clone` in places.
+
+### `Hash` for Mapping a Value to a Value of Fixed Size
+
+The `Hash` trait allows you to take an instance of a type of arbitrary size and
+map that instance to a value of fixed size using a hash function. Deriving
+`Hash` implements the `hash` method. The derived implementation of the `hash`
+method combines the result of calling `hash` on each of the parts of the type,
+meaning all fields or values must also implement `Hash` to derive `Hash`.
+
+An example of when `Hash` is required is in storing keys in a `HashMap<K, V>`
+to store data efficiently.
+
+### `Default` for Default Values
+
+The `Default` trait allows you to create a default value for a type. Deriving
+`Default` implements the `default` function. The derived implementation of the
+`default` function calls the `default` function on each part of the type,
+meaning all fields or values in the type must also implement `Default` to
+derive `Default`.
+
+The `Default::default` function is commonly used in combination with the struct
+update syntax discussed in the [“Creating Instances from Other Instances with
+Struct Update
+Syntax”][creating-instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-update-syntax]<!--
+ignore --> section in Chapter 5. You can customize a few fields of a struct and
+then set and use a default value for the rest of the fields by using
+`..Default::default()`.
+
+The `Default` trait is required when you use the method `unwrap_or_default` on
+`Option<T>` instances, for example. If the `Option<T>` is `None`, the method
+`unwrap_or_default` will return the result of `Default::default` for the type
+`T` stored in the `Option<T>`.
+
+[creating-instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-update-syntax]: ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-update-syntax
+[stack-only-data-copy]: ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html#stack-only-data-copy
+[variables-and-data-interacting-with-clone]: ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html#variables-and-data-interacting-with-clone
+[custom-derive-macros]: ch20-05-macros.html#custom-derive-macros
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-04-useful-development-tools.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-04-useful-development-tools.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6719eaa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-04-useful-development-tools.md
@@ -0,0 +1,169 @@
+## Appendix D: Useful Development Tools
+
+In this appendix, we talk about some useful development tools that the Rust
+project provides. We’ll look at automatic formatting, quick ways to apply
+warning fixes, a linter, and integrating with IDEs.
+
+### Automatic Formatting with `rustfmt`
+
+The `rustfmt` tool reformats your code according to the community code style.
+Many collaborative projects use `rustfmt` to prevent arguments about which
+style to use when writing Rust: Everyone formats their code using the tool.
+
+Rust installations include `rustfmt` by default, so you should already have the
+programs `rustfmt` and `cargo-fmt` on your system. These two commands are
+analogous to `rustc` and `cargo` in that `rustfmt` allows finer grained control
+and `cargo-fmt` understands conventions of a project that uses Cargo. To format
+any Cargo project, enter the following:
+
+```console
+$ cargo fmt
+```
+
+Running this command reformats all the Rust code in the current crate. This
+should only change the code style, not the code semantics. For more information
+on `rustfmt`, see [its documentation][rustfmt].
+
+### Fix Your Code with `rustfix`
+
+The `rustfix` tool is included with Rust installations and can automatically
+fix compiler warnings that have a clear way to correct the problem that’s
+likely what you want. You’ve probably seen compiler warnings before. For
+example, consider this code:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    let mut x = 42;
+    println!("{x}");
+}
+```
+
+Here, we’re defining the variable `x` as mutable, but we never actually mutate
+it. Rust warns us about that:
+
+```console
+$ cargo build
+   Compiling myprogram v0.1.0 (file:///projects/myprogram)
+warning: variable does not need to be mutable
+ --> src/main.rs:2:9
+  |
+2 |     let mut x = 0;
+  |         ----^
+  |         |
+  |         help: remove this `mut`
+  |
+  = note: `#[warn(unused_mut)]` on by default
+```
+
+The warning suggests that we remove the `mut` keyword. We can automatically
+apply that suggestion using the `rustfix` tool by running the command `cargo
+fix`:
+
+```console
+$ cargo fix
+    Checking myprogram v0.1.0 (file:///projects/myprogram)
+      Fixing src/main.rs (1 fix)
+    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.59s
+```
+
+When we look at _src/main.rs_ again, we’ll see that `cargo fix` has changed the
+code:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    let x = 42;
+    println!("{x}");
+}
+```
+
+The variable `x` is now immutable, and the warning no longer appears.
+
+You can also use the `cargo fix` command to transition your code between
+different Rust editions. Editions are covered in [Appendix E][editions]<!--
+ignore -->.
+
+### More Lints with Clippy
+
+The Clippy tool is a collection of lints to analyze your code so that you can
+catch common mistakes and improve your Rust code. Clippy is included with
+standard Rust installations.
+
+To run Clippy’s lints on any Cargo project, enter the following:
+
+```console
+$ cargo clippy
+```
+
+For example, say you write a program that uses an approximation of a
+mathematical constant, such as pi, as this program does:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    let x = 3.1415;
+    let r = 8.0;
+    println!("the area of the circle is {}", x * r * r);
+}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Running `cargo clippy` on this project results in this error:
+
+```text
+error: approximate value of `f{32, 64}::consts::PI` found
+ --> src/main.rs:2:13
+  |
+2 |     let x = 3.1415;
+  |             ^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: `#[deny(clippy::approx_constant)]` on by default
+  = help: consider using the constant directly
+  = help: for further information visit https://rust-lang.github.io/rust-clippy/master/index.html#approx_constant
+```
+
+This error lets you know that Rust already has a more precise `PI` constant
+defined, and that your program would be more correct if you used the constant
+instead. You would then change your code to use the `PI` constant.
+
+The following code doesn’t result in any errors or warnings from Clippy:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    let x = std::f64::consts::PI;
+    let r = 8.0;
+    println!("the area of the circle is {}", x * r * r);
+}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+For more information on Clippy, see [its documentation][clippy].
+
+### IDE Integration Using `rust-analyzer`
+
+To help with IDE integration, the Rust community recommends using
+[`rust-analyzer`][rust-analyzer]<!-- ignore -->. This tool is a set of
+compiler-centric utilities that speak [Language Server Protocol][lsp]<!--
+ignore -->, which is a specification for IDEs and programming languages to
+communicate with each other. Different clients can use `rust-analyzer`, such as
+[the Rust analyzer plug-in for Visual Studio Code][vscode].
+
+Visit the `rust-analyzer` project’s [home page][rust-analyzer]<!-- ignore -->
+for installation instructions, then install the language server support in your
+particular IDE. Your IDE will gain capabilities such as autocompletion, jump to
+definition, and inline errors.
+
+[rustfmt]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rustfmt
+[editions]: appendix-05-editions.md
+[clippy]: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust-clippy
+[rust-analyzer]: https://rust-analyzer.github.io
+[lsp]: http://langserver.org/
+[vscode]: https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=rust-lang.rust-analyzer
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-05-editions.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-05-editions.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ef210ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-05-editions.md
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+## Appendix E: Editions
+
+In Chapter 1, you saw that `cargo new` adds a bit of metadata to your
+_Cargo.toml_ file about an edition. This appendix talks about what that means!
+
+The Rust language and compiler have a six-week release cycle, meaning users get
+a constant stream of new features. Other programming languages release larger
+changes less often; Rust releases smaller updates more frequently. After a
+while, all of these tiny changes add up. But from release to release, it can be
+difficult to look back and say, “Wow, between Rust 1.10 and Rust 1.31, Rust has
+changed a lot!”
+
+Every three years or so, the Rust team produces a new Rust _edition_. Each
+edition brings together the features that have landed into a clear package with
+fully updated documentation and tooling. New editions ship as part of the usual
+six-week release process.
+
+Editions serve different purposes for different people:
+
+- For active Rust users, a new edition brings together incremental changes into
+  an easy-to-understand package.
+- For non-users, a new edition signals that some major advancements have
+  landed, which might make Rust worth another look.
+- For those developing Rust, a new edition provides a rallying point for the
+  project as a whole.
+
+At the time of this writing, four Rust editions are available: Rust 2015, Rust
+2018, Rust 2021, and Rust 2024. This book is written using Rust 2024 edition
+idioms.
+
+The `edition` key in _Cargo.toml_ indicates which edition the compiler should
+use for your code. If the key doesn’t exist, Rust uses `2015` as the edition
+value for backward compatibility reasons.
+
+Each project can opt in to an edition other than the default 2015 edition.
+Editions can contain incompatible changes, such as including a new keyword that
+conflicts with identifiers in code. However, unless you opt in to those
+changes, your code will continue to compile even as you upgrade the Rust
+compiler version you use.
+
+All Rust compiler versions support any edition that existed prior to that
+compiler’s release, and they can link crates of any supported editions
+together. Edition changes only affect the way the compiler initially parses
+code. Therefore, if you’re using Rust 2015 and one of your dependencies uses
+Rust 2018, your project will compile and be able to use that dependency. The
+opposite situation, where your project uses Rust 2018 and a dependency uses
+Rust 2015, works as well.
+
+To be clear: Most features will be available on all editions. Developers using
+any Rust edition will continue to see improvements as new stable releases are
+made. However, in some cases, mainly when new keywords are added, some new
+features might only be available in later editions. You will need to switch
+editions if you want to take advantage of such features.
+
+For more details, see [_The Rust Edition Guide_][edition-guide]. This is a
+complete book that enumerates the differences between editions and explains how
+to automatically upgrade your code to a new edition via `cargo fix`.
+
+[edition-guide]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/edition-guide
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-06-translation.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-06-translation.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0933907
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-06-translation.md
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+## Appendix F: Translations of the Book
+
+For resources in languages other than English. Most are still in progress; see
+[the Translations label][label] to help or let us know about a new translation!
+
+[label]: https://github.com/rust-lang/book/issues?q=is%3Aopen+is%3Aissue+label%3ATranslations
+
+- [Português](https://github.com/rust-br/rust-book-pt-br) (BR)
+- [Português](https://github.com/nunojesus/rust-book-pt-pt) (PT)
+- 简体中文: [KaiserY/trpl-zh-cn](https://github.com/KaiserY/trpl-zh-cn), [gnu4cn/rust-lang-Zh_CN](https://github.com/gnu4cn/rust-lang-Zh_CN)
+- [正體中文](https://github.com/rust-tw/book-tw)
+- [Українська](https://rust-lang-ua.github.io/rustbook_ukrainian)
+- [Español](https://github.com/thecodix/book), [alternate](https://github.com/ManRR/rust-book-es), [Español por RustLangES](https://github.com/RustLangES/rust-book-es)
+- [Русский](https://github.com/rust-lang-ru/book)
+- [한국어](https://github.com/rust-kr/doc.rust-kr.org)
+- [日本語](https://github.com/rust-lang-ja/book-ja)
+- [Français](https://github.com/Jimskapt/rust-book-fr)
+- [Polski](https://github.com/paytchoo/book-pl)
+- [Cebuano](https://github.com/agentzero1/book)
+- [Tagalog](https://github.com/josephace135/book)
+- [Esperanto](https://github.com/psychoslave/Rust-libro)
+- [ελληνική](https://github.com/TChatzigiannakis/rust-book-greek)
+- [Svenska](https://github.com/sebras/book)
+- [Farsi](https://github.com/RustFarsi/book), [Persian (FA)](https://github.com/persian-rust/book)
+- [Deutsch](https://github.com/rust-lang-de/rustbook-de)
+- [हिंदी](https://github.com/venkatarun95/rust-book-hindi)
+- [ไทย](https://github.com/rust-lang-th/book-th)
+- [Danske](https://github.com/DanKHansen/book-dk)
+- [O'zbek](https://github.com/rust-lang-uz/book)
+- [Tiếng Việt](https://github.com/tuanemdev/rust-book-vn)
+- [Italiano](https://nixxo.github.io/rust-lang-book-it/)
+- [বাংলা](https://github.com/IsmailHosenIsmailJames/rust-book-bn)
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-07-nightly-rust.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-07-nightly-rust.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7108441
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/appendix-07-nightly-rust.md
@@ -0,0 +1,206 @@
+## Appendix G - How Rust is Made and “Nightly Rust”
+
+This appendix is about how Rust is made and how that affects you as a Rust
+developer.
+
+### Stability Without Stagnation
+
+As a language, Rust cares a _lot_ about the stability of your code. We want
+Rust to be a rock-solid foundation you can build on, and if things were
+constantly changing, that would be impossible. At the same time, if we can’t
+experiment with new features, we may not find out important flaws until after
+their release, when we can no longer change things.
+
+Our solution to this problem is what we call “stability without stagnation”,
+and our guiding principle is this: you should never have to fear upgrading to a
+new version of stable Rust. Each upgrade should be painless, but should also
+bring you new features, fewer bugs, and faster compile times.
+
+### Choo, Choo! Release Channels and Riding the Trains
+
+Rust development operates on a _train schedule_. That is, all development is
+done in the main branch of the Rust repository. Releases follow a software
+release train model, which has been used by Cisco IOS and other software
+projects. There are three _release channels_ for Rust:
+
+- Nightly
+- Beta
+- Stable
+
+Most Rust developers primarily use the stable channel, but those who want to
+try out experimental new features may use nightly or beta.
+
+Here’s an example of how the development and release process works: let’s
+assume that the Rust team is working on the release of Rust 1.5. That release
+happened in December of 2015, but it will provide us with realistic version
+numbers. A new feature is added to Rust: a new commit lands on the main
+branch. Each night, a new nightly version of Rust is produced. Every day is a
+release day, and these releases are created by our release infrastructure
+automatically. So as time passes, our releases look like this, once a night:
+
+```text
+nightly: * - - * - - *
+```
+
+Every six weeks, it’s time to prepare a new release! The `beta` branch of the
+Rust repository branches off from the main branch used by nightly. Now,
+there are two releases:
+
+```text
+nightly: * - - * - - *
+                     |
+beta:                *
+```
+
+Most Rust users do not use beta releases actively, but test against beta in
+their CI system to help Rust discover possible regressions. In the meantime,
+there’s still a nightly release every night:
+
+```text
+nightly: * - - * - - * - - * - - *
+                     |
+beta:                *
+```
+
+Let’s say a regression is found. Good thing we had some time to test the beta
+release before the regression snuck into a stable release! The fix is applied
+to the main branch, so that nightly is fixed, and then the fix is backported to
+the `beta` branch, and a new release of beta is produced:
+
+```text
+nightly: * - - * - - * - - * - - * - - *
+                     |
+beta:                * - - - - - - - - *
+```
+
+Six weeks after the first beta was created, it’s time for a stable release! The
+`stable` branch is produced from the `beta` branch:
+
+```text
+nightly: * - - * - - * - - * - - * - - * - * - *
+                     |
+beta:                * - - - - - - - - *
+                                       |
+stable:                                *
+```
+
+Hooray! Rust 1.5 is done! However, we’ve forgotten one thing: because the six
+weeks have gone by, we also need a new beta of the _next_ version of Rust, 1.6.
+So after `stable` branches off of `beta`, the next version of `beta` branches
+off of `nightly` again:
+
+```text
+nightly: * - - * - - * - - * - - * - - * - * - *
+                     |                         |
+beta:                * - - - - - - - - *       *
+                                       |
+stable:                                *
+```
+
+This is called the “train model” because every six weeks, a release “leaves the
+station”, but still has to take a journey through the beta channel before it
+arrives as a stable release.
+
+Rust releases every six weeks, like clockwork. If you know the date of one Rust
+release, you can know the date of the next one: it’s six weeks later. A nice
+aspect of having releases scheduled every six weeks is that the next train is
+coming soon. If a feature happens to miss a particular release, there’s no need
+to worry: another one is happening in a short time! This helps reduce pressure
+to sneak possibly unpolished features in close to the release deadline.
+
+Thanks to this process, you can always check out the next build of Rust and
+verify for yourself that it’s easy to upgrade to: if a beta release doesn’t
+work as expected, you can report it to the team and get it fixed before the
+next stable release happens! Breakage in a beta release is relatively rare, but
+`rustc` is still a piece of software, and bugs do exist.
+
+### Maintenance time
+
+The Rust project supports the most recent stable version. When a new stable
+version is released, the old version reaches its end of life (EOL). This means
+each version is supported for six weeks.
+
+### Unstable Features
+
+There’s one more catch with this release model: unstable features. Rust uses a
+technique called “feature flags” to determine what features are enabled in a
+given release. If a new feature is under active development, it lands on the
+main branch, and therefore, in nightly, but behind a _feature flag_. If you, as
+a user, wish to try out the work-in-progress feature, you can, but you must be
+using a nightly release of Rust and annotate your source code with the
+appropriate flag to opt in.
+
+If you’re using a beta or stable release of Rust, you can’t use any feature
+flags. This is the key that allows us to get practical use with new features
+before we declare them stable forever. Those who wish to opt into the bleeding
+edge can do so, and those who want a rock-solid experience can stick with
+stable and know that their code won’t break. Stability without stagnation.
+
+This book only contains information about stable features, as in-progress
+features are still changing, and surely they’ll be different between when this
+book was written and when they get enabled in stable builds. You can find
+documentation for nightly-only features online.
+
+### Rustup and the Role of Rust Nightly
+
+Rustup makes it easy to change between different release channels of Rust, on a
+global or per-project basis. By default, you’ll have stable Rust installed. To
+install nightly, for example:
+
+```console
+$ rustup toolchain install nightly
+```
+
+You can see all of the _toolchains_ (releases of Rust and associated
+components) you have installed with `rustup` as well. Here’s an example on one
+of your authors’ Windows computer:
+
+```powershell
+> rustup toolchain list
+stable-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc (default)
+beta-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+nightly-x86_64-pc-windows-msvc
+```
+
+As you can see, the stable toolchain is the default. Most Rust users use stable
+most of the time. You might want to use stable most of the time, but use
+nightly on a specific project, because you care about a cutting-edge feature.
+To do so, you can use `rustup override` in that project’s directory to set the
+nightly toolchain as the one `rustup` should use when you’re in that directory:
+
+```console
+$ cd ~/projects/needs-nightly
+$ rustup override set nightly
+```
+
+Now, every time you call `rustc` or `cargo` inside of
+_~/projects/needs-nightly_, `rustup` will make sure that you are using nightly
+Rust, rather than your default of stable Rust. This comes in handy when you
+have a lot of Rust projects!
+
+### The RFC Process and Teams
+
+So how do you learn about these new features? Rust’s development model follows
+a _Request For Comments (RFC) process_. If you’d like an improvement in Rust,
+you can write up a proposal, called an RFC.
+
+Anyone can write RFCs to improve Rust, and the proposals are reviewed and
+discussed by the Rust team, which is comprised of many topic subteams. There’s
+a full list of the teams [on Rust’s website](https://www.rust-lang.org/governance), which includes teams for
+each area of the project: language design, compiler implementation,
+infrastructure, documentation, and more. The appropriate team reads the
+proposal and the comments, writes some comments of their own, and eventually,
+there’s consensus to accept or reject the feature.
+
+If the feature is accepted, an issue is opened on the Rust repository, and
+someone can implement it. The person who implements it very well may not be the
+person who proposed the feature in the first place! When the implementation is
+ready, it lands on the main branch behind a feature gate, as we discussed in
+the [“Unstable Features”](#unstable-features)<!-- ignore --> section.
+
+After some time, once Rust developers who use nightly releases have been able
+to try out the new feature, team members will discuss the feature, how it’s
+worked out on nightly, and decide if it should make it into stable Rust or not.
+If the decision is to move forward, the feature gate is removed, and the
+feature is now considered stable! It rides the trains into a new stable release
+of Rust.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch00-00-introduction.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch00-00-introduction.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch00-00-introduction.md
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+# Introduction
+
+> Note: This edition of the book is the same as [The Rust Programming
+> Language][nsprust] available in print and ebook format from [No Starch
+> Press][nsp].
+
+[nsprust]: https://nostarch.com/rust-programming-language-3rd-edition
+[nsp]: https://nostarch.com/
+
+Welcome to _The Rust Programming Language_, an introductory book about Rust.
+The Rust programming language helps you write faster, more reliable software.
+High-level ergonomics and low-level control are often at odds in programming
+language design; Rust challenges that conflict. Through balancing powerful
+technical capacity and a great developer experience, Rust gives you the option
+to control low-level details (such as memory usage) without all the hassle
+traditionally associated with such control.
+
+## Who Rust Is For
+
+Rust is ideal for many people for a variety of reasons. Let’s look at a few of
+the most important groups.
+
+### Teams of Developers
+
+Rust is proving to be a productive tool for collaborating among large teams of
+developers with varying levels of systems programming knowledge. Low-level code
+is prone to various subtle bugs, which in most other languages can only be
+caught through extensive testing and careful code review by experienced
+developers. In Rust, the compiler plays a gatekeeper role by refusing to
+compile code with these elusive bugs, including concurrency bugs. By working
+alongside the compiler, the team can spend its time focusing on the program’s
+logic rather than chasing down bugs.
+
+Rust also brings contemporary developer tools to the systems programming world:
+
+- Cargo, the included dependency manager and build tool, makes adding,
+  compiling, and managing dependencies painless and consistent across the Rust
+  ecosystem.
+- The `rustfmt` formatting tool ensures a consistent coding style across
+  developers.
+- The Rust Language Server powers integrated development environment (IDE)
+  integration for code completion and inline error messages.
+
+By using these and other tools in the Rust ecosystem, developers can be
+productive while writing systems-level code.
+
+### Students
+
+Rust is for students and those who are interested in learning about systems
+concepts. Using Rust, many people have learned about topics like operating
+systems development. The community is very welcoming and happy to answer
+students’ questions. Through efforts such as this book, the Rust teams want to
+make systems concepts more accessible to more people, especially those new to
+programming.
+
+### Companies
+
+Hundreds of companies, large and small, use Rust in production for a variety of
+tasks, including command line tools, web services, DevOps tooling, embedded
+devices, audio and video analysis and transcoding, cryptocurrencies,
+bioinformatics, search engines, Internet of Things applications, machine
+learning, and even major parts of the Firefox web browser.
+
+### Open Source Developers
+
+Rust is for people who want to build the Rust programming language, community,
+developer tools, and libraries. We’d love to have you contribute to the Rust
+language.
+
+### People Who Value Speed and Stability
+
+Rust is for people who crave speed and stability in a language. By speed, we
+mean both how quickly Rust code can run and the speed at which Rust lets you
+write programs. The Rust compiler’s checks ensure stability through feature
+additions and refactoring. This is in contrast to the brittle legacy code in
+languages without these checks, which developers are often afraid to modify. By
+striving for zero-cost abstractions—higher-level features that compile to
+lower-level code as fast as code written manually—Rust endeavors to make safe
+code be fast code as well.
+
+The Rust language hopes to support many other users as well; those mentioned
+here are merely some of the biggest stakeholders. Overall, Rust’s greatest
+ambition is to eliminate the trade-offs that programmers have accepted for
+decades by providing safety _and_ productivity, speed _and_ ergonomics. Give
+Rust a try, and see if its choices work for you.
+
+## Who This Book Is For
+
+This book assumes that you’ve written code in another programming language, but
+it doesn’t make any assumptions about which one. We’ve tried to make the
+material broadly accessible to those from a wide variety of programming
+backgrounds. We don’t spend a lot of time talking about what programming _is_
+or how to think about it. If you’re entirely new to programming, you would be
+better served by reading a book that specifically provides an introduction to
+programming.
+
+## How to Use This Book
+
+In general, this book assumes that you’re reading it in sequence from front to
+back. Later chapters build on concepts in earlier chapters, and earlier
+chapters might not delve into details on a particular topic but will revisit
+the topic in a later chapter.
+
+You’ll find two kinds of chapters in this book: concept chapters and project
+chapters. In concept chapters, you’ll learn about an aspect of Rust. In project
+chapters, we’ll build small programs together, applying what you’ve learned so
+far. Chapter 2, Chapter 12, and Chapter 21 are project chapters; the rest are
+concept chapters.
+
+**Chapter 1** explains how to install Rust, how to write a “Hello, world!”
+program, and how to use Cargo, Rust’s package manager and build tool. **Chapter
+2** is a hands-on introduction to writing a program in Rust, having you build
+up a number-guessing game. Here, we cover concepts at a high level, and later
+chapters will provide additional detail. If you want to get your hands dirty
+right away, Chapter 2 is the place for that. If you’re a particularly
+meticulous learner who prefers to learn every detail before moving on to the
+next, you might want to skip Chapter 2 and go straight to **Chapter 3**, which
+covers Rust features that are similar to those of other programming languages;
+then, you can return to Chapter 2 when you’d like to work on a project applying
+the details you’ve learned.
+
+In **Chapter 4**, you’ll learn about Rust’s ownership system. **Chapter 5**
+discusses structs and methods. **Chapter 6** covers enums, `match` expressions,
+and the `if let` and `let...else` control flow constructs. You’ll use structs
+and enums to make custom types.
+
+In **Chapter 7**, you’ll learn about Rust’s module system and about privacy
+rules for organizing your code and its public application programming interface
+(API). **Chapter 8** discusses some common collection data structures that the
+standard library provides: vectors, strings, and hash maps. **Chapter 9**
+explores Rust’s error-handling philosophy and techniques.
+
+**Chapter 10** digs into generics, traits, and lifetimes, which give you the
+power to define code that applies to multiple types. **Chapter 11** is all
+about testing, which even with Rust’s safety guarantees is necessary to ensure
+that your program’s logic is correct. In **Chapter 12**, we’ll build our own
+implementation of a subset of functionality from the `grep` command line tool
+that searches for text within files. For this, we’ll use many of the concepts
+we discussed in the previous chapters.
+
+**Chapter 13** explores closures and iterators: features of Rust that come from
+functional programming languages. In **Chapter 14**, we’ll examine Cargo in
+more depth and talk about best practices for sharing your libraries with
+others. **Chapter 15** discusses smart pointers that the standard library
+provides and the traits that enable their functionality.
+
+In **Chapter 16**, we’ll walk through different models of concurrent
+programming and talk about how Rust helps you program in multiple threads
+fearlessly. In **Chapter 17**, we build on that by exploring Rust’s async and
+await syntax, along with tasks, futures, and streams, and the lightweight
+concurrency model they enable.
+
+**Chapter 18** looks at how Rust idioms compare to object-oriented programming
+principles you might be familiar with. **Chapter 19** is a reference on
+patterns and pattern matching, which are powerful ways of expressing ideas
+throughout Rust programs. **Chapter 20** contains a smorgasbord of advanced
+topics of interest, including unsafe Rust, macros, and more about lifetimes,
+traits, types, functions, and closures.
+
+In **Chapter 21**, we’ll complete a project in which we’ll implement a
+low-level multithreaded web server!
+
+Finally, some appendixes contain useful information about the language in a
+more reference-like format. **Appendix A** covers Rust’s keywords, **Appendix
+B** covers Rust’s operators and symbols, **Appendix C** covers derivable traits
+provided by the standard library, **Appendix D** covers some useful development
+tools, and **Appendix E** explains Rust editions. In **Appendix F**, you can
+find translations of the book, and in **Appendix G** we’ll cover how Rust is
+made and what nightly Rust is.
+
+There is no wrong way to read this book: If you want to skip ahead, go for it!
+You might have to jump back to earlier chapters if you experience any
+confusion. But do whatever works for you.
+
+<span id="ferris"></span>
+
+An important part of the process of learning Rust is learning how to read the
+error messages the compiler displays: These will guide you toward working code.
+As such, we’ll provide many examples that don’t compile along with the error
+message the compiler will show you in each situation. Know that if you enter
+and run a random example, it may not compile! Make sure you read the
+surrounding text to see whether the example you’re trying to run is meant to
+error. In most situations, we’ll lead you to the correct version of any code
+that doesn’t compile. Ferris will also help you distinguish code that isn’t
+meant to work:
+
+| Ferris                                                                                                           | Meaning                                          |
+| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------ |
+| <img src="img/ferris/does_not_compile.svg" class="ferris-explain" alt="Ferris with a question mark"/>            | This code does not compile!                      |
+| <img src="img/ferris/panics.svg" class="ferris-explain" alt="Ferris throwing up their hands"/>                   | This code panics!                                |
+| <img src="img/ferris/not_desired_behavior.svg" class="ferris-explain" alt="Ferris with one claw up, shrugging"/> | This code does not produce the desired behavior. |
+
+In most situations, we’ll lead you to the correct version of any code that
+doesn’t compile.
+
+## Source Code
+
+The source files from which this book is generated can be found on
+[GitHub][book].
+
+[book]: https://github.com/rust-lang/book/tree/main/src
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-00-getting-started.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-00-getting-started.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+# Getting Started
+
+Let’s start your Rust journey! There’s a lot to learn, but every journey starts
+somewhere. In this chapter, we’ll discuss:
+
+- Installing Rust on Linux, macOS, and Windows
+- Writing a program that prints `Hello, world!`
+- Using `cargo`, Rust’s package manager and build system
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-01-installation.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-01-installation.md
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+## Installation
+
+The first step is to install Rust. We’ll download Rust through `rustup`, a
+command line tool for managing Rust versions and associated tools. You’ll need
+an internet connection for the download.
+
+> Note: If you prefer not to use `rustup` for some reason, please see the
+> [Other Rust Installation Methods page][otherinstall] for more options.
+
+The following steps install the latest stable version of the Rust compiler.
+Rust’s stability guarantees ensure that all the examples in the book that
+compile will continue to compile with newer Rust versions. The output might
+differ slightly between versions because Rust often improves error messages and
+warnings. In other words, any newer, stable version of Rust you install using
+these steps should work as expected with the content of this book.
+
+> ### Command Line Notation
+>
+> In this chapter and throughout the book, we’ll show some commands used in the
+> terminal. Lines that you should enter in a terminal all start with `$`. You
+> don’t need to type the `$` character; it’s the command line prompt shown to
+> indicate the start of each command. Lines that don’t start with `$` typically
+> show the output of the previous command. Additionally, PowerShell-specific
+> examples will use `>` rather than `$`.
+
+### Installing `rustup` on Linux or macOS
+
+If you’re using Linux or macOS, open a terminal and enter the following command:
+
+```console
+$ curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 https://sh.rustup.rs -sSf | sh
+```
+
+The command downloads a script and starts the installation of the `rustup`
+tool, which installs the latest stable version of Rust. You might be prompted
+for your password. If the install is successful, the following line will appear:
+
+```text
+Rust is installed now. Great!
+```
+
+You will also need a _linker_, which is a program that Rust uses to join its
+compiled outputs into one file. It is likely you already have one. If you get
+linker errors, you should install a C compiler, which will typically include a
+linker. A C compiler is also useful because some common Rust packages depend on
+C code and will need a C compiler.
+
+On macOS, you can get a C compiler by running:
+
+```console
+$ xcode-select --install
+```
+
+Linux users should generally install GCC or Clang, according to their
+distribution’s documentation. For example, if you use Ubuntu, you can install
+the `build-essential` package.
+
+### Installing `rustup` on Windows
+
+On Windows, go to [https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install][install]<!-- ignore
+--> and follow the instructions for installing Rust. At some point in the
+installation, you’ll be prompted to install Visual Studio. This provides a
+linker and the native libraries needed to compile programs. If you need more
+help with this step, see
+[https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/installation/windows-msvc.html][msvc]<!--
+ignore -->.
+
+The rest of this book uses commands that work in both _cmd.exe_ and PowerShell.
+If there are specific differences, we’ll explain which to use.
+
+### Troubleshooting
+
+To check whether you have Rust installed correctly, open a shell and enter this
+line:
+
+```console
+$ rustc --version
+```
+
+You should see the version number, commit hash, and commit date for the latest
+stable version that has been released, in the following format:
+
+```text
+rustc x.y.z (abcabcabc yyyy-mm-dd)
+```
+
+If you see this information, you have installed Rust successfully! If you don’t
+see this information, check that Rust is in your `%PATH%` system variable as
+follows.
+
+In Windows CMD, use:
+
+```console
+> echo %PATH%
+```
+
+In PowerShell, use:
+
+```powershell
+> echo $env:Path
+```
+
+In Linux and macOS, use:
+
+```console
+$ echo $PATH
+```
+
+If that’s all correct and Rust still isn’t working, there are a number of
+places you can get help. Find out how to get in touch with other Rustaceans (a
+silly nickname we call ourselves) on [the community page][community].
+
+### Updating and Uninstalling
+
+Once Rust is installed via `rustup`, updating to a newly released version is
+easy. From your shell, run the following update script:
+
+```console
+$ rustup update
+```
+
+To uninstall Rust and `rustup`, run the following uninstall script from your
+shell:
+
+```console
+$ rustup self uninstall
+```
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="local-documentation"></a>
+
+### Reading the Local Documentation
+
+The installation of Rust also includes a local copy of the documentation so
+that you can read it offline. Run `rustup doc` to open the local documentation
+in your browser.
+
+Any time a type or function is provided by the standard library and you’re not
+sure what it does or how to use it, use the application programming interface
+(API) documentation to find out!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="text-editors-and-integrated-development-environments"></a>
+
+### Using Text Editors and IDEs
+
+This book makes no assumptions about what tools you use to author Rust code.
+Just about any text editor will get the job done! However, many text editors and
+integrated development environments (IDEs) have built-in support for Rust. You
+can always find a fairly current list of many editors and IDEs on [the tools
+page][tools] on the Rust website.
+
+### Working Offline with This Book
+
+In several examples, we will use Rust packages beyond the standard library. To
+work through those examples, you will either need to have an internet connection
+or to have downloaded those dependencies ahead of time. To download the
+dependencies ahead of time, you can run the following commands. (We’ll explain
+what `cargo` is and what each of these commands does in detail later.)
+
+```console
+$ cargo new get-dependencies
+$ cd get-dependencies
+$ cargo add rand@0.8.5 trpl@0.2.0
+```
+
+This will cache the downloads for these packages so you will not need to
+download them later. Once you have run this command, you do not need to keep the
+`get-dependencies` folder. If you have run this command, you can use the
+`--offline` flag with all `cargo` commands in the rest of the book to use these
+cached versions instead of attempting to use the network.
+
+[otherinstall]: https://forge.rust-lang.org/infra/other-installation-methods.html
+[install]: https://www.rust-lang.org/tools/install
+[msvc]: https://rust-lang.github.io/rustup/installation/windows-msvc.html
+[community]: https://www.rust-lang.org/community
+[tools]: https://www.rust-lang.org/tools
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-02-hello-world.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-02-hello-world.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,214 @@
+## Hello, World!
+
+Now that you’ve installed Rust, it’s time to write your first Rust program.
+It’s traditional when learning a new language to write a little program that
+prints the text `Hello, world!` to the screen, so we’ll do the same here!
+
+> Note: This book assumes basic familiarity with the command line. Rust makes
+> no specific demands about your editing or tooling or where your code lives, so
+> if you prefer to use an IDE instead of the command line, feel free to use your
+> favorite IDE. Many IDEs now have some degree of Rust support; check the IDE’s
+> documentation for details. The Rust team has been focusing on enabling great
+> IDE support via `rust-analyzer`. See [Appendix D][devtools]<!-- ignore -->
+> for more details.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="creating-a-project-directory"></a>
+
+### Project Directory Setup
+
+You’ll start by making a directory to store your Rust code. It doesn’t matter
+to Rust where your code lives, but for the exercises and projects in this book,
+we suggest making a _projects_ directory in your home directory and keeping all
+your projects there.
+
+Open a terminal and enter the following commands to make a _projects_ directory
+and a directory for the “Hello, world!” project within the _projects_ directory.
+
+For Linux, macOS, and PowerShell on Windows, enter this:
+
+```console
+$ mkdir ~/projects
+$ cd ~/projects
+$ mkdir hello_world
+$ cd hello_world
+```
+
+For Windows CMD, enter this:
+
+```cmd
+> mkdir "%USERPROFILE%\projects"
+> cd /d "%USERPROFILE%\projects"
+> mkdir hello_world
+> cd hello_world
+```
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="writing-and-running-a-rust-program"></a>
+
+### Rust Program Basics
+
+Next, make a new source file and call it _main.rs_. Rust files always end with
+the _.rs_ extension. If you’re using more than one word in your filename, the
+convention is to use an underscore to separate them. For example, use
+_hello_world.rs_ rather than _helloworld.rs_.
+
+Now open the _main.rs_ file you just created and enter the code in Listing 1-1.
+
+<Listing number="1-1" file-name="main.rs" caption="A program that prints `Hello, world!`">
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    println!("Hello, world!");
+}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Save the file and go back to your terminal window in the
+_~/projects/hello_world_ directory. On Linux or macOS, enter the following
+commands to compile and run the file:
+
+```console
+$ rustc main.rs
+$ ./main
+Hello, world!
+```
+
+On Windows, enter the command `.\main` instead of `./main`:
+
+```powershell
+> rustc main.rs
+> .\main
+Hello, world!
+```
+
+Regardless of your operating system, the string `Hello, world!` should print to
+the terminal. If you don’t see this output, refer back to the
+[“Troubleshooting”][troubleshooting]<!-- ignore --> part of the Installation
+section for ways to get help.
+
+If `Hello, world!` did print, congratulations! You’ve officially written a Rust
+program. That makes you a Rust programmer—welcome!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="anatomy-of-a-rust-program"></a>
+
+### The Anatomy of a Rust Program
+
+Let’s review this “Hello, world!” program in detail. Here’s the first piece of
+the puzzle:
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+
+}
+```
+
+These lines define a function named `main`. The `main` function is special: It
+is always the first code that runs in every executable Rust program. Here, the
+first line declares a function named `main` that has no parameters and returns
+nothing. If there were parameters, they would go inside the parentheses (`()`).
+
+The function body is wrapped in `{}`. Rust requires curly brackets around all
+function bodies. It’s good style to place the opening curly bracket on the same
+line as the function declaration, adding one space in between.
+
+> Note: If you want to stick to a standard style across Rust projects, you can
+> use an automatic formatter tool called `rustfmt` to format your code in a
+> particular style (more on `rustfmt` in
+> [Appendix D][devtools]<!-- ignore -->). The Rust team has included this tool
+> with the standard Rust distribution, as `rustc` is, so it should already be
+> installed on your computer!
+
+The body of the `main` function holds the following code:
+
+```rust
+println!("Hello, world!");
+```
+
+This line does all the work in this little program: It prints text to the
+screen. There are three important details to notice here.
+
+First, `println!` calls a Rust macro. If it had called a function instead, it
+would be entered as `println` (without the `!`). Rust macros are a way to write
+code that generates code to extend Rust syntax, and we’ll discuss them in more
+detail in [Chapter 20][ch20-macros]<!-- ignore -->. For now, you just need to
+know that using a `!` means that you’re calling a macro instead of a normal
+function and that macros don’t always follow the same rules as functions.
+
+Second, you see the `"Hello, world!"` string. We pass this string as an argument
+to `println!`, and the string is printed to the screen.
+
+Third, we end the line with a semicolon (`;`), which indicates that this
+expression is over, and the next one is ready to begin. Most lines of Rust code
+end with a semicolon.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="compiling-and-running-are-separate-steps"></a>
+
+### Compilation and Execution
+
+You’ve just run a newly created program, so let’s examine each step in the
+process.
+
+Before running a Rust program, you must compile it using the Rust compiler by
+entering the `rustc` command and passing it the name of your source file, like
+this:
+
+```console
+$ rustc main.rs
+```
+
+If you have a C or C++ background, you’ll notice that this is similar to `gcc`
+or `clang`. After compiling successfully, Rust outputs a binary executable.
+
+On Linux, macOS, and PowerShell on Windows, you can see the executable by
+entering the `ls` command in your shell:
+
+```console
+$ ls
+main  main.rs
+```
+
+On Linux and macOS, you’ll see two files. With PowerShell on Windows, you’ll
+see the same three files that you would see using CMD. With CMD on Windows, you
+would enter the following:
+
+```cmd
+> dir /B %= the /B option says to only show the file names =%
+main.exe
+main.pdb
+main.rs
+```
+
+This shows the source code file with the _.rs_ extension, the executable file
+(_main.exe_ on Windows, but _main_ on all other platforms), and, when using
+Windows, a file containing debugging information with the _.pdb_ extension.
+From here, you run the _main_ or _main.exe_ file, like this:
+
+```console
+$ ./main # or .\main on Windows
+```
+
+If your _main.rs_ is your “Hello, world!” program, this line prints `Hello,
+world!` to your terminal.
+
+If you’re more familiar with a dynamic language, such as Ruby, Python, or
+JavaScript, you might not be used to compiling and running a program as
+separate steps. Rust is an _ahead-of-time compiled_ language, meaning you can
+compile a program and give the executable to someone else, and they can run it
+even without having Rust installed. If you give someone a _.rb_, _.py_, or
+_.js_ file, they need to have a Ruby, Python, or JavaScript implementation
+installed (respectively). But in those languages, you only need one command to
+compile and run your program. Everything is a trade-off in language design.
+
+Just compiling with `rustc` is fine for simple programs, but as your project
+grows, you’ll want to manage all the options and make it easy to share your
+code. Next, we’ll introduce you to the Cargo tool, which will help you write
+real-world Rust programs.
+
+[troubleshooting]: ch01-01-installation.html#troubleshooting
+[devtools]: appendix-04-useful-development-tools.html
+[ch20-macros]: ch20-05-macros.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-03-hello-cargo.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-03-hello-cargo.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..70898e1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch01-03-hello-cargo.md
@@ -0,0 +1,261 @@
+## Hello, Cargo!
+
+Cargo is Rust’s build system and package manager. Most Rustaceans use this tool
+to manage their Rust projects because Cargo handles a lot of tasks for you,
+such as building your code, downloading the libraries your code depends on, and
+building those libraries. (We call the libraries that your code needs
+_dependencies_.)
+
+The simplest Rust programs, like the one we’ve written so far, don’t have any
+dependencies. If we had built the “Hello, world!” project with Cargo, it would
+only use the part of Cargo that handles building your code. As you write more
+complex Rust programs, you’ll add dependencies, and if you start a project
+using Cargo, adding dependencies will be much easier to do.
+
+Because the vast majority of Rust projects use Cargo, the rest of this book
+assumes that you’re using Cargo too. Cargo comes installed with Rust if you
+used the official installers discussed in the
+[“Installation”][installation]<!-- ignore --> section. If you installed Rust
+through some other means, check whether Cargo is installed by entering the
+following in your terminal:
+
+```console
+$ cargo --version
+```
+
+If you see a version number, you have it! If you see an error, such as `command
+not found`, look at the documentation for your method of installation to
+determine how to install Cargo separately.
+
+### Creating a Project with Cargo
+
+Let’s create a new project using Cargo and look at how it differs from our
+original “Hello, world!” project. Navigate back to your _projects_ directory
+(or wherever you decided to store your code). Then, on any operating system,
+run the following:
+
+```console
+$ cargo new hello_cargo
+$ cd hello_cargo
+```
+
+The first command creates a new directory and project called _hello_cargo_.
+We’ve named our project _hello_cargo_, and Cargo creates its files in a
+directory of the same name.
+
+Go into the _hello_cargo_ directory and list the files. You’ll see that Cargo
+has generated two files and one directory for us: a _Cargo.toml_ file and a
+_src_ directory with a _main.rs_ file inside.
+
+It has also initialized a new Git repository along with a _.gitignore_ file.
+Git files won’t be generated if you run `cargo new` within an existing Git
+repository; you can override this behavior by using `cargo new --vcs=git`.
+
+> Note: Git is a common version control system. You can change `cargo new` to
+> use a different version control system or no version control system by using
+> the `--vcs` flag. Run `cargo new --help` to see the available options.
+
+Open _Cargo.toml_ in your text editor of choice. It should look similar to the
+code in Listing 1-2.
+
+<Listing number="1-2" file-name="Cargo.toml" caption="Contents of *Cargo.toml* generated by `cargo new`">
+
+```toml
+[package]
+name = "hello_cargo"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This file is in the [_TOML_][toml]<!-- ignore --> (_Tom’s Obvious, Minimal
+Language_) format, which is Cargo’s configuration format.
+
+The first line, `[package]`, is a section heading that indicates that the
+following statements are configuring a package. As we add more information to
+this file, we’ll add other sections.
+
+The next three lines set the configuration information Cargo needs to compile
+your program: the name, the version, and the edition of Rust to use. We’ll talk
+about the `edition` key in [Appendix E][appendix-e]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+The last line, `[dependencies]`, is the start of a section for you to list any
+of your project’s dependencies. In Rust, packages of code are referred to as
+_crates_. We won’t need any other crates for this project, but we will in the
+first project in Chapter 2, so we’ll use this dependencies section then.
+
+Now open _src/main.rs_ and take a look:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+fn main() {
+    println!("Hello, world!");
+}
+```
+
+Cargo has generated a “Hello, world!” program for you, just like the one we
+wrote in Listing 1-1! So far, the differences between our project and the
+project Cargo generated are that Cargo placed the code in the _src_ directory,
+and we have a _Cargo.toml_ configuration file in the top directory.
+
+Cargo expects your source files to live inside the _src_ directory. The
+top-level project directory is just for README files, license information,
+configuration files, and anything else not related to your code. Using Cargo
+helps you organize your projects. There’s a place for everything, and
+everything is in its place.
+
+If you started a project that doesn’t use Cargo, as we did with the “Hello,
+world!” project, you can convert it to a project that does use Cargo. Move the
+project code into the _src_ directory and create an appropriate _Cargo.toml_
+file. One easy way to get that _Cargo.toml_ file is to run `cargo init`, which
+will create it for you automatically.
+
+### Building and Running a Cargo Project
+
+Now let’s look at what’s different when we build and run the “Hello, world!”
+program with Cargo! From your _hello_cargo_ directory, build your project by
+entering the following command:
+
+```console
+$ cargo build
+   Compiling hello_cargo v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello_cargo)
+    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 2.85 secs
+```
+
+This command creates an executable file in _target/debug/hello_cargo_ (or
+_target\debug\hello_cargo.exe_ on Windows) rather than in your current
+directory. Because the default build is a debug build, Cargo puts the binary in
+a directory named _debug_. You can run the executable with this command:
+
+```console
+$ ./target/debug/hello_cargo # or .\target\debug\hello_cargo.exe on Windows
+Hello, world!
+```
+
+If all goes well, `Hello, world!` should print to the terminal. Running `cargo
+build` for the first time also causes Cargo to create a new file at the top
+level: _Cargo.lock_. This file keeps track of the exact versions of
+dependencies in your project. This project doesn’t have dependencies, so the
+file is a bit sparse. You won’t ever need to change this file manually; Cargo
+manages its contents for you.
+
+We just built a project with `cargo build` and ran it with
+`./target/debug/hello_cargo`, but we can also use `cargo run` to compile the
+code and then run the resultant executable all in one command:
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.0 secs
+     Running `target/debug/hello_cargo`
+Hello, world!
+```
+
+Using `cargo run` is more convenient than having to remember to run `cargo
+build` and then use the whole path to the binary, so most developers use `cargo
+run`.
+
+Notice that this time we didn’t see output indicating that Cargo was compiling
+`hello_cargo`. Cargo figured out that the files hadn’t changed, so it didn’t
+rebuild but just ran the binary. If you had modified your source code, Cargo
+would have rebuilt the project before running it, and you would have seen this
+output:
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling hello_cargo v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello_cargo)
+    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.33 secs
+     Running `target/debug/hello_cargo`
+Hello, world!
+```
+
+Cargo also provides a command called `cargo check`. This command quickly checks
+your code to make sure it compiles but doesn’t produce an executable:
+
+```console
+$ cargo check
+   Checking hello_cargo v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello_cargo)
+    Finished dev [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.32 secs
+```
+
+Why would you not want an executable? Often, `cargo check` is much faster than
+`cargo build` because it skips the step of producing an executable. If you’re
+continually checking your work while writing the code, using `cargo check` will
+speed up the process of letting you know if your project is still compiling! As
+such, many Rustaceans run `cargo check` periodically as they write their
+program to make sure it compiles. Then, they run `cargo build` when they’re
+ready to use the executable.
+
+Let’s recap what we’ve learned so far about Cargo:
+
+- We can create a project using `cargo new`.
+- We can build a project using `cargo build`.
+- We can build and run a project in one step using `cargo run`.
+- We can build a project without producing a binary to check for errors using
+  `cargo check`.
+- Instead of saving the result of the build in the same directory as our code,
+  Cargo stores it in the _target/debug_ directory.
+
+An additional advantage of using Cargo is that the commands are the same no
+matter which operating system you’re working on. So, at this point, we’ll no
+longer provide specific instructions for Linux and macOS versus Windows.
+
+### Building for Release
+
+When your project is finally ready for release, you can use `cargo build
+--release` to compile it with optimizations. This command will create an
+executable in _target/release_ instead of _target/debug_. The optimizations
+make your Rust code run faster, but turning them on lengthens the time it takes
+for your program to compile. This is why there are two different profiles: one
+for development, when you want to rebuild quickly and often, and another for
+building the final program you’ll give to a user that won’t be rebuilt
+repeatedly and that will run as fast as possible. If you’re benchmarking your
+code’s running time, be sure to run `cargo build --release` and benchmark with
+the executable in _target/release_.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="cargo-as-convention"></a>
+
+### Leveraging Cargo’s Conventions
+
+With simple projects, Cargo doesn’t provide a lot of value over just using
+`rustc`, but it will prove its worth as your programs become more intricate.
+Once programs grow to multiple files or need a dependency, it’s much easier to
+let Cargo coordinate the build.
+
+Even though the `hello_cargo` project is simple, it now uses much of the real
+tooling you’ll use in the rest of your Rust career. In fact, to work on any
+existing projects, you can use the following commands to check out the code
+using Git, change to that project’s directory, and build:
+
+```console
+$ git clone example.org/someproject
+$ cd someproject
+$ cargo build
+```
+
+For more information about Cargo, check out [its documentation][cargo].
+
+## Summary
+
+You’re already off to a great start on your Rust journey! In this chapter, you
+learned how to:
+
+- Install the latest stable version of Rust using `rustup`.
+- Update to a newer Rust version.
+- Open locally installed documentation.
+- Write and run a “Hello, world!” program using `rustc` directly.
+- Create and run a new project using the conventions of Cargo.
+
+This is a great time to build a more substantial program to get used to reading
+and writing Rust code. So, in Chapter 2, we’ll build a guessing game program.
+If you would rather start by learning how common programming concepts work in
+Rust, see Chapter 3 and then return to Chapter 2.
+
+[installation]: ch01-01-installation.html#installation
+[toml]: https://toml.io
+[appendix-e]: appendix-05-editions.html
+[cargo]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..3c590a1
--- /dev/null
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@@ -0,0 +1,951 @@
+# Programming a Guessing Game
+
+Let’s jump into Rust by working through a hands-on project together! This
+chapter introduces you to a few common Rust concepts by showing you how to use
+them in a real program. You’ll learn about `let`, `match`, methods, associated
+functions, external crates, and more! In the following chapters, we’ll explore
+these ideas in more detail. In this chapter, you’ll just practice the
+fundamentals.
+
+We’ll implement a classic beginner programming problem: a guessing game. Here’s
+how it works: The program will generate a random integer between 1 and 100. It
+will then prompt the player to enter a guess. After a guess is entered, the
+program will indicate whether the guess is too low or too high. If the guess is
+correct, the game will print a congratulatory message and exit.
+
+## Setting Up a New Project
+
+To set up a new project, go to the _projects_ directory that you created in
+Chapter 1 and make a new project using Cargo, like so:
+
+```console
+$ cargo new guessing_game
+$ cd guessing_game
+```
+
+The first command, `cargo new`, takes the name of the project (`guessing_game`)
+as the first argument. The second command changes to the new project’s
+directory.
+
+Look at the generated _Cargo.toml_ file:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial
+rm -rf no-listing-01-cargo-new
+cargo new no-listing-01-cargo-new --name guessing_game
+cd no-listing-01-cargo-new
+cargo run > output.txt 2>&1
+cd ../../..
+-->
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/no-listing-01-cargo-new/Cargo.toml}}
+```
+
+As you saw in Chapter 1, `cargo new` generates a “Hello, world!” program for
+you. Check out the _src/main.rs_ file:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/no-listing-01-cargo-new/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Now let’s compile this “Hello, world!” program and run it in the same step
+using the `cargo run` command:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/no-listing-01-cargo-new/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The `run` command comes in handy when you need to rapidly iterate on a project,
+as we’ll do in this game, quickly testing each iteration before moving on to
+the next one.
+
+Reopen the _src/main.rs_ file. You’ll be writing all the code in this file.
+
+## Processing a Guess
+
+The first part of the guessing game program will ask for user input, process
+that input, and check that the input is in the expected form. To start, we’ll
+allow the player to input a guess. Enter the code in Listing 2-1 into
+_src/main.rs_.
+
+<Listing number="2-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Code that gets a guess from the user and prints it">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-01/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code contains a lot of information, so let’s go over it line by line. To
+obtain user input and then print the result as output, we need to bring the
+`io` input/output library into scope. The `io` library comes from the standard
+library, known as `std`:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-01/src/main.rs:io}}
+```
+
+By default, Rust has a set of items defined in the standard library that it
+brings into the scope of every program. This set is called the _prelude_, and
+you can see everything in it [in the standard library documentation][prelude].
+
+If a type you want to use isn’t in the prelude, you have to bring that type
+into scope explicitly with a `use` statement. Using the `std::io` library
+provides you with a number of useful features, including the ability to accept
+user input.
+
+As you saw in Chapter 1, the `main` function is the entry point into the
+program:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-01/src/main.rs:main}}
+```
+
+The `fn` syntax declares a new function; the parentheses, `()`, indicate there
+are no parameters; and the curly bracket, `{`, starts the body of the function.
+
+As you also learned in Chapter 1, `println!` is a macro that prints a string to
+the screen:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-01/src/main.rs:print}}
+```
+
+This code is printing a prompt stating what the game is and requesting input
+from the user.
+
+### Storing Values with Variables
+
+Next, we’ll create a _variable_ to store the user input, like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-01/src/main.rs:string}}
+```
+
+Now the program is getting interesting! There’s a lot going on in this little
+line. We use the `let` statement to create the variable. Here’s another example:
+
+```rust,ignore
+let apples = 5;
+```
+
+This line creates a new variable named `apples` and binds it to the value `5`.
+In Rust, variables are immutable by default, meaning once we give the variable
+a value, the value won’t change. We’ll be discussing this concept in detail in
+the [“Variables and Mutability”][variables-and-mutability]<!-- ignore -->
+section in Chapter 3. To make a variable mutable, we add `mut` before the
+variable name:
+
+```rust,ignore
+let apples = 5; // immutable
+let mut bananas = 5; // mutable
+```
+
+> Note: The `//` syntax starts a comment that continues until the end of the
+> line. Rust ignores everything in comments. We’ll discuss comments in more
+> detail in [Chapter 3][comments]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+Returning to the guessing game program, you now know that `let mut guess` will
+introduce a mutable variable named `guess`. The equal sign (`=`) tells Rust we
+want to bind something to the variable now. On the right of the equal sign is
+the value that `guess` is bound to, which is the result of calling
+`String::new`, a function that returns a new instance of a `String`.
+[`String`][string]<!-- ignore --> is a string type provided by the standard
+library that is a growable, UTF-8 encoded bit of text.
+
+The `::` syntax in the `::new` line indicates that `new` is an associated
+function of the `String` type. An _associated function_ is a function that’s
+implemented on a type, in this case `String`. This `new` function creates a
+new, empty string. You’ll find a `new` function on many types because it’s a
+common name for a function that makes a new value of some kind.
+
+In full, the `let mut guess = String::new();` line has created a mutable
+variable that is currently bound to a new, empty instance of a `String`. Whew!
+
+### Receiving User Input
+
+Recall that we included the input/output functionality from the standard
+library with `use std::io;` on the first line of the program. Now we’ll call
+the `stdin` function from the `io` module, which will allow us to handle user
+input:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-01/src/main.rs:read}}
+```
+
+If we hadn’t imported the `io` module with `use std::io;` at the beginning of
+the program, we could still use the function by writing this function call as
+`std::io::stdin`. The `stdin` function returns an instance of
+[`std::io::Stdin`][iostdin]<!-- ignore -->, which is a type that represents a
+handle to the standard input for your terminal.
+
+Next, the line `.read_line(&mut guess)` calls the [`read_line`][read_line]<!--
+ignore --> method on the standard input handle to get input from the user.
+We’re also passing `&mut guess` as the argument to `read_line` to tell it what
+string to store the user input in. The full job of `read_line` is to take
+whatever the user types into standard input and append that into a string
+(without overwriting its contents), so we therefore pass that string as an
+argument. The string argument needs to be mutable so that the method can change
+the string’s content.
+
+The `&` indicates that this argument is a _reference_, which gives you a way to
+let multiple parts of your code access one piece of data without needing to
+copy that data into memory multiple times. References are a complex feature,
+and one of Rust’s major advantages is how safe and easy it is to use
+references. You don’t need to know a lot of those details to finish this
+program. For now, all you need to know is that, like variables, references are
+immutable by default. Hence, you need to write `&mut guess` rather than
+`&guess` to make it mutable. (Chapter 4 will explain references more
+thoroughly.)
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="handling-potential-failure-with-the-result-type"></a>
+
+### Handling Potential Failure with `Result`
+
+We’re still working on this line of code. We’re now discussing a third line of
+text, but note that it’s still part of a single logical line of code. The next
+part is this method:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-01/src/main.rs:expect}}
+```
+
+We could have written this code as:
+
+```rust,ignore
+io::stdin().read_line(&mut guess).expect("Failed to read line");
+```
+
+However, one long line is difficult to read, so it’s best to divide it. It’s
+often wise to introduce a newline and other whitespace to help break up long
+lines when you call a method with the `.method_name()` syntax. Now let’s
+discuss what this line does.
+
+As mentioned earlier, `read_line` puts whatever the user enters into the string
+we pass to it, but it also returns a `Result` value. [`Result`][result]<!--
+ignore --> is an [_enumeration_][enums]<!-- ignore -->, often called an _enum_,
+which is a type that can be in one of multiple possible states. We call each
+possible state a _variant_.
+
+[Chapter 6][enums]<!-- ignore --> will cover enums in more detail. The purpose
+of these `Result` types is to encode error-handling information.
+
+`Result`’s variants are `Ok` and `Err`. The `Ok` variant indicates the
+operation was successful, and it contains the successfully generated value.
+The `Err` variant means the operation failed, and it contains information
+about how or why the operation failed.
+
+Values of the `Result` type, like values of any type, have methods defined on
+them. An instance of `Result` has an [`expect` method][expect]<!-- ignore -->
+that you can call. If this instance of `Result` is an `Err` value, `expect`
+will cause the program to crash and display the message that you passed as an
+argument to `expect`. If the `read_line` method returns an `Err`, it would
+likely be the result of an error coming from the underlying operating system.
+If this instance of `Result` is an `Ok` value, `expect` will take the return
+value that `Ok` is holding and return just that value to you so that you can
+use it. In this case, that value is the number of bytes in the user’s input.
+
+If you don’t call `expect`, the program will compile, but you’ll get a warning:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/no-listing-02-without-expect/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Rust warns that you haven’t used the `Result` value returned from `read_line`,
+indicating that the program hasn’t handled a possible error.
+
+The right way to suppress the warning is to actually write error-handling code,
+but in our case we just want to crash this program when a problem occurs, so we
+can use `expect`. You’ll learn about recovering from errors in [Chapter
+9][recover]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+### Printing Values with `println!` Placeholders
+
+Aside from the closing curly bracket, there’s only one more line to discuss in
+the code so far:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-01/src/main.rs:print_guess}}
+```
+
+This line prints the string that now contains the user’s input. The `{}` set of
+curly brackets is a placeholder: Think of `{}` as little crab pincers that hold
+a value in place. When printing the value of a variable, the variable name can
+go inside the curly brackets. When printing the result of evaluating an
+expression, place empty curly brackets in the format string, then follow the
+format string with a comma-separated list of expressions to print in each empty
+curly bracket placeholder in the same order. Printing a variable and the result
+of an expression in one call to `println!` would look like this:
+
+```rust
+let x = 5;
+let y = 10;
+
+println!("x = {x} and y + 2 = {}", y + 2);
+```
+
+This code would print `x = 5 and y + 2 = 12`.
+
+### Testing the First Part
+
+Let’s test the first part of the guessing game. Run it using `cargo run`:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-01/
+cargo clean
+cargo run
+input 6 -->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 6.44s
+     Running `target/debug/guessing_game`
+Guess the number!
+Please input your guess.
+6
+You guessed: 6
+```
+
+At this point, the first part of the game is done: We’re getting input from the
+keyboard and then printing it.
+
+## Generating a Secret Number
+
+Next, we need to generate a secret number that the user will try to guess. The
+secret number should be different every time so that the game is fun to play
+more than once. We’ll use a random number between 1 and 100 so that the game
+isn’t too difficult. Rust doesn’t yet include random number functionality in
+its standard library. However, the Rust team does provide a [`rand`
+crate][randcrate] with said functionality.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="using-a-crate-to-get-more-functionality"></a>
+
+### Increasing Functionality with a Crate
+
+Remember that a crate is a collection of Rust source code files. The project
+we’ve been building is a binary crate, which is an executable. The `rand` crate
+is a library crate, which contains code that is intended to be used in other
+programs and can’t be executed on its own.
+
+Cargo’s coordination of external crates is where Cargo really shines. Before we
+can write code that uses `rand`, we need to modify the _Cargo.toml_ file to
+include the `rand` crate as a dependency. Open that file now and add the
+following line to the bottom, beneath the `[dependencies]` section header that
+Cargo created for you. Be sure to specify `rand` exactly as we have here, with
+this version number, or the code examples in this tutorial may not work:
+
+<!-- When updating the version of `rand` used, also update the version of
+`rand` used in these files so they all match:
+* ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.md
+* ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md
+-->
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-02/Cargo.toml:8:}}
+```
+
+In the _Cargo.toml_ file, everything that follows a header is part of that
+section that continues until another section starts. In `[dependencies]`, you
+tell Cargo which external crates your project depends on and which versions of
+those crates you require. In this case, we specify the `rand` crate with the
+semantic version specifier `0.8.5`. Cargo understands [Semantic
+Versioning][semver]<!-- ignore --> (sometimes called _SemVer_), which is a
+standard for writing version numbers. The specifier `0.8.5` is actually
+shorthand for `^0.8.5`, which means any version that is at least 0.8.5 but
+below 0.9.0.
+
+Cargo considers these versions to have public APIs compatible with version
+0.8.5, and this specification ensures that you’ll get the latest patch release
+that will still compile with the code in this chapter. Any version 0.9.0 or
+greater is not guaranteed to have the same API as what the following examples
+use.
+
+Now, without changing any of the code, let’s build the project, as shown in
+Listing 2-2.
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-02/
+rm Cargo.lock
+cargo clean
+cargo build -->
+
+<Listing number="2-2" caption="The output from running `cargo build` after adding the `rand` crate as a dependency">
+
+```console
+$ cargo build
+  Updating crates.io index
+   Locking 15 packages to latest Rust 1.85.0 compatible versions
+    Adding rand v0.8.5 (available: v0.9.0)
+ Compiling proc-macro2 v1.0.93
+ Compiling unicode-ident v1.0.17
+ Compiling libc v0.2.170
+ Compiling cfg-if v1.0.0
+ Compiling byteorder v1.5.0
+ Compiling getrandom v0.2.15
+ Compiling rand_core v0.6.4
+ Compiling quote v1.0.38
+ Compiling syn v2.0.98
+ Compiling zerocopy-derive v0.7.35
+ Compiling zerocopy v0.7.35
+ Compiling ppv-lite86 v0.2.20
+ Compiling rand_chacha v0.3.1
+ Compiling rand v0.8.5
+ Compiling guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+  Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 2.48s
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+You may see different version numbers (but they will all be compatible with the
+code, thanks to SemVer!) and different lines (depending on the operating
+system), and the lines may be in a different order.
+
+When we include an external dependency, Cargo fetches the latest versions of
+everything that dependency needs from the _registry_, which is a copy of data
+from [Crates.io][cratesio]. Crates.io is where people in the Rust ecosystem
+post their open source Rust projects for others to use.
+
+After updating the registry, Cargo checks the `[dependencies]` section and
+downloads any crates listed that aren’t already downloaded. In this case,
+although we only listed `rand` as a dependency, Cargo also grabbed other crates
+that `rand` depends on to work. After downloading the crates, Rust compiles
+them and then compiles the project with the dependencies available.
+
+If you immediately run `cargo build` again without making any changes, you
+won’t get any output aside from the `Finished` line. Cargo knows it has already
+downloaded and compiled the dependencies, and you haven’t changed anything
+about them in your _Cargo.toml_ file. Cargo also knows that you haven’t changed
+anything about your code, so it doesn’t recompile that either. With nothing to
+do, it simply exits.
+
+If you open the _src/main.rs_ file, make a trivial change, and then save it and
+build again, you’ll only see two lines of output:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-02/
+touch src/main.rs
+cargo build -->
+
+```console
+$ cargo build
+   Compiling guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.13s
+```
+
+These lines show that Cargo only updates the build with your tiny change to the
+_src/main.rs_ file. Your dependencies haven’t changed, so Cargo knows it can
+reuse what it has already downloaded and compiled for those.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="ensuring-reproducible-builds-with-the-cargo-lock-file"></a>
+
+#### Ensuring Reproducible Builds
+
+Cargo has a mechanism that ensures that you can rebuild the same artifact every
+time you or anyone else builds your code: Cargo will use only the versions of
+the dependencies you specified until you indicate otherwise. For example, say
+that next week version 0.8.6 of the `rand` crate comes out, and that version
+contains an important bug fix, but it also contains a regression that will
+break your code. To handle this, Rust creates the _Cargo.lock_ file the first
+time you run `cargo build`, so we now have this in the _guessing_game_
+directory.
+
+When you build a project for the first time, Cargo figures out all the versions
+of the dependencies that fit the criteria and then writes them to the
+_Cargo.lock_ file. When you build your project in the future, Cargo will see
+that the _Cargo.lock_ file exists and will use the versions specified there
+rather than doing all the work of figuring out versions again. This lets you
+have a reproducible build automatically. In other words, your project will
+remain at 0.8.5 until you explicitly upgrade, thanks to the _Cargo.lock_ file.
+Because the _Cargo.lock_ file is important for reproducible builds, it’s often
+checked into source control with the rest of the code in your project.
+
+#### Updating a Crate to Get a New Version
+
+When you _do_ want to update a crate, Cargo provides the command `update`,
+which will ignore the _Cargo.lock_ file and figure out all the latest versions
+that fit your specifications in _Cargo.toml_. Cargo will then write those
+versions to the _Cargo.lock_ file. Otherwise, by default, Cargo will only look
+for versions greater than 0.8.5 and less than 0.9.0. If the `rand` crate has
+released the two new versions 0.8.6 and 0.999.0, you would see the following if
+you ran `cargo update`:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-02/
+cargo update
+assuming there is a new 0.8.x version of rand; otherwise use another update
+as a guide to creating the hypothetical output shown here -->
+
+```console
+$ cargo update
+    Updating crates.io index
+     Locking 1 package to latest Rust 1.85.0 compatible version
+    Updating rand v0.8.5 -> v0.8.6 (available: v0.999.0)
+```
+
+Cargo ignores the 0.999.0 release. At this point, you would also notice a
+change in your _Cargo.lock_ file noting that the version of the `rand` crate
+you are now using is 0.8.6. To use `rand` version 0.999.0 or any version in the
+0.999._x_ series, you’d have to update the _Cargo.toml_ file to look like this
+instead (don’t actually make this change because the following examples assume
+you’re using `rand` 0.8):
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+rand = "0.999.0"
+```
+
+The next time you run `cargo build`, Cargo will update the registry of crates
+available and reevaluate your `rand` requirements according to the new version
+you have specified.
+
+There’s a lot more to say about [Cargo][doccargo]<!-- ignore --> and [its
+ecosystem][doccratesio]<!-- ignore -->, which we’ll discuss in Chapter 14, but
+for now, that’s all you need to know. Cargo makes it very easy to reuse
+libraries, so Rustaceans are able to write smaller projects that are assembled
+from a number of packages.
+
+### Generating a Random Number
+
+Let’s start using `rand` to generate a number to guess. The next step is to
+update _src/main.rs_, as shown in Listing 2-3.
+
+<Listing number="2-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Adding code to generate a random number">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-03/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, we add the line `use rand::Rng;`. The `Rng` trait defines methods that
+random number generators implement, and this trait must be in scope for us to
+use those methods. Chapter 10 will cover traits in detail.
+
+Next, we’re adding two lines in the middle. In the first line, we call the
+`rand::thread_rng` function that gives us the particular random number
+generator we’re going to use: one that is local to the current thread of
+execution and is seeded by the operating system. Then, we call the `gen_range`
+method on the random number generator. This method is defined by the `Rng`
+trait that we brought into scope with the `use rand::Rng;` statement. The
+`gen_range` method takes a range expression as an argument and generates a
+random number in the range. The kind of range expression we’re using here takes
+the form `start..=end` and is inclusive on the lower and upper bounds, so we
+need to specify `1..=100` to request a number between 1 and 100.
+
+> Note: You won’t just know which traits to use and which methods and functions
+> to call from a crate, so each crate has documentation with instructions for
+> using it. Another neat feature of Cargo is that running the `cargo doc
+> --open` command will build documentation provided by all your dependencies
+> locally and open it in your browser. If you’re interested in other
+> functionality in the `rand` crate, for example, run `cargo doc --open` and
+> click `rand` in the sidebar on the left.
+
+The second new line prints the secret number. This is useful while we’re
+developing the program to be able to test it, but we’ll delete it from the
+final version. It’s not much of a game if the program prints the answer as soon
+as it starts!
+
+Try running the program a few times:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-03/
+cargo run
+4
+cargo run
+5
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.02s
+     Running `target/debug/guessing_game`
+Guess the number!
+The secret number is: 7
+Please input your guess.
+4
+You guessed: 4
+
+$ cargo run
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.02s
+     Running `target/debug/guessing_game`
+Guess the number!
+The secret number is: 83
+Please input your guess.
+5
+You guessed: 5
+```
+
+You should get different random numbers, and they should all be numbers between
+1 and 100. Great job!
+
+## Comparing the Guess to the Secret Number
+
+Now that we have user input and a random number, we can compare them. That step
+is shown in Listing 2-4. Note that this code won’t compile just yet, as we will
+explain.
+
+<Listing number="2-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Handling the possible return values of comparing two numbers">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-04/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, we add another `use` statement, bringing a type called
+`std::cmp::Ordering` into scope from the standard library. The `Ordering` type
+is another enum and has the variants `Less`, `Greater`, and `Equal`. These are
+the three outcomes that are possible when you compare two values.
+
+Then, we add five new lines at the bottom that use the `Ordering` type. The
+`cmp` method compares two values and can be called on anything that can be
+compared. It takes a reference to whatever you want to compare with: Here, it’s
+comparing `guess` to `secret_number`. Then, it returns a variant of the
+`Ordering` enum we brought into scope with the `use` statement. We use a
+[`match`][match]<!-- ignore --> expression to decide what to do next based on
+which variant of `Ordering` was returned from the call to `cmp` with the values
+in `guess` and `secret_number`.
+
+A `match` expression is made up of _arms_. An arm consists of a _pattern_ to
+match against, and the code that should be run if the value given to `match`
+fits that arm’s pattern. Rust takes the value given to `match` and looks
+through each arm’s pattern in turn. Patterns and the `match` construct are
+powerful Rust features: They let you express a variety of situations your code
+might encounter, and they make sure you handle them all. These features will be
+covered in detail in Chapter 6 and Chapter 19, respectively.
+
+Let’s walk through an example with the `match` expression we use here. Say that
+the user has guessed 50 and the randomly generated secret number this time is
+38.
+
+When the code compares 50 to 38, the `cmp` method will return
+`Ordering::Greater` because 50 is greater than 38. The `match` expression gets
+the `Ordering::Greater` value and starts checking each arm’s pattern. It looks
+at the first arm’s pattern, `Ordering::Less`, and sees that the value
+`Ordering::Greater` does not match `Ordering::Less`, so it ignores the code in
+that arm and moves to the next arm. The next arm’s pattern is
+`Ordering::Greater`, which _does_ match `Ordering::Greater`! The associated
+code in that arm will execute and print `Too big!` to the screen. The `match`
+expression ends after the first successful match, so it won’t look at the last
+arm in this scenario.
+
+However, the code in Listing 2-4 won’t compile yet. Let’s try it:
+
+<!--
+The error numbers in this output should be that of the code **WITHOUT** the
+anchor or snip comments
+-->
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-04/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The core of the error states that there are _mismatched types_. Rust has a
+strong, static type system. However, it also has type inference. When we wrote
+`let mut guess = String::new()`, Rust was able to infer that `guess` should be
+a `String` and didn’t make us write the type. The `secret_number`, on the other
+hand, is a number type. A few of Rust’s number types can have a value between 1
+and 100: `i32`, a 32-bit number; `u32`, an unsigned 32-bit number; `i64`, a
+64-bit number; as well as others. Unless otherwise specified, Rust defaults to
+an `i32`, which is the type of `secret_number` unless you add type information
+elsewhere that would cause Rust to infer a different numerical type. The reason
+for the error is that Rust cannot compare a string and a number type.
+
+Ultimately, we want to convert the `String` the program reads as input into a
+number type so that we can compare it numerically to the secret number. We do
+so by adding this line to the `main` function body:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/no-listing-03-convert-string-to-number/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The line is:
+
+```rust,ignore
+let guess: u32 = guess.trim().parse().expect("Please type a number!");
+```
+
+We create a variable named `guess`. But wait, doesn’t the program already have
+a variable named `guess`? It does, but helpfully Rust allows us to shadow the
+previous value of `guess` with a new one. _Shadowing_ lets us reuse the `guess`
+variable name rather than forcing us to create two unique variables, such as
+`guess_str` and `guess`, for example. We’ll cover this in more detail in
+[Chapter 3][shadowing]<!-- ignore -->, but for now, know that this feature is
+often used when you want to convert a value from one type to another type.
+
+We bind this new variable to the expression `guess.trim().parse()`. The `guess`
+in the expression refers to the original `guess` variable that contained the
+input as a string. The `trim` method on a `String` instance will eliminate any
+whitespace at the beginning and end, which we must do before we can convert the
+string to a `u32`, which can only contain numerical data. The user must press
+<kbd>enter</kbd> to satisfy `read_line` and input their guess, which adds a
+newline character to the string. For example, if the user types <kbd>5</kbd> and
+presses <kbd>enter</kbd>, `guess` looks like this: `5\n`. The `\n` represents
+“newline.” (On Windows, pressing <kbd>enter</kbd> results in a carriage return
+and a newline, `\r\n`.) The `trim` method eliminates `\n` or `\r\n`, resulting
+in just `5`.
+
+The [`parse` method on strings][parse]<!-- ignore --> converts a string to
+another type. Here, we use it to convert from a string to a number. We need to
+tell Rust the exact number type we want by using `let guess: u32`. The colon
+(`:`) after `guess` tells Rust we’ll annotate the variable’s type. Rust has a
+few built-in number types; the `u32` seen here is an unsigned, 32-bit integer.
+It’s a good default choice for a small positive number. You’ll learn about
+other number types in [Chapter 3][integers]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+Additionally, the `u32` annotation in this example program and the comparison
+with `secret_number` means Rust will infer that `secret_number` should be a
+`u32` as well. So, now the comparison will be between two values of the same
+type!
+
+The `parse` method will only work on characters that can logically be converted
+into numbers and so can easily cause errors. If, for example, the string
+contained `A👍%`, there would be no way to convert that to a number. Because it
+might fail, the `parse` method returns a `Result` type, much as the `read_line`
+method does (discussed earlier in [“Handling Potential Failure with
+`Result`”](#handling-potential-failure-with-result)<!-- ignore -->). We’ll treat
+this `Result` the same way by using the `expect` method again. If `parse`
+returns an `Err` `Result` variant because it couldn’t create a number from the
+string, the `expect` call will crash the game and print the message we give it.
+If `parse` can successfully convert the string to a number, it will return the
+`Ok` variant of `Result`, and `expect` will return the number that we want from
+the `Ok` value.
+
+Let’s run the program now:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/no-listing-03-convert-string-to-number/
+touch src/main.rs
+cargo run
+  76
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.26s
+     Running `target/debug/guessing_game`
+Guess the number!
+The secret number is: 58
+Please input your guess.
+  76
+You guessed: 76
+Too big!
+```
+
+Nice! Even though spaces were added before the guess, the program still figured
+out that the user guessed 76. Run the program a few times to verify the
+different behavior with different kinds of input: Guess the number correctly,
+guess a number that is too high, and guess a number that is too low.
+
+We have most of the game working now, but the user can make only one guess.
+Let’s change that by adding a loop!
+
+## Allowing Multiple Guesses with Looping
+
+The `loop` keyword creates an infinite loop. We’ll add a loop to give users
+more chances at guessing the number:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/no-listing-04-looping/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+As you can see, we’ve moved everything from the guess input prompt onward into
+a loop. Be sure to indent the lines inside the loop another four spaces each
+and run the program again. The program will now ask for another guess forever,
+which actually introduces a new problem. It doesn’t seem like the user can quit!
+
+The user could always interrupt the program by using the keyboard shortcut
+<kbd>ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>C</kbd>. But there’s another way to escape this insatiable
+monster, as mentioned in the `parse` discussion in [“Comparing the Guess to the
+Secret Number”](#comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number)<!-- ignore -->: If
+the user enters a non-number answer, the program will crash. We can take
+advantage of that to allow the user to quit, as shown here:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/no-listing-04-looping/
+touch src/main.rs
+cargo run
+(too small guess)
+(too big guess)
+(correct guess)
+quit
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.23s
+     Running `target/debug/guessing_game`
+Guess the number!
+The secret number is: 59
+Please input your guess.
+45
+You guessed: 45
+Too small!
+Please input your guess.
+60
+You guessed: 60
+Too big!
+Please input your guess.
+59
+You guessed: 59
+You win!
+Please input your guess.
+quit
+
+thread 'main' panicked at src/main.rs:28:47:
+Please type a number!: ParseIntError { kind: InvalidDigit }
+note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
+```
+
+Typing `quit` will quit the game, but as you’ll notice, so will entering any
+other non-number input. This is suboptimal, to say the least; we want the game
+to also stop when the correct number is guessed.
+
+### Quitting After a Correct Guess
+
+Let’s program the game to quit when the user wins by adding a `break` statement:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/no-listing-05-quitting/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Adding the `break` line after `You win!` makes the program exit the loop when
+the user guesses the secret number correctly. Exiting the loop also means
+exiting the program, because the loop is the last part of `main`.
+
+### Handling Invalid Input
+
+To further refine the game’s behavior, rather than crashing the program when
+the user inputs a non-number, let’s make the game ignore a non-number so that
+the user can continue guessing. We can do that by altering the line where
+`guess` is converted from a `String` to a `u32`, as shown in Listing 2-5.
+
+<Listing number="2-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Ignoring a non-number guess and asking for another guess instead of crashing the program">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-05/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We switch from an `expect` call to a `match` expression to move from crashing
+on an error to handling the error. Remember that `parse` returns a `Result`
+type and `Result` is an enum that has the variants `Ok` and `Err`. We’re using
+a `match` expression here, as we did with the `Ordering` result of the `cmp`
+method.
+
+If `parse` is able to successfully turn the string into a number, it will
+return an `Ok` value that contains the resultant number. That `Ok` value will
+match the first arm’s pattern, and the `match` expression will just return the
+`num` value that `parse` produced and put inside the `Ok` value. That number
+will end up right where we want it in the new `guess` variable we’re creating.
+
+If `parse` is _not_ able to turn the string into a number, it will return an
+`Err` value that contains more information about the error. The `Err` value
+does not match the `Ok(num)` pattern in the first `match` arm, but it does
+match the `Err(_)` pattern in the second arm. The underscore, `_`, is a
+catch-all value; in this example, we’re saying we want to match all `Err`
+values, no matter what information they have inside them. So, the program will
+execute the second arm’s code, `continue`, which tells the program to go to the
+next iteration of the `loop` and ask for another guess. So, effectively, the
+program ignores all errors that `parse` might encounter!
+
+Now everything in the program should work as expected. Let’s try it:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-05/
+cargo run
+(too small guess)
+(too big guess)
+foo
+(correct guess)
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.13s
+     Running `target/debug/guessing_game`
+Guess the number!
+The secret number is: 61
+Please input your guess.
+10
+You guessed: 10
+Too small!
+Please input your guess.
+99
+You guessed: 99
+Too big!
+Please input your guess.
+foo
+Please input your guess.
+61
+You guessed: 61
+You win!
+```
+
+Awesome! With one tiny final tweak, we will finish the guessing game. Recall
+that the program is still printing the secret number. That worked well for
+testing, but it ruins the game. Let’s delete the `println!` that outputs the
+secret number. Listing 2-6 shows the final code.
+
+<Listing number="2-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Complete guessing game code">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-06/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+At this point, you’ve successfully built the guessing game. Congratulations!
+
+## Summary
+
+This project was a hands-on way to introduce you to many new Rust concepts:
+`let`, `match`, functions, the use of external crates, and more. In the next
+few chapters, you’ll learn about these concepts in more detail. Chapter 3
+covers concepts that most programming languages have, such as variables, data
+types, and functions, and shows how to use them in Rust. Chapter 4 explores
+ownership, a feature that makes Rust different from other languages. Chapter 5
+discusses structs and method syntax, and Chapter 6 explains how enums work.
+
+[prelude]: ../std/prelude/index.html
+[variables-and-mutability]: ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html#variables-and-mutability
+[comments]: ch03-04-comments.html
+[string]: ../std/string/struct.String.html
+[iostdin]: ../std/io/struct.Stdin.html
+[read_line]: ../std/io/struct.Stdin.html#method.read_line
+[result]: ../std/result/enum.Result.html
+[enums]: ch06-00-enums.html
+[expect]: ../std/result/enum.Result.html#method.expect
+[recover]: ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html
+[randcrate]: https://crates.io/crates/rand
+[semver]: http://semver.org
+[cratesio]: https://crates.io/
+[doccargo]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/
+[doccratesio]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/publishing.html
+[match]: ch06-02-match.html
+[shadowing]: ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html#shadowing
+[parse]: ../std/primitive.str.html#method.parse
+[integers]: ch03-02-data-types.html#integer-types
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..722a95f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.md
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+# Common Programming Concepts
+
+This chapter covers concepts that appear in almost every programming language
+and how they work in Rust. Many programming languages have much in common at
+their core. None of the concepts presented in this chapter are unique to Rust,
+but we’ll discuss them in the context of Rust and explain the conventions
+around using them.
+
+Specifically, you’ll learn about variables, basic types, functions, comments,
+and control flow. These foundations will be in every Rust program, and learning
+them early will give you a strong core to start from.
+
+> #### Keywords
+>
+> The Rust language has a set of _keywords_ that are reserved for use by the
+> language only, much as in other languages. Keep in mind that you cannot use
+> these words as names of variables or functions. Most of the keywords have
+> special meanings, and you’ll be using them to do various tasks in your Rust
+> programs; a few have no current functionality associated with them but have
+> been reserved for functionality that might be added to Rust in the future. You
+> can find the list of the keywords in [Appendix A][appendix_a]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+[appendix_a]: appendix-01-keywords.md
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ed15afc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.md
@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+## Variables and Mutability
+
+As mentioned in the [“Storing Values with
+Variables”][storing-values-with-variables]<!-- ignore --> section, by default,
+variables are immutable. This is one of many nudges Rust gives you to write
+your code in a way that takes advantage of the safety and easy concurrency that
+Rust offers. However, you still have the option to make your variables mutable.
+Let’s explore how and why Rust encourages you to favor immutability and why
+sometimes you might want to opt out.
+
+When a variable is immutable, once a value is bound to a name, you can’t change
+that value. To illustrate this, generate a new project called _variables_ in
+your _projects_ directory by using `cargo new variables`.
+
+Then, in your new _variables_ directory, open _src/main.rs_ and replace its
+code with the following code, which won’t compile just yet:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-01-variables-are-immutable/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Save and run the program using `cargo run`. You should receive an error message
+regarding an immutability error, as shown in this output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-01-variables-are-immutable/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This example shows how the compiler helps you find errors in your programs.
+Compiler errors can be frustrating, but really they only mean your program
+isn’t safely doing what you want it to do yet; they do _not_ mean that you’re
+not a good programmer! Experienced Rustaceans still get compiler errors.
+
+You received the error message `` cannot assign twice to immutable variable `x` `` because you tried to assign a second value to the immutable `x` variable.
+
+It’s important that we get compile-time errors when we attempt to change a
+value that’s designated as immutable, because this very situation can lead to
+bugs. If one part of our code operates on the assumption that a value will
+never change and another part of our code changes that value, it’s possible
+that the first part of the code won’t do what it was designed to do. The cause
+of this kind of bug can be difficult to track down after the fact, especially
+when the second piece of code changes the value only _sometimes_. The Rust
+compiler guarantees that when you state that a value won’t change, it really
+won’t change, so you don’t have to keep track of it yourself. Your code is thus
+easier to reason through.
+
+But mutability can be very useful and can make code more convenient to write.
+Although variables are immutable by default, you can make them mutable by
+adding `mut` in front of the variable name as you did in [Chapter
+2][storing-values-with-variables]<!-- ignore -->. Adding `mut` also conveys
+intent to future readers of the code by indicating that other parts of the code
+will be changing this variable’s value.
+
+For example, let’s change _src/main.rs_ to the following:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-02-adding-mut/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+When we run the program now, we get this:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-02-adding-mut/output.txt}}
+```
+
+We’re allowed to change the value bound to `x` from `5` to `6` when `mut` is
+used. Ultimately, deciding whether to use mutability or not is up to you and
+depends on what you think is clearest in that particular situation.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="constants"></a>
+
+### Declaring Constants
+
+Like immutable variables, _constants_ are values that are bound to a name and
+are not allowed to change, but there are a few differences between constants
+and variables.
+
+First, you aren’t allowed to use `mut` with constants. Constants aren’t just
+immutable by default—they’re always immutable. You declare constants using the
+`const` keyword instead of the `let` keyword, and the type of the value _must_
+be annotated. We’ll cover types and type annotations in the next section,
+[“Data Types”][data-types]<!-- ignore -->, so don’t worry about the details
+right now. Just know that you must always annotate the type.
+
+Constants can be declared in any scope, including the global scope, which makes
+them useful for values that many parts of code need to know about.
+
+The last difference is that constants may be set only to a constant expression,
+not the result of a value that could only be computed at runtime.
+
+Here’s an example of a constant declaration:
+
+```rust
+const THREE_HOURS_IN_SECONDS: u32 = 60 * 60 * 3;
+```
+
+The constant’s name is `THREE_HOURS_IN_SECONDS`, and its value is set to the
+result of multiplying 60 (the number of seconds in a minute) by 60 (the number
+of minutes in an hour) by 3 (the number of hours we want to count in this
+program). Rust’s naming convention for constants is to use all uppercase with
+underscores between words. The compiler is able to evaluate a limited set of
+operations at compile time, which lets us choose to write out this value in a
+way that’s easier to understand and verify, rather than setting this constant
+to the value 10,800. See the [Rust Reference’s section on constant
+evaluation][const-eval] for more information on what operations can be used
+when declaring constants.
+
+Constants are valid for the entire time a program runs, within the scope in
+which they were declared. This property makes constants useful for values in
+your application domain that multiple parts of the program might need to know
+about, such as the maximum number of points any player of a game is allowed to
+earn, or the speed of light.
+
+Naming hardcoded values used throughout your program as constants is useful in
+conveying the meaning of that value to future maintainers of the code. It also
+helps to have only one place in your code that you would need to change if the
+hardcoded value needed to be updated in the future.
+
+### Shadowing
+
+As you saw in the guessing game tutorial in [Chapter
+2][comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number]<!-- ignore -->, you can declare a
+new variable with the same name as a previous variable. Rustaceans say that the
+first variable is _shadowed_ by the second, which means that the second
+variable is what the compiler will see when you use the name of the variable.
+In effect, the second variable overshadows the first, taking any uses of the
+variable name to itself until either it itself is shadowed or the scope ends.
+We can shadow a variable by using the same variable’s name and repeating the
+use of the `let` keyword as follows:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-03-shadowing/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+This program first binds `x` to a value of `5`. Then, it creates a new variable
+`x` by repeating `let x =`, taking the original value and adding `1` so that
+the value of `x` is `6`. Then, within an inner scope created with the curly
+brackets, the third `let` statement also shadows `x` and creates a new
+variable, multiplying the previous value by `2` to give `x` a value of `12`.
+When that scope is over, the inner shadowing ends and `x` returns to being `6`.
+When we run this program, it will output the following:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-03-shadowing/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Shadowing is different from marking a variable as `mut` because we’ll get a
+compile-time error if we accidentally try to reassign to this variable without
+using the `let` keyword. By using `let`, we can perform a few transformations
+on a value but have the variable be immutable after those transformations have
+completed.
+
+The other difference between `mut` and shadowing is that because we’re
+effectively creating a new variable when we use the `let` keyword again, we can
+change the type of the value but reuse the same name. For example, say our
+program asks a user to show how many spaces they want between some text by
+inputting space characters, and then we want to store that input as a number:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-04-shadowing-can-change-types/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The first `spaces` variable is a string type, and the second `spaces` variable
+is a number type. Shadowing thus spares us from having to come up with
+different names, such as `spaces_str` and `spaces_num`; instead, we can reuse
+the simpler `spaces` name. However, if we try to use `mut` for this, as shown
+here, we’ll get a compile-time error:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-05-mut-cant-change-types/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The error says we’re not allowed to mutate a variable’s type:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-05-mut-cant-change-types/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Now that we’ve explored how variables work, let’s look at more data types they
+can have.
+
+[comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number]: ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number
+[data-types]: ch03-02-data-types.html#data-types
+[storing-values-with-variables]: ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#storing-values-with-variables
+[const-eval]: ../reference/const_eval.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-02-data-types.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-02-data-types.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2aa8b79
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-02-data-types.md
@@ -0,0 +1,385 @@
+## Data Types
+
+Every value in Rust is of a certain _data type_, which tells Rust what kind of
+data is being specified so that it knows how to work with that data. We’ll look
+at two data type subsets: scalar and compound.
+
+Keep in mind that Rust is a _statically typed_ language, which means that it
+must know the types of all variables at compile time. The compiler can usually
+infer what type we want to use based on the value and how we use it. In cases
+when many types are possible, such as when we converted a `String` to a numeric
+type using `parse` in the [“Comparing the Guess to the Secret
+Number”][comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number]<!-- ignore --> section in
+Chapter 2, we must add a type annotation, like this:
+
+```rust
+let guess: u32 = "42".parse().expect("Not a number!");
+```
+
+If we don’t add the `: u32` type annotation shown in the preceding code, Rust
+will display the following error, which means the compiler needs more
+information from us to know which type we want to use:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/output-only-01-no-type-annotations/output.txt}}
+```
+
+You’ll see different type annotations for other data types.
+
+### Scalar Types
+
+A _scalar_ type represents a single value. Rust has four primary scalar types:
+integers, floating-point numbers, Booleans, and characters. You may recognize
+these from other programming languages. Let’s jump into how they work in Rust.
+
+#### Integer Types
+
+An _integer_ is a number without a fractional component. We used one integer
+type in Chapter 2, the `u32` type. This type declaration indicates that the
+value it’s associated with should be an unsigned integer (signed integer types
+start with `i` instead of `u`) that takes up 32 bits of space. Table 3-1 shows
+the built-in integer types in Rust. We can use any of these variants to declare
+the type of an integer value.
+
+<span class="caption">Table 3-1: Integer Types in Rust</span>
+
+| Length  | Signed  | Unsigned |
+| ------- | ------- | -------- |
+| 8-bit   | `i8`    | `u8`     |
+| 16-bit  | `i16`   | `u16`    |
+| 32-bit  | `i32`   | `u32`    |
+| 64-bit  | `i64`   | `u64`    |
+| 128-bit | `i128`  | `u128`   |
+| Architecture-dependent | `isize` | `usize`  |
+
+Each variant can be either signed or unsigned and has an explicit size.
+_Signed_ and _unsigned_ refer to whether it’s possible for the number to be
+negative—in other words, whether the number needs to have a sign with it
+(signed) or whether it will only ever be positive and can therefore be
+represented without a sign (unsigned). It’s like writing numbers on paper: When
+the sign matters, a number is shown with a plus sign or a minus sign; however,
+when it’s safe to assume the number is positive, it’s shown with no sign.
+Signed numbers are stored using [two’s complement][twos-complement]<!-- ignore
+--> representation.
+
+Each signed variant can store numbers from −(2<sup>n − 1</sup>) to 2<sup>n −
+1</sup> − 1 inclusive, where _n_ is the number of bits that variant uses. So, an
+`i8` can store numbers from −(2<sup>7</sup>) to 2<sup>7</sup> − 1, which equals
+−128 to 127. Unsigned variants can store numbers from 0 to 2<sup>n</sup> − 1,
+so a `u8` can store numbers from 0 to 2<sup>8</sup> − 1, which equals 0 to 255.
+
+Additionally, the `isize` and `usize` types depend on the architecture of the
+computer your program is running on: 64 bits if you’re on a 64-bit architecture
+and 32 bits if you’re on a 32-bit architecture.
+
+You can write integer literals in any of the forms shown in Table 3-2. Note
+that number literals that can be multiple numeric types allow a type suffix,
+such as `57u8`, to designate the type. Number literals can also use `_` as a
+visual separator to make the number easier to read, such as `1_000`, which will
+have the same value as if you had specified `1000`.
+
+<span class="caption">Table 3-2: Integer Literals in Rust</span>
+
+| Number literals  | Example       |
+| ---------------- | ------------- |
+| Decimal          | `98_222`      |
+| Hex              | `0xff`        |
+| Octal            | `0o77`        |
+| Binary           | `0b1111_0000` |
+| Byte (`u8` only) | `b'A'`        |
+
+So how do you know which type of integer to use? If you’re unsure, Rust’s
+defaults are generally good places to start: Integer types default to `i32`.
+The primary situation in which you’d use `isize` or `usize` is when indexing
+some sort of collection.
+
+> ##### Integer Overflow
+>
+> Let’s say you have a variable of type `u8` that can hold values between 0 and
+> 255. If you try to change the variable to a value outside that range, such as
+> 256, _integer overflow_ will occur, which can result in one of two behaviors.
+> When you’re compiling in debug mode, Rust includes checks for integer overflow
+> that cause your program to _panic_ at runtime if this behavior occurs. Rust
+> uses the term _panicking_ when a program exits with an error; we’ll discuss
+> panics in more depth in the [“Unrecoverable Errors with
+> `panic!`”][unrecoverable-errors-with-panic]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter
+> 9.
+>
+> When you’re compiling in release mode with the `--release` flag, Rust does
+> _not_ include checks for integer overflow that cause panics. Instead, if
+> overflow occurs, Rust performs _two’s complement wrapping_. In short, values
+> greater than the maximum value the type can hold “wrap around” to the minimum
+> of the values the type can hold. In the case of a `u8`, the value 256 becomes
+> 0, the value 257 becomes 1, and so on. The program won’t panic, but the
+> variable will have a value that probably isn’t what you were expecting it to
+> have. Relying on integer overflow’s wrapping behavior is considered an error.
+>
+> To explicitly handle the possibility of overflow, you can use these families
+> of methods provided by the standard library for primitive numeric types:
+>
+> - Wrap in all modes with the `wrapping_*` methods, such as `wrapping_add`.
+> - Return the `None` value if there is overflow with the `checked_*` methods.
+> - Return the value and a Boolean indicating whether there was overflow with
+>   the `overflowing_*` methods.
+> - Saturate at the value’s minimum or maximum values with the `saturating_*`
+>   methods.
+
+#### Floating-Point Types
+
+Rust also has two primitive types for _floating-point numbers_, which are
+numbers with decimal points. Rust’s floating-point types are `f32` and `f64`,
+which are 32 bits and 64 bits in size, respectively. The default type is `f64`
+because on modern CPUs, it’s roughly the same speed as `f32` but is capable of
+more precision. All floating-point types are signed.
+
+Here’s an example that shows floating-point numbers in action:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-06-floating-point/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Floating-point numbers are represented according to the IEEE-754 standard.
+
+#### Numeric Operations
+
+Rust supports the basic mathematical operations you’d expect for all the number
+types: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and remainder. Integer
+division truncates toward zero to the nearest integer. The following code shows
+how you’d use each numeric operation in a `let` statement:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-07-numeric-operations/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Each expression in these statements uses a mathematical operator and evaluates
+to a single value, which is then bound to a variable. [Appendix
+B][appendix_b]<!-- ignore --> contains a list of all operators that Rust
+provides.
+
+#### The Boolean Type
+
+As in most other programming languages, a Boolean type in Rust has two possible
+values: `true` and `false`. Booleans are one byte in size. The Boolean type in
+Rust is specified using `bool`. For example:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-08-boolean/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+The main way to use Boolean values is through conditionals, such as an `if`
+expression. We’ll cover how `if` expressions work in Rust in the [“Control
+Flow”][control-flow]<!-- ignore --> section.
+
+#### The Character Type
+
+Rust’s `char` type is the language’s most primitive alphabetic type. Here are
+some examples of declaring `char` values:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-09-char/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Note that we specify `char` literals with single quotation marks, as opposed to
+string literals, which use double quotation marks. Rust’s `char` type is 4
+bytes in size and represents a Unicode scalar value, which means it can
+represent a lot more than just ASCII. Accented letters; Chinese, Japanese, and
+Korean characters; emojis; and zero-width spaces are all valid `char` values in
+Rust. Unicode scalar values range from `U+0000` to `U+D7FF` and `U+E000` to
+`U+10FFFF` inclusive. However, a “character” isn’t really a concept in Unicode,
+so your human intuition for what a “character” is may not match up with what a
+`char` is in Rust. We’ll discuss this topic in detail in [“Storing UTF-8
+Encoded Text with Strings”][strings]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 8.
+
+### Compound Types
+
+_Compound types_ can group multiple values into one type. Rust has two
+primitive compound types: tuples and arrays.
+
+#### The Tuple Type
+
+A _tuple_ is a general way of grouping together a number of values with a
+variety of types into one compound type. Tuples have a fixed length: Once
+declared, they cannot grow or shrink in size.
+
+We create a tuple by writing a comma-separated list of values inside
+parentheses. Each position in the tuple has a type, and the types of the
+different values in the tuple don’t have to be the same. We’ve added optional
+type annotations in this example:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-10-tuples/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+The variable `tup` binds to the entire tuple because a tuple is considered a
+single compound element. To get the individual values out of a tuple, we can
+use pattern matching to destructure a tuple value, like this:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-11-destructuring-tuples/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+This program first creates a tuple and binds it to the variable `tup`. It then
+uses a pattern with `let` to take `tup` and turn it into three separate
+variables, `x`, `y`, and `z`. This is called _destructuring_ because it breaks
+the single tuple into three parts. Finally, the program prints the value of
+`y`, which is `6.4`.
+
+We can also access a tuple element directly by using a period (`.`) followed by
+the index of the value we want to access. For example:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-12-tuple-indexing/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+This program creates the tuple `x` and then accesses each element of the tuple
+using their respective indices. As with most programming languages, the first
+index in a tuple is 0.
+
+The tuple without any values has a special name, _unit_. This value and its
+corresponding type are both written `()` and represent an empty value or an
+empty return type. Expressions implicitly return the unit value if they don’t
+return any other value.
+
+#### The Array Type
+
+Another way to have a collection of multiple values is with an _array_. Unlike
+a tuple, every element of an array must have the same type. Unlike arrays in
+some other languages, arrays in Rust have a fixed length.
+
+We write the values in an array as a comma-separated list inside square
+brackets:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-13-arrays/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Arrays are useful when you want your data allocated on the stack, the same as
+the other types we have seen so far, rather than the heap (we will discuss the
+stack and the heap more in [Chapter 4][stack-and-heap]<!-- ignore -->) or when
+you want to ensure that you always have a fixed number of elements. An array
+isn’t as flexible as the vector type, though. A vector is a similar collection
+type provided by the standard library that _is_ allowed to grow or shrink in
+size because its contents live on the heap. If you’re unsure whether to use an
+array or a vector, chances are you should use a vector. [Chapter
+8][vectors]<!-- ignore --> discusses vectors in more detail.
+
+However, arrays are more useful when you know the number of elements will not
+need to change. For example, if you were using the names of the month in a
+program, you would probably use an array rather than a vector because you know
+it will always contain 12 elements:
+
+```rust
+let months = ["January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July",
+              "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"];
+```
+
+You write an array’s type using square brackets with the type of each element,
+a semicolon, and then the number of elements in the array, like so:
+
+```rust
+let a: [i32; 5] = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+```
+
+Here, `i32` is the type of each element. After the semicolon, the number `5`
+indicates the array contains five elements.
+
+You can also initialize an array to contain the same value for each element by
+specifying the initial value, followed by a semicolon, and then the length of
+the array in square brackets, as shown here:
+
+```rust
+let a = [3; 5];
+```
+
+The array named `a` will contain `5` elements that will all be set to the value
+`3` initially. This is the same as writing `let a = [3, 3, 3, 3, 3];` but in a
+more concise way.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="accessing-array-elements"></a>
+
+#### Array Element Access
+
+An array is a single chunk of memory of a known, fixed size that can be
+allocated on the stack. You can access elements of an array using indexing,
+like this:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-14-array-indexing/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+In this example, the variable named `first` will get the value `1` because that
+is the value at index `[0]` in the array. The variable named `second` will get
+the value `2` from index `[1]` in the array.
+
+#### Invalid Array Element Access
+
+Let’s see what happens if you try to access an element of an array that is past
+the end of the array. Say you run this code, similar to the guessing game in
+Chapter 2, to get an array index from the user:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore,panics
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-15-invalid-array-access/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+This code compiles successfully. If you run this code using `cargo run` and
+enter `0`, `1`, `2`, `3`, or `4`, the program will print out the corresponding
+value at that index in the array. If you instead enter a number past the end of
+the array, such as `10`, you’ll see output like this:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-15-invalid-array-access
+cargo run
+10
+-->
+
+```console
+thread 'main' panicked at src/main.rs:19:19:
+index out of bounds: the len is 5 but the index is 10
+note: run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=1` environment variable to display a backtrace
+```
+
+The program resulted in a runtime error at the point of using an invalid
+value in the indexing operation. The program exited with an error message and
+didn’t execute the final `println!` statement. When you attempt to access an
+element using indexing, Rust will check that the index you’ve specified is less
+than the array length. If the index is greater than or equal to the length,
+Rust will panic. This check has to happen at runtime, especially in this case,
+because the compiler can’t possibly know what value a user will enter when they
+run the code later.
+
+This is an example of Rust’s memory safety principles in action. In many
+low-level languages, this kind of check is not done, and when you provide an
+incorrect index, invalid memory can be accessed. Rust protects you against this
+kind of error by immediately exiting instead of allowing the memory access and
+continuing. Chapter 9 discusses more of Rust’s error handling and how you can
+write readable, safe code that neither panics nor allows invalid memory access.
+
+[comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number]: ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number
+[twos-complement]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two%27s_complement
+[control-flow]: ch03-05-control-flow.html#control-flow
+[strings]: ch08-02-strings.html#storing-utf-8-encoded-text-with-strings
+[stack-and-heap]: ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html#the-stack-and-the-heap
+[vectors]: ch08-01-vectors.html
+[unrecoverable-errors-with-panic]: ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.html
+[appendix_b]: appendix-02-operators.md
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-03-how-functions-work.md
@@ -0,0 +1,253 @@
+## Functions
+
+Functions are prevalent in Rust code. You’ve already seen one of the most
+important functions in the language: the `main` function, which is the entry
+point of many programs. You’ve also seen the `fn` keyword, which allows you to
+declare new functions.
+
+Rust code uses _snake case_ as the conventional style for function and variable
+names, in which all letters are lowercase and underscores separate words.
+Here’s a program that contains an example function definition:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-16-functions/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+We define a function in Rust by entering `fn` followed by a function name and a
+set of parentheses. The curly brackets tell the compiler where the function
+body begins and ends.
+
+We can call any function we’ve defined by entering its name followed by a set
+of parentheses. Because `another_function` is defined in the program, it can be
+called from inside the `main` function. Note that we defined `another_function`
+_after_ the `main` function in the source code; we could have defined it before
+as well. Rust doesn’t care where you define your functions, only that they’re
+defined somewhere in a scope that can be seen by the caller.
+
+Let’s start a new binary project named _functions_ to explore functions
+further. Place the `another_function` example in _src/main.rs_ and run it. You
+should see the following output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-16-functions/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The lines execute in the order in which they appear in the `main` function.
+First the “Hello, world!” message prints, and then `another_function` is called
+and its message is printed.
+
+### Parameters
+
+We can define functions to have _parameters_, which are special variables that
+are part of a function’s signature. When a function has parameters, you can
+provide it with concrete values for those parameters. Technically, the concrete
+values are called _arguments_, but in casual conversation, people tend to use
+the words _parameter_ and _argument_ interchangeably for either the variables
+in a function’s definition or the concrete values passed in when you call a
+function.
+
+In this version of `another_function` we add a parameter:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-17-functions-with-parameters/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Try running this program; you should get the following output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-17-functions-with-parameters/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The declaration of `another_function` has one parameter named `x`. The type of
+`x` is specified as `i32`. When we pass `5` in to `another_function`, the
+`println!` macro puts `5` where the pair of curly brackets containing `x` was
+in the format string.
+
+In function signatures, you _must_ declare the type of each parameter. This is
+a deliberate decision in Rust’s design: Requiring type annotations in function
+definitions means the compiler almost never needs you to use them elsewhere in
+the code to figure out what type you mean. The compiler is also able to give
+more-helpful error messages if it knows what types the function expects.
+
+When defining multiple parameters, separate the parameter declarations with
+commas, like this:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-18-functions-with-multiple-parameters/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+This example creates a function named `print_labeled_measurement` with two
+parameters. The first parameter is named `value` and is an `i32`. The second is
+named `unit_label` and is type `char`. The function then prints text containing
+both the `value` and the `unit_label`.
+
+Let’s try running this code. Replace the program currently in your _functions_
+project’s _src/main.rs_ file with the preceding example and run it using `cargo
+run`:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-18-functions-with-multiple-parameters/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Because we called the function with `5` as the value for `value` and `'h'` as
+the value for `unit_label`, the program output contains those values.
+
+### Statements and Expressions
+
+Function bodies are made up of a series of statements optionally ending in an
+expression. So far, the functions we’ve covered haven’t included an ending
+expression, but you have seen an expression as part of a statement. Because
+Rust is an expression-based language, this is an important distinction to
+understand. Other languages don’t have the same distinctions, so let’s look at
+what statements and expressions are and how their differences affect the bodies
+of functions.
+
+- _Statements_ are instructions that perform some action and do not return
+  a value.
+- _Expressions_ evaluate to a resultant value.
+
+Let’s look at some examples.
+
+We’ve actually already used statements and expressions. Creating a variable and
+assigning a value to it with the `let` keyword is a statement. In Listing 3-1,
+`let y = 6;` is a statement.
+
+<Listing number="3-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `main` function declaration containing one statement">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/listing-03-01/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Function definitions are also statements; the entire preceding example is a
+statement in itself. (As we’ll see shortly, calling a function is not a
+statement, though.)
+
+Statements do not return values. Therefore, you can’t assign a `let` statement
+to another variable, as the following code tries to do; you’ll get an error:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-19-statements-vs-expressions/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+When you run this program, the error you’ll get looks like this:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-19-statements-vs-expressions/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The `let y = 6` statement does not return a value, so there isn’t anything for
+`x` to bind to. This is different from what happens in other languages, such as
+C and Ruby, where the assignment returns the value of the assignment. In those
+languages, you can write `x = y = 6` and have both `x` and `y` have the value
+`6`; that is not the case in Rust.
+
+Expressions evaluate to a value and make up most of the rest of the code that
+you’ll write in Rust. Consider a math operation, such as `5 + 6`, which is an
+expression that evaluates to the value `11`. Expressions can be part of
+statements: In Listing 3-1, the `6` in the statement `let y = 6;` is an
+expression that evaluates to the value `6`. Calling a function is an
+expression. Calling a macro is an expression. A new scope block created with
+curly brackets is an expression, for example:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-20-blocks-are-expressions/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+This expression:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{
+    let x = 3;
+    x + 1
+}
+```
+
+is a block that, in this case, evaluates to `4`. That value gets bound to `y`
+as part of the `let` statement. Note the `x + 1` line without a semicolon at
+the end, which is unlike most of the lines you’ve seen so far. Expressions do
+not include ending semicolons. If you add a semicolon to the end of an
+expression, you turn it into a statement, and it will then not return a value.
+Keep this in mind as you explore function return values and expressions next.
+
+### Functions with Return Values
+
+Functions can return values to the code that calls them. We don’t name return
+values, but we must declare their type after an arrow (`->`). In Rust, the
+return value of the function is synonymous with the value of the final
+expression in the block of the body of a function. You can return early from a
+function by using the `return` keyword and specifying a value, but most
+functions return the last expression implicitly. Here’s an example of a
+function that returns a value:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-21-function-return-values/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+There are no function calls, macros, or even `let` statements in the `five`
+function—just the number `5` by itself. That’s a perfectly valid function in
+Rust. Note that the function’s return type is specified too, as `-> i32`. Try
+running this code; the output should look like this:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-21-function-return-values/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The `5` in `five` is the function’s return value, which is why the return type
+is `i32`. Let’s examine this in more detail. There are two important bits:
+First, the line `let x = five();` shows that we’re using the return value of a
+function to initialize a variable. Because the function `five` returns a `5`,
+that line is the same as the following:
+
+```rust
+let x = 5;
+```
+
+Second, the `five` function has no parameters and defines the type of the
+return value, but the body of the function is a lonely `5` with no semicolon
+because it’s an expression whose value we want to return.
+
+Let’s look at another example:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-22-function-parameter-and-return/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Running this code will print `The value of x is: 6`. But what happens if we
+place a semicolon at the end of the line containing `x + 1`, changing it from
+an expression to a statement?
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-23-statements-dont-return-values/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Compiling this code will produce an error, as follows:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-23-statements-dont-return-values/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The main error message, `mismatched types`, reveals the core issue with this
+code. The definition of the function `plus_one` says that it will return an
+`i32`, but statements don’t evaluate to a value, which is expressed by `()`,
+the unit type. Therefore, nothing is returned, which contradicts the function
+definition and results in an error. In this output, Rust provides a message to
+possibly help rectify this issue: It suggests removing the semicolon, which
+would fix the error.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-04-comments.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-04-comments.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fdcdbd4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-04-comments.md
@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+## Comments
+
+All programmers strive to make their code easy to understand, but sometimes
+extra explanation is warranted. In these cases, programmers leave _comments_ in
+their source code that the compiler will ignore but that people reading the
+source code may find useful.
+
+Here’s a simple comment:
+
+```rust
+// hello, world
+```
+
+In Rust, the idiomatic comment style starts a comment with two slashes, and the
+comment continues until the end of the line. For comments that extend beyond a
+single line, you’ll need to include `//` on each line, like this:
+
+```rust
+// So we're doing something complicated here, long enough that we need
+// multiple lines of comments to do it! Whew! Hopefully, this comment will
+// explain what's going on.
+```
+
+Comments can also be placed at the end of lines containing code:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-24-comments-end-of-line/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+But you’ll more often see them used in this format, with the comment on a
+separate line above the code it’s annotating:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-25-comments-above-line/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Rust also has another kind of comment, documentation comments, which we’ll
+discuss in the [“Publishing a Crate to Crates.io”][publishing]<!-- ignore -->
+section of Chapter 14.
+
+[publishing]: ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-05-control-flow.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-05-control-flow.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bde674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch03-05-control-flow.md
@@ -0,0 +1,397 @@
+## Control Flow
+
+The ability to run some code depending on whether a condition is `true` and the
+ability to run some code repeatedly while a condition is `true` are basic
+building blocks in most programming languages. The most common constructs that
+let you control the flow of execution of Rust code are `if` expressions and
+loops.
+
+### `if` Expressions
+
+An `if` expression allows you to branch your code depending on conditions. You
+provide a condition and then state, “If this condition is met, run this block
+of code. If the condition is not met, do not run this block of code.”
+
+Create a new project called _branches_ in your _projects_ directory to explore
+the `if` expression. In the _src/main.rs_ file, input the following:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-26-if-true/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+All `if` expressions start with the keyword `if`, followed by a condition. In
+this case, the condition checks whether or not the variable `number` has a
+value less than 5. We place the block of code to execute if the condition is
+`true` immediately after the condition inside curly brackets. Blocks of code
+associated with the conditions in `if` expressions are sometimes called _arms_,
+just like the arms in `match` expressions that we discussed in the [“Comparing
+the Guess to the Secret Number”][comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number]<!--
+ignore --> section of Chapter 2.
+
+Optionally, we can also include an `else` expression, which we chose to do
+here, to give the program an alternative block of code to execute should the
+condition evaluate to `false`. If you don’t provide an `else` expression and
+the condition is `false`, the program will just skip the `if` block and move on
+to the next bit of code.
+
+Try running this code; you should see the following output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-26-if-true/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Let’s try changing the value of `number` to a value that makes the condition
+`false` to see what happens:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-27-if-false/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Run the program again, and look at the output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-27-if-false/output.txt}}
+```
+
+It’s also worth noting that the condition in this code _must_ be a `bool`. If
+the condition isn’t a `bool`, we’ll get an error. For example, try running the
+following code:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-28-if-condition-must-be-bool/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+The `if` condition evaluates to a value of `3` this time, and Rust throws an
+error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-28-if-condition-must-be-bool/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The error indicates that Rust expected a `bool` but got an integer. Unlike
+languages such as Ruby and JavaScript, Rust will not automatically try to
+convert non-Boolean types to a Boolean. You must be explicit and always provide
+`if` with a Boolean as its condition. If we want the `if` code block to run
+only when a number is not equal to `0`, for example, we can change the `if`
+expression to the following:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-29-if-not-equal-0/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Running this code will print `number was something other than zero`.
+
+#### Handling Multiple Conditions with `else if`
+
+You can use multiple conditions by combining `if` and `else` in an `else if`
+expression. For example:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-30-else-if/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+This program has four possible paths it can take. After running it, you should
+see the following output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-30-else-if/output.txt}}
+```
+
+When this program executes, it checks each `if` expression in turn and executes
+the first body for which the condition evaluates to `true`. Note that even
+though 6 is divisible by 2, we don’t see the output `number is divisible by 2`,
+nor do we see the `number is not divisible by 4, 3, or 2` text from the `else`
+block. That’s because Rust only executes the block for the first `true`
+condition, and once it finds one, it doesn’t even check the rest.
+
+Using too many `else if` expressions can clutter your code, so if you have more
+than one, you might want to refactor your code. Chapter 6 describes a powerful
+Rust branching construct called `match` for these cases.
+
+#### Using `if` in a `let` Statement
+
+Because `if` is an expression, we can use it on the right side of a `let`
+statement to assign the outcome to a variable, as in Listing 3-2.
+
+<Listing number="3-2" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Assigning the result of an `if` expression to a variable">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/listing-03-02/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `number` variable will be bound to a value based on the outcome of the `if`
+expression. Run this code to see what happens:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/listing-03-02/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Remember that blocks of code evaluate to the last expression in them, and
+numbers by themselves are also expressions. In this case, the value of the
+whole `if` expression depends on which block of code executes. This means the
+values that have the potential to be results from each arm of the `if` must be
+the same type; in Listing 3-2, the results of both the `if` arm and the `else`
+arm were `i32` integers. If the types are mismatched, as in the following
+example, we’ll get an error:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-31-arms-must-return-same-type/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+When we try to compile this code, we’ll get an error. The `if` and `else` arms
+have value types that are incompatible, and Rust indicates exactly where to
+find the problem in the program:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-31-arms-must-return-same-type/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The expression in the `if` block evaluates to an integer, and the expression in
+the `else` block evaluates to a string. This won’t work, because variables must
+have a single type, and Rust needs to know definitively at compile time what
+type the `number` variable is. Knowing the type of `number` lets the compiler
+verify the type is valid everywhere we use `number`. Rust wouldn’t be able to
+do that if the type of `number` was only determined at runtime; the compiler
+would be more complex and would make fewer guarantees about the code if it had
+to keep track of multiple hypothetical types for any variable.
+
+### Repetition with Loops
+
+It’s often useful to execute a block of code more than once. For this task,
+Rust provides several _loops_, which will run through the code inside the loop
+body to the end and then start immediately back at the beginning. To experiment
+with loops, let’s make a new project called _loops_.
+
+Rust has three kinds of loops: `loop`, `while`, and `for`. Let’s try each one.
+
+#### Repeating Code with `loop`
+
+The `loop` keyword tells Rust to execute a block of code over and over again
+either forever or until you explicitly tell it to stop.
+
+As an example, change the _src/main.rs_ file in your _loops_ directory to look
+like this:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-32-loop/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+When we run this program, we’ll see `again!` printed over and over continuously
+until we stop the program manually. Most terminals support the keyboard shortcut
+<kbd>ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>C</kbd> to interrupt a program that is stuck in a continual
+loop. Give it a try:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-32-loop
+cargo run
+CTRL-C
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling loops v0.1.0 (file:///projects/loops)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.08s
+     Running `target/debug/loops`
+again!
+again!
+again!
+again!
+^Cagain!
+```
+
+The symbol `^C` represents where you pressed <kbd>ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>C</kbd>.
+
+You may or may not see the word `again!` printed after the `^C`, depending on
+where the code was in the loop when it received the interrupt signal.
+
+Fortunately, Rust also provides a way to break out of a loop using code. You
+can place the `break` keyword within the loop to tell the program when to stop
+executing the loop. Recall that we did this in the guessing game in the
+[“Quitting After a Correct Guess”][quitting-after-a-correct-guess]<!-- ignore
+--> section of Chapter 2 to exit the program when the user won the game by
+guessing the correct number.
+
+We also used `continue` in the guessing game, which in a loop tells the program
+to skip over any remaining code in this iteration of the loop and go to the
+next iteration.
+
+#### Returning Values from Loops
+
+One of the uses of a `loop` is to retry an operation you know might fail, such
+as checking whether a thread has completed its job. You might also need to pass
+the result of that operation out of the loop to the rest of your code. To do
+this, you can add the value you want returned after the `break` expression you
+use to stop the loop; that value will be returned out of the loop so that you
+can use it, as shown here:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-33-return-value-from-loop/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+Before the loop, we declare a variable named `counter` and initialize it to
+`0`. Then, we declare a variable named `result` to hold the value returned from
+the loop. On every iteration of the loop, we add `1` to the `counter` variable,
+and then check whether the `counter` is equal to `10`. When it is, we use the
+`break` keyword with the value `counter * 2`. After the loop, we use a
+semicolon to end the statement that assigns the value to `result`. Finally, we
+print the value in `result`, which in this case is `20`.
+
+You can also `return` from inside a loop. While `break` only exits the current
+loop, `return` always exits the current function.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="loop-labels-to-disambiguate-between-multiple-loops"></a>
+
+#### Disambiguating with Loop Labels
+
+If you have loops within loops, `break` and `continue` apply to the innermost
+loop at that point. You can optionally specify a _loop label_ on a loop that
+you can then use with `break` or `continue` to specify that those keywords
+apply to the labeled loop instead of the innermost loop. Loop labels must begin
+with a single quote. Here’s an example with two nested loops:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-32-5-loop-labels/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+The outer loop has the label `'counting_up`, and it will count up from 0 to 2.
+The inner loop without a label counts down from 10 to 9. The first `break` that
+doesn’t specify a label will exit the inner loop only. The `break
+'counting_up;` statement will exit the outer loop. This code prints:
+
+```console
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-32-5-loop-labels/output.txt}}
+```
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="conditional-loops-with-while"></a>
+
+#### Streamlining Conditional Loops with while
+
+A program will often need to evaluate a condition within a loop. While the
+condition is `true`, the loop runs. When the condition ceases to be `true`, the
+program calls `break`, stopping the loop. It’s possible to implement behavior
+like this using a combination of `loop`, `if`, `else`, and `break`; you could
+try that now in a program, if you’d like. However, this pattern is so common
+that Rust has a built-in language construct for it, called a `while` loop. In
+Listing 3-3, we use `while` to loop the program three times, counting down each
+time, and then, after the loop, to print a message and exit.
+
+<Listing number="3-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using a `while` loop to run code while a condition evaluates to `true`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/listing-03-03/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This construct eliminates a lot of nesting that would be necessary if you used
+`loop`, `if`, `else`, and `break`, and it’s clearer. While a condition
+evaluates to `true`, the code runs; otherwise, it exits the loop.
+
+#### Looping Through a Collection with `for`
+
+You can choose to use the `while` construct to loop over the elements of a
+collection, such as an array. For example, the loop in Listing 3-4 prints each
+element in the array `a`.
+
+<Listing number="3-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Looping through each element of a collection using a `while` loop">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/listing-03-04/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, the code counts up through the elements in the array. It starts at index
+`0` and then loops until it reaches the final index in the array (that is,
+when `index < 5` is no longer `true`). Running this code will print every
+element in the array:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/listing-03-04/output.txt}}
+```
+
+All five array values appear in the terminal, as expected. Even though `index`
+will reach a value of `5` at some point, the loop stops executing before trying
+to fetch a sixth value from the array.
+
+However, this approach is error-prone; we could cause the program to panic if
+the index value or test condition is incorrect. For example, if you changed the
+definition of the `a` array to have four elements but forgot to update the
+condition to `while index < 4`, the code would panic. It’s also slow, because
+the compiler adds runtime code to perform the conditional check of whether the
+index is within the bounds of the array on every iteration through the loop.
+
+As a more concise alternative, you can use a `for` loop and execute some code
+for each item in a collection. A `for` loop looks like the code in Listing 3-5.
+
+<Listing number="3-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Looping through each element of a collection using a `for` loop">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/listing-03-05/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we run this code, we’ll see the same output as in Listing 3-4. More
+importantly, we’ve now increased the safety of the code and eliminated the
+chance of bugs that might result from going beyond the end of the array or not
+going far enough and missing some items. Machine code generated from `for`
+loops can be more efficient as well because the index doesn’t need to be
+compared to the length of the array at every iteration.
+
+Using the `for` loop, you wouldn’t need to remember to change any other code if
+you changed the number of values in the array, as you would with the method
+used in Listing 3-4.
+
+The safety and conciseness of `for` loops make them the most commonly used loop
+construct in Rust. Even in situations in which you want to run some code a
+certain number of times, as in the countdown example that used a `while` loop
+in Listing 3-3, most Rustaceans would use a `for` loop. The way to do that
+would be to use a `Range`, provided by the standard library, which generates
+all numbers in sequence starting from one number and ending before another
+number.
+
+Here’s what the countdown would look like using a `for` loop and another method
+we’ve not yet talked about, `rev`, to reverse the range:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch03-common-programming-concepts/no-listing-34-for-range/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+This code is a bit nicer, isn’t it?
+
+## Summary
+
+You made it! This was a sizable chapter: You learned about variables, scalar
+and compound data types, functions, comments, `if` expressions, and loops! To
+practice with the concepts discussed in this chapter, try building programs to
+do the following:
+
+- Convert temperatures between Fahrenheit and Celsius.
+- Generate the *n*th Fibonacci number.
+- Print the lyrics to the Christmas carol “The Twelve Days of Christmas,”
+  taking advantage of the repetition in the song.
+
+When you’re ready to move on, we’ll talk about a concept in Rust that _doesn’t_
+commonly exist in other programming languages: ownership.
+
+[comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number]: ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#comparing-the-guess-to-the-secret-number
+[quitting-after-a-correct-guess]: ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#quitting-after-a-correct-guess
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-00-understanding-ownership.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-00-understanding-ownership.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..52eda6a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-00-understanding-ownership.md
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+# Understanding Ownership
+
+Ownership is Rust’s most unique feature and has deep implications for the rest
+of the language. It enables Rust to make memory safety guarantees without
+needing a garbage collector, so it’s important to understand how ownership
+works. In this chapter, we’ll talk about ownership as well as several related
+features: borrowing, slices, and how Rust lays data out in memory.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..aa8fc61
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-01-what-is-ownership.md
@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+## What Is Ownership?
+
+_Ownership_ is a set of rules that govern how a Rust program manages memory.
+All programs have to manage the way they use a computer’s memory while running.
+Some languages have garbage collection that regularly looks for no-longer-used
+memory as the program runs; in other languages, the programmer must explicitly
+allocate and free the memory. Rust uses a third approach: Memory is managed
+through a system of ownership with a set of rules that the compiler checks. If
+any of the rules are violated, the program won’t compile. None of the features
+of ownership will slow down your program while it’s running.
+
+Because ownership is a new concept for many programmers, it does take some time
+to get used to. The good news is that the more experienced you become with Rust
+and the rules of the ownership system, the easier you’ll find it to naturally
+develop code that is safe and efficient. Keep at it!
+
+When you understand ownership, you’ll have a solid foundation for understanding
+the features that make Rust unique. In this chapter, you’ll learn ownership by
+working through some examples that focus on a very common data structure:
+strings.
+
+> ### The Stack and the Heap
+>
+> Many programming languages don’t require you to think about the stack and the
+> heap very often. But in a systems programming language like Rust, whether a
+> value is on the stack or the heap affects how the language behaves and why
+> you have to make certain decisions. Parts of ownership will be described in
+> relation to the stack and the heap later in this chapter, so here is a brief
+> explanation in preparation.
+>
+> Both the stack and the heap are parts of memory available to your code to use
+> at runtime, but they are structured in different ways. The stack stores
+> values in the order it gets them and removes the values in the opposite
+> order. This is referred to as _last in, first out (LIFO)_. Think of a stack of
+> plates: When you add more plates, you put them on top of the pile, and when
+> you need a plate, you take one off the top. Adding or removing plates from
+> the middle or bottom wouldn’t work as well! Adding data is called _pushing
+> onto the stack_, and removing data is called _popping off the stack_. All
+> data stored on the stack must have a known, fixed size. Data with an unknown
+> size at compile time or a size that might change must be stored on the heap
+> instead.
+>
+> The heap is less organized: When you put data on the heap, you request a
+> certain amount of space. The memory allocator finds an empty spot in the heap
+> that is big enough, marks it as being in use, and returns a _pointer_, which
+> is the address of that location. This process is called _allocating on the
+> heap_ and is sometimes abbreviated as just _allocating_ (pushing values onto
+> the stack is not considered allocating). Because the pointer to the heap is a
+> known, fixed size, you can store the pointer on the stack, but when you want
+> the actual data, you must follow the pointer. Think of being seated at a
+> restaurant. When you enter, you state the number of people in your group, and
+> the host finds an empty table that fits everyone and leads you there. If
+> someone in your group comes late, they can ask where you’ve been seated to
+> find you.
+>
+> Pushing to the stack is faster than allocating on the heap because the
+> allocator never has to search for a place to store new data; that location is
+> always at the top of the stack. Comparatively, allocating space on the heap
+> requires more work because the allocator must first find a big enough space
+> to hold the data and then perform bookkeeping to prepare for the next
+> allocation.
+>
+> Accessing data in the heap is generally slower than accessing data on the
+> stack because you have to follow a pointer to get there. Contemporary
+> processors are faster if they jump around less in memory. Continuing the
+> analogy, consider a server at a restaurant taking orders from many tables.
+> It’s most efficient to get all the orders at one table before moving on to
+> the next table. Taking an order from table A, then an order from table B,
+> then one from A again, and then one from B again would be a much slower
+> process. By the same token, a processor can usually do its job better if it
+> works on data that’s close to other data (as it is on the stack) rather than
+> farther away (as it can be on the heap).
+>
+> When your code calls a function, the values passed into the function
+> (including, potentially, pointers to data on the heap) and the function’s
+> local variables get pushed onto the stack. When the function is over, those
+> values get popped off the stack.
+>
+> Keeping track of what parts of code are using what data on the heap,
+> minimizing the amount of duplicate data on the heap, and cleaning up unused
+> data on the heap so that you don’t run out of space are all problems that
+> ownership addresses. Once you understand ownership, you won’t need to think
+> about the stack and the heap very often. But knowing that the main purpose of
+> ownership is to manage heap data can help explain why it works the way it
+> does.
+
+### Ownership Rules
+
+First, let’s take a look at the ownership rules. Keep these rules in mind as we
+work through the examples that illustrate them:
+
+- Each value in Rust has an _owner_.
+- There can only be one owner at a time.
+- When the owner goes out of scope, the value will be dropped.
+
+### Variable Scope
+
+Now that we’re past basic Rust syntax, we won’t include all the `fn main() {`
+code in the examples, so if you’re following along, make sure to put the
+following examples inside a `main` function manually. As a result, our examples
+will be a bit more concise, letting us focus on the actual details rather than
+boilerplate code.
+
+As a first example of ownership, we’ll look at the scope of some variables. A
+_scope_ is the range within a program for which an item is valid. Take the
+following variable:
+
+```rust
+let s = "hello";
+```
+
+The variable `s` refers to a string literal, where the value of the string is
+hardcoded into the text of our program. The variable is valid from the point at
+which it’s declared until the end of the current scope. Listing 4-1 shows a
+program with comments annotating where the variable `s` would be valid.
+
+<Listing number="4-1" caption="A variable and the scope in which it is valid">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-01/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In other words, there are two important points in time here:
+
+- When `s` comes _into_ scope, it is valid.
+- It remains valid until it goes _out of_ scope.
+
+At this point, the relationship between scopes and when variables are valid is
+similar to that in other programming languages. Now we’ll build on top of this
+understanding by introducing the `String` type.
+
+### The `String` Type
+
+To illustrate the rules of ownership, we need a data type that is more complex
+than those we covered in the [“Data Types”][data-types]<!-- ignore --> section
+of Chapter 3. The types covered previously are of a known size, can be stored
+on the stack and popped off the stack when their scope is over, and can be
+quickly and trivially copied to make a new, independent instance if another
+part of code needs to use the same value in a different scope. But we want to
+look at data that is stored on the heap and explore how Rust knows when to
+clean up that data, and the `String` type is a great example.
+
+We’ll concentrate on the parts of `String` that relate to ownership. These
+aspects also apply to other complex data types, whether they are provided by
+the standard library or created by you. We’ll discuss non-ownership aspects of
+`String` in [Chapter 8][ch8]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+We’ve already seen string literals, where a string value is hardcoded into our
+program. String literals are convenient, but they aren’t suitable for every
+situation in which we may want to use text. One reason is that they’re
+immutable. Another is that not every string value can be known when we write
+our code: For example, what if we want to take user input and store it? It is
+for these situations that Rust has the `String` type. This type manages
+data allocated on the heap and as such is able to store an amount of text that
+is unknown to us at compile time. You can create a `String` from a string
+literal using the `from` function, like so:
+
+```rust
+let s = String::from("hello");
+```
+
+The double colon `::` operator allows us to namespace this particular `from`
+function under the `String` type rather than using some sort of name like
+`string_from`. We’ll discuss this syntax more in the [“Methods”][methods]<!--
+ignore --> section of Chapter 5, and when we talk about namespacing with
+modules in [“Paths for Referring to an Item in the Module
+Tree”][paths-module-tree]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 7.
+
+This kind of string _can_ be mutated:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-01-can-mutate-string/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+So, what’s the difference here? Why can `String` be mutated but literals
+cannot? The difference is in how these two types deal with memory.
+
+### Memory and Allocation
+
+In the case of a string literal, we know the contents at compile time, so the
+text is hardcoded directly into the final executable. This is why string
+literals are fast and efficient. But these properties only come from the string
+literal’s immutability. Unfortunately, we can’t put a blob of memory into the
+binary for each piece of text whose size is unknown at compile time and whose
+size might change while running the program.
+
+With the `String` type, in order to support a mutable, growable piece of text,
+we need to allocate an amount of memory on the heap, unknown at compile time,
+to hold the contents. This means:
+
+- The memory must be requested from the memory allocator at runtime.
+- We need a way of returning this memory to the allocator when we’re done with
+  our `String`.
+
+That first part is done by us: When we call `String::from`, its implementation
+requests the memory it needs. This is pretty much universal in programming
+languages.
+
+However, the second part is different. In languages with a _garbage collector
+(GC)_, the GC keeps track of and cleans up memory that isn’t being used
+anymore, and we don’t need to think about it. In most languages without a GC,
+it’s our responsibility to identify when memory is no longer being used and to
+call code to explicitly free it, just as we did to request it. Doing this
+correctly has historically been a difficult programming problem. If we forget,
+we’ll waste memory. If we do it too early, we’ll have an invalid variable. If
+we do it twice, that’s a bug too. We need to pair exactly one `allocate` with
+exactly one `free`.
+
+Rust takes a different path: The memory is automatically returned once the
+variable that owns it goes out of scope. Here’s a version of our scope example
+from Listing 4-1 using a `String` instead of a string literal:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-02-string-scope/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+There is a natural point at which we can return the memory our `String` needs
+to the allocator: when `s` goes out of scope. When a variable goes out of
+scope, Rust calls a special function for us. This function is called
+`drop`, and it’s where the author of `String` can put
+the code to return the memory. Rust calls `drop` automatically at the closing
+curly bracket.
+
+> Note: In C++, this pattern of deallocating resources at the end of an item’s
+> lifetime is sometimes called _Resource Acquisition Is Initialization (RAII)_.
+> The `drop` function in Rust will be familiar to you if you’ve used RAII
+> patterns.
+
+This pattern has a profound impact on the way Rust code is written. It may seem
+simple right now, but the behavior of code can be unexpected in more
+complicated situations when we want to have multiple variables use the data
+we’ve allocated on the heap. Let’s explore some of those situations now.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="ways-variables-and-data-interact-move"></a>
+
+#### Variables and Data Interacting with Move
+
+Multiple variables can interact with the same data in different ways in Rust.
+Listing 4-2 shows an example using an integer.
+
+<Listing number="4-2" caption="Assigning the integer value of variable `x` to `y`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-02/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We can probably guess what this is doing: “Bind the value `5` to `x`; then, make
+a copy of the value in `x` and bind it to `y`.” We now have two variables, `x`
+and `y`, and both equal `5`. This is indeed what is happening, because integers
+are simple values with a known, fixed size, and these two `5` values are pushed
+onto the stack.
+
+Now let’s look at the `String` version:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-03-string-move/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This looks very similar, so we might assume that the way it works would be the
+same: That is, the second line would make a copy of the value in `s1` and bind
+it to `s2`. But this isn’t quite what happens.
+
+Take a look at Figure 4-1 to see what is happening to `String` under the
+covers. A `String` is made up of three parts, shown on the left: a pointer to
+the memory that holds the contents of the string, a length, and a capacity.
+This group of data is stored on the stack. On the right is the memory on the
+heap that holds the contents.
+
+<img alt="Two tables: the first table contains the representation of s1 on the
+stack, consisting of its length (5), capacity (5), and a pointer to the first
+value in the second table. The second table contains the representation of the
+string data on the heap, byte by byte." src="img/trpl04-01.svg" class="center"
+style="width: 50%;" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 4-1: The representation in memory of a `String`
+holding the value `"hello"` bound to `s1`</span>
+
+The length is how much memory, in bytes, the contents of the `String` are
+currently using. The capacity is the total amount of memory, in bytes, that the
+`String` has received from the allocator. The difference between length and
+capacity matters, but not in this context, so for now, it’s fine to ignore the
+capacity.
+
+When we assign `s1` to `s2`, the `String` data is copied, meaning we copy the
+pointer, the length, and the capacity that are on the stack. We do not copy the
+data on the heap that the pointer refers to. In other words, the data
+representation in memory looks like Figure 4-2.
+
+<img alt="Three tables: tables s1 and s2 representing those strings on the
+stack, respectively, and both pointing to the same string data on the heap."
+src="img/trpl04-02.svg" class="center" style="width: 50%;" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 4-2: The representation in memory of the variable
+`s2` that has a copy of the pointer, length, and capacity of `s1`</span>
+
+The representation does _not_ look like Figure 4-3, which is what memory would
+look like if Rust instead copied the heap data as well. If Rust did this, the
+operation `s2 = s1` could be very expensive in terms of runtime performance if
+the data on the heap were large.
+
+<img alt="Four tables: two tables representing the stack data for s1 and s2,
+and each points to its own copy of string data on the heap."
+src="img/trpl04-03.svg" class="center" style="width: 50%;" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 4-3: Another possibility for what `s2 = s1` might
+do if Rust copied the heap data as well</span>
+
+Earlier, we said that when a variable goes out of scope, Rust automatically
+calls the `drop` function and cleans up the heap memory for that variable. But
+Figure 4-2 shows both data pointers pointing to the same location. This is a
+problem: When `s2` and `s1` go out of scope, they will both try to free the
+same memory. This is known as a _double free_ error and is one of the memory
+safety bugs we mentioned previously. Freeing memory twice can lead to memory
+corruption, which can potentially lead to security vulnerabilities.
+
+To ensure memory safety, after the line `let s2 = s1;`, Rust considers `s1` as
+no longer valid. Therefore, Rust doesn’t need to free anything when `s1` goes
+out of scope. Check out what happens when you try to use `s1` after `s2` is
+created; it won’t work:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-04-cant-use-after-move/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+You’ll get an error like this because Rust prevents you from using the
+invalidated reference:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-04-cant-use-after-move/output.txt}}
+```
+
+If you’ve heard the terms _shallow copy_ and _deep copy_ while working with
+other languages, the concept of copying the pointer, length, and capacity
+without copying the data probably sounds like making a shallow copy. But
+because Rust also invalidates the first variable, instead of being called a
+shallow copy, it’s known as a _move_. In this example, we would say that `s1`
+was _moved_ into `s2`. So, what actually happens is shown in Figure 4-4.
+
+<img alt="Three tables: tables s1 and s2 representing those strings on the
+stack, respectively, and both pointing to the same string data on the heap.
+Table s1 is grayed out because s1 is no longer valid; only s2 can be used to
+access the heap data." src="img/trpl04-04.svg" class="center" style="width:
+50%;" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 4-4: The representation in memory after `s1` has
+been invalidated</span>
+
+That solves our problem! With only `s2` valid, when it goes out of scope it
+alone will free the memory, and we’re done.
+
+In addition, there’s a design choice that’s implied by this: Rust will never
+automatically create “deep” copies of your data. Therefore, any _automatic_
+copying can be assumed to be inexpensive in terms of runtime performance.
+
+#### Scope and Assignment
+
+The inverse of this is true for the relationship between scoping, ownership, and
+memory being freed via the `drop` function as well. When you assign a completely
+new value to an existing variable, Rust will call `drop` and free the original
+value’s memory immediately. Consider this code, for example:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-04b-replacement-drop/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+We initially declare a variable `s` and bind it to a `String` with the value
+`"hello"`. Then, we immediately create a new `String` with the value `"ahoy"`
+and assign it to `s`. At this point, nothing is referring to the original value
+on the heap at all. Figure 4-5 illustrates the stack and heap data now:
+
+<img alt="One table representing the string value on the stack, pointing to
+the second piece of string data (ahoy) on the heap, with the original string
+data (hello) grayed out because it cannot be accessed anymore."
+src="img/trpl04-05.svg" class="center" style="width: 50%;" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 4-5: The representation in memory after the initial
+value has been replaced in its entirety</span>
+
+The original string thus immediately goes out of scope. Rust will run the `drop`
+function on it and its memory will be freed right away. When we print the value
+at the end, it will be `"ahoy, world!"`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="ways-variables-and-data-interact-clone"></a>
+
+#### Variables and Data Interacting with Clone
+
+If we _do_ want to deeply copy the heap data of the `String`, not just the
+stack data, we can use a common method called `clone`. We’ll discuss method
+syntax in Chapter 5, but because methods are a common feature in many
+programming languages, you’ve probably seen them before.
+
+Here’s an example of the `clone` method in action:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-05-clone/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This works just fine and explicitly produces the behavior shown in Figure 4-3,
+where the heap data _does_ get copied.
+
+When you see a call to `clone`, you know that some arbitrary code is being
+executed and that code may be expensive. It’s a visual indicator that something
+different is going on.
+
+#### Stack-Only Data: Copy
+
+There’s another wrinkle we haven’t talked about yet. This code using
+integers—part of which was shown in Listing 4-2—works and is valid:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-06-copy/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+But this code seems to contradict what we just learned: We don’t have a call to
+`clone`, but `x` is still valid and wasn’t moved into `y`.
+
+The reason is that types such as integers that have a known size at compile
+time are stored entirely on the stack, so copies of the actual values are quick
+to make. That means there’s no reason we would want to prevent `x` from being
+valid after we create the variable `y`. In other words, there’s no difference
+between deep and shallow copying here, so calling `clone` wouldn’t do anything
+different from the usual shallow copying, and we can leave it out.
+
+Rust has a special annotation called the `Copy` trait that we can place on
+types that are stored on the stack, as integers are (we’ll talk more about
+traits in [Chapter 10][traits]<!-- ignore -->). If a type implements the `Copy`
+trait, variables that use it do not move, but rather are trivially copied,
+making them still valid after assignment to another variable.
+
+Rust won’t let us annotate a type with `Copy` if the type, or any of its parts,
+has implemented the `Drop` trait. If the type needs something special to happen
+when the value goes out of scope and we add the `Copy` annotation to that type,
+we’ll get a compile-time error. To learn about how to add the `Copy` annotation
+to your type to implement the trait, see [“Derivable
+Traits”][derivable-traits]<!-- ignore --> in Appendix C.
+
+So, what types implement the `Copy` trait? You can check the documentation for
+the given type to be sure, but as a general rule, any group of simple scalar
+values can implement `Copy`, and nothing that requires allocation or is some
+form of resource can implement `Copy`. Here are some of the types that
+implement `Copy`:
+
+- All the integer types, such as `u32`.
+- The Boolean type, `bool`, with values `true` and `false`.
+- All the floating-point types, such as `f64`.
+- The character type, `char`.
+- Tuples, if they only contain types that also implement `Copy`. For example,
+  `(i32, i32)` implements `Copy`, but `(i32, String)` does not.
+
+### Ownership and Functions
+
+The mechanics of passing a value to a function are similar to those when
+assigning a value to a variable. Passing a variable to a function will move or
+copy, just as assignment does. Listing 4-3 has an example with some annotations
+showing where variables go into and out of scope.
+
+<Listing number="4-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Functions with ownership and scope annotated">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-03/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If we tried to use `s` after the call to `takes_ownership`, Rust would throw a
+compile-time error. These static checks protect us from mistakes. Try adding
+code to `main` that uses `s` and `x` to see where you can use them and where
+the ownership rules prevent you from doing so.
+
+### Return Values and Scope
+
+Returning values can also transfer ownership. Listing 4-4 shows an example of a
+function that returns some value, with similar annotations as those in Listing
+4-3.
+
+<Listing number="4-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Transferring ownership of return values">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-04/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The ownership of a variable follows the same pattern every time: Assigning a
+value to another variable moves it. When a variable that includes data on the
+heap goes out of scope, the value will be cleaned up by `drop` unless ownership
+of the data has been moved to another variable.
+
+While this works, taking ownership and then returning ownership with every
+function is a bit tedious. What if we want to let a function use a value but
+not take ownership? It’s quite annoying that anything we pass in also needs to
+be passed back if we want to use it again, in addition to any data resulting
+from the body of the function that we might want to return as well.
+
+Rust does let us return multiple values using a tuple, as shown in Listing 4-5.
+
+<Listing number="4-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Returning ownership of parameters">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-05/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+But this is too much ceremony and a lot of work for a concept that should be
+common. Luckily for us, Rust has a feature for using a value without
+transferring ownership: references.
+
+[data-types]: ch03-02-data-types.html#data-types
+[ch8]: ch08-02-strings.html
+[traits]: ch10-02-traits.html
+[derivable-traits]: appendix-03-derivable-traits.html
+[methods]: ch05-03-method-syntax.html#methods
+[paths-module-tree]: ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8c37601
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+## References and Borrowing
+
+The issue with the tuple code in Listing 4-5 is that we have to return the
+`String` to the calling function so that we can still use the `String` after
+the call to `calculate_length`, because the `String` was moved into
+`calculate_length`. Instead, we can provide a reference to the `String` value.
+A reference is like a pointer in that it’s an address we can follow to access
+the data stored at that address; that data is owned by some other variable.
+Unlike a pointer, a reference is guaranteed to point to a valid value of a
+particular type for the life of that reference.
+
+Here is how you would define and use a `calculate_length` function that has a
+reference to an object as a parameter instead of taking ownership of the value:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-07-reference/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, notice that all the tuple code in the variable declaration and the
+function return value is gone. Second, note that we pass `&s1` into
+`calculate_length` and, in its definition, we take `&String` rather than
+`String`. These ampersands represent references, and they allow you to refer to
+some value without taking ownership of it. Figure 4-6 depicts this concept.
+
+<img alt="Three tables: the table for s contains only a pointer to the table
+for s1. The table for s1 contains the stack data for s1 and points to the
+string data on the heap." src="img/trpl04-06.svg" class="center" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 4-6: A diagram of `&String` `s` pointing at
+`String` `s1`</span>
+
+> Note: The opposite of referencing by using `&` is _dereferencing_, which is
+> accomplished with the dereference operator, `*`. We’ll see some uses of the
+> dereference operator in Chapter 8 and discuss details of dereferencing in
+> Chapter 15.
+
+Let’s take a closer look at the function call here:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-07-reference/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The `&s1` syntax lets us create a reference that _refers_ to the value of `s1`
+but does not own it. Because the reference does not own it, the value it points
+to will not be dropped when the reference stops being used.
+
+Likewise, the signature of the function uses `&` to indicate that the type of
+the parameter `s` is a reference. Let’s add some explanatory annotations:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-08-reference-with-annotations/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The scope in which the variable `s` is valid is the same as any function
+parameter’s scope, but the value pointed to by the reference is not dropped
+when `s` stops being used, because `s` doesn’t have ownership. When functions
+have references as parameters instead of the actual values, we won’t need to
+return the values in order to give back ownership, because we never had
+ownership.
+
+We call the action of creating a reference _borrowing_. As in real life, if a
+person owns something, you can borrow it from them. When you’re done, you have
+to give it back. You don’t own it.
+
+So, what happens if we try to modify something we’re borrowing? Try the code in
+Listing 4-6. Spoiler alert: It doesn’t work!
+
+<Listing number="4-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to modify a borrowed value">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-06/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here’s the error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-06/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Just as variables are immutable by default, so are references. We’re not
+allowed to modify something we have a reference to.
+
+### Mutable References
+
+We can fix the code from Listing 4-6 to allow us to modify a borrowed value
+with just a few small tweaks that use, instead, a _mutable reference_:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-09-fixes-listing-04-06/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, we change `s` to be `mut`. Then, we create a mutable reference with
+`&mut s` where we call the `change` function and update the function signature
+to accept a mutable reference with `some_string: &mut String`. This makes it
+very clear that the `change` function will mutate the value it borrows.
+
+Mutable references have one big restriction: If you have a mutable reference to
+a value, you can have no other references to that value. This code that
+attempts to create two mutable references to `s` will fail:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-10-multiple-mut-not-allowed/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here’s the error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-10-multiple-mut-not-allowed/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This error says that this code is invalid because we cannot borrow `s` as
+mutable more than once at a time. The first mutable borrow is in `r1` and must
+last until it’s used in the `println!`, but between the creation of that
+mutable reference and its usage, we tried to create another mutable reference
+in `r2` that borrows the same data as `r1`.
+
+The restriction preventing multiple mutable references to the same data at the
+same time allows for mutation but in a very controlled fashion. It’s something
+that new Rustaceans struggle with because most languages let you mutate
+whenever you’d like. The benefit of having this restriction is that Rust can
+prevent data races at compile time. A _data race_ is similar to a race
+condition and happens when these three behaviors occur:
+
+- Two or more pointers access the same data at the same time.
+- At least one of the pointers is being used to write to the data.
+- There’s no mechanism being used to synchronize access to the data.
+
+Data races cause undefined behavior and can be difficult to diagnose and fix
+when you’re trying to track them down at runtime; Rust prevents this problem by
+refusing to compile code with data races!
+
+As always, we can use curly brackets to create a new scope, allowing for
+multiple mutable references, just not _simultaneous_ ones:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-11-muts-in-separate-scopes/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Rust enforces a similar rule for combining mutable and immutable references.
+This code results in an error:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-12-immutable-and-mutable-not-allowed/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Here’s the error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-12-immutable-and-mutable-not-allowed/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Whew! We _also_ cannot have a mutable reference while we have an immutable one
+to the same value.
+
+Users of an immutable reference don’t expect the value to suddenly change out
+from under them! However, multiple immutable references are allowed because no
+one who is just reading the data has the ability to affect anyone else’s
+reading of the data.
+
+Note that a reference’s scope starts from where it is introduced and continues
+through the last time that reference is used. For instance, this code will
+compile because the last usage of the immutable references is in the `println!`,
+before the mutable reference is introduced:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-13-reference-scope-ends/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The scopes of the immutable references `r1` and `r2` end after the `println!`
+where they are last used, which is before the mutable reference `r3` is
+created. These scopes don’t overlap, so this code is allowed: The compiler can
+tell that the reference is no longer being used at a point before the end of
+the scope.
+
+Even though borrowing errors may be frustrating at times, remember that it’s
+the Rust compiler pointing out a potential bug early (at compile time rather
+than at runtime) and showing you exactly where the problem is. Then, you don’t
+have to track down why your data isn’t what you thought it was.
+
+### Dangling References
+
+In languages with pointers, it’s easy to erroneously create a _dangling
+pointer_—a pointer that references a location in memory that may have been
+given to someone else—by freeing some memory while preserving a pointer to that
+memory. In Rust, by contrast, the compiler guarantees that references will
+never be dangling references: If you have a reference to some data, the
+compiler will ensure that the data will not go out of scope before the
+reference to the data does.
+
+Let’s try to create a dangling reference to see how Rust prevents them with a
+compile-time error:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-14-dangling-reference/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here’s the error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-14-dangling-reference/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This error message refers to a feature we haven’t covered yet: lifetimes. We’ll
+discuss lifetimes in detail in Chapter 10. But, if you disregard the parts
+about lifetimes, the message does contain the key to why this code is a problem:
+
+```text
+this function's return type contains a borrowed value, but there is no value
+for it to be borrowed from
+```
+
+Let’s take a closer look at exactly what’s happening at each stage of our
+`dangle` code:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-15-dangling-reference-annotated/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because `s` is created inside `dangle`, when the code of `dangle` is finished,
+`s` will be deallocated. But we tried to return a reference to it. That means
+this reference would be pointing to an invalid `String`. That’s no good! Rust
+won’t let us do this.
+
+The solution here is to return the `String` directly:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-16-no-dangle/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This works without any problems. Ownership is moved out, and nothing is
+deallocated.
+
+### The Rules of References
+
+Let’s recap what we’ve discussed about references:
+
+- At any given time, you can have _either_ one mutable reference _or_ any
+  number of immutable references.
+- References must always be valid.
+
+Next, we’ll look at a different kind of reference: slices.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-03-slices.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-03-slices.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch04-03-slices.md
@@ -0,0 +1,334 @@
+## The Slice Type
+
+_Slices_ let you reference a contiguous sequence of elements in a
+[collection](ch08-00-common-collections.md)<!-- ignore -->. A slice is a kind
+of reference, so it does not have ownership.
+
+Here’s a small programming problem: Write a function that takes a string of
+words separated by spaces and returns the first word it finds in that string.
+If the function doesn’t find a space in the string, the whole string must be
+one word, so the entire string should be returned.
+
+> Note: For the purposes of introducing slices, we are assuming ASCII only in
+> this section; a more thorough discussion of UTF-8 handling is in the
+> [“Storing UTF-8 Encoded Text with Strings”][strings]<!-- ignore --> section
+> of Chapter 8.
+
+Let’s work through how we’d write the signature of this function without using
+slices, to understand the problem that slices will solve:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn first_word(s: &String) -> ?
+```
+
+The `first_word` function has a parameter of type `&String`. We don’t need
+ownership, so this is fine. (In idiomatic Rust, functions do not take ownership
+of their arguments unless they need to, and the reasons for that will become
+clear as we keep going.) But what should we return? We don’t really have a way
+to talk about *part* of a string. However, we could return the index of the end
+of the word, indicated by a space. Let’s try that, as shown in Listing 4-7.
+
+<Listing number="4-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="The `first_word` function that returns a byte index value into the `String` parameter">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-07/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because we need to go through the `String` element by element and check whether
+a value is a space, we’ll convert our `String` to an array of bytes using the
+`as_bytes` method.
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-07/src/main.rs:as_bytes}}
+```
+
+Next, we create an iterator over the array of bytes using the `iter` method:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-07/src/main.rs:iter}}
+```
+
+We’ll discuss iterators in more detail in [Chapter 13][ch13]<!-- ignore -->.
+For now, know that `iter` is a method that returns each element in a collection
+and that `enumerate` wraps the result of `iter` and returns each element as
+part of a tuple instead. The first element of the tuple returned from
+`enumerate` is the index, and the second element is a reference to the element.
+This is a bit more convenient than calculating the index ourselves.
+
+Because the `enumerate` method returns a tuple, we can use patterns to
+destructure that tuple. We’ll be discussing patterns more in [Chapter
+6][ch6]<!-- ignore -->. In the `for` loop, we specify a pattern that has `i`
+for the index in the tuple and `&item` for the single byte in the tuple.
+Because we get a reference to the element from `.iter().enumerate()`, we use
+`&` in the pattern.
+
+Inside the `for` loop, we search for the byte that represents the space by
+using the byte literal syntax. If we find a space, we return the position.
+Otherwise, we return the length of the string by using `s.len()`.
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-07/src/main.rs:inside_for}}
+```
+
+We now have a way to find out the index of the end of the first word in the
+string, but there’s a problem. We’re returning a `usize` on its own, but it’s
+only a meaningful number in the context of the `&String`. In other words,
+because it’s a separate value from the `String`, there’s no guarantee that it
+will still be valid in the future. Consider the program in Listing 4-8 that
+uses the `first_word` function from Listing 4-7.
+
+<Listing number="4-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Storing the result from calling the `first_word` function and then changing the `String` contents">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-08/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This program compiles without any errors and would also do so if we used `word`
+after calling `s.clear()`. Because `word` isn’t connected to the state of `s`
+at all, `word` still contains the value `5`. We could use that value `5` with
+the variable `s` to try to extract the first word out, but this would be a bug
+because the contents of `s` have changed since we saved `5` in `word`.
+
+Having to worry about the index in `word` getting out of sync with the data in
+`s` is tedious and error-prone! Managing these indices is even more brittle if
+we write a `second_word` function. Its signature would have to look like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn second_word(s: &String) -> (usize, usize) {
+```
+
+Now we’re tracking a starting _and_ an ending index, and we have even more
+values that were calculated from data in a particular state but aren’t tied to
+that state at all. We have three unrelated variables floating around that need
+to be kept in sync.
+
+Luckily, Rust has a solution to this problem: string slices.
+
+### String Slices
+
+A _string slice_ is a reference to a contiguous sequence of the elements of a
+`String`, and it looks like this:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-17-slice/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Rather than a reference to the entire `String`, `hello` is a reference to a
+portion of the `String`, specified in the extra `[0..5]` bit. We create slices
+using a range within square brackets by specifying
+`[starting_index..ending_index]`, where _`starting_index`_ is the first
+position in the slice and _`ending_index`_ is one more than the last position
+in the slice. Internally, the slice data structure stores the starting position
+and the length of the slice, which corresponds to _`ending_index`_ minus
+_`starting_index`_. So, in the case of `let world = &s[6..11];`, `world` would
+be a slice that contains a pointer to the byte at index 6 of `s` with a length
+value of `5`.
+
+Figure 4-7 shows this in a diagram.
+
+<img alt="Three tables: a table representing the stack data of s, which points
+to the byte at index 0 in a table of the string data &quot;hello world&quot; on
+the heap. The third table represents the stack data of the slice world, which
+has a length value of 5 and points to byte 6 of the heap data table."
+src="img/trpl04-07.svg" class="center" style="width: 50%;" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 4-7: A string slice referring to part of a
+`String`</span>
+
+With Rust’s `..` range syntax, if you want to start at index 0, you can drop
+the value before the two periods. In other words, these are equal:
+
+```rust
+let s = String::from("hello");
+
+let slice = &s[0..2];
+let slice = &s[..2];
+```
+
+By the same token, if your slice includes the last byte of the `String`, you
+can drop the trailing number. That means these are equal:
+
+```rust
+let s = String::from("hello");
+
+let len = s.len();
+
+let slice = &s[3..len];
+let slice = &s[3..];
+```
+
+You can also drop both values to take a slice of the entire string. So, these
+are equal:
+
+```rust
+let s = String::from("hello");
+
+let len = s.len();
+
+let slice = &s[0..len];
+let slice = &s[..];
+```
+
+> Note: String slice range indices must occur at valid UTF-8 character
+> boundaries. If you attempt to create a string slice in the middle of a
+> multibyte character, your program will exit with an error.
+
+With all this information in mind, let’s rewrite `first_word` to return a
+slice. The type that signifies “string slice” is written as `&str`:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-18-first-word-slice/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We get the index for the end of the word the same way we did in Listing 4-7, by
+looking for the first occurrence of a space. When we find a space, we return a
+string slice using the start of the string and the index of the space as the
+starting and ending indices.
+
+Now when we call `first_word`, we get back a single value that is tied to the
+underlying data. The value is made up of a reference to the starting point of
+the slice and the number of elements in the slice.
+
+Returning a slice would also work for a `second_word` function:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn second_word(s: &String) -> &str {
+```
+
+We now have a straightforward API that’s much harder to mess up because the
+compiler will ensure that the references into the `String` remain valid.
+Remember the bug in the program in Listing 4-8, when we got the index to the
+end of the first word but then cleared the string so our index was invalid?
+That code was logically incorrect but didn’t show any immediate errors. The
+problems would show up later if we kept trying to use the first word index with
+an emptied string. Slices make this bug impossible and let us know much sooner
+that we have a problem with our code. Using the slice version of `first_word`
+will throw a compile-time error:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-19-slice-error/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here’s the compiler error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/no-listing-19-slice-error/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Recall from the borrowing rules that if we have an immutable reference to
+something, we cannot also take a mutable reference. Because `clear` needs to
+truncate the `String`, it needs to get a mutable reference. The `println!`
+after the call to `clear` uses the reference in `word`, so the immutable
+reference must still be active at that point. Rust disallows the mutable
+reference in `clear` and the immutable reference in `word` from existing at the
+same time, and compilation fails. Not only has Rust made our API easier to use,
+but it has also eliminated an entire class of errors at compile time!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="string-literals-are-slices"></a>
+
+#### String Literals as Slices
+
+Recall that we talked about string literals being stored inside the binary. Now
+that we know about slices, we can properly understand string literals:
+
+```rust
+let s = "Hello, world!";
+```
+
+The type of `s` here is `&str`: It’s a slice pointing to that specific point of
+the binary. This is also why string literals are immutable; `&str` is an
+immutable reference.
+
+#### String Slices as Parameters
+
+Knowing that you can take slices of literals and `String` values leads us to
+one more improvement on `first_word`, and that’s its signature:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn first_word(s: &String) -> &str {
+```
+
+A more experienced Rustacean would write the signature shown in Listing 4-9
+instead because it allows us to use the same function on both `&String` values
+and `&str` values.
+
+<Listing number="4-9" caption="Improving the `first_word` function by using a string slice for the type of the `s` parameter">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-09/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If we have a string slice, we can pass that directly. If we have a `String`, we
+can pass a slice of the `String` or a reference to the `String`. This
+flexibility takes advantage of deref coercions, a feature we will cover in
+the [“Using Deref Coercions in Functions and Methods”][deref-coercions]<!--
+ignore --> section of Chapter 15.
+
+Defining a function to take a string slice instead of a reference to a `String`
+makes our API more general and useful without losing any functionality:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch04-understanding-ownership/listing-04-09/src/main.rs:usage}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+### Other Slices
+
+String slices, as you might imagine, are specific to strings. But there’s a
+more general slice type too. Consider this array:
+
+```rust
+let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+```
+
+Just as we might want to refer to part of a string, we might want to refer to
+part of an array. We’d do so like this:
+
+```rust
+let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+
+let slice = &a[1..3];
+
+assert_eq!(slice, &[2, 3]);
+```
+
+This slice has the type `&[i32]`. It works the same way as string slices do, by
+storing a reference to the first element and a length. You’ll use this kind of
+slice for all sorts of other collections. We’ll discuss these collections in
+detail when we talk about vectors in Chapter 8.
+
+## Summary
+
+The concepts of ownership, borrowing, and slices ensure memory safety in Rust
+programs at compile time. The Rust language gives you control over your memory
+usage in the same way as other systems programming languages. But having the
+owner of data automatically clean up that data when the owner goes out of scope
+means you don’t have to write and debug extra code to get this control.
+
+Ownership affects how lots of other parts of Rust work, so we’ll talk about
+these concepts further throughout the rest of the book. Let’s move on to
+Chapter 5 and look at grouping pieces of data together in a `struct`.
+
+[ch13]: ch13-02-iterators.html
+[ch6]: ch06-02-match.html#patterns-that-bind-to-values
+[strings]: ch08-02-strings.html#storing-utf-8-encoded-text-with-strings
+[deref-coercions]: ch15-02-deref.html#using-deref-coercions-in-functions-and-methods
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-00-structs.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-00-structs.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4c0f7d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-00-structs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# Using Structs to Structure Related Data
+
+A _struct_, or _structure_, is a custom data type that lets you package
+together and name multiple related values that make up a meaningful group. If
+you’re familiar with an object-oriented language, a struct is like an object’s
+data attributes. In this chapter, we’ll compare and contrast tuples with
+structs to build on what you already know and demonstrate when structs are a
+better way to group data.
+
+We’ll demonstrate how to define and instantiate structs. We’ll discuss how to
+define associated functions, especially the kind of associated functions called
+_methods_, to specify behavior associated with a struct type. Structs and enums
+(discussed in Chapter 6) are the building blocks for creating new types in your
+program’s domain to take full advantage of Rust’s compile-time type checking.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-01-defining-structs.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-01-defining-structs.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..66da938
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-01-defining-structs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,313 @@
+## Defining and Instantiating Structs
+
+Structs are similar to tuples, discussed in [“The Tuple Type”][tuples]<!--
+ignore --> section, in that both hold multiple related values. Like tuples, the
+pieces of a struct can be different types. Unlike with tuples, in a struct
+you’ll name each piece of data so it’s clear what the values mean. Adding these
+names means that structs are more flexible than tuples: You don’t have to rely
+on the order of the data to specify or access the values of an instance.
+
+To define a struct, we enter the keyword `struct` and name the entire struct. A
+struct’s name should describe the significance of the pieces of data being
+grouped together. Then, inside curly brackets, we define the names and types of
+the pieces of data, which we call _fields_. For example, Listing 5-1 shows a
+struct that stores information about a user account.
+
+<Listing number="5-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `User` struct definition">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-01/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+To use a struct after we’ve defined it, we create an _instance_ of that struct
+by specifying concrete values for each of the fields. We create an instance by
+stating the name of the struct and then add curly brackets containing _`key:
+value`_ pairs, where the keys are the names of the fields and the values are the
+data we want to store in those fields. We don’t have to specify the fields in
+the same order in which we declared them in the struct. In other words, the
+struct definition is like a general template for the type, and instances fill
+in that template with particular data to create values of the type. For
+example, we can declare a particular user as shown in Listing 5-2.
+
+<Listing number="5-2" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating an instance of the `User` struct">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-02/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+To get a specific value from a struct, we use dot notation. For example, to
+access this user’s email address, we use `user1.email`. If the instance is
+mutable, we can change a value by using the dot notation and assigning into a
+particular field. Listing 5-3 shows how to change the value in the `email`
+field of a mutable `User` instance.
+
+<Listing number="5-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Changing the value in the `email` field of a `User` instance">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-03/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that the entire instance must be mutable; Rust doesn’t allow us to mark
+only certain fields as mutable. As with any expression, we can construct a new
+instance of the struct as the last expression in the function body to
+implicitly return that new instance.
+
+Listing 5-4 shows a `build_user` function that returns a `User` instance with
+the given email and username. The `active` field gets the value `true`, and the
+`sign_in_count` gets a value of `1`.
+
+<Listing number="5-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `build_user` function that takes an email and username and returns a `User` instance">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-04/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+It makes sense to name the function parameters with the same name as the struct
+fields, but having to repeat the `email` and `username` field names and
+variables is a bit tedious. If the struct had more fields, repeating each name
+would get even more annoying. Luckily, there’s a convenient shorthand!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-the-field-init-shorthand-when-variables-and-fields-have-the-same-name"></a>
+
+### Using the Field Init Shorthand
+
+Because the parameter names and the struct field names are exactly the same in
+Listing 5-4, we can use the _field init shorthand_ syntax to rewrite
+`build_user` so that it behaves exactly the same but doesn’t have the
+repetition of `username` and `email`, as shown in Listing 5-5.
+
+<Listing number="5-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `build_user` function that uses field init shorthand because the `username` and `email` parameters have the same name as struct fields">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-05/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we’re creating a new instance of the `User` struct, which has a field
+named `email`. We want to set the `email` field’s value to the value in the
+`email` parameter of the `build_user` function. Because the `email` field and
+the `email` parameter have the same name, we only need to write `email` rather
+than `email: email`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="creating-instances-from-other-instances-with-struct-update-syntax"></a>
+
+### Creating Instances with Struct Update Syntax
+
+It’s often useful to create a new instance of a struct that includes most of
+the values from another instance of the same type, but changes some of them.
+You can do this using struct update syntax.
+
+First, in Listing 5-6 we show how to create a new `User` instance in `user2` in
+the regular way, without the update syntax. We set a new value for `email` but
+otherwise use the same values from `user1` that we created in Listing 5-2.
+
+<Listing number="5-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating a new `User` instance using all but one of the values from `user1`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-06/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Using struct update syntax, we can achieve the same effect with less code, as
+shown in Listing 5-7. The syntax `..` specifies that the remaining fields not
+explicitly set should have the same value as the fields in the given instance.
+
+<Listing number="5-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using struct update syntax to set a new `email` value for a `User` instance but to use the rest of the values from `user1`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-07/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The code in Listing 5-7 also creates an instance in `user2` that has a
+different value for `email` but has the same values for the `username`,
+`active`, and `sign_in_count` fields from `user1`. The `..user1` must come last
+to specify that any remaining fields should get their values from the
+corresponding fields in `user1`, but we can choose to specify values for as
+many fields as we want in any order, regardless of the order of the fields in
+the struct’s definition.
+
+Note that the struct update syntax uses `=` like an assignment; this is because
+it moves the data, just as we saw in the [“Variables and Data Interacting with
+Move”][move]<!-- ignore --> section. In this example, we can no longer use
+`user1` after creating `user2` because the `String` in the `username` field of
+`user1` was moved into `user2`. If we had given `user2` new `String` values for
+both `email` and `username`, and thus only used the `active` and `sign_in_count`
+values from `user1`, then `user1` would still be valid after creating `user2`.
+Both `active` and `sign_in_count` are types that implement the `Copy` trait, so
+the behavior we discussed in the [“Stack-Only Data: Copy”][copy]<!-- ignore -->
+section would apply. We can also still use `user1.email` in this example,
+because its value was not moved out of `user1`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-tuple-structs-without-named-fields-to-create-different-types"></a>
+
+### Creating Different Types with Tuple Structs
+
+Rust also supports structs that look similar to tuples, called _tuple structs_.
+Tuple structs have the added meaning the struct name provides but don’t have
+names associated with their fields; rather, they just have the types of the
+fields. Tuple structs are useful when you want to give the whole tuple a name
+and make the tuple a different type from other tuples, and when naming each
+field as in a regular struct would be verbose or redundant.
+
+To define a tuple struct, start with the `struct` keyword and the struct name
+followed by the types in the tuple. For example, here we define and use two
+tuple structs named `Color` and `Point`:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/no-listing-01-tuple-structs/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that the `black` and `origin` values are different types because they’re
+instances of different tuple structs. Each struct you define is its own type,
+even though the fields within the struct might have the same types. For
+example, a function that takes a parameter of type `Color` cannot take a
+`Point` as an argument, even though both types are made up of three `i32`
+values. Otherwise, tuple struct instances are similar to tuples in that you can
+destructure them into their individual pieces, and you can use a `.` followed
+by the index to access an individual value. Unlike tuples, tuple structs
+require you to name the type of the struct when you destructure them. For
+example, we would write `let Point(x, y, z) = origin;` to destructure the
+values in the `origin` point into variables named `x`, `y`, and `z`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="unit-like-structs-without-any-fields"></a>
+
+### Defining Unit-Like Structs
+
+You can also define structs that don’t have any fields! These are called
+_unit-like structs_ because they behave similarly to `()`, the unit type that
+we mentioned in [“The Tuple Type”][tuples]<!-- ignore --> section. Unit-like
+structs can be useful when you need to implement a trait on some type but don’t
+have any data that you want to store in the type itself. We’ll discuss traits
+in Chapter 10. Here’s an example of declaring and instantiating a unit struct
+named `AlwaysEqual`:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/no-listing-04-unit-like-structs/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+To define `AlwaysEqual`, we use the `struct` keyword, the name we want, and
+then a semicolon. No need for curly brackets or parentheses! Then, we can get
+an instance of `AlwaysEqual` in the `subject` variable in a similar way: using
+the name we defined, without any curly brackets or parentheses. Imagine that
+later we’ll implement behavior for this type such that every instance of
+`AlwaysEqual` is always equal to every instance of any other type, perhaps to
+have a known result for testing purposes. We wouldn’t need any data to
+implement that behavior! You’ll see in Chapter 10 how to define traits and
+implement them on any type, including unit-like structs.
+
+> ### Ownership of Struct Data
+>
+> In the `User` struct definition in Listing 5-1, we used the owned `String`
+> type rather than the `&str` string slice type. This is a deliberate choice
+> because we want each instance of this struct to own all of its data and for
+> that data to be valid for as long as the entire struct is valid.
+>
+> It’s also possible for structs to store references to data owned by something
+> else, but to do so requires the use of _lifetimes_, a Rust feature that we’ll
+> discuss in Chapter 10. Lifetimes ensure that the data referenced by a struct
+> is valid for as long as the struct is. Let’s say you try to store a reference
+> in a struct without specifying lifetimes, like the following in
+> *src/main.rs*; this won’t work:
+>
+> <Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+>
+> <!-- CAN'T EXTRACT SEE https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/1127 -->
+>
+> ```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+> struct User {
+>     active: bool,
+>     username: &str,
+>     email: &str,
+>     sign_in_count: u64,
+> }
+>
+> fn main() {
+>     let user1 = User {
+>         active: true,
+>         username: "someusername123",
+>         email: "someone@example.com",
+>         sign_in_count: 1,
+>     };
+> }
+> ```
+>
+> </Listing>
+>
+> The compiler will complain that it needs lifetime specifiers:
+>
+> ```console
+> $ cargo run
+>    Compiling structs v0.1.0 (file:///projects/structs)
+> error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier
+>  --> src/main.rs:3:15
+>   |
+> 3 |     username: &str,
+>   |               ^ expected named lifetime parameter
+>   |
+> help: consider introducing a named lifetime parameter
+>   |
+> 1 ~ struct User<'a> {
+> 2 |     active: bool,
+> 3 ~     username: &'a str,
+>   |
+>
+> error[E0106]: missing lifetime specifier
+>  --> src/main.rs:4:12
+>   |
+> 4 |     email: &str,
+>   |            ^ expected named lifetime parameter
+>   |
+> help: consider introducing a named lifetime parameter
+>   |
+> 1 ~ struct User<'a> {
+> 2 |     active: bool,
+> 3 |     username: &str,
+> 4 ~     email: &'a str,
+>   |
+>
+> For more information about this error, try `rustc --explain E0106`.
+> error: could not compile `structs` (bin "structs") due to 2 previous errors
+> ```
+>
+> In Chapter 10, we’ll discuss how to fix these errors so that you can store
+> references in structs, but for now, we’ll fix errors like these using owned
+> types like `String` instead of references like `&str`.
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+for the error above
+after running update-rustc.sh:
+pbcopy < listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/no-listing-02-reference-in-struct/output.txt
+paste above
+add `> ` before every line -->
+
+[tuples]: ch03-02-data-types.html#the-tuple-type
+[move]: ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html#variables-and-data-interacting-with-move
+[copy]: ch04-01-what-is-ownership.html#stack-only-data-copy
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-02-example-structs.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-02-example-structs.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe59bb4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-02-example-structs.md
@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+## An Example Program Using Structs
+
+To understand when we might want to use structs, let’s write a program that
+calculates the area of a rectangle. We’ll start by using single variables and
+then refactor the program until we’re using structs instead.
+
+Let’s make a new binary project with Cargo called _rectangles_ that will take
+the width and height of a rectangle specified in pixels and calculate the area
+of the rectangle. Listing 5-8 shows a short program with one way of doing
+exactly that in our project’s _src/main.rs_.
+
+<Listing number="5-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Calculating the area of a rectangle specified by separate width and height variables">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-08/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Now, run this program using `cargo run`:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-08/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This code succeeds in figuring out the area of the rectangle by calling the
+`area` function with each dimension, but we can do more to make this code clear
+and readable.
+
+The issue with this code is evident in the signature of `area`:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-08/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The `area` function is supposed to calculate the area of one rectangle, but the
+function we wrote has two parameters, and it’s not clear anywhere in our
+program that the parameters are related. It would be more readable and more
+manageable to group width and height together. We’ve already discussed one way
+we might do that in [“The Tuple Type”][the-tuple-type]<!-- ignore --> section
+of Chapter 3: by using tuples.
+
+### Refactoring with Tuples
+
+Listing 5-9 shows another version of our program that uses tuples.
+
+<Listing number="5-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Specifying the width and height of the rectangle with a tuple">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-09/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In one way, this program is better. Tuples let us add a bit of structure, and
+we’re now passing just one argument. But in another way, this version is less
+clear: Tuples don’t name their elements, so we have to index into the parts of
+the tuple, making our calculation less obvious.
+
+Mixing up the width and height wouldn’t matter for the area calculation, but if
+we want to draw the rectangle on the screen, it would matter! We would have to
+keep in mind that `width` is the tuple index `0` and `height` is the tuple
+index `1`. This would be even harder for someone else to figure out and keep in
+mind if they were to use our code. Because we haven’t conveyed the meaning of
+our data in our code, it’s now easier to introduce errors.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="refactoring-with-structs-adding-more-meaning"></a>
+
+### Refactoring with Structs
+
+We use structs to add meaning by labeling the data. We can transform the tuple
+we’re using into a struct with a name for the whole as well as names for the
+parts, as shown in Listing 5-10.
+
+<Listing number="5-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Defining a `Rectangle` struct">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-10/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we’ve defined a struct and named it `Rectangle`. Inside the curly
+brackets, we defined the fields as `width` and `height`, both of which have
+type `u32`. Then, in `main`, we created a particular instance of `Rectangle`
+that has a width of `30` and a height of `50`.
+
+Our `area` function is now defined with one parameter, which we’ve named
+`rectangle`, whose type is an immutable borrow of a struct `Rectangle`
+instance. As mentioned in Chapter 4, we want to borrow the struct rather than
+take ownership of it. This way, `main` retains its ownership and can continue
+using `rect1`, which is the reason we use the `&` in the function signature and
+where we call the function.
+
+The `area` function accesses the `width` and `height` fields of the `Rectangle`
+instance (note that accessing fields of a borrowed struct instance does not
+move the field values, which is why you often see borrows of structs). Our
+function signature for `area` now says exactly what we mean: Calculate the area
+of `Rectangle`, using its `width` and `height` fields. This conveys that the
+width and height are related to each other, and it gives descriptive names to
+the values rather than using the tuple index values of `0` and `1`. This is a
+win for clarity.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="adding-useful-functionality-with-derived-traits"></a>
+
+### Adding Functionality with Derived Traits
+
+It’d be useful to be able to print an instance of `Rectangle` while we’re
+debugging our program and see the values for all its fields. Listing 5-11 tries
+using the [`println!` macro][println]<!-- ignore --> as we have used in
+previous chapters. This won’t work, however.
+
+<Listing number="5-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to print a `Rectangle` instance">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-11/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we compile this code, we get an error with this core message:
+
+```text
+{{#include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-11/output.txt:3}}
+```
+
+The `println!` macro can do many kinds of formatting, and by default, the curly
+brackets tell `println!` to use formatting known as `Display`: output intended
+for direct end user consumption. The primitive types we’ve seen so far
+implement `Display` by default because there’s only one way you’d want to show
+a `1` or any other primitive type to a user. But with structs, the way
+`println!` should format the output is less clear because there are more
+display possibilities: Do you want commas or not? Do you want to print the
+curly brackets? Should all the fields be shown? Due to this ambiguity, Rust
+doesn’t try to guess what we want, and structs don’t have a provided
+implementation of `Display` to use with `println!` and the `{}` placeholder.
+
+If we continue reading the errors, we’ll find this helpful note:
+
+```text
+{{#include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-11/output.txt:9:10}}
+```
+
+Let’s try it! The `println!` macro call will now look like `println!("rect1 is
+{rect1:?}");`. Putting the specifier `:?` inside the curly brackets tells
+`println!` we want to use an output format called `Debug`. The `Debug` trait
+enables us to print our struct in a way that is useful for developers so that
+we can see its value while we’re debugging our code.
+
+Compile the code with this change. Drat! We still get an error:
+
+```text
+{{#include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/output-only-01-debug/output.txt:3}}
+```
+
+But again, the compiler gives us a helpful note:
+
+```text
+{{#include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/output-only-01-debug/output.txt:9:10}}
+```
+
+Rust _does_ include functionality to print out debugging information, but we
+have to explicitly opt in to make that functionality available for our struct.
+To do that, we add the outer attribute `#[derive(Debug)]` just before the
+struct definition, as shown in Listing 5-12.
+
+<Listing number="5-12" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Adding the attribute to derive the `Debug` trait and printing the `Rectangle` instance using debug formatting">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-12/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Now when we run the program, we won’t get any errors, and we’ll see the
+following output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-12/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Nice! It’s not the prettiest output, but it shows the values of all the fields
+for this instance, which would definitely help during debugging. When we have
+larger structs, it’s useful to have output that’s a bit easier to read; in
+those cases, we can use `{:#?}` instead of `{:?}` in the `println!` string. In
+this example, using the `{:#?}` style will output the following:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/output-only-02-pretty-debug/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Another way to print out a value using the `Debug` format is to use the [`dbg!`
+macro][dbg]<!-- ignore -->, which takes ownership of an expression (as opposed
+to `println!`, which takes a reference), prints the file and line number of
+where that `dbg!` macro call occurs in your code along with the resultant value
+of that expression, and returns ownership of the value.
+
+> Note: Calling the `dbg!` macro prints to the standard error console stream
+> (`stderr`), as opposed to `println!`, which prints to the standard output
+> console stream (`stdout`). We’ll talk more about `stderr` and `stdout` in the
+> [“Redirecting Errors to Standard Error” section in Chapter
+> 12][err]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+Here’s an example where we’re interested in the value that gets assigned to the
+`width` field, as well as the value of the whole struct in `rect1`:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/no-listing-05-dbg-macro/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+We can put `dbg!` around the expression `30 * scale` and, because `dbg!`
+returns ownership of the expression’s value, the `width` field will get the
+same value as if we didn’t have the `dbg!` call there. We don’t want `dbg!` to
+take ownership of `rect1`, so we use a reference to `rect1` in the next call.
+Here’s what the output of this example looks like:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/no-listing-05-dbg-macro/output.txt}}
+```
+
+We can see the first bit of output came from _src/main.rs_ line 10 where we’re
+debugging the expression `30 * scale`, and its resultant value is `60` (the
+`Debug` formatting implemented for integers is to print only their value). The
+`dbg!` call on line 14 of _src/main.rs_ outputs the value of `&rect1`, which is
+the `Rectangle` struct. This output uses the pretty `Debug` formatting of the
+`Rectangle` type. The `dbg!` macro can be really helpful when you’re trying to
+figure out what your code is doing!
+
+In addition to the `Debug` trait, Rust has provided a number of traits for us
+to use with the `derive` attribute that can add useful behavior to our custom
+types. Those traits and their behaviors are listed in [Appendix C][app-c]<!--
+ignore -->. We’ll cover how to implement these traits with custom behavior as
+well as how to create your own traits in Chapter 10. There are also many
+attributes other than `derive`; for more information, see [the “Attributes”
+section of the Rust Reference][attributes].
+
+Our `area` function is very specific: It only computes the area of rectangles.
+It would be helpful to tie this behavior more closely to our `Rectangle` struct
+because it won’t work with any other type. Let’s look at how we can continue to
+refactor this code by turning the `area` function into an `area` method
+defined on our `Rectangle` type.
+
+[the-tuple-type]: ch03-02-data-types.html#the-tuple-type
+[app-c]: appendix-03-derivable-traits.md
+[println]: ../std/macro.println.html
+[dbg]: ../std/macro.dbg.html
+[err]: ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.html
+[attributes]: ../reference/attributes.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-03-method-syntax.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-03-method-syntax.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fe0c7e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch05-03-method-syntax.md
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+## Methods
+
+Methods are similar to functions: We declare them with the `fn` keyword and a
+name, they can have parameters and a return value, and they contain some code
+that’s run when the method is called from somewhere else. Unlike functions,
+methods are defined within the context of a struct (or an enum or a trait
+object, which we cover in [Chapter 6][enums]<!-- ignore --> and [Chapter
+18][trait-objects]<!-- ignore -->, respectively), and their first parameter is
+always `self`, which represents the instance of the struct the method is being
+called on.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="defining-methods"></a>
+
+### Method Syntax
+
+Let’s change the `area` function that has a `Rectangle` instance as a parameter
+and instead make an `area` method defined on the `Rectangle` struct, as shown
+in Listing 5-13.
+
+<Listing number="5-13" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Defining an `area` method on the `Rectangle` struct">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-13/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+To define the function within the context of `Rectangle`, we start an `impl`
+(implementation) block for `Rectangle`. Everything within this `impl` block
+will be associated with the `Rectangle` type. Then, we move the `area` function
+within the `impl` curly brackets and change the first (and in this case, only)
+parameter to be `self` in the signature and everywhere within the body. In
+`main`, where we called the `area` function and passed `rect1` as an argument,
+we can instead use _method syntax_ to call the `area` method on our `Rectangle`
+instance. The method syntax goes after an instance: We add a dot followed by
+the method name, parentheses, and any arguments.
+
+In the signature for `area`, we use `&self` instead of `rectangle: &Rectangle`.
+The `&self` is actually short for `self: &Self`. Within an `impl` block, the
+type `Self` is an alias for the type that the `impl` block is for. Methods must
+have a parameter named `self` of type `Self` for their first parameter, so Rust
+lets you abbreviate this with only the name `self` in the first parameter spot.
+Note that we still need to use the `&` in front of the `self` shorthand to
+indicate that this method borrows the `Self` instance, just as we did in
+`rectangle: &Rectangle`. Methods can take ownership of `self`, borrow `self`
+immutably, as we’ve done here, or borrow `self` mutably, just as they can any
+other parameter.
+
+We chose `&self` here for the same reason we used `&Rectangle` in the function
+version: We don’t want to take ownership, and we just want to read the data in
+the struct, not write to it. If we wanted to change the instance that we’ve
+called the method on as part of what the method does, we’d use `&mut self` as
+the first parameter. Having a method that takes ownership of the instance by
+using just `self` as the first parameter is rare; this technique is usually
+used when the method transforms `self` into something else and you want to
+prevent the caller from using the original instance after the transformation.
+
+The main reason for using methods instead of functions, in addition to
+providing method syntax and not having to repeat the type of `self` in every
+method’s signature, is for organization. We’ve put all the things we can do
+with an instance of a type in one `impl` block rather than making future users
+of our code search for capabilities of `Rectangle` in various places in the
+library we provide.
+
+Note that we can choose to give a method the same name as one of the struct’s
+fields. For example, we can define a method on `Rectangle` that is also named
+`width`:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/no-listing-06-method-field-interaction/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we’re choosing to make the `width` method return `true` if the value in
+the instance’s `width` field is greater than `0` and `false` if the value is
+`0`: We can use a field within a method of the same name for any purpose. In
+`main`, when we follow `rect1.width` with parentheses, Rust knows we mean the
+method `width`. When we don’t use parentheses, Rust knows we mean the field
+`width`.
+
+Often, but not always, when we give a method the same name as a field we want
+it to only return the value in the field and do nothing else. Methods like this
+are called _getters_, and Rust does not implement them automatically for struct
+fields as some other languages do. Getters are useful because you can make the
+field private but the method public and thus enable read-only access to that
+field as part of the type’s public API. We will discuss what public and private
+are and how to designate a field or method as public or private in [Chapter
+7][public]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+> ### Where’s the `->` Operator?
+>
+> In C and C++, two different operators are used for calling methods: You use
+> `.` if you’re calling a method on the object directly and `->` if you’re
+> calling the method on a pointer to the object and need to dereference the
+> pointer first. In other words, if `object` is a pointer,
+> `object->something()` is similar to `(*object).something()`.
+>
+> Rust doesn’t have an equivalent to the `->` operator; instead, Rust has a
+> feature called _automatic referencing and dereferencing_. Calling methods is
+> one of the few places in Rust with this behavior.
+>
+> Here’s how it works: When you call a method with `object.something()`, Rust
+> automatically adds in `&`, `&mut`, or `*` so that `object` matches the
+> signature of the method. In other words, the following are the same:
+>
+> <!-- CAN'T EXTRACT SEE BUG https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/1127 -->
+>
+> ```rust
+> # #[derive(Debug,Copy,Clone)]
+> # struct Point {
+> #     x: f64,
+> #     y: f64,
+> # }
+> #
+> # impl Point {
+> #    fn distance(&self, other: &Point) -> f64 {
+> #        let x_squared = f64::powi(other.x - self.x, 2);
+> #        let y_squared = f64::powi(other.y - self.y, 2);
+> #
+> #        f64::sqrt(x_squared + y_squared)
+> #    }
+> # }
+> # let p1 = Point { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 };
+> # let p2 = Point { x: 5.0, y: 6.5 };
+> p1.distance(&p2);
+> (&p1).distance(&p2);
+> ```
+>
+> The first one looks much cleaner. This automatic referencing behavior works
+> because methods have a clear receiver—the type of `self`. Given the receiver
+> and name of a method, Rust can figure out definitively whether the method is
+> reading (`&self`), mutating (`&mut self`), or consuming (`self`). The fact
+> that Rust makes borrowing implicit for method receivers is a big part of
+> making ownership ergonomic in practice.
+
+### Methods with More Parameters
+
+Let’s practice using methods by implementing a second method on the `Rectangle`
+struct. This time we want an instance of `Rectangle` to take another instance
+of `Rectangle` and return `true` if the second `Rectangle` can fit completely
+within `self` (the first `Rectangle`); otherwise, it should return `false`.
+That is, once we’ve defined the `can_hold` method, we want to be able to write
+the program shown in Listing 5-14.
+
+<Listing number="5-14" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using the as-yet-unwritten `can_hold` method">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-14/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The expected output would look like the following because both dimensions of
+`rect2` are smaller than the dimensions of `rect1`, but `rect3` is wider than
+`rect1`:
+
+```text
+Can rect1 hold rect2? true
+Can rect1 hold rect3? false
+```
+
+We know we want to define a method, so it will be within the `impl Rectangle`
+block. The method name will be `can_hold`, and it will take an immutable borrow
+of another `Rectangle` as a parameter. We can tell what the type of the
+parameter will be by looking at the code that calls the method:
+`rect1.can_hold(&rect2)` passes in `&rect2`, which is an immutable borrow to
+`rect2`, an instance of `Rectangle`. This makes sense because we only need to
+read `rect2` (rather than write, which would mean we’d need a mutable borrow),
+and we want `main` to retain ownership of `rect2` so that we can use it again
+after calling the `can_hold` method. The return value of `can_hold` will be a
+Boolean, and the implementation will check whether the width and height of
+`self` are greater than the width and height of the other `Rectangle`,
+respectively. Let’s add the new `can_hold` method to the `impl` block from
+Listing 5-13, shown in Listing 5-15.
+
+<Listing number="5-15" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Implementing the `can_hold` method on `Rectangle` that takes another `Rectangle` instance as a parameter">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-15/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we run this code with the `main` function in Listing 5-14, we’ll get our
+desired output. Methods can take multiple parameters that we add to the
+signature after the `self` parameter, and those parameters work just like
+parameters in functions.
+
+### Associated Functions
+
+All functions defined within an `impl` block are called _associated functions_
+because they’re associated with the type named after the `impl`. We can define
+associated functions that don’t have `self` as their first parameter (and thus
+are not methods) because they don’t need an instance of the type to work with.
+We’ve already used one function like this: the `String::from` function that’s
+defined on the `String` type.
+
+Associated functions that aren’t methods are often used for constructors that
+will return a new instance of the struct. These are often called `new`, but
+`new` isn’t a special name and isn’t built into the language. For example, we
+could choose to provide an associated function named `square` that would have
+one dimension parameter and use that as both width and height, thus making it
+easier to create a square `Rectangle` rather than having to specify the same
+value twice:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/no-listing-03-associated-functions/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The `Self` keywords in the return type and in the body of the function are
+aliases for the type that appears after the `impl` keyword, which in this case
+is `Rectangle`.
+
+To call this associated function, we use the `::` syntax with the struct name;
+`let sq = Rectangle::square(3);` is an example. This function is namespaced by
+the struct: The `::` syntax is used for both associated functions and
+namespaces created by modules. We’ll discuss modules in [Chapter
+7][modules]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+### Multiple `impl` Blocks
+
+Each struct is allowed to have multiple `impl` blocks. For example, Listing
+5-15 is equivalent to the code shown in Listing 5-16, which has each method in
+its own `impl` block.
+
+<Listing number="5-16" caption="Rewriting Listing 5-15 using multiple `impl` blocks">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch05-using-structs-to-structure-related-data/listing-05-16/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+There’s no reason to separate these methods into multiple `impl` blocks here,
+but this is valid syntax. We’ll see a case in which multiple `impl` blocks are
+useful in Chapter 10, where we discuss generic types and traits.
+
+## Summary
+
+Structs let you create custom types that are meaningful for your domain. By
+using structs, you can keep associated pieces of data connected to each other
+and name each piece to make your code clear. In `impl` blocks, you can define
+functions that are associated with your type, and methods are a kind of
+associated function that let you specify the behavior that instances of your
+structs have.
+
+But structs aren’t the only way you can create custom types: Let’s turn to
+Rust’s enum feature to add another tool to your toolbox.
+
+[enums]: ch06-00-enums.html
+[trait-objects]: ch18-02-trait-objects.md
+[public]: ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html#exposing-paths-with-the-pub-keyword
+[modules]: ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-00-enums.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-00-enums.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-00-enums.md
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+# Enums and Pattern Matching
+
+In this chapter, we’ll look at enumerations, also referred to as _enums_.
+Enums allow you to define a type by enumerating its possible variants. First
+we’ll define and use an enum to show how an enum can encode meaning along with
+data. Next, we’ll explore a particularly useful enum, called `Option`, which
+expresses that a value can be either something or nothing. Then, we’ll look at
+how pattern matching in the `match` expression makes it easy to run different
+code for different values of an enum. Finally, we’ll cover how the `if let`
+construct is another convenient and concise idiom available to handle enums in
+your code.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-01-defining-an-enum.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-01-defining-an-enum.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-01-defining-an-enum.md
@@ -0,0 +1,330 @@
+## Defining an Enum
+
+Where structs give you a way of grouping together related fields and data, like
+a `Rectangle` with its `width` and `height`, enums give you a way of saying a
+value is one of a possible set of values. For example, we may want to say that
+`Rectangle` is one of a set of possible shapes that also includes `Circle` and
+`Triangle`. To do this, Rust allows us to encode these possibilities as an enum.
+
+Let’s look at a situation we might want to express in code and see why enums
+are useful and more appropriate than structs in this case. Say we need to work
+with IP addresses. Currently, two major standards are used for IP addresses:
+version four and version six. Because these are the only possibilities for an
+IP address that our program will come across, we can _enumerate_ all possible
+variants, which is where enumeration gets its name.
+
+Any IP address can be either a version four or a version six address, but not
+both at the same time. That property of IP addresses makes the enum data
+structure appropriate because an enum value can only be one of its variants.
+Both version four and version six addresses are still fundamentally IP
+addresses, so they should be treated as the same type when the code is handling
+situations that apply to any kind of IP address.
+
+We can express this concept in code by defining an `IpAddrKind` enumeration and
+listing the possible kinds an IP address can be, `V4` and `V6`. These are the
+variants of the enum:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-01-defining-enums/src/main.rs:def}}
+```
+
+`IpAddrKind` is now a custom data type that we can use elsewhere in our code.
+
+### Enum Values
+
+We can create instances of each of the two variants of `IpAddrKind` like this:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-01-defining-enums/src/main.rs:instance}}
+```
+
+Note that the variants of the enum are namespaced under its identifier, and we
+use a double colon to separate the two. This is useful because now both values
+`IpAddrKind::V4` and `IpAddrKind::V6` are of the same type: `IpAddrKind`. We
+can then, for instance, define a function that takes any `IpAddrKind`:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-01-defining-enums/src/main.rs:fn}}
+```
+
+And we can call this function with either variant:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-01-defining-enums/src/main.rs:fn_call}}
+```
+
+Using enums has even more advantages. Thinking more about our IP address type,
+at the moment we don’t have a way to store the actual IP address _data_; we
+only know what _kind_ it is. Given that you just learned about structs in
+Chapter 5, you might be tempted to tackle this problem with structs as shown in
+Listing 6-1.
+
+<Listing number="6-1" caption="Storing the data and `IpAddrKind` variant of an IP address using a `struct`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-01/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we’ve defined a struct `IpAddr` that has two fields: a `kind` field that
+is of type `IpAddrKind` (the enum we defined previously) and an `address` field
+of type `String`. We have two instances of this struct. The first is `home`,
+and it has the value `IpAddrKind::V4` as its `kind` with associated address
+data of `127.0.0.1`. The second instance is `loopback`. It has the other
+variant of `IpAddrKind` as its `kind` value, `V6`, and has address `::1`
+associated with it. We’ve used a struct to bundle the `kind` and `address`
+values together, so now the variant is associated with the value.
+
+However, representing the same concept using just an enum is more concise:
+Rather than an enum inside a struct, we can put data directly into each enum
+variant. This new definition of the `IpAddr` enum says that both `V4` and `V6`
+variants will have associated `String` values:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-02-enum-with-data/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+We attach data to each variant of the enum directly, so there is no need for an
+extra struct. Here, it’s also easier to see another detail of how enums work:
+The name of each enum variant that we define also becomes a function that
+constructs an instance of the enum. That is, `IpAddr::V4()` is a function call
+that takes a `String` argument and returns an instance of the `IpAddr` type. We
+automatically get this constructor function defined as a result of defining the
+enum.
+
+There’s another advantage to using an enum rather than a struct: Each variant
+can have different types and amounts of associated data. Version four IP
+addresses will always have four numeric components that will have values
+between 0 and 255. If we wanted to store `V4` addresses as four `u8` values but
+still express `V6` addresses as one `String` value, we wouldn’t be able to with
+a struct. Enums handle this case with ease:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-03-variants-with-different-data/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+We’ve shown several different ways to define data structures to store version
+four and version six IP addresses. However, as it turns out, wanting to store
+IP addresses and encode which kind they are is so common that [the standard
+library has a definition we can use!][IpAddr]<!-- ignore --> Let’s look at how
+the standard library defines `IpAddr`. It has the exact enum and variants that
+we’ve defined and used, but it embeds the address data inside the variants in
+the form of two different structs, which are defined differently for each
+variant:
+
+```rust
+struct Ipv4Addr {
+    // --snip--
+}
+
+struct Ipv6Addr {
+    // --snip--
+}
+
+enum IpAddr {
+    V4(Ipv4Addr),
+    V6(Ipv6Addr),
+}
+```
+
+This code illustrates that you can put any kind of data inside an enum variant:
+strings, numeric types, or structs, for example. You can even include another
+enum! Also, standard library types are often not much more complicated than
+what you might come up with.
+
+Note that even though the standard library contains a definition for `IpAddr`,
+we can still create and use our own definition without conflict because we
+haven’t brought the standard library’s definition into our scope. We’ll talk
+more about bringing types into scope in Chapter 7.
+
+Let’s look at another example of an enum in Listing 6-2: This one has a wide
+variety of types embedded in its variants.
+
+<Listing number="6-2" caption="A `Message` enum whose variants each store different amounts and types of values">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-02/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This enum has four variants with different types:
+
+- `Quit`: Has no data associated with it at all
+- `Move`: Has named fields, like a struct does
+- `Write`: Includes a single `String`
+- `ChangeColor`: Includes three `i32` values
+
+Defining an enum with variants such as the ones in Listing 6-2 is similar to
+defining different kinds of struct definitions, except the enum doesn’t use the
+`struct` keyword and all the variants are grouped together under the `Message`
+type. The following structs could hold the same data that the preceding enum
+variants hold:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-04-structs-similar-to-message-enum/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+But if we used the different structs, each of which has its own type, we
+couldn’t as easily define a function to take any of these kinds of messages as
+we could with the `Message` enum defined in Listing 6-2, which is a single type.
+
+There is one more similarity between enums and structs: Just as we’re able to
+define methods on structs using `impl`, we’re also able to define methods on
+enums. Here’s a method named `call` that we could define on our `Message` enum:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-05-methods-on-enums/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The body of the method would use `self` to get the value that we called the
+method on. In this example, we’ve created a variable `m` that has the value
+`Message::Write(String::from("hello"))`, and that is what `self` will be in the
+body of the `call` method when `m.call()` runs.
+
+Let’s look at another enum in the standard library that is very common and
+useful: `Option`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="the-option-enum-and-its-advantages-over-null-values"></a>
+
+### The `Option` Enum
+
+This section explores a case study of `Option`, which is another enum defined
+by the standard library. The `Option` type encodes the very common scenario in
+which a value could be something, or it could be nothing.
+
+For example, if you request the first item in a non-empty list, you would get
+a value. If you request the first item in an empty list, you would get nothing.
+Expressing this concept in terms of the type system means the compiler can
+check whether you’ve handled all the cases you should be handling; this
+functionality can prevent bugs that are extremely common in other programming
+languages.
+
+Programming language design is often thought of in terms of which features you
+include, but the features you exclude are important too. Rust doesn’t have the
+null feature that many other languages have. _Null_ is a value that means there
+is no value there. In languages with null, variables can always be in one of
+two states: null or not-null.
+
+In his 2009 presentation “Null References: The Billion Dollar Mistake,” Tony
+Hoare, the inventor of null, had this to say:
+
+> I call it my billion-dollar mistake. At that time, I was designing the first
+> comprehensive type system for references in an object-oriented language. My
+> goal was to ensure that all use of references should be absolutely safe, with
+> checking performed automatically by the compiler. But I couldn’t resist the
+> temptation to put in a null reference, simply because it was so easy to
+> implement. This has led to innumerable errors, vulnerabilities, and system
+> crashes, which have probably caused a billion dollars of pain and damage in
+> the last forty years.
+
+The problem with null values is that if you try to use a null value as a
+not-null value, you’ll get an error of some kind. Because this null or not-null
+property is pervasive, it’s extremely easy to make this kind of error.
+
+However, the concept that null is trying to express is still a useful one: A
+null is a value that is currently invalid or absent for some reason.
+
+The problem isn’t really with the concept but with the particular
+implementation. As such, Rust does not have nulls, but it does have an enum
+that can encode the concept of a value being present or absent. This enum is
+`Option<T>`, and it is [defined by the standard library][option]<!-- ignore -->
+as follows:
+
+```rust
+enum Option<T> {
+    None,
+    Some(T),
+}
+```
+
+The `Option<T>` enum is so useful that it’s even included in the prelude; you
+don’t need to bring it into scope explicitly. Its variants are also included in
+the prelude: You can use `Some` and `None` directly without the `Option::`
+prefix. The `Option<T>` enum is still just a regular enum, and `Some(T)` and
+`None` are still variants of type `Option<T>`.
+
+The `<T>` syntax is a feature of Rust we haven’t talked about yet. It’s a
+generic type parameter, and we’ll cover generics in more detail in Chapter 10.
+For now, all you need to know is that `<T>` means that the `Some` variant of
+the `Option` enum can hold one piece of data of any type, and that each
+concrete type that gets used in place of `T` makes the overall `Option<T>` type
+a different type. Here are some examples of using `Option` values to hold
+number types and char types:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-06-option-examples/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The type of `some_number` is `Option<i32>`. The type of `some_char` is
+`Option<char>`, which is a different type. Rust can infer these types because
+we’ve specified a value inside the `Some` variant. For `absent_number`, Rust
+requires us to annotate the overall `Option` type: The compiler can’t infer the
+type that the corresponding `Some` variant will hold by looking only at a
+`None` value. Here, we tell Rust that we mean for `absent_number` to be of type
+`Option<i32>`.
+
+When we have a `Some` value, we know that a value is present, and the value is
+held within the `Some`. When we have a `None` value, in some sense it means the
+same thing as null: We don’t have a valid value. So, why is having `Option<T>`
+any better than having null?
+
+In short, because `Option<T>` and `T` (where `T` can be any type) are different
+types, the compiler won’t let us use an `Option<T>` value as if it were
+definitely a valid value. For example, this code won’t compile, because it’s
+trying to add an `i8` to an `Option<i8>`:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-07-cant-use-option-directly/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+If we run this code, we get an error message like this one:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-07-cant-use-option-directly/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Intense! In effect, this error message means that Rust doesn’t understand how
+to add an `i8` and an `Option<i8>`, because they’re different types. When we
+have a value of a type like `i8` in Rust, the compiler will ensure that we
+always have a valid value. We can proceed confidently without having to check
+for null before using that value. Only when we have an `Option<i8>` (or
+whatever type of value we’re working with) do we have to worry about possibly
+not having a value, and the compiler will make sure we handle that case before
+using the value.
+
+In other words, you have to convert an `Option<T>` to a `T` before you can
+perform `T` operations with it. Generally, this helps catch one of the most
+common issues with null: assuming that something isn’t null when it actually is.
+
+Eliminating the risk of incorrectly assuming a not-null value helps you be more
+confident in your code. In order to have a value that can possibly be null, you
+must explicitly opt in by making the type of that value `Option<T>`. Then, when
+you use that value, you are required to explicitly handle the case when the
+value is null. Everywhere that a value has a type that isn’t an `Option<T>`,
+you _can_ safely assume that the value isn’t null. This was a deliberate design
+decision for Rust to limit null’s pervasiveness and increase the safety of Rust
+code.
+
+So how do you get the `T` value out of a `Some` variant when you have a value
+of type `Option<T>` so that you can use that value? The `Option<T>` enum has a
+large number of methods that are useful in a variety of situations; you can
+check them out in [its documentation][docs]<!-- ignore -->. Becoming familiar
+with the methods on `Option<T>` will be extremely useful in your journey with
+Rust.
+
+In general, in order to use an `Option<T>` value, you want to have code that
+will handle each variant. You want some code that will run only when you have a
+`Some(T)` value, and this code is allowed to use the inner `T`. You want some
+other code to run only if you have a `None` value, and that code doesn’t have a
+`T` value available. The `match` expression is a control flow construct that
+does just this when used with enums: It will run different code depending on
+which variant of the enum it has, and that code can use the data inside the
+matching value.
+
+[IpAddr]: ../std/net/enum.IpAddr.html
+[option]: ../std/option/enum.Option.html
+[docs]: ../std/option/enum.Option.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-02-match.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-02-match.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-02-match.md
@@ -0,0 +1,265 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="the-match-control-flow-operator"></a>
+
+## The `match` Control Flow Construct
+
+Rust has an extremely powerful control flow construct called `match` that
+allows you to compare a value against a series of patterns and then execute
+code based on which pattern matches. Patterns can be made up of literal values,
+variable names, wildcards, and many other things; [Chapter
+19][ch19-00-patterns]<!-- ignore --> covers all the different kinds of patterns
+and what they do. The power of `match` comes from the expressiveness of the
+patterns and the fact that the compiler confirms that all possible cases are
+handled.
+
+Think of a `match` expression as being like a coin-sorting machine: Coins slide
+down a track with variously sized holes along it, and each coin falls through
+the first hole it encounters that it fits into. In the same way, values go
+through each pattern in a `match`, and at the first pattern the value “fits,”
+the value falls into the associated code block to be used during execution.
+
+Speaking of coins, let’s use them as an example using `match`! We can write a
+function that takes an unknown US coin and, in a similar way as the counting
+machine, determines which coin it is and returns its value in cents, as shown
+in Listing 6-3.
+
+<Listing number="6-3" caption="An enum and a `match` expression that has the variants of the enum as its patterns">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-03/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Let’s break down the `match` in the `value_in_cents` function. First, we list
+the `match` keyword followed by an expression, which in this case is the value
+`coin`. This seems very similar to a conditional expression used with `if`, but
+there’s a big difference: With `if`, the condition needs to evaluate to a
+Boolean value, but here it can be any type. The type of `coin` in this example
+is the `Coin` enum that we defined on the first line.
+
+Next are the `match` arms. An arm has two parts: a pattern and some code. The
+first arm here has a pattern that is the value `Coin::Penny` and then the `=>`
+operator that separates the pattern and the code to run. The code in this case
+is just the value `1`. Each arm is separated from the next with a comma.
+
+When the `match` expression executes, it compares the resultant value against
+the pattern of each arm, in order. If a pattern matches the value, the code
+associated with that pattern is executed. If that pattern doesn’t match the
+value, execution continues to the next arm, much as in a coin-sorting machine.
+We can have as many arms as we need: In Listing 6-3, our `match` has four arms.
+
+The code associated with each arm is an expression, and the resultant value of
+the expression in the matching arm is the value that gets returned for the
+entire `match` expression.
+
+We don’t typically use curly brackets if the match arm code is short, as it is
+in Listing 6-3 where each arm just returns a value. If you want to run multiple
+lines of code in a match arm, you must use curly brackets, and the comma
+following the arm is then optional. For example, the following code prints
+“Lucky penny!” every time the method is called with a `Coin::Penny`, but it
+still returns the last value of the block, `1`:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-08-match-arm-multiple-lines/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+### Patterns That Bind to Values
+
+Another useful feature of match arms is that they can bind to the parts of the
+values that match the pattern. This is how we can extract values out of enum
+variants.
+
+As an example, let’s change one of our enum variants to hold data inside it.
+From 1999 through 2008, the United States minted quarters with different
+designs for each of the 50 states on one side. No other coins got state
+designs, so only quarters have this extra value. We can add this information to
+our `enum` by changing the `Quarter` variant to include a `UsState` value
+stored inside it, which we’ve done in Listing 6-4.
+
+<Listing number="6-4" caption="A `Coin` enum in which the `Quarter` variant also holds a `UsState` value">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-04/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Let’s imagine that a friend is trying to collect all 50 state quarters. While
+we sort our loose change by coin type, we’ll also call out the name of the
+state associated with each quarter so that if it’s one our friend doesn’t have,
+they can add it to their collection.
+
+In the match expression for this code, we add a variable called `state` to the
+pattern that matches values of the variant `Coin::Quarter`. When a
+`Coin::Quarter` matches, the `state` variable will bind to the value of that
+quarter’s state. Then, we can use `state` in the code for that arm, like so:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-09-variable-in-pattern/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+If we were to call `value_in_cents(Coin::Quarter(UsState::Alaska))`, `coin`
+would be `Coin::Quarter(UsState::Alaska)`. When we compare that value with each
+of the match arms, none of them match until we reach `Coin::Quarter(state)`. At
+that point, the binding for `state` will be the value `UsState::Alaska`. We can
+then use that binding in the `println!` expression, thus getting the inner
+state value out of the `Coin` enum variant for `Quarter`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="matching-with-optiont"></a>
+
+### The `Option<T>` `match` Pattern
+
+
+In the previous section, we wanted to get the inner `T` value out of the `Some`
+case when using `Option<T>`; we can also handle `Option<T>` using `match`, as
+we did with the `Coin` enum! Instead of comparing coins, we’ll compare the
+variants of `Option<T>`, but the way the `match` expression works remains the
+same.
+
+Let’s say we want to write a function that takes an `Option<i32>` and, if
+there’s a value inside, adds 1 to that value. If there isn’t a value inside,
+the function should return the `None` value and not attempt to perform any
+operations.
+
+This function is very easy to write, thanks to `match`, and will look like
+Listing 6-5.
+
+<Listing number="6-5" caption="A function that uses a `match` expression on an `Option<i32>`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-05/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Let’s examine the first execution of `plus_one` in more detail. When we call
+`plus_one(five)`, the variable `x` in the body of `plus_one` will have the
+value `Some(5)`. We then compare that against each match arm:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-05/src/main.rs:first_arm}}
+```
+
+The `Some(5)` value doesn’t match the pattern `None`, so we continue to the
+next arm:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-05/src/main.rs:second_arm}}
+```
+
+Does `Some(5)` match `Some(i)`? It does! We have the same variant. The `i`
+binds to the value contained in `Some`, so `i` takes the value `5`. The code in
+the match arm is then executed, so we add 1 to the value of `i` and create a
+new `Some` value with our total `6` inside.
+
+Now let’s consider the second call of `plus_one` in Listing 6-5, where `x` is
+`None`. We enter the `match` and compare to the first arm:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-05/src/main.rs:first_arm}}
+```
+
+It matches! There’s no value to add to, so the program stops and returns the
+`None` value on the right side of `=>`. Because the first arm matched, no other
+arms are compared.
+
+Combining `match` and enums is useful in many situations. You’ll see this
+pattern a lot in Rust code: `match` against an enum, bind a variable to the
+data inside, and then execute code based on it. It’s a bit tricky at first, but
+once you get used to it, you’ll wish you had it in all languages. It’s
+consistently a user favorite.
+
+### Matches Are Exhaustive
+
+There’s one other aspect of `match` we need to discuss: The arms’ patterns must
+cover all possibilities. Consider this version of our `plus_one` function,
+which has a bug and won’t compile:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-10-non-exhaustive-match/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+We didn’t handle the `None` case, so this code will cause a bug. Luckily, it’s
+a bug Rust knows how to catch. If we try to compile this code, we’ll get this
+error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-10-non-exhaustive-match/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Rust knows that we didn’t cover every possible case and even knows which
+pattern we forgot! Matches in Rust are _exhaustive_: We must exhaust every last
+possibility in order for the code to be valid. Especially in the case of
+`Option<T>`, when Rust prevents us from forgetting to explicitly handle the
+`None` case, it protects us from assuming that we have a value when we might
+have null, thus making the billion-dollar mistake discussed earlier impossible.
+
+### Catch-All Patterns and the `_` Placeholder
+
+Using enums, we can also take special actions for a few particular values, but
+for all other values take one default action. Imagine we’re implementing a game
+where, if you roll a 3 on a dice roll, your player doesn’t move but instead
+gets a fancy new hat. If you roll a 7, your player loses a fancy hat. For all
+other values, your player moves that number of spaces on the game board. Here’s
+a `match` that implements that logic, with the result of the dice roll
+hardcoded rather than a random value, and all other logic represented by
+functions without bodies because actually implementing them is out of scope for
+this example:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-15-binding-catchall/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+For the first two arms, the patterns are the literal values `3` and `7`. For
+the last arm that covers every other possible value, the pattern is the
+variable we’ve chosen to name `other`. The code that runs for the `other` arm
+uses the variable by passing it to the `move_player` function.
+
+This code compiles, even though we haven’t listed all the possible values a
+`u8` can have, because the last pattern will match all values not specifically
+listed. This catch-all pattern meets the requirement that `match` must be
+exhaustive. Note that we have to put the catch-all arm last because the
+patterns are evaluated in order. If we had put the catch-all arm earlier, the
+other arms would never run, so Rust will warn us if we add arms after a
+catch-all!
+
+Rust also has a pattern we can use when we want a catch-all but don’t want to
+_use_ the value in the catch-all pattern: `_` is a special pattern that matches
+any value and does not bind to that value. This tells Rust we aren’t going to
+use the value, so Rust won’t warn us about an unused variable.
+
+Let’s change the rules of the game: Now, if you roll anything other than a 3 or
+a 7, you must roll again. We no longer need to use the catch-all value, so we
+can change our code to use `_` instead of the variable named `other`:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-16-underscore-catchall/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This example also meets the exhaustiveness requirement because we’re explicitly
+ignoring all other values in the last arm; we haven’t forgotten anything.
+
+Finally, we’ll change the rules of the game one more time so that nothing else
+happens on your turn if you roll anything other than a 3 or a 7. We can express
+that by using the unit value (the empty tuple type we mentioned in [“The Tuple
+Type”][tuples]<!-- ignore --> section) as the code that goes with the `_` arm:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-17-underscore-unit/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Here, we’re telling Rust explicitly that we aren’t going to use any other value
+that doesn’t match a pattern in an earlier arm, and we don’t want to run any
+code in this case.
+
+There’s more about patterns and matching that we’ll cover in [Chapter
+19][ch19-00-patterns]<!-- ignore -->. For now, we’re going to move on to the
+`if let` syntax, which can be useful in situations where the `match` expression
+is a bit wordy.
+
+[tuples]: ch03-02-data-types.html#the-tuple-type
+[ch19-00-patterns]: ch19-00-patterns.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-03-if-let.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch06-03-if-let.md
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+## Concise Control Flow with `if let` and `let...else`
+
+The `if let` syntax lets you combine `if` and `let` into a less verbose way to
+handle values that match one pattern while ignoring the rest. Consider the
+program in Listing 6-6 that matches on an `Option<u8>` value in the
+`config_max` variable but only wants to execute code if the value is the `Some`
+variant.
+
+<Listing number="6-6" caption="A `match` that only cares about executing code when the value is `Some`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-06/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If the value is `Some`, we print out the value in the `Some` variant by binding
+the value to the variable `max` in the pattern. We don’t want to do anything
+with the `None` value. To satisfy the `match` expression, we have to add `_ =>
+()` after processing just one variant, which is annoying boilerplate code to
+add.
+
+Instead, we could write this in a shorter way using `if let`. The following
+code behaves the same as the `match` in Listing 6-6:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-12-if-let/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The syntax `if let` takes a pattern and an expression separated by an equal
+sign. It works the same way as a `match`, where the expression is given to the
+`match` and the pattern is its first arm. In this case, the pattern is
+`Some(max)`, and the `max` binds to the value inside the `Some`. We can then
+use `max` in the body of the `if let` block in the same way we used `max` in
+the corresponding `match` arm. The code in the `if let` block only runs if the
+value matches the pattern.
+
+Using `if let` means less typing, less indentation, and less boilerplate code.
+However, you lose the exhaustive checking `match` enforces that ensures that
+you aren’t forgetting to handle any cases. Choosing between `match` and `if
+let` depends on what you’re doing in your particular situation and whether
+gaining conciseness is an appropriate trade-off for losing exhaustive checking.
+
+In other words, you can think of `if let` as syntax sugar for a `match` that
+runs code when the value matches one pattern and then ignores all other values.
+
+We can include an `else` with an `if let`. The block of code that goes with the
+`else` is the same as the block of code that would go with the `_` case in the
+`match` expression that is equivalent to the `if let` and `else`. Recall the
+`Coin` enum definition in Listing 6-4, where the `Quarter` variant also held a
+`UsState` value. If we wanted to count all non-quarter coins we see while also
+announcing the state of the quarters, we could do that with a `match`
+expression, like this:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-13-count-and-announce-match/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Or we could use an `if let` and `else` expression, like this:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/no-listing-14-count-and-announce-if-let-else/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+## Staying on the “Happy Path” with `let...else`
+
+The common pattern is to perform some computation when a value is present and
+return a default value otherwise. Continuing with our example of coins with a
+`UsState` value, if we wanted to say something funny depending on how old the
+state on the quarter was, we might introduce a method on `UsState` to check the
+age of a state, like so:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-07/src/main.rs:state}}
+```
+
+Then, we might use `if let` to match on the type of coin, introducing a `state`
+variable within the body of the condition, as in Listing 6-7.
+
+<Listing number="6-7" caption="Checking whether a state existed in 1900 by using conditionals nested inside an `if let`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-07/src/main.rs:describe}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+That gets the job done, but it has pushed the work into the body of the `if
+let` statement, and if the work to be done is more complicated, it might be
+hard to follow exactly how the top-level branches relate. We could also take
+advantage of the fact that expressions produce a value either to produce the
+`state` from the `if let` or to return early, as in Listing 6-8. (You could do
+something similar with a `match`, too.)
+
+<Listing number="6-8" caption="Using `if let` to produce a value or return early">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-08/src/main.rs:describe}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This is a bit annoying to follow in its own way, though! One branch of the `if
+let` produces a value, and the other one returns from the function entirely.
+
+To make this common pattern nicer to express, Rust has `let...else`. The
+`let...else` syntax takes a pattern on the left side and an expression on the
+right, very similar to `if let`, but it does not have an `if` branch, only an
+`else` branch. If the pattern matches, it will bind the value from the pattern
+in the outer scope. If the pattern does _not_ match, the program will flow into
+the `else` arm, which must return from the function.
+
+In Listing 6-9, you can see how Listing 6-8 looks when using `let...else` in
+place of `if let`.
+
+<Listing number="6-9" caption="Using `let...else` to clarify the flow through the function">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-09/src/main.rs:describe}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Notice that it stays on the “happy path” in the main body of the function this
+way, without having significantly different control flow for two branches the
+way the `if let` did.
+
+If you have a situation in which your program has logic that is too verbose to
+express using a `match`, remember that `if let` and `let...else` are in your
+Rust toolbox as well.
+
+## Summary
+
+We’ve now covered how to use enums to create custom types that can be one of a
+set of enumerated values. We’ve shown how the standard library’s `Option<T>`
+type helps you use the type system to prevent errors. When enum values have
+data inside them, you can use `match` or `if let` to extract and use those
+values, depending on how many cases you need to handle.
+
+Your Rust programs can now express concepts in your domain using structs and
+enums. Creating custom types to use in your API ensures type safety: The
+compiler will make certain your functions only get values of the type each
+function expects.
+
+In order to provide a well-organized API to your users that is straightforward
+to use and only exposes exactly what your users will need, let’s now turn to
+Rust’s modules.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.md
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+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules"></a>
+
+# Packages, Crates, and Modules
+
+As you write large programs, organizing your code will become increasingly
+important. By grouping related functionality and separating code with distinct
+features, you’ll clarify where to find code that implements a particular
+feature and where to go to change how a feature works.
+
+The programs we’ve written so far have been in one module in one file. As a
+project grows, you should organize code by splitting it into multiple modules
+and then multiple files. A package can contain multiple binary crates and
+optionally one library crate. As a package grows, you can extract parts into
+separate crates that become external dependencies. This chapter covers all
+these techniques. For very large projects comprising a set of interrelated
+packages that evolve together, Cargo provides workspaces, which we’ll cover in
+[“Cargo Workspaces”][workspaces]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 14.
+
+We’ll also discuss encapsulating implementation details, which lets you reuse
+code at a higher level: Once you’ve implemented an operation, other code can
+call your code via its public interface without having to know how the
+implementation works. The way you write code defines which parts are public for
+other code to use and which parts are private implementation details that you
+reserve the right to change. This is another way to limit the amount of detail
+you have to keep in your head.
+
+A related concept is scope: The nested context in which code is written has a
+set of names that are defined as “in scope.” When reading, writing, and
+compiling code, programmers and compilers need to know whether a particular
+name at a particular spot refers to a variable, function, struct, enum, module,
+constant, or other item and what that item means. You can create scopes and
+change which names are in or out of scope. You can’t have two items with the
+same name in the same scope; tools are available to resolve name conflicts.
+
+Rust has a number of features that allow you to manage your code’s
+organization, including which details are exposed, which details are private,
+and what names are in each scope in your programs. These features, sometimes
+collectively referred to as the _module system_, include:
+
+* **Packages**: A Cargo feature that lets you build, test, and share crates
+* **Crates**: A tree of modules that produces a library or executable
+* **Modules and use**: Let you control the organization, scope, and privacy of
+paths
+* **Paths**: A way of naming an item, such as a struct, function, or module
+
+In this chapter, we’ll cover all these features, discuss how they interact, and
+explain how to use them to manage scope. By the end, you should have a solid
+understanding of the module system and be able to work with scopes like a pro!
+
+[workspaces]: ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-01-packages-and-crates.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-01-packages-and-crates.md
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+## Packages and Crates
+
+The first parts of the module system we’ll cover are packages and crates.
+
+A _crate_ is the smallest amount of code that the Rust compiler considers at a
+time. Even if you run `rustc` rather than `cargo` and pass a single source code
+file (as we did all the way back in [“Rust Program Basics”][basics]<!-- ignore
+--> in Chapter 1), the compiler considers that file to be a crate. Crates can
+contain modules, and the modules may be defined in other files that get
+compiled with the crate, as we’ll see in the coming sections.
+
+A crate can come in one of two forms: a binary crate or a library crate.
+_Binary crates_ are programs you can compile to an executable that you can run,
+such as a command line program or a server. Each must have a function called
+`main` that defines what happens when the executable runs. All the crates we’ve
+created so far have been binary crates.
+
+_Library crates_ don’t have a `main` function, and they don’t compile to an
+executable. Instead, they define functionality intended to be shared with
+multiple projects. For example, the `rand` crate we used in [Chapter
+2][rand]<!-- ignore --> provides functionality that generates random numbers.
+Most of the time when Rustaceans say “crate,” they mean library crate, and they
+use “crate” interchangeably with the general programming concept of a “library.”
+
+The _crate root_ is a source file that the Rust compiler starts from and makes
+up the root module of your crate (we’ll explain modules in depth in [“Control
+Scope and Privacy with Modules”][modules]<!-- ignore -->).
+
+A _package_ is a bundle of one or more crates that provides a set of
+functionality. A package contains a _Cargo.toml_ file that describes how to
+build those crates. Cargo is actually a package that contains the binary crate
+for the command line tool you’ve been using to build your code. The Cargo
+package also contains a library crate that the binary crate depends on. Other
+projects can depend on the Cargo library crate to use the same logic the Cargo
+command line tool uses.
+
+A package can contain as many binary crates as you like, but at most only one
+library crate. A package must contain at least one crate, whether that’s a
+library or binary crate.
+
+Let’s walk through what happens when we create a package. First, we enter the
+command `cargo new my-project`:
+
+```console
+$ cargo new my-project
+     Created binary (application) `my-project` package
+$ ls my-project
+Cargo.toml
+src
+$ ls my-project/src
+main.rs
+```
+
+After we run `cargo new my-project`, we use `ls` to see what Cargo creates. In
+the _my-project_ directory, there’s a _Cargo.toml_ file, giving us a package.
+There’s also a _src_ directory that contains _main.rs_. Open _Cargo.toml_ in
+your text editor and note that there’s no mention of _src/main.rs_. Cargo
+follows a convention that _src/main.rs_ is the crate root of a binary crate
+with the same name as the package. Likewise, Cargo knows that if the package
+directory contains _src/lib.rs_, the package contains a library crate with the
+same name as the package, and _src/lib.rs_ is its crate root. Cargo passes the
+crate root files to `rustc` to build the library or binary.
+
+Here, we have a package that only contains _src/main.rs_, meaning it only
+contains a binary crate named `my-project`. If a package contains _src/main.rs_
+and _src/lib.rs_, it has two crates: a binary and a library, both with the same
+name as the package. A package can have multiple binary crates by placing files
+in the _src/bin_ directory: Each file will be a separate binary crate.
+
+[basics]: ch01-02-hello-world.html#rust-program-basics
+[modules]: ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.html
+[rand]: ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#generating-a-random-number
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,180 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy"></a>
+
+## Control Scope and Privacy with Modules
+
+In this section, we’ll talk about modules and other parts of the module system,
+namely _paths_, which allow you to name items; the `use` keyword that brings a
+path into scope; and the `pub` keyword to make items public. We’ll also discuss
+the `as` keyword, external packages, and the glob operator.
+
+### Modules Cheat Sheet
+
+Before we get to the details of modules and paths, here we provide a quick
+reference on how modules, paths, the `use` keyword, and the `pub` keyword work
+in the compiler, and how most developers organize their code. We’ll be going
+through examples of each of these rules throughout this chapter, but this is a
+great place to refer to as a reminder of how modules work.
+
+- **Start from the crate root**: When compiling a crate, the compiler first
+  looks in the crate root file (usually _src/lib.rs_ for a library crate and
+  _src/main.rs_ for a binary crate) for code to compile.
+- **Declaring modules**: In the crate root file, you can declare new modules;
+  say you declare a “garden” module with `mod garden;`. The compiler will look
+  for the module’s code in these places:
+  - Inline, within curly brackets that replace the semicolon following `mod
+    garden`
+  - In the file _src/garden.rs_
+  - In the file _src/garden/mod.rs_
+- **Declaring submodules**: In any file other than the crate root, you can
+  declare submodules. For example, you might declare `mod vegetables;` in
+  _src/garden.rs_. The compiler will look for the submodule’s code within the
+  directory named for the parent module in these places:
+  - Inline, directly following `mod vegetables`, within curly brackets instead
+    of the semicolon
+  - In the file _src/garden/vegetables.rs_
+  - In the file _src/garden/vegetables/mod.rs_
+- **Paths to code in modules**: Once a module is part of your crate, you can
+  refer to code in that module from anywhere else in that same crate, as long
+  as the privacy rules allow, using the path to the code. For example, an
+  `Asparagus` type in the garden vegetables module would be found at
+  `crate::garden::vegetables::Asparagus`.
+- **Private vs. public**: Code within a module is private from its parent
+  modules by default. To make a module public, declare it with `pub mod`
+  instead of `mod`. To make items within a public module public as well, use
+  `pub` before their declarations.
+- **The `use` keyword**: Within a scope, the `use` keyword creates shortcuts to
+  items to reduce repetition of long paths. In any scope that can refer to
+  `crate::garden::vegetables::Asparagus`, you can create a shortcut with `use
+  crate::garden::vegetables::Asparagus;`, and from then on you only need to
+  write `Asparagus` to make use of that type in the scope.
+
+Here, we create a binary crate named `backyard` that illustrates these rules.
+The crate’s directory, also named _backyard_, contains these files and
+directories:
+
+```text
+backyard
+├── Cargo.lock
+├── Cargo.toml
+└── src
+    ├── garden
+    │   └── vegetables.rs
+    ├── garden.rs
+    └── main.rs
+```
+
+The crate root file in this case is _src/main.rs_, and it contains:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,noplayground,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/quick-reference-example/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `pub mod garden;` line tells the compiler to include the code it finds in
+_src/garden.rs_, which is:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/garden.rs">
+
+```rust,noplayground,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/quick-reference-example/src/garden.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, `pub mod vegetables;` means the code in _src/garden/vegetables.rs_ is
+included too. That code is:
+
+```rust,noplayground,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/quick-reference-example/src/garden/vegetables.rs}}
+```
+
+Now let’s get into the details of these rules and demonstrate them in action!
+
+### Grouping Related Code in Modules
+
+_Modules_ let us organize code within a crate for readability and easy reuse.
+Modules also allow us to control the _privacy_ of items because code within a
+module is private by default. Private items are internal implementation details
+not available for outside use. We can choose to make modules and the items
+within them public, which exposes them to allow external code to use and depend
+on them.
+
+As an example, let’s write a library crate that provides the functionality of a
+restaurant. We’ll define the signatures of functions but leave their bodies
+empty to concentrate on the organization of the code rather than the
+implementation of a restaurant.
+
+In the restaurant industry, some parts of a restaurant are referred to as front
+of house and others as back of house. _Front of house_ is where customers are;
+this encompasses where the hosts seat customers, servers take orders and
+payment, and bartenders make drinks. _Back of house_ is where the chefs and
+cooks work in the kitchen, dishwashers clean up, and managers do administrative
+work.
+
+To structure our crate in this way, we can organize its functions into nested
+modules. Create a new library named `restaurant` by running `cargo new
+restaurant --lib`. Then, enter the code in Listing 7-1 into _src/lib.rs_ to
+define some modules and function signatures; this code is the front of house
+section.
+
+<Listing number="7-1" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A `front_of_house` module containing other modules that then contain functions">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-01/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We define a module with the `mod` keyword followed by the name of the module
+(in this case, `front_of_house`). The body of the module then goes inside curly
+brackets. Inside modules, we can place other modules, as in this case with the
+modules `hosting` and `serving`. Modules can also hold definitions for other
+items, such as structs, enums, constants, traits, and as in Listing 7-1,
+functions.
+
+By using modules, we can group related definitions together and name why
+they’re related. Programmers using this code can navigate the code based on the
+groups rather than having to read through all the definitions, making it easier
+to find the definitions relevant to them. Programmers adding new functionality
+to this code would know where to place the code to keep the program organized.
+
+Earlier, we mentioned that _src/main.rs_ and _src/lib.rs_ are called _crate
+roots_. The reason for their name is that the contents of either of these two
+files form a module named `crate` at the root of the crate’s module structure,
+known as the _module tree_.
+
+Listing 7-2 shows the module tree for the structure in Listing 7-1.
+
+<Listing number="7-2" caption="The module tree for the code in Listing 7-1">
+
+```text
+crate
+ └── front_of_house
+     ├── hosting
+     │   ├── add_to_waitlist
+     │   └── seat_at_table
+     └── serving
+         ├── take_order
+         ├── serve_order
+         └── take_payment
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This tree shows how some of the modules nest inside other modules; for example,
+`hosting` nests inside `front_of_house`. The tree also shows that some modules
+are _siblings_, meaning they’re defined in the same module; `hosting` and
+`serving` are siblings defined within `front_of_house`. If module A is
+contained inside module B, we say that module A is the _child_ of module B and
+that module B is the _parent_ of module A. Notice that the entire module tree
+is rooted under the implicit module named `crate`.
+
+The module tree might remind you of the filesystem’s directory tree on your
+computer; this is a very apt comparison! Just like directories in a filesystem,
+you use modules to organize your code. And just like files in a directory, we
+need a way to find our modules.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d1249fc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.md
@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+## Paths for Referring to an Item in the Module Tree
+
+To show Rust where to find an item in a module tree, we use a path in the same
+way we use a path when navigating a filesystem. To call a function, we need to
+know its path.
+
+A path can take two forms:
+
+- An _absolute path_ is the full path starting from a crate root; for code
+  from an external crate, the absolute path begins with the crate name, and for
+  code from the current crate, it starts with the literal `crate`.
+- A _relative path_ starts from the current module and uses `self`, `super`, or
+  an identifier in the current module.
+
+Both absolute and relative paths are followed by one or more identifiers
+separated by double colons (`::`).
+
+Returning to Listing 7-1, say we want to call the `add_to_waitlist` function.
+This is the same as asking: What’s the path of the `add_to_waitlist` function?
+Listing 7-3 contains Listing 7-1 with some of the modules and functions removed.
+
+We’ll show two ways to call the `add_to_waitlist` function from a new function,
+`eat_at_restaurant`, defined in the crate root. These paths are correct, but
+there’s another problem remaining that will prevent this example from compiling
+as is. We’ll explain why in a bit.
+
+The `eat_at_restaurant` function is part of our library crate’s public API, so
+we mark it with the `pub` keyword. In the [“Exposing Paths with the `pub`
+Keyword”][pub]<!-- ignore --> section, we’ll go into more detail about `pub`.
+
+<Listing number="7-3" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Calling the `add_to_waitlist` function using absolute and relative paths">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-03/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The first time we call the `add_to_waitlist` function in `eat_at_restaurant`,
+we use an absolute path. The `add_to_waitlist` function is defined in the same
+crate as `eat_at_restaurant`, which means we can use the `crate` keyword to
+start an absolute path. We then include each of the successive modules until we
+make our way to `add_to_waitlist`. You can imagine a filesystem with the same
+structure: We’d specify the path `/front_of_house/hosting/add_to_waitlist` to
+run the `add_to_waitlist` program; using the `crate` name to start from the
+crate root is like using `/` to start from the filesystem root in your shell.
+
+The second time we call `add_to_waitlist` in `eat_at_restaurant`, we use a
+relative path. The path starts with `front_of_house`, the name of the module
+defined at the same level of the module tree as `eat_at_restaurant`. Here the
+filesystem equivalent would be using the path
+`front_of_house/hosting/add_to_waitlist`. Starting with a module name means
+that the path is relative.
+
+Choosing whether to use a relative or absolute path is a decision you’ll make
+based on your project, and it depends on whether you’re more likely to move
+item definition code separately from or together with the code that uses the
+item. For example, if we moved the `front_of_house` module and the
+`eat_at_restaurant` function into a module named `customer_experience`, we’d
+need to update the absolute path to `add_to_waitlist`, but the relative path
+would still be valid. However, if we moved the `eat_at_restaurant` function
+separately into a module named `dining`, the absolute path to the
+`add_to_waitlist` call would stay the same, but the relative path would need to
+be updated. Our preference in general is to specify absolute paths because it’s
+more likely we’ll want to move code definitions and item calls independently of
+each other.
+
+Let’s try to compile Listing 7-3 and find out why it won’t compile yet! The
+errors we get are shown in Listing 7-4.
+
+<Listing number="7-4" caption="Compiler errors from building the code in Listing 7-3">
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-03/output.txt}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The error messages say that module `hosting` is private. In other words, we
+have the correct paths for the `hosting` module and the `add_to_waitlist`
+function, but Rust won’t let us use them because it doesn’t have access to the
+private sections. In Rust, all items (functions, methods, structs, enums,
+modules, and constants) are private to parent modules by default. If you want
+to make an item like a function or struct private, you put it in a module.
+
+Items in a parent module can’t use the private items inside child modules, but
+items in child modules can use the items in their ancestor modules. This is
+because child modules wrap and hide their implementation details, but the child
+modules can see the context in which they’re defined. To continue with our
+metaphor, think of the privacy rules as being like the back office of a
+restaurant: What goes on in there is private to restaurant customers, but
+office managers can see and do everything in the restaurant they operate.
+
+Rust chose to have the module system function this way so that hiding inner
+implementation details is the default. That way, you know which parts of the
+inner code you can change without breaking the outer code. However, Rust does
+give you the option to expose inner parts of child modules’ code to outer
+ancestor modules by using the `pub` keyword to make an item public.
+
+### Exposing Paths with the `pub` Keyword
+
+Let’s return to the error in Listing 7-4 that told us the `hosting` module is
+private. We want the `eat_at_restaurant` function in the parent module to have
+access to the `add_to_waitlist` function in the child module, so we mark the
+`hosting` module with the `pub` keyword, as shown in Listing 7-5.
+
+<Listing number="7-5" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Declaring the `hosting` module as `pub` to use it from `eat_at_restaurant`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-05/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Unfortunately, the code in Listing 7-5 still results in compiler errors, as
+shown in Listing 7-6.
+
+<Listing number="7-6" caption="Compiler errors from building the code in Listing 7-5">
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-05/output.txt}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+What happened? Adding the `pub` keyword in front of `mod hosting` makes the
+module public. With this change, if we can access `front_of_house`, we can
+access `hosting`. But the _contents_ of `hosting` are still private; making the
+module public doesn’t make its contents public. The `pub` keyword on a module
+only lets code in its ancestor modules refer to it, not access its inner code.
+Because modules are containers, there’s not much we can do by only making the
+module public; we need to go further and choose to make one or more of the
+items within the module public as well.
+
+The errors in Listing 7-6 say that the `add_to_waitlist` function is private.
+The privacy rules apply to structs, enums, functions, and methods as well as
+modules.
+
+Let’s also make the `add_to_waitlist` function public by adding the `pub`
+keyword before its definition, as in Listing 7-7.
+
+<Listing number="7-7" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Adding the `pub` keyword to `mod hosting` and `fn add_to_waitlist` lets us call the function from `eat_at_restaurant`.">
+
+```rust,noplayground,test_harness
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-07/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Now the code will compile! To see why adding the `pub` keyword lets us use
+these paths in `eat_at_restaurant` with respect to the privacy rules, let’s
+look at the absolute and the relative paths.
+
+In the absolute path, we start with `crate`, the root of our crate’s module
+tree. The `front_of_house` module is defined in the crate root. While
+`front_of_house` isn’t public, because the `eat_at_restaurant` function is
+defined in the same module as `front_of_house` (that is, `eat_at_restaurant`
+and `front_of_house` are siblings), we can refer to `front_of_house` from
+`eat_at_restaurant`. Next is the `hosting` module marked with `pub`. We can
+access the parent module of `hosting`, so we can access `hosting`. Finally, the
+`add_to_waitlist` function is marked with `pub`, and we can access its parent
+module, so this function call works!
+
+In the relative path, the logic is the same as the absolute path except for the
+first step: Rather than starting from the crate root, the path starts from
+`front_of_house`. The `front_of_house` module is defined within the same module
+as `eat_at_restaurant`, so the relative path starting from the module in which
+`eat_at_restaurant` is defined works. Then, because `hosting` and
+`add_to_waitlist` are marked with `pub`, the rest of the path works, and this
+function call is valid!
+
+If you plan to share your library crate so that other projects can use your
+code, your public API is your contract with users of your crate that determines
+how they can interact with your code. There are many considerations around
+managing changes to your public API to make it easier for people to depend on
+your crate. These considerations are beyond the scope of this book; if you’re
+interested in this topic, see [the Rust API Guidelines][api-guidelines].
+
+> #### Best Practices for Packages with a Binary and a Library
+>
+> We mentioned that a package can contain both a _src/main.rs_ binary crate
+> root as well as a _src/lib.rs_ library crate root, and both crates will have
+> the package name by default. Typically, packages with this pattern of
+> containing both a library and a binary crate will have just enough code in the
+> binary crate to start an executable that calls code defined in the library
+> crate. This lets other projects benefit from the most functionality that the
+> package provides because the library crate’s code can be shared.
+>
+> The module tree should be defined in _src/lib.rs_. Then, any public items can
+> be used in the binary crate by starting paths with the name of the package.
+> The binary crate becomes a user of the library crate just like a completely
+> external crate would use the library crate: It can only use the public API.
+> This helps you design a good API; not only are you the author, but you’re
+> also a client!
+>
+> In [Chapter 12][ch12]<!-- ignore -->, we’ll demonstrate this organizational
+> practice with a command line program that will contain both a binary crate
+> and a library crate.
+
+### Starting Relative Paths with `super`
+
+We can construct relative paths that begin in the parent module, rather than
+the current module or the crate root, by using `super` at the start of the
+path. This is like starting a filesystem path with the `..` syntax that means
+to go to the parent directory. Using `super` allows us to reference an item
+that we know is in the parent module, which can make rearranging the module
+tree easier when the module is closely related to the parent but the parent
+might be moved elsewhere in the module tree someday.
+
+Consider the code in Listing 7-8 that models the situation in which a chef
+fixes an incorrect order and personally brings it out to the customer. The
+function `fix_incorrect_order` defined in the `back_of_house` module calls the
+function `deliver_order` defined in the parent module by specifying the path to
+`deliver_order`, starting with `super`.
+
+<Listing number="7-8" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Calling a function using a relative path starting with `super`">
+
+```rust,noplayground,test_harness
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-08/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `fix_incorrect_order` function is in the `back_of_house` module, so we can
+use `super` to go to the parent module of `back_of_house`, which in this case
+is `crate`, the root. From there, we look for `deliver_order` and find it.
+Success! We think the `back_of_house` module and the `deliver_order` function
+are likely to stay in the same relationship to each other and get moved
+together should we decide to reorganize the crate’s module tree. Therefore, we
+used `super` so that we’ll have fewer places to update code in the future if
+this code gets moved to a different module.
+
+### Making Structs and Enums Public
+
+We can also use `pub` to designate structs and enums as public, but there are a
+few extra details to the usage of `pub` with structs and enums. If we use `pub`
+before a struct definition, we make the struct public, but the struct’s fields
+will still be private. We can make each field public or not on a case-by-case
+basis. In Listing 7-9, we’ve defined a public `back_of_house::Breakfast` struct
+with a public `toast` field but a private `seasonal_fruit` field. This models
+the case in a restaurant where the customer can pick the type of bread that
+comes with a meal, but the chef decides which fruit accompanies the meal based
+on what’s in season and in stock. The available fruit changes quickly, so
+customers can’t choose the fruit or even see which fruit they’ll get.
+
+<Listing number="7-9" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A struct with some public fields and some private fields">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-09/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because the `toast` field in the `back_of_house::Breakfast` struct is public,
+in `eat_at_restaurant` we can write and read to the `toast` field using dot
+notation. Notice that we can’t use the `seasonal_fruit` field in
+`eat_at_restaurant`, because `seasonal_fruit` is private. Try uncommenting the
+line modifying the `seasonal_fruit` field value to see what error you get!
+
+Also, note that because `back_of_house::Breakfast` has a private field, the
+struct needs to provide a public associated function that constructs an
+instance of `Breakfast` (we’ve named it `summer` here). If `Breakfast` didn’t
+have such a function, we couldn’t create an instance of `Breakfast` in
+`eat_at_restaurant`, because we couldn’t set the value of the private
+`seasonal_fruit` field in `eat_at_restaurant`.
+
+In contrast, if we make an enum public, all of its variants are then public. We
+only need the `pub` before the `enum` keyword, as shown in Listing 7-10.
+
+<Listing number="7-10" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Designating an enum as public makes all its variants public.">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-10/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because we made the `Appetizer` enum public, we can use the `Soup` and `Salad`
+variants in `eat_at_restaurant`.
+
+Enums aren’t very useful unless their variants are public; it would be annoying
+to have to annotate all enum variants with `pub` in every case, so the default
+for enum variants is to be public. Structs are often useful without their
+fields being public, so struct fields follow the general rule of everything
+being private by default unless annotated with `pub`.
+
+There’s one more situation involving `pub` that we haven’t covered, and that is
+our last module system feature: the `use` keyword. We’ll cover `use` by itself
+first, and then we’ll show how to combine `pub` and `use`.
+
+[pub]: ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html#exposing-paths-with-the-pub-keyword
+[api-guidelines]: https://rust-lang.github.io/api-guidelines/
+[ch12]: ch12-00-an-io-project.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.md
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index 0000000..8397114
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.md
@@ -0,0 +1,314 @@
+## Bringing Paths into Scope with the `use` Keyword
+
+Having to write out the paths to call functions can feel inconvenient and
+repetitive. In Listing 7-7, whether we chose the absolute or relative path to
+the `add_to_waitlist` function, every time we wanted to call `add_to_waitlist`
+we had to specify `front_of_house` and `hosting` too. Fortunately, there’s a
+way to simplify this process: We can create a shortcut to a path with the `use`
+keyword once and then use the shorter name everywhere else in the scope.
+
+In Listing 7-11, we bring the `crate::front_of_house::hosting` module into the
+scope of the `eat_at_restaurant` function so that we only have to specify
+`hosting::add_to_waitlist` to call the `add_to_waitlist` function in
+`eat_at_restaurant`.
+
+<Listing number="7-11" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Bringing a module into scope with `use`">
+
+```rust,noplayground,test_harness
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-11/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Adding `use` and a path in a scope is similar to creating a symbolic link in
+the filesystem. By adding `use crate::front_of_house::hosting` in the crate
+root, `hosting` is now a valid name in that scope, just as though the `hosting`
+module had been defined in the crate root. Paths brought into scope with `use`
+also check privacy, like any other paths.
+
+Note that `use` only creates the shortcut for the particular scope in which the
+`use` occurs. Listing 7-12 moves the `eat_at_restaurant` function into a new
+child module named `customer`, which is then a different scope than the `use`
+statement, so the function body won’t compile.
+
+<Listing number="7-12" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A `use` statement only applies in the scope it’s in.">
+
+```rust,noplayground,test_harness,does_not_compile,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-12/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The compiler error shows that the shortcut no longer applies within the
+`customer` module:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-12/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Notice there’s also a warning that the `use` is no longer used in its scope! To
+fix this problem, move the `use` within the `customer` module too, or reference
+the shortcut in the parent module with `super::hosting` within the child
+`customer` module.
+
+### Creating Idiomatic `use` Paths
+
+In Listing 7-11, you might have wondered why we specified `use
+crate::front_of_house::hosting` and then called `hosting::add_to_waitlist` in
+`eat_at_restaurant`, rather than specifying the `use` path all the way out to
+the `add_to_waitlist` function to achieve the same result, as in Listing 7-13.
+
+<Listing number="7-13" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Bringing the `add_to_waitlist` function into scope with `use`, which is unidiomatic">
+
+```rust,noplayground,test_harness
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-13/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Although both Listing 7-11 and Listing 7-13 accomplish the same task, Listing
+7-11 is the idiomatic way to bring a function into scope with `use`. Bringing
+the function’s parent module into scope with `use` means we have to specify the
+parent module when calling the function. Specifying the parent module when
+calling the function makes it clear that the function isn’t locally defined
+while still minimizing repetition of the full path. The code in Listing 7-13 is
+unclear as to where `add_to_waitlist` is defined.
+
+On the other hand, when bringing in structs, enums, and other items with `use`,
+it’s idiomatic to specify the full path. Listing 7-14 shows the idiomatic way
+to bring the standard library’s `HashMap` struct into the scope of a binary
+crate.
+
+<Listing number="7-14" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Bringing `HashMap` into scope in an idiomatic way">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-14/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+There’s no strong reason behind this idiom: It’s just the convention that has
+emerged, and folks have gotten used to reading and writing Rust code this way.
+
+The exception to this idiom is if we’re bringing two items with the same name
+into scope with `use` statements, because Rust doesn’t allow that. Listing 7-15
+shows how to bring two `Result` types into scope that have the same name but
+different parent modules, and how to refer to them.
+
+<Listing number="7-15" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Bringing two types with the same name into the same scope requires using their parent modules.">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-15/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+As you can see, using the parent modules distinguishes the two `Result` types.
+If instead we specified `use std::fmt::Result` and `use std::io::Result`, we’d
+have two `Result` types in the same scope, and Rust wouldn’t know which one we
+meant when we used `Result`.
+
+### Providing New Names with the `as` Keyword
+
+There’s another solution to the problem of bringing two types of the same name
+into the same scope with `use`: After the path, we can specify `as` and a new
+local name, or _alias_, for the type. Listing 7-16 shows another way to write
+the code in Listing 7-15 by renaming one of the two `Result` types using `as`.
+
+<Listing number="7-16" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Renaming a type when it’s brought into scope with the `as` keyword">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-16/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In the second `use` statement, we chose the new name `IoResult` for the
+`std::io::Result` type, which won’t conflict with the `Result` from `std::fmt`
+that we’ve also brought into scope. Listing 7-15 and Listing 7-16 are
+considered idiomatic, so the choice is up to you!
+
+### Re-exporting Names with `pub use`
+
+When we bring a name into scope with the `use` keyword, the name is private to
+the scope into which we imported it. To enable code outside that scope to refer
+to that name as if it had been defined in that scope, we can combine `pub` and
+`use`. This technique is called _re-exporting_ because we’re bringing an item
+into scope but also making that item available for others to bring into their
+scope.
+
+Listing 7-17 shows the code in Listing 7-11 with `use` in the root module
+changed to `pub use`.
+
+<Listing number="7-17" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Making a name available for any code to use from a new scope with `pub use`">
+
+```rust,noplayground,test_harness
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-17/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Before this change, external code would have to call the `add_to_waitlist`
+function by using the path
+`restaurant::front_of_house::hosting::add_to_waitlist()`, which also would have
+required the `front_of_house` module to be marked as `pub`. Now that this `pub
+use` has re-exported the `hosting` module from the root module, external code
+can use the path `restaurant::hosting::add_to_waitlist()` instead.
+
+Re-exporting is useful when the internal structure of your code is different
+from how programmers calling your code would think about the domain. For
+example, in this restaurant metaphor, the people running the restaurant think
+about “front of house” and “back of house.” But customers visiting a restaurant
+probably won’t think about the parts of the restaurant in those terms. With `pub
+use`, we can write our code with one structure but expose a different structure.
+Doing so makes our library well organized for programmers working on the library
+and programmers calling the library. We’ll look at another example of `pub use`
+and how it affects your crate’s documentation in [“Exporting a Convenient Public
+API”][ch14-pub-use]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 14.
+
+### Using External Packages
+
+In Chapter 2, we programmed a guessing game project that used an external
+package called `rand` to get random numbers. To use `rand` in our project, we
+added this line to _Cargo.toml_:
+
+<!-- When updating the version of `rand` used, also update the version of
+`rand` used in these files so they all match:
+* ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.md
+* ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md
+-->
+
+<Listing file-name="Cargo.toml">
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-02/Cargo.toml:9:}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Adding `rand` as a dependency in _Cargo.toml_ tells Cargo to download the
+`rand` package and any dependencies from [crates.io](https://crates.io/) and
+make `rand` available to our project.
+
+Then, to bring `rand` definitions into the scope of our package, we added a
+`use` line starting with the name of the crate, `rand`, and listed the items we
+wanted to bring into scope. Recall that in [“Generating a Random
+Number”][rand]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 2, we brought the `Rng` trait into
+scope and called the `rand::thread_rng` function:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-03/src/main.rs:ch07-04}}
+```
+
+Members of the Rust community have made many packages available at
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/), and pulling any of them into your package
+involves these same steps: listing them in your package’s _Cargo.toml_ file and
+using `use` to bring items from their crates into scope.
+
+Note that the standard `std` library is also a crate that’s external to our
+package. Because the standard library is shipped with the Rust language, we
+don’t need to change _Cargo.toml_ to include `std`. But we do need to refer to
+it with `use` to bring items from there into our package’s scope. For example,
+with `HashMap` we would use this line:
+
+```rust
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+```
+
+This is an absolute path starting with `std`, the name of the standard library
+crate.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-nested-paths-to-clean-up-large-use-lists"></a>
+
+### Using Nested Paths to Clean Up `use` Lists
+
+If we’re using multiple items defined in the same crate or same module, listing
+each item on its own line can take up a lot of vertical space in our files. For
+example, these two `use` statements we had in the guessing game in Listing 2-4
+bring items from `std` into scope:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/no-listing-01-use-std-unnested/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Instead, we can use nested paths to bring the same items into scope in one
+line. We do this by specifying the common part of the path, followed by two
+colons, and then curly brackets around a list of the parts of the paths that
+differ, as shown in Listing 7-18.
+
+<Listing number="7-18" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Specifying a nested path to bring multiple items with the same prefix into scope">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-18/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In bigger programs, bringing many items into scope from the same crate or
+module using nested paths can reduce the number of separate `use` statements
+needed by a lot!
+
+We can use a nested path at any level in a path, which is useful when combining
+two `use` statements that share a subpath. For example, Listing 7-19 shows two
+`use` statements: one that brings `std::io` into scope and one that brings
+`std::io::Write` into scope.
+
+<Listing number="7-19" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Two `use` statements where one is a subpath of the other">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-19/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The common part of these two paths is `std::io`, and that’s the complete first
+path. To merge these two paths into one `use` statement, we can use `self` in
+the nested path, as shown in Listing 7-20.
+
+<Listing number="7-20" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Combining the paths in Listing 7-19 into one `use` statement">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-20/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This line brings `std::io` and `std::io::Write` into scope.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="the-glob-operator"></a>
+
+### Importing Items with the Glob Operator
+
+If we want to bring _all_ public items defined in a path into scope, we can
+specify that path followed by the `*` glob operator:
+
+```rust
+use std::collections::*;
+```
+
+This `use` statement brings all public items defined in `std::collections` into
+the current scope. Be careful when using the glob operator! Glob can make it
+harder to tell what names are in scope and where a name used in your program
+was defined. Additionally, if the dependency changes its definitions, what
+you’ve imported changes as well, which may lead to compiler errors when you
+upgrade the dependency if the dependency adds a definition with the same name
+as a definition of yours in the same scope, for example.
+
+The glob operator is often used when testing to bring everything under test into
+the `tests` module; we’ll talk about that in [“How to Write
+Tests”][writing-tests]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 11. The glob operator is also
+sometimes used as part of the prelude pattern: See [the standard library
+documentation](../std/prelude/index.html#other-preludes)<!-- ignore --> for more
+information on that pattern.
+
+[ch14-pub-use]: ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html#exporting-a-convenient-public-api
+[rand]: ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#generating-a-random-number
+[writing-tests]: ch11-01-writing-tests.html#how-to-write-tests
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.md
@@ -0,0 +1,129 @@
+## Separating Modules into Different Files
+
+So far, all the examples in this chapter defined multiple modules in one file.
+When modules get large, you might want to move their definitions to a separate
+file to make the code easier to navigate.
+
+For example, let’s start from the code in Listing 7-17 that had multiple
+restaurant modules. We’ll extract modules into files instead of having all the
+modules defined in the crate root file. In this case, the crate root file is
+_src/lib.rs_, but this procedure also works with binary crates whose crate root
+file is _src/main.rs_.
+
+First, we’ll extract the `front_of_house` module to its own file. Remove the
+code inside the curly brackets for the `front_of_house` module, leaving only
+the `mod front_of_house;` declaration, so that _src/lib.rs_ contains the code
+shown in Listing 7-21. Note that this won’t compile until we create the
+_src/front_of_house.rs_ file in Listing 7-22.
+
+<Listing number="7-21" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Declaring the `front_of_house` module whose body will be in *src/front_of_house.rs*">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-21-and-22/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Next, place the code that was in the curly brackets into a new file named
+_src/front_of_house.rs_, as shown in Listing 7-22. The compiler knows to look
+in this file because it came across the module declaration in the crate root
+with the name `front_of_house`.
+
+<Listing number="7-22" file-name="src/front_of_house.rs" caption="Definitions inside the `front_of_house` module in *src/front_of_house.rs*">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/listing-07-21-and-22/src/front_of_house.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that you only need to load a file using a `mod` declaration _once_ in your
+module tree. Once the compiler knows the file is part of the project (and knows
+where in the module tree the code resides because of where you’ve put the `mod`
+statement), other files in your project should refer to the loaded file’s code
+using a path to where it was declared, as covered in the [“Paths for Referring
+to an Item in the Module Tree”][paths]<!-- ignore --> section. In other words,
+`mod` is _not_ an “include” operation that you may have seen in other
+programming languages.
+
+Next, we’ll extract the `hosting` module to its own file. The process is a bit
+different because `hosting` is a child module of `front_of_house`, not of the
+root module. We’ll place the file for `hosting` in a new directory that will be
+named for its ancestors in the module tree, in this case _src/front_of_house_.
+
+To start moving `hosting`, we change _src/front_of_house.rs_ to contain only
+the declaration of the `hosting` module:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/front_of_house.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/no-listing-02-extracting-hosting/src/front_of_house.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Then, we create a _src/front_of_house_ directory and a _hosting.rs_ file to
+contain the definitions made in the `hosting` module:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/front_of_house/hosting.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch07-managing-growing-projects/no-listing-02-extracting-hosting/src/front_of_house/hosting.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If we instead put _hosting.rs_ in the _src_ directory, the compiler would
+expect the _hosting.rs_ code to be in a `hosting` module declared in the crate
+root and not declared as a child of the `front_of_house` module. The
+compiler’s rules for which files to check for which modules’ code mean the
+directories and files more closely match the module tree.
+
+> ### Alternate File Paths
+>
+> So far we’ve covered the most idiomatic file paths the Rust compiler uses,
+> but Rust also supports an older style of file path. For a module named
+> `front_of_house` declared in the crate root, the compiler will look for the
+> module’s code in:
+>
+> - _src/front_of_house.rs_ (what we covered)
+> - _src/front_of_house/mod.rs_ (older style, still supported path)
+>
+> For a module named `hosting` that is a submodule of `front_of_house`, the
+> compiler will look for the module’s code in:
+>
+> - _src/front_of_house/hosting.rs_ (what we covered)
+> - _src/front_of_house/hosting/mod.rs_ (older style, still supported path)
+>
+> If you use both styles for the same module, you’ll get a compiler error.
+> Using a mix of both styles for different modules in the same project is
+> allowed but might be confusing for people navigating your project.
+>
+> The main downside to the style that uses files named _mod.rs_ is that your
+> project can end up with many files named _mod.rs_, which can get confusing
+> when you have them open in your editor at the same time.
+
+We’ve moved each module’s code to a separate file, and the module tree remains
+the same. The function calls in `eat_at_restaurant` will work without any
+modification, even though the definitions live in different files. This
+technique lets you move modules to new files as they grow in size.
+
+Note that the `pub use crate::front_of_house::hosting` statement in
+_src/lib.rs_ also hasn’t changed, nor does `use` have any impact on what files
+are compiled as part of the crate. The `mod` keyword declares modules, and Rust
+looks in a file with the same name as the module for the code that goes into
+that module.
+
+## Summary
+
+Rust lets you split a package into multiple crates and a crate into modules so
+that you can refer to items defined in one module from another module. You can
+do this by specifying absolute or relative paths. These paths can be brought
+into scope with a `use` statement so that you can use a shorter path for
+multiple uses of the item in that scope. Module code is private by default, but
+you can make definitions public by adding the `pub` keyword.
+
+In the next chapter, we’ll look at some collection data structures in the
+standard library that you can use in your neatly organized code.
+
+[paths]: ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-00-common-collections.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-00-common-collections.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-00-common-collections.md
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+# Common Collections
+
+Rust’s standard library includes a number of very useful data structures called
+_collections_. Most other data types represent one specific value, but
+collections can contain multiple values. Unlike the built-in array and tuple
+types, the data that these collections point to is stored on the heap, which
+means the amount of data does not need to be known at compile time and can grow
+or shrink as the program runs. Each kind of collection has different
+capabilities and costs, and choosing an appropriate one for your current
+situation is a skill you’ll develop over time. In this chapter, we’ll discuss
+three collections that are used very often in Rust programs:
+
+- A _vector_ allows you to store a variable number of values next to each other.
+- A _string_ is a collection of characters. We’ve mentioned the `String` type
+  previously, but in this chapter, we’ll talk about it in depth.
+- A _hash map_ allows you to associate a value with a specific key. It’s a
+  particular implementation of the more general data structure called a _map_.
+
+To learn about the other kinds of collections provided by the standard library,
+see [the documentation][collections].
+
+We’ll discuss how to create and update vectors, strings, and hash maps, as well
+as what makes each special.
+
+[collections]: ../std/collections/index.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-01-vectors.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-01-vectors.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..25b8f67
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-01-vectors.md
@@ -0,0 +1,260 @@
+## Storing Lists of Values with Vectors
+
+The first collection type we’ll look at is `Vec<T>`, also known as a vector.
+Vectors allow you to store more than one value in a single data structure that
+puts all the values next to each other in memory. Vectors can only store values
+of the same type. They are useful when you have a list of items, such as the
+lines of text in a file or the prices of items in a shopping cart.
+
+### Creating a New Vector
+
+To create a new, empty vector, we call the `Vec::new` function, as shown in
+Listing 8-1.
+
+<Listing number="8-1" caption="Creating a new, empty vector to hold values of type `i32`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-01/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that we added a type annotation here. Because we aren’t inserting any
+values into this vector, Rust doesn’t know what kind of elements we intend to
+store. This is an important point. Vectors are implemented using generics;
+we’ll cover how to use generics with your own types in Chapter 10. For now,
+know that the `Vec<T>` type provided by the standard library can hold any type.
+When we create a vector to hold a specific type, we can specify the type within
+angle brackets. In Listing 8-1, we’ve told Rust that the `Vec<T>` in `v` will
+hold elements of the `i32` type.
+
+More often, you’ll create a `Vec<T>` with initial values, and Rust will infer
+the type of value you want to store, so you rarely need to do this type
+annotation. Rust conveniently provides the `vec!` macro, which will create a
+new vector that holds the values you give it. Listing 8-2 creates a new
+`Vec<i32>` that holds the values `1`, `2`, and `3`. The integer type is `i32`
+because that’s the default integer type, as we discussed in the [“Data
+Types”][data-types]<!-- ignore --> section of Chapter 3.
+
+<Listing number="8-2" caption="Creating a new vector containing values">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-02/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because we’ve given initial `i32` values, Rust can infer that the type of `v`
+is `Vec<i32>`, and the type annotation isn’t necessary. Next, we’ll look at how
+to modify a vector.
+
+### Updating a Vector
+
+To create a vector and then add elements to it, we can use the `push` method,
+as shown in Listing 8-3.
+
+<Listing number="8-3" caption="Using the `push` method to add values to a vector">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-03/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+As with any variable, if we want to be able to change its value, we need to
+make it mutable using the `mut` keyword, as discussed in Chapter 3. The numbers
+we place inside are all of type `i32`, and Rust infers this from the data, so
+we don’t need the `Vec<i32>` annotation.
+
+### Reading Elements of Vectors
+
+There are two ways to reference a value stored in a vector: via indexing or by
+using the `get` method. In the following examples, we’ve annotated the types of
+the values that are returned from these functions for extra clarity.
+
+Listing 8-4 shows both methods of accessing a value in a vector, with indexing
+syntax and the `get` method.
+
+<Listing number="8-4" caption="Using indexing syntax and using the `get` method to access an item in a vector">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-04/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note a few details here. We use the index value of `2` to get the third element
+because vectors are indexed by number, starting at zero. Using `&` and `[]`
+gives us a reference to the element at the index value. When we use the `get`
+method with the index passed as an argument, we get an `Option<&T>` that we can
+use with `match`.
+
+Rust provides these two ways to reference an element so that you can choose how
+the program behaves when you try to use an index value outside the range of
+existing elements. As an example, let’s see what happens when we have a vector
+of five elements and then we try to access an element at index 100 with each
+technique, as shown in Listing 8-5.
+
+<Listing number="8-5" caption="Attempting to access the element at index 100 in a vector containing five elements">
+
+```rust,should_panic,panics
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-05/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we run this code, the first `[]` method will cause the program to panic
+because it references a nonexistent element. This method is best used when you
+want your program to crash if there’s an attempt to access an element past the
+end of the vector.
+
+When the `get` method is passed an index that is outside the vector, it returns
+`None` without panicking. You would use this method if accessing an element
+beyond the range of the vector may happen occasionally under normal
+circumstances. Your code will then have logic to handle having either
+`Some(&element)` or `None`, as discussed in Chapter 6. For example, the index
+could be coming from a person entering a number. If they accidentally enter a
+number that’s too large and the program gets a `None` value, you could tell the
+user how many items are in the current vector and give them another chance to
+enter a valid value. That would be more user-friendly than crashing the program
+due to a typo!
+
+When the program has a valid reference, the borrow checker enforces the
+ownership and borrowing rules (covered in Chapter 4) to ensure that this
+reference and any other references to the contents of the vector remain valid.
+Recall the rule that states you can’t have mutable and immutable references in
+the same scope. That rule applies in Listing 8-6, where we hold an immutable
+reference to the first element in a vector and try to add an element to the
+end. This program won’t work if we also try to refer to that element later in
+the function.
+
+<Listing number="8-6" caption="Attempting to add an element to a vector while holding a reference to an item">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-06/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Compiling this code will result in this error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-06/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The code in Listing 8-6 might look like it should work: Why should a reference
+to the first element care about changes at the end of the vector? This error is
+due to the way vectors work: Because vectors put the values next to each other
+in memory, adding a new element onto the end of the vector might require
+allocating new memory and copying the old elements to the new space, if there
+isn’t enough room to put all the elements next to each other where the vector
+is currently stored. In that case, the reference to the first element would be
+pointing to deallocated memory. The borrowing rules prevent programs from
+ending up in that situation.
+
+> Note: For more on the implementation details of the `Vec<T>` type, see [“The
+> Rustonomicon”][nomicon].
+
+### Iterating Over the Values in a Vector
+
+To access each element in a vector in turn, we would iterate through all of the
+elements rather than use indices to access one at a time. Listing 8-7 shows how
+to use a `for` loop to get immutable references to each element in a vector of
+`i32` values and print them.
+
+<Listing number="8-7" caption="Printing each element in a vector by iterating over the elements using a `for` loop">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-07/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We can also iterate over mutable references to each element in a mutable vector
+in order to make changes to all the elements. The `for` loop in Listing 8-8
+will add `50` to each element.
+
+<Listing number="8-8" caption="Iterating over mutable references to elements in a vector">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-08/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+To change the value that the mutable reference refers to, we have to use the
+`*` dereference operator to get to the value in `i` before we can use the `+=`
+operator. We’ll talk more about the dereference operator in the [“Following the
+Reference to the Value”][deref]<!-- ignore --> section of Chapter 15.
+
+Iterating over a vector, whether immutably or mutably, is safe because of the
+borrow checker’s rules. If we attempted to insert or remove items in the `for`
+loop bodies in Listing 8-7 and Listing 8-8, we would get a compiler error
+similar to the one we got with the code in Listing 8-6. The reference to the
+vector that the `for` loop holds prevents simultaneous modification of the
+whole vector.
+
+### Using an Enum to Store Multiple Types
+
+Vectors can only store values that are of the same type. This can be
+inconvenient; there are definitely use cases for needing to store a list of
+items of different types. Fortunately, the variants of an enum are defined
+under the same enum type, so when we need one type to represent elements of
+different types, we can define and use an enum!
+
+For example, say we want to get values from a row in a spreadsheet in which
+some of the columns in the row contain integers, some floating-point numbers,
+and some strings. We can define an enum whose variants will hold the different
+value types, and all the enum variants will be considered the same type: that
+of the enum. Then, we can create a vector to hold that enum and so, ultimately,
+hold different types. We’ve demonstrated this in Listing 8-9.
+
+<Listing number="8-9" caption="Defining an enum to store values of different types in one vector">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-09/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Rust needs to know what types will be in the vector at compile time so that it
+knows exactly how much memory on the heap will be needed to store each element.
+We must also be explicit about what types are allowed in this vector. If Rust
+allowed a vector to hold any type, there would be a chance that one or more of
+the types would cause errors with the operations performed on the elements of
+the vector. Using an enum plus a `match` expression means that Rust will ensure
+at compile time that every possible case is handled, as discussed in Chapter 6.
+
+If you don’t know the exhaustive set of types a program will get at runtime to
+store in a vector, the enum technique won’t work. Instead, you can use a trait
+object, which we’ll cover in Chapter 18.
+
+Now that we’ve discussed some of the most common ways to use vectors, be sure
+to review [the API documentation][vec-api]<!-- ignore --> for all of the many
+useful methods defined on `Vec<T>` by the standard library. For example, in
+addition to `push`, a `pop` method removes and returns the last element.
+
+### Dropping a Vector Drops Its Elements
+
+Like any other `struct`, a vector is freed when it goes out of scope, as
+annotated in Listing 8-10.
+
+<Listing number="8-10" caption="Showing where the vector and its elements are dropped">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-10/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When the vector gets dropped, all of its contents are also dropped, meaning the
+integers it holds will be cleaned up. The borrow checker ensures that any
+references to contents of a vector are only used while the vector itself is
+valid.
+
+Let’s move on to the next collection type: `String`!
+
+[data-types]: ch03-02-data-types.html#data-types
+[nomicon]: ../nomicon/vec/vec.html
+[vec-api]: ../std/vec/struct.Vec.html
+[deref]: ch15-02-deref.html#following-the-pointer-to-the-value-with-the-dereference-operator
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-02-strings.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-02-strings.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-02-strings.md
@@ -0,0 +1,447 @@
+## Storing UTF-8 Encoded Text with Strings
+
+We talked about strings in Chapter 4, but we’ll look at them in more depth now.
+New Rustaceans commonly get stuck on strings for a combination of three
+reasons: Rust’s propensity for exposing possible errors, strings being a more
+complicated data structure than many programmers give them credit for, and
+UTF-8. These factors combine in a way that can seem difficult when you’re
+coming from other programming languages.
+
+We discuss strings in the context of collections because strings are
+implemented as a collection of bytes, plus some methods to provide useful
+functionality when those bytes are interpreted as text. In this section, we’ll
+talk about the operations on `String` that every collection type has, such as
+creating, updating, and reading. We’ll also discuss the ways in which `String`
+is different from the other collections, namely, how indexing into a `String` is
+complicated by the differences between how people and computers interpret
+`String` data.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="what-is-a-string"></a>
+
+### Defining Strings
+
+We’ll first define what we mean by the term _string_. Rust has only one string
+type in the core language, which is the string slice `str` that is usually seen
+in its borrowed form, `&str`. In Chapter 4, we talked about string slices,
+which are references to some UTF-8 encoded string data stored elsewhere. String
+literals, for example, are stored in the program’s binary and are therefore
+string slices.
+
+The `String` type, which is provided by Rust’s standard library rather than
+coded into the core language, is a growable, mutable, owned, UTF-8 encoded
+string type. When Rustaceans refer to “strings” in Rust, they might be
+referring to either the `String` or the string slice `&str` types, not just one
+of those types. Although this section is largely about `String`, both types are
+used heavily in Rust’s standard library, and both `String` and string slices
+are UTF-8 encoded.
+
+### Creating a New String
+
+Many of the same operations available with `Vec<T>` are available with `String`
+as well because `String` is actually implemented as a wrapper around a vector
+of bytes with some extra guarantees, restrictions, and capabilities. An example
+of a function that works the same way with `Vec<T>` and `String` is the `new`
+function to create an instance, shown in Listing 8-11.
+
+<Listing number="8-11" caption="Creating a new, empty `String`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-11/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This line creates a new, empty string called `s`, into which we can then load
+data. Often, we’ll have some initial data with which we want to start the
+string. For that, we use the `to_string` method, which is available on any type
+that implements the `Display` trait, as string literals do. Listing 8-12 shows
+two examples.
+
+<Listing number="8-12" caption="Using the `to_string` method to create a `String` from a string literal">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-12/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code creates a string containing `initial contents`.
+
+We can also use the function `String::from` to create a `String` from a string
+literal. The code in Listing 8-13 is equivalent to the code in Listing 8-12
+that uses `to_string`.
+
+<Listing number="8-13" caption="Using the `String::from` function to create a `String` from a string literal">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-13/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because strings are used for so many things, we can use many different generic
+APIs for strings, providing us with a lot of options. Some of them can seem
+redundant, but they all have their place! In this case, `String::from` and
+`to_string` do the same thing, so which one you choose is a matter of style and
+readability.
+
+Remember that strings are UTF-8 encoded, so we can include any properly encoded
+data in them, as shown in Listing 8-14.
+
+<Listing number="8-14" caption="Storing greetings in different languages in strings">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-14/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+All of these are valid `String` values.
+
+### Updating a String
+
+A `String` can grow in size and its contents can change, just like the contents
+of a `Vec<T>`, if you push more data into it. In addition, you can conveniently
+use the `+` operator or the `format!` macro to concatenate `String` values.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="appending-to-a-string-with-push_str-and-push"></a>
+
+#### Appending with `push_str` or `push`
+
+We can grow a `String` by using the `push_str` method to append a string slice,
+as shown in Listing 8-15.
+
+<Listing number="8-15" caption="Appending a string slice to a `String` using the `push_str` method">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-15/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+After these two lines, `s` will contain `foobar`. The `push_str` method takes a
+string slice because we don’t necessarily want to take ownership of the
+parameter. For example, in the code in Listing 8-16, we want to be able to use
+`s2` after appending its contents to `s1`.
+
+<Listing number="8-16" caption="Using a string slice after appending its contents to a `String`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-16/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If the `push_str` method took ownership of `s2`, we wouldn’t be able to print
+its value on the last line. However, this code works as we’d expect!
+
+The `push` method takes a single character as a parameter and adds it to the
+`String`. Listing 8-17 adds the letter _l_ to a `String` using the `push`
+method.
+
+<Listing number="8-17" caption="Adding one character to a `String` value using `push`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-17/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+As a result, `s` will contain `lol`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="concatenation-with-the--operator-or-the-format-macro"></a>
+
+#### Concatenating with `+` or `format!`
+
+Often, you’ll want to combine two existing strings. One way to do so is to use
+the `+` operator, as shown in Listing 8-18.
+
+<Listing number="8-18" caption="Using the `+` operator to combine two `String` values into a new `String` value">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-18/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The string `s3` will contain `Hello, world!`. The reason `s1` is no longer
+valid after the addition, and the reason we used a reference to `s2`, has to do
+with the signature of the method that’s called when we use the `+` operator.
+The `+` operator uses the `add` method, whose signature looks something like
+this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn add(self, s: &str) -> String {
+```
+
+In the standard library, you’ll see `add` defined using generics and associated
+types. Here, we’ve substituted in concrete types, which is what happens when we
+call this method with `String` values. We’ll discuss generics in Chapter 10.
+This signature gives us the clues we need in order to understand the tricky
+bits of the `+` operator.
+
+First, `s2` has an `&`, meaning that we’re adding a reference of the second
+string to the first string. This is because of the `s` parameter in the `add`
+function: We can only add a string slice to a `String`; we can’t add two
+`String` values together. But wait—the type of `&s2` is `&String`, not `&str`,
+as specified in the second parameter to `add`. So, why does Listing 8-18
+compile?
+
+The reason we’re able to use `&s2` in the call to `add` is that the compiler
+can coerce the `&String` argument into a `&str`. When we call the `add` method,
+Rust uses a deref coercion, which here turns `&s2` into `&s2[..]`. We’ll
+discuss deref coercion in more depth in Chapter 15. Because `add` does not take
+ownership of the `s` parameter, `s2` will still be a valid `String` after this
+operation.
+
+Second, we can see in the signature that `add` takes ownership of `self`
+because `self` does _not_ have an `&`. This means `s1` in Listing 8-18 will be
+moved into the `add` call and will no longer be valid after that. So, although
+`let s3 = s1 + &s2;` looks like it will copy both strings and create a new one,
+this statement actually takes ownership of `s1`, appends a copy of the contents
+of `s2`, and then returns ownership of the result. In other words, it looks
+like it’s making a lot of copies, but it isn’t; the implementation is more
+efficient than copying.
+
+If we need to concatenate multiple strings, the behavior of the `+` operator
+gets unwieldy:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/no-listing-01-concat-multiple-strings/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+At this point, `s` will be `tic-tac-toe`. With all of the `+` and `"`
+characters, it’s difficult to see what’s going on. For combining strings in
+more complicated ways, we can instead use the `format!` macro:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/no-listing-02-format/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This code also sets `s` to `tic-tac-toe`. The `format!` macro works like
+`println!`, but instead of printing the output to the screen, it returns a
+`String` with the contents. The version of the code using `format!` is much
+easier to read, and the code generated by the `format!` macro uses references
+so that this call doesn’t take ownership of any of its parameters.
+
+### Indexing into Strings
+
+In many other programming languages, accessing individual characters in a
+string by referencing them by index is a valid and common operation. However,
+if you try to access parts of a `String` using indexing syntax in Rust, you’ll
+get an error. Consider the invalid code in Listing 8-19.
+
+<Listing number="8-19" caption="Attempting to use indexing syntax with a `String`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-19/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will result in the following error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-19/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The error tells the story: Rust strings don’t support indexing. But why not? To
+answer that question, we need to discuss how Rust stores strings in memory.
+
+#### Internal Representation
+
+A `String` is a wrapper over a `Vec<u8>`. Let’s look at some of our properly
+encoded UTF-8 example strings from Listing 8-14. First, this one:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-14/src/main.rs:spanish}}
+```
+
+In this case, `len` will be `4`, which means the vector storing the string
+`"Hola"` is 4 bytes long. Each of these letters takes 1 byte when encoded in
+UTF-8. The following line, however, may surprise you (note that this string
+begins with the capital Cyrillic letter _Ze_, not the number 3):
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-14/src/main.rs:russian}}
+```
+
+If you were asked how long the string is, you might say 12. In fact, Rust’s
+answer is 24: That’s the number of bytes it takes to encode “Здравствуйте” in
+UTF-8, because each Unicode scalar value in that string takes 2 bytes of
+storage. Therefore, an index into the string’s bytes will not always correlate
+to a valid Unicode scalar value. To demonstrate, consider this invalid Rust
+code:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+let hello = "Здравствуйте";
+let answer = &hello[0];
+```
+
+You already know that `answer` will not be `З`, the first letter. When encoded
+in UTF-8, the first byte of `З` is `208` and the second is `151`, so it would
+seem that `answer` should in fact be `208`, but `208` is not a valid character
+on its own. Returning `208` is likely not what a user would want if they asked
+for the first letter of this string; however, that’s the only data that Rust
+has at byte index 0. Users generally don’t want the byte value returned, even
+if the string contains only Latin letters: If `&"hi"[0]` were valid code that
+returned the byte value, it would return `104`, not `h`.
+
+The answer, then, is that to avoid returning an unexpected value and causing
+bugs that might not be discovered immediately, Rust doesn’t compile this code
+at all and prevents misunderstandings early in the development process.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="bytes-and-scalar-values-and-grapheme-clusters-oh-my"></a>
+
+#### Bytes, Scalar Values, and Grapheme Clusters
+
+Another point about UTF-8 is that there are actually three relevant ways to
+look at strings from Rust’s perspective: as bytes, scalar values, and grapheme
+clusters (the closest thing to what we would call _letters_).
+
+If we look at the Hindi word “नमस्ते” written in the Devanagari script, it is
+stored as a vector of `u8` values that looks like this:
+
+```text
+[224, 164, 168, 224, 164, 174, 224, 164, 184, 224, 165, 141, 224, 164, 164,
+224, 165, 135]
+```
+
+That’s 18 bytes and is how computers ultimately store this data. If we look at
+them as Unicode scalar values, which are what Rust’s `char` type is, those
+bytes look like this:
+
+```text
+['न', 'म', 'स', '्', 'त', 'े']
+```
+
+There are six `char` values here, but the fourth and sixth are not letters:
+They’re diacritics that don’t make sense on their own. Finally, if we look at
+them as grapheme clusters, we’d get what a person would call the four letters
+that make up the Hindi word:
+
+```text
+["न", "म", "स्", "ते"]
+```
+
+Rust provides different ways of interpreting the raw string data that computers
+store so that each program can choose the interpretation it needs, no matter
+what human language the data is in.
+
+A final reason Rust doesn’t allow us to index into a `String` to get a
+character is that indexing operations are expected to always take constant time
+(O(1)). But it isn’t possible to guarantee that performance with a `String`,
+because Rust would have to walk through the contents from the beginning to the
+index to determine how many valid characters there were.
+
+### Slicing Strings
+
+Indexing into a string is often a bad idea because it’s not clear what the
+return type of the string-indexing operation should be: a byte value, a
+character, a grapheme cluster, or a string slice. If you really need to use
+indices to create string slices, therefore, Rust asks you to be more specific.
+
+Rather than indexing using `[]` with a single number, you can use `[]` with a
+range to create a string slice containing particular bytes:
+
+```rust
+let hello = "Здравствуйте";
+
+let s = &hello[0..4];
+```
+
+Here, `s` will be a `&str` that contains the first 4 bytes of the string.
+Earlier, we mentioned that each of these characters was 2 bytes, which means
+`s` will be `Зд`.
+
+If we were to try to slice only part of a character’s bytes with something like
+`&hello[0..1]`, Rust would panic at runtime in the same way as if an invalid
+index were accessed in a vector:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/output-only-01-not-char-boundary/output.txt}}
+```
+
+You should use caution when creating string slices with ranges, because doing
+so can crash your program.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="methods-for-iterating-over-strings"></a>
+
+### Iterating Over Strings
+
+The best way to operate on pieces of strings is to be explicit about whether
+you want characters or bytes. For individual Unicode scalar values, use the
+`chars` method. Calling `chars` on “Зд” separates out and returns two values of
+type `char`, and you can iterate over the result to access each element:
+
+```rust
+for c in "Зд".chars() {
+    println!("{c}");
+}
+```
+
+This code will print the following:
+
+```text
+З
+д
+```
+
+Alternatively, the `bytes` method returns each raw byte, which might be
+appropriate for your domain:
+
+```rust
+for b in "Зд".bytes() {
+    println!("{b}");
+}
+```
+
+This code will print the 4 bytes that make up this string:
+
+```text
+208
+151
+208
+180
+```
+
+But be sure to remember that valid Unicode scalar values may be made up of more
+than 1 byte.
+
+Getting grapheme clusters from strings, as with the Devanagari script, is
+complex, so this functionality is not provided by the standard library. Crates
+are available on [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore --> if this is the
+functionality you need.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="strings-are-not-so-simple"></a>
+
+### Handling the Complexities of Strings
+
+To summarize, strings are complicated. Different programming languages make
+different choices about how to present this complexity to the programmer. Rust
+has chosen to make the correct handling of `String` data the default behavior
+for all Rust programs, which means programmers have to put more thought into
+handling UTF-8 data up front. This trade-off exposes more of the complexity of
+strings than is apparent in other programming languages, but it prevents you
+from having to handle errors involving non-ASCII characters later in your
+development life cycle.
+
+The good news is that the standard library offers a lot of functionality built
+off the `String` and `&str` types to help handle these complex situations
+correctly. Be sure to check out the documentation for useful methods like
+`contains` for searching in a string and `replace` for substituting parts of a
+string with another string.
+
+Let’s switch to something a bit less complex: hash maps!
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-03-hash-maps.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch08-03-hash-maps.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,252 @@
+## Storing Keys with Associated Values in Hash Maps
+
+The last of our common collections is the hash map. The type `HashMap<K, V>`
+stores a mapping of keys of type `K` to values of type `V` using a _hashing
+function_, which determines how it places these keys and values into memory.
+Many programming languages support this kind of data structure, but they often
+use a different name, such as _hash_, _map_, _object_, _hash table_,
+_dictionary_, or _associative array_, just to name a few.
+
+Hash maps are useful when you want to look up data not by using an index, as
+you can with vectors, but by using a key that can be of any type. For example,
+in a game, you could keep track of each team’s score in a hash map in which
+each key is a team’s name and the values are each team’s score. Given a team
+name, you can retrieve its score.
+
+We’ll go over the basic API of hash maps in this section, but many more goodies
+are hiding in the functions defined on `HashMap<K, V>` by the standard library.
+As always, check the standard library documentation for more information.
+
+### Creating a New Hash Map
+
+One way to create an empty hash map is to use `new` and to add elements with
+`insert`. In Listing 8-20, we’re keeping track of the scores of two teams whose
+names are _Blue_ and _Yellow_. The Blue team starts with 10 points, and the
+Yellow team starts with 50.
+
+<Listing number="8-20" caption="Creating a new hash map and inserting some keys and values">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-20/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that we need to first `use` the `HashMap` from the collections portion of
+the standard library. Of our three common collections, this one is the least
+often used, so it’s not included in the features brought into scope
+automatically in the prelude. Hash maps also have less support from the
+standard library; there’s no built-in macro to construct them, for example.
+
+Just like vectors, hash maps store their data on the heap. This `HashMap` has
+keys of type `String` and values of type `i32`. Like vectors, hash maps are
+homogeneous: All of the keys must have the same type, and all of the values
+must have the same type.
+
+### Accessing Values in a Hash Map
+
+We can get a value out of the hash map by providing its key to the `get`
+method, as shown in Listing 8-21.
+
+<Listing number="8-21" caption="Accessing the score for the Blue team stored in the hash map">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-21/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, `score` will have the value that’s associated with the Blue team, and the
+result will be `10`. The `get` method returns an `Option<&V>`; if there’s no
+value for that key in the hash map, `get` will return `None`. This program
+handles the `Option` by calling `copied` to get an `Option<i32>` rather than an
+`Option<&i32>`, then `unwrap_or` to set `score` to zero if `scores` doesn’t
+have an entry for the key.
+
+We can iterate over each key-value pair in a hash map in a similar manner as we
+do with vectors, using a `for` loop:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/no-listing-03-iterate-over-hashmap/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This code will print each pair in an arbitrary order:
+
+```text
+Yellow: 50
+Blue: 10
+```
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="hash-maps-and-ownership"></a>
+
+### Managing Ownership in Hash Maps
+
+For types that implement the `Copy` trait, like `i32`, the values are copied
+into the hash map. For owned values like `String`, the values will be moved and
+the hash map will be the owner of those values, as demonstrated in Listing 8-22.
+
+<Listing number="8-22" caption="Showing that keys and values are owned by the hash map once they’re inserted">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-22/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We aren’t able to use the variables `field_name` and `field_value` after
+they’ve been moved into the hash map with the call to `insert`.
+
+If we insert references to values into the hash map, the values won’t be moved
+into the hash map. The values that the references point to must be valid for at
+least as long as the hash map is valid. We’ll talk more about these issues in
+[“Validating References with
+Lifetimes”][validating-references-with-lifetimes]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 10.
+
+### Updating a Hash Map
+
+Although the number of key and value pairs is growable, each unique key can
+only have one value associated with it at a time (but not vice versa: For
+example, both the Blue team and the Yellow team could have the value `10`
+stored in the `scores` hash map).
+
+When you want to change the data in a hash map, you have to decide how to
+handle the case when a key already has a value assigned. You could replace the
+old value with the new value, completely disregarding the old value. You could
+keep the old value and ignore the new value, only adding the new value if the
+key _doesn’t_ already have a value. Or you could combine the old value and the
+new value. Let’s look at how to do each of these!
+
+#### Overwriting a Value
+
+If we insert a key and a value into a hash map and then insert that same key
+with a different value, the value associated with that key will be replaced.
+Even though the code in Listing 8-23 calls `insert` twice, the hash map will
+only contain one key-value pair because we’re inserting the value for the Blue
+team’s key both times.
+
+<Listing number="8-23" caption="Replacing a value stored with a particular key">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-23/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will print `{"Blue": 25}`. The original value of `10` has been
+overwritten.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="only-inserting-a-value-if-the-key-has-no-value"></a>
+
+#### Adding a Key and Value Only If a Key Isn’t Present
+
+It’s common to check whether a particular key already exists in the hash map
+with a value and then to take the following actions: If the key does exist in
+the hash map, the existing value should remain the way it is; if the key
+doesn’t exist, insert it and a value for it.
+
+Hash maps have a special API for this called `entry` that takes the key you
+want to check as a parameter. The return value of the `entry` method is an enum
+called `Entry` that represents a value that might or might not exist. Let’s say
+we want to check whether the key for the Yellow team has a value associated
+with it. If it doesn’t, we want to insert the value `50`, and the same for the
+Blue team. Using the `entry` API, the code looks like Listing 8-24.
+
+<Listing number="8-24" caption="Using the `entry` method to only insert if the key does not already have a value">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-24/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `or_insert` method on `Entry` is defined to return a mutable reference to
+the value for the corresponding `Entry` key if that key exists, and if not, it
+inserts the parameter as the new value for this key and returns a mutable
+reference to the new value. This technique is much cleaner than writing the
+logic ourselves and, in addition, plays more nicely with the borrow checker.
+
+Running the code in Listing 8-24 will print `{"Yellow": 50, "Blue": 10}`. The
+first call to `entry` will insert the key for the Yellow team with the value
+`50` because the Yellow team doesn’t have a value already. The second call to
+`entry` will not change the hash map, because the Blue team already has the
+value `10`.
+
+#### Updating a Value Based on the Old Value
+
+Another common use case for hash maps is to look up a key’s value and then
+update it based on the old value. For instance, Listing 8-25 shows code that
+counts how many times each word appears in some text. We use a hash map with
+the words as keys and increment the value to keep track of how many times we’ve
+seen that word. If it’s the first time we’ve seen a word, we’ll first insert
+the value `0`.
+
+<Listing number="8-25" caption="Counting occurrences of words using a hash map that stores words and counts">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch08-common-collections/listing-08-25/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will print `{"world": 2, "hello": 1, "wonderful": 1}`. You might see
+the same key-value pairs printed in a different order: Recall from [“Accessing
+Values in a Hash Map”][access]<!-- ignore --> that iterating over a hash map
+happens in an arbitrary order.
+
+The `split_whitespace` method returns an iterator over subslices, separated by
+whitespace, of the value in `text`. The `or_insert` method returns a mutable
+reference (`&mut V`) to the value for the specified key. Here, we store that
+mutable reference in the `count` variable, so in order to assign to that value,
+we must first dereference `count` using the asterisk (`*`). The mutable
+reference goes out of scope at the end of the `for` loop, so all of these
+changes are safe and allowed by the borrowing rules.
+
+### Hashing Functions
+
+By default, `HashMap` uses a hashing function called _SipHash_ that can provide
+resistance to denial-of-service (DoS) attacks involving hash
+tables[^siphash]<!-- ignore -->. This is not the fastest hashing algorithm
+available, but the trade-off for better security that comes with the drop in
+performance is worth it. If you profile your code and find that the default
+hash function is too slow for your purposes, you can switch to another function
+by specifying a different hasher. A _hasher_ is a type that implements the
+`BuildHasher` trait. We’ll talk about traits and how to implement them in
+[Chapter 10][traits]<!-- ignore -->. You don’t necessarily have to implement
+your own hasher from scratch; [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore -->
+has libraries shared by other Rust users that provide hashers implementing many
+common hashing algorithms.
+
+[^siphash]: [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SipHash](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SipHash)
+
+## Summary
+
+Vectors, strings, and hash maps will provide a large amount of functionality
+necessary in programs when you need to store, access, and modify data. Here are
+some exercises you should now be equipped to solve:
+
+1. Given a list of integers, use a vector and return the median (when sorted,
+   the value in the middle position) and mode (the value that occurs most
+   often; a hash map will be helpful here) of the list.
+1. Convert strings to Pig Latin. The first consonant of each word is moved to
+   the end of the word and _ay_ is added, so _first_ becomes _irst-fay_. Words
+   that start with a vowel have _hay_ added to the end instead (_apple_ becomes
+   _apple-hay_). Keep in mind the details about UTF-8 encoding!
+1. Using a hash map and vectors, create a text interface to allow a user to add
+   employee names to a department in a company; for example, “Add Sally to
+   Engineering” or “Add Amir to Sales.” Then, let the user retrieve a list of
+   all people in a department or all people in the company by department, sorted
+   alphabetically.
+
+The standard library API documentation describes methods that vectors, strings,
+and hash maps have that will be helpful for these exercises!
+
+We’re getting into more complex programs in which operations can fail, so it’s
+a perfect time to discuss error handling. We’ll do that next!
+
+[validating-references-with-lifetimes]: ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html#validating-references-with-lifetimes
+[access]: #accessing-values-in-a-hash-map
+[traits]: ch10-02-traits.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-00-error-handling.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-00-error-handling.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-00-error-handling.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Error Handling
+
+Errors are a fact of life in software, so Rust has a number of features for
+handling situations in which something goes wrong. In many cases, Rust requires
+you to acknowledge the possibility of an error and take some action before your
+code will compile. This requirement makes your program more robust by ensuring
+that you’ll discover errors and handle them appropriately before deploying your
+code to production!
+
+Rust groups errors into two major categories: recoverable and unrecoverable
+errors. For a _recoverable error_, such as a _file not found_ error, we most
+likely just want to report the problem to the user and retry the operation.
+_Unrecoverable errors_ are always symptoms of bugs, such as trying to access a
+location beyond the end of an array, and so we want to immediately stop the
+program.
+
+Most languages don’t distinguish between these two kinds of errors and handle
+both in the same way, using mechanisms such as exceptions. Rust doesn’t have
+exceptions. Instead, it has the type `Result<T, E>` for recoverable errors and
+the `panic!` macro that stops execution when the program encounters an
+unrecoverable error. This chapter covers calling `panic!` first and then talks
+about returning `Result<T, E>` values. Additionally, we’ll explore
+considerations when deciding whether to try to recover from an error or to stop
+execution.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..f74ad32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.md
@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+## Unrecoverable Errors with `panic!`
+
+Sometimes bad things happen in your code, and there’s nothing you can do about
+it. In these cases, Rust has the `panic!` macro. There are two ways to cause a
+panic in practice: by taking an action that causes our code to panic (such as
+accessing an array past the end) or by explicitly calling the `panic!` macro.
+In both cases, we cause a panic in our program. By default, these panics will
+print a failure message, unwind, clean up the stack, and quit. Via an
+environment variable, you can also have Rust display the call stack when a
+panic occurs to make it easier to track down the source of the panic.
+
+> ### Unwinding the Stack or Aborting in Response to a Panic
+>
+> By default, when a panic occurs, the program starts _unwinding_, which means
+> Rust walks back up the stack and cleans up the data from each function it
+> encounters. However, walking back and cleaning up is a lot of work. Rust
+> therefore allows you to choose the alternative of immediately _aborting_,
+> which ends the program without cleaning up.
+>
+> Memory that the program was using will then need to be cleaned up by the
+> operating system. If in your project you need to make the resultant binary as
+> small as possible, you can switch from unwinding to aborting upon a panic by
+> adding `panic = 'abort'` to the appropriate `[profile]` sections in your
+> _Cargo.toml_ file. For example, if you want to abort on panic in release mode,
+> add this:
+>
+> ```toml
+> [profile.release]
+> panic = 'abort'
+> ```
+
+Let’s try calling `panic!` in a simple program:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,should_panic,panics
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/no-listing-01-panic/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When you run the program, you’ll see something like this:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/no-listing-01-panic/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The call to `panic!` causes the error message contained in the last two lines.
+The first line shows our panic message and the place in our source code where
+the panic occurred: _src/main.rs:2:5_ indicates that it’s the second line,
+fifth character of our _src/main.rs_ file.
+
+In this case, the line indicated is part of our code, and if we go to that
+line, we see the `panic!` macro call. In other cases, the `panic!` call might
+be in code that our code calls, and the filename and line number reported by
+the error message will be someone else’s code where the `panic!` macro is
+called, not the line of our code that eventually led to the `panic!` call.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-a-panic-backtrace"></a>
+
+We can use the backtrace of the functions the `panic!` call came from to figure
+out the part of our code that is causing the problem. To understand how to use
+a `panic!` backtrace, let’s look at another example and see what it’s like when
+a `panic!` call comes from a library because of a bug in our code instead of
+from our code calling the macro directly. Listing 9-1 has some code that
+attempts to access an index in a vector beyond the range of valid indexes.
+
+<Listing number="9-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to access an element beyond the end of a vector, which will cause a call to `panic!`">
+
+```rust,should_panic,panics
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-01/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we’re attempting to access the 100th element of our vector (which is at
+index 99 because indexing starts at zero), but the vector has only three
+elements. In this situation, Rust will panic. Using `[]` is supposed to return
+an element, but if you pass an invalid index, there’s no element that Rust
+could return here that would be correct.
+
+In C, attempting to read beyond the end of a data structure is undefined
+behavior. You might get whatever is at the location in memory that would
+correspond to that element in the data structure, even though the memory
+doesn’t belong to that structure. This is called a _buffer overread_ and can
+lead to security vulnerabilities if an attacker is able to manipulate the index
+in such a way as to read data they shouldn’t be allowed to that is stored after
+the data structure.
+
+To protect your program from this sort of vulnerability, if you try to read an
+element at an index that doesn’t exist, Rust will stop execution and refuse to
+continue. Let’s try it and see:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-01/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This error points at line 4 of our _main.rs_ where we attempt to access index
+99 of the vector in `v`.
+
+The `note:` line tells us that we can set the `RUST_BACKTRACE` environment
+variable to get a backtrace of exactly what happened to cause the error. A
+_backtrace_ is a list of all the functions that have been called to get to this
+point. Backtraces in Rust work as they do in other languages: The key to
+reading the backtrace is to start from the top and read until you see files you
+wrote. That’s the spot where the problem originated. The lines above that spot
+are code that your code has called; the lines below are code that called your
+code. These before-and-after lines might include core Rust code, standard
+library code, or crates that you’re using. Let’s try to get a backtrace by
+setting the `RUST_BACKTRACE` environment variable to any value except `0`.
+Listing 9-2 shows output similar to what you’ll see.
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-01
+RUST_BACKTRACE=1 cargo run
+copy the backtrace output below
+check the backtrace number mentioned in the text below the listing
+-->
+
+<Listing number="9-2" caption="The backtrace generated by a call to `panic!` displayed when the environment variable `RUST_BACKTRACE` is set">
+
+```console
+$ RUST_BACKTRACE=1 cargo run
+thread 'main' panicked at src/main.rs:4:6:
+index out of bounds: the len is 3 but the index is 99
+stack backtrace:
+   0: rust_begin_unwind
+             at /rustc/4d91de4e48198da2e33413efdcd9cd2cc0c46688/library/std/src/panicking.rs:692:5
+   1: core::panicking::panic_fmt
+             at /rustc/4d91de4e48198da2e33413efdcd9cd2cc0c46688/library/core/src/panicking.rs:75:14
+   2: core::panicking::panic_bounds_check
+             at /rustc/4d91de4e48198da2e33413efdcd9cd2cc0c46688/library/core/src/panicking.rs:273:5
+   3: <usize as core::slice::index::SliceIndex<[T]>>::index
+             at file:///home/.rustup/toolchains/1.85/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/slice/index.rs:274:10
+   4: core::slice::index::<impl core::ops::index::Index<I> for [T]>::index
+             at file:///home/.rustup/toolchains/1.85/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/slice/index.rs:16:9
+   5: <alloc::vec::Vec<T,A> as core::ops::index::Index<I>>::index
+             at file:///home/.rustup/toolchains/1.85/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/alloc/src/vec/mod.rs:3361:9
+   6: panic::main
+             at ./src/main.rs:4:6
+   7: core::ops::function::FnOnce::call_once
+             at file:///home/.rustup/toolchains/1.85/lib/rustlib/src/rust/library/core/src/ops/function.rs:250:5
+note: Some details are omitted, run with `RUST_BACKTRACE=full` for a verbose backtrace.
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+That’s a lot of output! The exact output you see might be different depending
+on your operating system and Rust version. In order to get backtraces with this
+information, debug symbols must be enabled. Debug symbols are enabled by
+default when using `cargo build` or `cargo run` without the `--release` flag,
+as we have here.
+
+In the output in Listing 9-2, line 6 of the backtrace points to the line in our
+project that’s causing the problem: line 4 of _src/main.rs_. If we don’t want
+our program to panic, we should start our investigation at the location pointed
+to by the first line mentioning a file we wrote. In Listing 9-1, where we
+deliberately wrote code that would panic, the way to fix the panic is to not
+request an element beyond the range of the vector indexes. When your code
+panics in the future, you’ll need to figure out what action the code is taking
+with what values to cause the panic and what the code should do instead.
+
+We’ll come back to `panic!` and when we should and should not use `panic!` to
+handle error conditions in the [“To `panic!` or Not to
+`panic!`”][to-panic-or-not-to-panic]<!-- ignore --> section later in this
+chapter. Next, we’ll look at how to recover from an error using `Result`.
+
+[to-panic-or-not-to-panic]: ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html#to-panic-or-not-to-panic
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fa26509
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.md
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+## Recoverable Errors with `Result`
+
+Most errors aren’t serious enough to require the program to stop entirely.
+Sometimes when a function fails, it’s for a reason that you can easily interpret
+and respond to. For example, if you try to open a file and that operation fails
+because the file doesn’t exist, you might want to create the file instead of
+terminating the process.
+
+Recall from [“Handling Potential Failure with `Result`”][handle_failure]<!--
+ignore --> in Chapter 2 that the `Result` enum is defined as having two
+variants, `Ok` and `Err`, as follows:
+
+```rust
+enum Result<T, E> {
+    Ok(T),
+    Err(E),
+}
+```
+
+The `T` and `E` are generic type parameters: We’ll discuss generics in more
+detail in Chapter 10. What you need to know right now is that `T` represents
+the type of the value that will be returned in a success case within the `Ok`
+variant, and `E` represents the type of the error that will be returned in a
+failure case within the `Err` variant. Because `Result` has these generic type
+parameters, we can use the `Result` type and the functions defined on it in
+many different situations where the success value and error value we want to
+return may differ.
+
+Let’s call a function that returns a `Result` value because the function could
+fail. In Listing 9-3, we try to open a file.
+
+<Listing number="9-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Opening a file">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-03/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The return type of `File::open` is a `Result<T, E>`. The generic parameter `T`
+has been filled in by the implementation of `File::open` with the type of the
+success value, `std::fs::File`, which is a file handle. The type of `E` used in
+the error value is `std::io::Error`. This return type means the call to
+`File::open` might succeed and return a file handle that we can read from or
+write to. The function call also might fail: For example, the file might not
+exist, or we might not have permission to access the file. The `File::open`
+function needs to have a way to tell us whether it succeeded or failed and at
+the same time give us either the file handle or error information. This
+information is exactly what the `Result` enum conveys.
+
+In the case where `File::open` succeeds, the value in the variable
+`greeting_file_result` will be an instance of `Ok` that contains a file handle.
+In the case where it fails, the value in `greeting_file_result` will be an
+instance of `Err` that contains more information about the kind of error that
+occurred.
+
+We need to add to the code in Listing 9-3 to take different actions depending
+on the value `File::open` returns. Listing 9-4 shows one way to handle the
+`Result` using a basic tool, the `match` expression that we discussed in
+Chapter 6.
+
+<Listing number="9-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using a `match` expression to handle the `Result` variants that might be returned">
+
+```rust,should_panic
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-04/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that, like the `Option` enum, the `Result` enum and its variants have been
+brought into scope by the prelude, so we don’t need to specify `Result::`
+before the `Ok` and `Err` variants in the `match` arms.
+
+When the result is `Ok`, this code will return the inner `file` value out of
+the `Ok` variant, and we then assign that file handle value to the variable
+`greeting_file`. After the `match`, we can use the file handle for reading or
+writing.
+
+The other arm of the `match` handles the case where we get an `Err` value from
+`File::open`. In this example, we’ve chosen to call the `panic!` macro. If
+there’s no file named _hello.txt_ in our current directory and we run this
+code, we’ll see the following output from the `panic!` macro:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-04/output.txt}}
+```
+
+As usual, this output tells us exactly what has gone wrong.
+
+### Matching on Different Errors
+
+The code in Listing 9-4 will `panic!` no matter why `File::open` failed.
+However, we want to take different actions for different failure reasons. If
+`File::open` failed because the file doesn’t exist, we want to create the file
+and return the handle to the new file. If `File::open` failed for any other
+reason—for example, because we didn’t have permission to open the file—we still
+want the code to `panic!` in the same way it did in Listing 9-4. For this, we
+add an inner `match` expression, shown in Listing 9-5.
+
+<Listing number="9-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Handling different kinds of errors in different ways">
+
+<!-- ignore this test because otherwise it creates hello.txt which causes other
+tests to fail lol -->
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-05/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The type of the value that `File::open` returns inside the `Err` variant is
+`io::Error`, which is a struct provided by the standard library. This struct
+has a method, `kind`, that we can call to get an `io::ErrorKind` value. The
+enum `io::ErrorKind` is provided by the standard library and has variants
+representing the different kinds of errors that might result from an `io`
+operation. The variant we want to use is `ErrorKind::NotFound`, which indicates
+the file we’re trying to open doesn’t exist yet. So, we match on
+`greeting_file_result`, but we also have an inner match on `error.kind()`.
+
+The condition we want to check in the inner match is whether the value returned
+by `error.kind()` is the `NotFound` variant of the `ErrorKind` enum. If it is,
+we try to create the file with `File::create`. However, because `File::create`
+could also fail, we need a second arm in the inner `match` expression. When the
+file can’t be created, a different error message is printed. The second arm of
+the outer `match` stays the same, so the program panics on any error besides
+the missing file error.
+
+> #### Alternatives to Using `match` with `Result<T, E>`
+>
+> That’s a lot of `match`! The `match` expression is very useful but also very
+> much a primitive. In Chapter 13, you’ll learn about closures, which are used
+> with many of the methods defined on `Result<T, E>`. These methods can be more
+> concise than using `match` when handling `Result<T, E>` values in your code.
+>
+> For example, here’s another way to write the same logic as shown in Listing
+> 9-5, this time using closures and the `unwrap_or_else` method:
+>
+> <!-- CAN'T EXTRACT SEE https://github.com/rust-lang/mdBook/issues/1127 -->
+>
+> ```rust,ignore
+> use std::fs::File;
+> use std::io::ErrorKind;
+>
+> fn main() {
+>     let greeting_file = File::open("hello.txt").unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+>         if error.kind() == ErrorKind::NotFound {
+>             File::create("hello.txt").unwrap_or_else(|error| {
+>                 panic!("Problem creating the file: {error:?}");
+>             })
+>         } else {
+>             panic!("Problem opening the file: {error:?}");
+>         }
+>     });
+> }
+> ```
+>
+> Although this code has the same behavior as Listing 9-5, it doesn’t contain
+> any `match` expressions and is cleaner to read. Come back to this example
+> after you’ve read Chapter 13 and look up the `unwrap_or_else` method in the
+> standard library documentation. Many more of these methods can clean up huge,
+> nested `match` expressions when you’re dealing with errors.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="shortcuts-for-panic-on-error-unwrap-and-expect"></a>
+
+#### Shortcuts for Panic on Error
+
+Using `match` works well enough, but it can be a bit verbose and doesn’t always
+communicate intent well. The `Result<T, E>` type has many helper methods
+defined on it to do various, more specific tasks. The `unwrap` method is a
+shortcut method implemented just like the `match` expression we wrote in
+Listing 9-4. If the `Result` value is the `Ok` variant, `unwrap` will return
+the value inside the `Ok`. If the `Result` is the `Err` variant, `unwrap` will
+call the `panic!` macro for us. Here is an example of `unwrap` in action:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,should_panic
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/no-listing-04-unwrap/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If we run this code without a _hello.txt_ file, we’ll see an error message from
+the `panic!` call that the `unwrap` method makes:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch09-error-handling/no-listing-04-unwrap
+cargo run
+copy and paste relevant text
+-->
+
+```text
+thread 'main' panicked at src/main.rs:4:49:
+called `Result::unwrap()` on an `Err` value: Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: "No such file or directory" }
+```
+
+Similarly, the `expect` method lets us also choose the `panic!` error message.
+Using `expect` instead of `unwrap` and providing good error messages can convey
+your intent and make tracking down the source of a panic easier. The syntax of
+`expect` looks like this:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,should_panic
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/no-listing-05-expect/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We use `expect` in the same way as `unwrap`: to return the file handle or call
+the `panic!` macro. The error message used by `expect` in its call to `panic!`
+will be the parameter that we pass to `expect`, rather than the default
+`panic!` message that `unwrap` uses. Here’s what it looks like:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch09-error-handling/no-listing-05-expect
+cargo run
+copy and paste relevant text
+-->
+
+```text
+thread 'main' panicked at src/main.rs:5:10:
+hello.txt should be included in this project: Os { code: 2, kind: NotFound, message: "No such file or directory" }
+```
+
+In production-quality code, most Rustaceans choose `expect` rather than
+`unwrap` and give more context about why the operation is expected to always
+succeed. That way, if your assumptions are ever proven wrong, you have more
+information to use in debugging.
+
+### Propagating Errors
+
+When a function’s implementation calls something that might fail, instead of
+handling the error within the function itself, you can return the error to the
+calling code so that it can decide what to do. This is known as _propagating_
+the error and gives more control to the calling code, where there might be more
+information or logic that dictates how the error should be handled than what
+you have available in the context of your code.
+
+For example, Listing 9-6 shows a function that reads a username from a file. If
+the file doesn’t exist or can’t be read, this function will return those errors
+to the code that called the function.
+
+<Listing number="9-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A function that returns errors to the calling code using `match`">
+
+<!-- Deliberately not using rustdoc_include here; the `main` function in the
+file panics. We do want to include it for reader experimentation purposes, but
+don't want to include it for rustdoc testing purposes. -->
+
+```rust
+{{#include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-06/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This function can be written in a much shorter way, but we’re going to start by
+doing a lot of it manually in order to explore error handling; at the end,
+we’ll show the shorter way. Let’s look at the return type of the function
+first: `Result<String, io::Error>`. This means the function is returning a
+value of the type `Result<T, E>`, where the generic parameter `T` has been
+filled in with the concrete type `String` and the generic type `E` has been
+filled in with the concrete type `io::Error`.
+
+If this function succeeds without any problems, the code that calls this
+function will receive an `Ok` value that holds a `String`—the `username` that
+this function read from the file. If this function encounters any problems, the
+calling code will receive an `Err` value that holds an instance of `io::Error`
+that contains more information about what the problems were. We chose
+`io::Error` as the return type of this function because that happens to be the
+type of the error value returned from both of the operations we’re calling in
+this function’s body that might fail: the `File::open` function and the
+`read_to_string` method.
+
+The body of the function starts by calling the `File::open` function. Then, we
+handle the `Result` value with a `match` similar to the `match` in Listing 9-4.
+If `File::open` succeeds, the file handle in the pattern variable `file`
+becomes the value in the mutable variable `username_file` and the function
+continues. In the `Err` case, instead of calling `panic!`, we use the `return`
+keyword to return early out of the function entirely and pass the error value
+from `File::open`, now in the pattern variable `e`, back to the calling code as
+this function’s error value.
+
+So, if we have a file handle in `username_file`, the function then creates a
+new `String` in variable `username` and calls the `read_to_string` method on
+the file handle in `username_file` to read the contents of the file into
+`username`. The `read_to_string` method also returns a `Result` because it
+might fail, even though `File::open` succeeded. So, we need another `match` to
+handle that `Result`: If `read_to_string` succeeds, then our function has
+succeeded, and we return the username from the file that’s now in `username`
+wrapped in an `Ok`. If `read_to_string` fails, we return the error value in the
+same way that we returned the error value in the `match` that handled the
+return value of `File::open`. However, we don’t need to explicitly say
+`return`, because this is the last expression in the function.
+
+The code that calls this code will then handle getting either an `Ok` value
+that contains a username or an `Err` value that contains an `io::Error`. It’s
+up to the calling code to decide what to do with those values. If the calling
+code gets an `Err` value, it could call `panic!` and crash the program, use a
+default username, or look up the username from somewhere other than a file, for
+example. We don’t have enough information on what the calling code is actually
+trying to do, so we propagate all the success or error information upward for
+it to handle appropriately.
+
+This pattern of propagating errors is so common in Rust that Rust provides the
+question mark operator `?` to make this easier.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="a-shortcut-for-propagating-errors-the--operator"></a>
+
+#### The `?` Operator Shortcut
+
+Listing 9-7 shows an implementation of `read_username_from_file` that has the
+same functionality as in Listing 9-6, but this implementation uses the `?`
+operator.
+
+<Listing number="9-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A function that returns errors to the calling code using the `?` operator">
+
+<!-- Deliberately not using rustdoc_include here; the `main` function in the
+file panics. We do want to include it for reader experimentation purposes, but
+don't want to include it for rustdoc testing purposes. -->
+
+```rust
+{{#include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-07/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `?` placed after a `Result` value is defined to work in almost the same way
+as the `match` expressions that we defined to handle the `Result` values in
+Listing 9-6. If the value of the `Result` is an `Ok`, the value inside the `Ok`
+will get returned from this expression, and the program will continue. If the
+value is an `Err`, the `Err` will be returned from the whole function as if we
+had used the `return` keyword so that the error value gets propagated to the
+calling code.
+
+There is a difference between what the `match` expression from Listing 9-6 does
+and what the `?` operator does: Error values that have the `?` operator called
+on them go through the `from` function, defined in the `From` trait in the
+standard library, which is used to convert values from one type into another.
+When the `?` operator calls the `from` function, the error type received is
+converted into the error type defined in the return type of the current
+function. This is useful when a function returns one error type to represent
+all the ways a function might fail, even if parts might fail for many different
+reasons.
+
+For example, we could change the `read_username_from_file` function in Listing
+9-7 to return a custom error type named `OurError` that we define. If we also
+define `impl From<io::Error> for OurError` to construct an instance of
+`OurError` from an `io::Error`, then the `?` operator calls in the body of
+`read_username_from_file` will call `from` and convert the error types without
+needing to add any more code to the function.
+
+In the context of Listing 9-7, the `?` at the end of the `File::open` call will
+return the value inside an `Ok` to the variable `username_file`. If an error
+occurs, the `?` operator will return early out of the whole function and give
+any `Err` value to the calling code. The same thing applies to the `?` at the
+end of the `read_to_string` call.
+
+The `?` operator eliminates a lot of boilerplate and makes this function’s
+implementation simpler. We could even shorten this code further by chaining
+method calls immediately after the `?`, as shown in Listing 9-8.
+
+<Listing number="9-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Chaining method calls after the `?` operator">
+
+<!-- Deliberately not using rustdoc_include here; the `main` function in the
+file panics. We do want to include it for reader experimentation purposes, but
+don't want to include it for rustdoc testing purposes. -->
+
+```rust
+{{#include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-08/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve moved the creation of the new `String` in `username` to the beginning of
+the function; that part hasn’t changed. Instead of creating a variable
+`username_file`, we’ve chained the call to `read_to_string` directly onto the
+result of `File::open("hello.txt")?`. We still have a `?` at the end of the
+`read_to_string` call, and we still return an `Ok` value containing `username`
+when both `File::open` and `read_to_string` succeed rather than returning
+errors. The functionality is again the same as in Listing 9-6 and Listing 9-7;
+this is just a different, more ergonomic way to write it.
+
+Listing 9-9 shows a way to make this even shorter using `fs::read_to_string`.
+
+<Listing number="9-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using `fs::read_to_string` instead of opening and then reading the file">
+
+<!-- Deliberately not using rustdoc_include here; the `main` function in the
+file panics. We do want to include it for reader experimentation purposes, but
+don't want to include it for rustdoc testing purposes. -->
+
+```rust
+{{#include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-09/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Reading a file into a string is a fairly common operation, so the standard
+library provides the convenient `fs::read_to_string` function that opens the
+file, creates a new `String`, reads the contents of the file, puts the contents
+into that `String`, and returns it. Of course, using `fs::read_to_string`
+doesn’t give us the opportunity to explain all the error handling, so we did it
+the longer way first.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="where-the--operator-can-be-used"></a>
+
+#### Where to Use the `?` Operator
+
+The `?` operator can only be used in functions whose return type is compatible
+with the value the `?` is used on. This is because the `?` operator is defined
+to perform an early return of a value out of the function, in the same manner
+as the `match` expression we defined in Listing 9-6. In Listing 9-6, the
+`match` was using a `Result` value, and the early return arm returned an
+`Err(e)` value. The return type of the function has to be a `Result` so that
+it’s compatible with this `return`.
+
+In Listing 9-10, let’s look at the error we’ll get if we use the `?` operator
+in a `main` function with a return type that is incompatible with the type of
+the value we use `?` on.
+
+<Listing number="9-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to use the `?` in the `main` function that returns `()` won’t compile.">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-10/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code opens a file, which might fail. The `?` operator follows the `Result`
+value returned by `File::open`, but this `main` function has the return type of
+`()`, not `Result`. When we compile this code, we get the following error
+message:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-10/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This error points out that we’re only allowed to use the `?` operator in a
+function that returns `Result`, `Option`, or another type that implements
+`FromResidual`.
+
+To fix the error, you have two choices. One choice is to change the return type
+of your function to be compatible with the value you’re using the `?` operator
+on as long as you have no restrictions preventing that. The other choice is to
+use a `match` or one of the `Result<T, E>` methods to handle the `Result<T, E>`
+in whatever way is appropriate.
+
+The error message also mentioned that `?` can be used with `Option<T>` values
+as well. As with using `?` on `Result`, you can only use `?` on `Option` in a
+function that returns an `Option`. The behavior of the `?` operator when called
+on an `Option<T>` is similar to its behavior when called on a `Result<T, E>`:
+If the value is `None`, the `None` will be returned early from the function at
+that point. If the value is `Some`, the value inside the `Some` is the
+resultant value of the expression, and the function continues. Listing 9-11 has
+an example of a function that finds the last character of the first line in the
+given text.
+
+<Listing number="9-11" caption="Using the `?` operator on an `Option<T>` value">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-11/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This function returns `Option<char>` because it’s possible that there is a
+character there, but it’s also possible that there isn’t. This code takes the
+`text` string slice argument and calls the `lines` method on it, which returns
+an iterator over the lines in the string. Because this function wants to
+examine the first line, it calls `next` on the iterator to get the first value
+from the iterator. If `text` is the empty string, this call to `next` will
+return `None`, in which case we use `?` to stop and return `None` from
+`last_char_of_first_line`. If `text` is not the empty string, `next` will
+return a `Some` value containing a string slice of the first line in `text`.
+
+The `?` extracts the string slice, and we can call `chars` on that string slice
+to get an iterator of its characters. We’re interested in the last character in
+this first line, so we call `last` to return the last item in the iterator.
+This is an `Option` because it’s possible that the first line is the empty
+string; for example, if `text` starts with a blank line but has characters on
+other lines, as in `"\nhi"`. However, if there is a last character on the first
+line, it will be returned in the `Some` variant. The `?` operator in the middle
+gives us a concise way to express this logic, allowing us to implement the
+function in one line. If we couldn’t use the `?` operator on `Option`, we’d
+have to implement this logic using more method calls or a `match` expression.
+
+Note that you can use the `?` operator on a `Result` in a function that returns
+`Result`, and you can use the `?` operator on an `Option` in a function that
+returns `Option`, but you can’t mix and match. The `?` operator won’t
+automatically convert a `Result` to an `Option` or vice versa; in those cases,
+you can use methods like the `ok` method on `Result` or the `ok_or` method on
+`Option` to do the conversion explicitly.
+
+So far, all the `main` functions we’ve used return `()`. The `main` function is
+special because it’s the entry point and exit point of an executable program,
+and there are restrictions on what its return type can be for the program to
+behave as expected.
+
+Luckily, `main` can also return a `Result<(), E>`. Listing 9-12 has the code
+from Listing 9-10, but we’ve changed the return type of `main` to be
+`Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>` and added a return value `Ok(())` to the end. This
+code will now compile.
+
+<Listing number="9-12" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Changing `main` to return `Result<(), E>` allows the use of the `?` operator on `Result` values.">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-12/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `Box<dyn Error>` type is a trait object, which we’ll talk about in [“Using
+Trait Objects to Abstract over Shared Behavior”][trait-objects]<!-- ignore -->
+in Chapter 18. For now, you can read `Box<dyn Error>` to mean “any kind of
+error.” Using `?` on a `Result` value in a `main` function with the error type
+`Box<dyn Error>` is allowed because it allows any `Err` value to be returned
+early. Even though the body of this `main` function will only ever return
+errors of type `std::io::Error`, by specifying `Box<dyn Error>`, this signature
+will continue to be correct even if more code that returns other errors is
+added to the body of `main`.
+
+When a `main` function returns a `Result<(), E>`, the executable will exit with
+a value of `0` if `main` returns `Ok(())` and will exit with a nonzero value if
+`main` returns an `Err` value. Executables written in C return integers when
+they exit: Programs that exit successfully return the integer `0`, and programs
+that error return some integer other than `0`. Rust also returns integers from
+executables to be compatible with this convention.
+
+The `main` function may return any types that implement [the
+`std::process::Termination` trait][termination]<!-- ignore -->, which contains
+a function `report` that returns an `ExitCode`. Consult the standard library
+documentation for more information on implementing the `Termination` trait for
+your own types.
+
+Now that we’ve discussed the details of calling `panic!` or returning `Result`,
+let’s return to the topic of how to decide which is appropriate to use in which
+cases.
+
+[handle_failure]: ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.html#handling-potential-failure-with-result
+[trait-objects]: ch18-02-trait-objects.html#using-trait-objects-to-abstract-over-shared-behavior
+[termination]: ../std/process/trait.Termination.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..256c367
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.md
@@ -0,0 +1,236 @@
+## To `panic!` or Not to `panic!`
+
+So, how do you decide when you should call `panic!` and when you should return
+`Result`? When code panics, there’s no way to recover. You could call `panic!`
+for any error situation, whether there’s a possible way to recover or not, but
+then you’re making the decision that a situation is unrecoverable on behalf of
+the calling code. When you choose to return a `Result` value, you give the
+calling code options. The calling code could choose to attempt to recover in a
+way that’s appropriate for its situation, or it could decide that an `Err`
+value in this case is unrecoverable, so it can call `panic!` and turn your
+recoverable error into an unrecoverable one. Therefore, returning `Result` is a
+good default choice when you’re defining a function that might fail.
+
+In situations such as examples, prototype code, and tests, it’s more
+appropriate to write code that panics instead of returning a `Result`. Let’s
+explore why, then discuss situations in which the compiler can’t tell that
+failure is impossible, but you as a human can. The chapter will conclude with
+some general guidelines on how to decide whether to panic in library code.
+
+### Examples, Prototype Code, and Tests
+
+When you’re writing an example to illustrate some concept, also including
+robust error-handling code can make the example less clear. In examples, it’s
+understood that a call to a method like `unwrap` that could panic is meant as a
+placeholder for the way you’d want your application to handle errors, which can
+differ based on what the rest of your code is doing.
+
+Similarly, the `unwrap` and `expect` methods are very handy when you’re
+prototyping and you’re not yet ready to decide how to handle errors. They leave
+clear markers in your code for when you’re ready to make your program more
+robust.
+
+If a method call fails in a test, you’d want the whole test to fail, even if
+that method isn’t the functionality under test. Because `panic!` is how a test
+is marked as a failure, calling `unwrap` or `expect` is exactly what should
+happen.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="cases-in-which-you-have-more-information-than-the-compiler"></a>
+
+### When You Have More Information Than the Compiler
+
+It would also be appropriate to call `expect` when you have some other logic
+that ensures that the `Result` will have an `Ok` value, but the logic isn’t
+something the compiler understands. You’ll still have a `Result` value that you
+need to handle: Whatever operation you’re calling still has the possibility of
+failing in general, even though it’s logically impossible in your particular
+situation. If you can ensure by manually inspecting the code that you’ll never
+have an `Err` variant, it’s perfectly acceptable to call `expect` and document
+the reason you think you’ll never have an `Err` variant in the argument text.
+Here’s an example:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/no-listing-08-unwrap-that-cant-fail/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+We’re creating an `IpAddr` instance by parsing a hardcoded string. We can see
+that `127.0.0.1` is a valid IP address, so it’s acceptable to use `expect`
+here. However, having a hardcoded, valid string doesn’t change the return type
+of the `parse` method: We still get a `Result` value, and the compiler will
+still make us handle the `Result` as if the `Err` variant is a possibility
+because the compiler isn’t smart enough to see that this string is always a
+valid IP address. If the IP address string came from a user rather than being
+hardcoded into the program and therefore _did_ have a possibility of failure,
+we’d definitely want to handle the `Result` in a more robust way instead.
+Mentioning the assumption that this IP address is hardcoded will prompt us to
+change `expect` to better error-handling code if, in the future, we need to get
+the IP address from some other source instead.
+
+### Guidelines for Error Handling
+
+It’s advisable to have your code panic when it’s possible that your code could
+end up in a bad state. In this context, a _bad state_ is when some assumption,
+guarantee, contract, or invariant has been broken, such as when invalid values,
+contradictory values, or missing values are passed to your code—plus one or
+more of the following:
+
+- The bad state is something that is unexpected, as opposed to something that
+  will likely happen occasionally, like a user entering data in the wrong
+  format.
+- Your code after this point needs to rely on not being in this bad state,
+  rather than checking for the problem at every step.
+- There’s not a good way to encode this information in the types you use. We’ll
+  work through an example of what we mean in [“Encoding States and Behavior as
+  Types”][encoding]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 18.
+
+If someone calls your code and passes in values that don’t make sense, it’s
+best to return an error if you can so that the user of the library can decide
+what they want to do in that case. However, in cases where continuing could be
+insecure or harmful, the best choice might be to call `panic!` and alert the
+person using your library to the bug in their code so that they can fix it
+during development. Similarly, `panic!` is often appropriate if you’re calling
+external code that is out of your control and returns an invalid state that you
+have no way of fixing.
+
+However, when failure is expected, it’s more appropriate to return a `Result`
+than to make a `panic!` call. Examples include a parser being given malformed
+data or an HTTP request returning a status that indicates you have hit a rate
+limit. In these cases, returning a `Result` indicates that failure is an
+expected possibility that the calling code must decide how to handle.
+
+When your code performs an operation that could put a user at risk if it’s
+called using invalid values, your code should verify the values are valid first
+and panic if the values aren’t valid. This is mostly for safety reasons:
+Attempting to operate on invalid data can expose your code to vulnerabilities.
+This is the main reason the standard library will call `panic!` if you attempt
+an out-of-bounds memory access: Trying to access memory that doesn’t belong to
+the current data structure is a common security problem. Functions often have
+_contracts_: Their behavior is only guaranteed if the inputs meet particular
+requirements. Panicking when the contract is violated makes sense because a
+contract violation always indicates a caller-side bug, and it’s not a kind of
+error you want the calling code to have to explicitly handle. In fact, there’s
+no reasonable way for calling code to recover; the calling _programmers_ need
+to fix the code. Contracts for a function, especially when a violation will
+cause a panic, should be explained in the API documentation for the function.
+
+However, having lots of error checks in all of your functions would be verbose
+and annoying. Fortunately, you can use Rust’s type system (and thus the type
+checking done by the compiler) to do many of the checks for you. If your
+function has a particular type as a parameter, you can proceed with your code’s
+logic knowing that the compiler has already ensured that you have a valid
+value. For example, if you have a type rather than an `Option`, your program
+expects to have _something_ rather than _nothing_. Your code then doesn’t have
+to handle two cases for the `Some` and `None` variants: It will only have one
+case for definitely having a value. Code trying to pass nothing to your
+function won’t even compile, so your function doesn’t have to check for that
+case at runtime. Another example is using an unsigned integer type such as
+`u32`, which ensures that the parameter is never negative.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="creating-custom-types-for-validation"></a>
+
+### Custom Types for Validation
+
+Let’s take the idea of using Rust’s type system to ensure that we have a valid
+value one step further and look at creating a custom type for validation.
+Recall the guessing game in Chapter 2 in which our code asked the user to guess
+a number between 1 and 100. We never validated that the user’s guess was
+between those numbers before checking it against our secret number; we only
+validated that the guess was positive. In this case, the consequences were not
+very dire: Our output of “Too high” or “Too low” would still be correct. But it
+would be a useful enhancement to guide the user toward valid guesses and have
+different behavior when the user guesses a number that’s out of range versus
+when the user types, for example, letters instead.
+
+One way to do this would be to parse the guess as an `i32` instead of only a
+`u32` to allow potentially negative numbers, and then add a check for the
+number being in range, like so:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/no-listing-09-guess-out-of-range/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `if` expression checks whether our value is out of range, tells the user
+about the problem, and calls `continue` to start the next iteration of the loop
+and ask for another guess. After the `if` expression, we can proceed with the
+comparisons between `guess` and the secret number knowing that `guess` is
+between 1 and 100.
+
+However, this is not an ideal solution: If it were absolutely critical that the
+program only operated on values between 1 and 100, and it had many functions
+with this requirement, having a check like this in every function would be
+tedious (and might impact performance).
+
+Instead, we can make a new type in a dedicated module and put the validations
+in a function to create an instance of the type rather than repeating the
+validations everywhere. That way, it’s safe for functions to use the new type
+in their signatures and confidently use the values they receive. Listing 9-13
+shows one way to define a `Guess` type that will only create an instance of
+`Guess` if the `new` function receives a value between 1 and 100.
+
+<Listing number="9-13" caption="A `Guess` type that will only continue with values between 1 and 100" file-name="src/guessing_game.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch09-error-handling/listing-09-13/src/guessing_game.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that this code in *src/guessing_game.rs* depends on adding a module
+declaration `mod guessing_game;` in *src/lib.rs* that we haven’t shown here.
+Within this new module’s file, we define a struct named `Guess` that has a
+field named `value` that holds an `i32`. This is where the number will be
+stored.
+
+Then, we implement an associated function named `new` on `Guess` that creates
+instances of `Guess` values. The `new` function is defined to have one
+parameter named `value` of type `i32` and to return a `Guess`. The code in the
+body of the `new` function tests `value` to make sure it’s between 1 and 100.
+If `value` doesn’t pass this test, we make a `panic!` call, which will alert
+the programmer who is writing the calling code that they have a bug they need
+to fix, because creating a `Guess` with a `value` outside this range would
+violate the contract that `Guess::new` is relying on. The conditions in which
+`Guess::new` might panic should be discussed in its public-facing API
+documentation; we’ll cover documentation conventions indicating the possibility
+of a `panic!` in the API documentation that you create in Chapter 14. If
+`value` does pass the test, we create a new `Guess` with its `value` field set
+to the `value` parameter and return the `Guess`.
+
+Next, we implement a method named `value` that borrows `self`, doesn’t have any
+other parameters, and returns an `i32`. This kind of method is sometimes called
+a _getter_ because its purpose is to get some data from its fields and return
+it. This public method is necessary because the `value` field of the `Guess`
+struct is private. It’s important that the `value` field be private so that
+code using the `Guess` struct is not allowed to set `value` directly: Code
+outside the `guessing_game` module _must_ use the `Guess::new` function to
+create an instance of `Guess`, thereby ensuring that there’s no way for a
+`Guess` to have a `value` that hasn’t been checked by the conditions in the
+`Guess::new` function.
+
+A function that has a parameter or returns only numbers between 1 and 100 could
+then declare in its signature that it takes or returns a `Guess` rather than an
+`i32` and wouldn’t need to do any additional checks in its body.
+
+## Summary
+
+Rust’s error-handling features are designed to help you write more robust code.
+The `panic!` macro signals that your program is in a state it can’t handle and
+lets you tell the process to stop instead of trying to proceed with invalid or
+incorrect values. The `Result` enum uses Rust’s type system to indicate that
+operations might fail in a way that your code could recover from. You can use
+`Result` to tell code that calls your code that it needs to handle potential
+success or failure as well. Using `panic!` and `Result` in the appropriate
+situations will make your code more reliable in the face of inevitable problems.
+
+Now that you’ve seen useful ways that the standard library uses generics with
+the `Option` and `Result` enums, we’ll talk about how generics work and how you
+can use them in your code.
+
+[encoding]: ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.html#encoding-states-and-behavior-as-types
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-00-generics.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-00-generics.md
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+# Generic Types, Traits, and Lifetimes
+
+Every programming language has tools for effectively handling the duplication
+of concepts. In Rust, one such tool is _generics_: abstract stand-ins for
+concrete types or other properties. We can express the behavior of generics or
+how they relate to other generics without knowing what will be in their place
+when compiling and running the code.
+
+Functions can take parameters of some generic type, instead of a concrete type
+like `i32` or `String`, in the same way they take parameters with unknown
+values to run the same code on multiple concrete values. In fact, we already
+used generics in Chapter 6 with `Option<T>`, in Chapter 8 with `Vec<T>` and
+`HashMap<K, V>`, and in Chapter 9 with `Result<T, E>`. In this chapter, you’ll
+explore how to define your own types, functions, and methods with generics!
+
+First, we’ll review how to extract a function to reduce code duplication. We’ll
+then use the same technique to make a generic function from two functions that
+differ only in the types of their parameters. We’ll also explain how to use
+generic types in struct and enum definitions.
+
+Then, you’ll learn how to use traits to define behavior in a generic way. You
+can combine traits with generic types to constrain a generic type to accept
+only those types that have a particular behavior, as opposed to just any type.
+
+Finally, we’ll discuss _lifetimes_: a variety of generics that give the
+compiler information about how references relate to each other. Lifetimes allow
+us to give the compiler enough information about borrowed values so that it can
+ensure that references will be valid in more situations than it could without
+our help.
+
+## Removing Duplication by Extracting a Function
+
+Generics allow us to replace specific types with a placeholder that represents
+multiple types to remove code duplication. Before diving into generics syntax,
+let’s first look at how to remove duplication in a way that doesn’t involve
+generic types by extracting a function that replaces specific values with a
+placeholder that represents multiple values. Then, we’ll apply the same
+technique to extract a generic function! By looking at how to recognize
+duplicated code you can extract into a function, you’ll start to recognize
+duplicated code that can use generics.
+
+We’ll begin with the short program in Listing 10-1 that finds the largest
+number in a list.
+
+<Listing number="10-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Finding the largest number in a list of numbers">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-01/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We store a list of integers in the variable `number_list` and place a reference
+to the first number in the list in a variable named `largest`. We then iterate
+through all the numbers in the list, and if the current number is greater than
+the number stored in `largest`, we replace the reference in that variable.
+However, if the current number is less than or equal to the largest number seen
+so far, the variable doesn’t change, and the code moves on to the next number
+in the list. After considering all the numbers in the list, `largest` should
+refer to the largest number, which in this case is 100.
+
+We’ve now been tasked with finding the largest number in two different lists of
+numbers. To do so, we can choose to duplicate the code in Listing 10-1 and use
+the same logic at two different places in the program, as shown in Listing 10-2.
+
+<Listing number="10-2" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Code to find the largest number in *two* lists of numbers">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-02/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Although this code works, duplicating code is tedious and error-prone. We also
+have to remember to update the code in multiple places when we want to change
+it.
+
+To eliminate this duplication, we’ll create an abstraction by defining a
+function that operates on any list of integers passed in as a parameter. This
+solution makes our code clearer and lets us express the concept of finding the
+largest number in a list abstractly.
+
+In Listing 10-3, we extract the code that finds the largest number into a
+function named `largest`. Then, we call the function to find the largest number
+in the two lists from Listing 10-2. We could also use the function on any other
+list of `i32` values we might have in the future.
+
+<Listing number="10-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Abstracted code to find the largest number in two lists">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-03/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `largest` function has a parameter called `list`, which represents any
+concrete slice of `i32` values we might pass into the function. As a result,
+when we call the function, the code runs on the specific values that we pass
+in.
+
+In summary, here are the steps we took to change the code from Listing 10-2 to
+Listing 10-3:
+
+1. Identify duplicate code.
+1. Extract the duplicate code into the body of the function, and specify the
+   inputs and return values of that code in the function signature.
+1. Update the two instances of duplicated code to call the function instead.
+
+Next, we’ll use these same steps with generics to reduce code duplication. In
+the same way that the function body can operate on an abstract `list` instead
+of specific values, generics allow code to operate on abstract types.
+
+For example, say we had two functions: one that finds the largest item in a
+slice of `i32` values and one that finds the largest item in a slice of `char`
+values. How would we eliminate that duplication? Let’s find out!
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-01-syntax.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-01-syntax.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+## Generic Data Types
+
+We use generics to create definitions for items like function signatures or
+structs, which we can then use with many different concrete data types. Let’s
+first look at how to define functions, structs, enums, and methods using
+generics. Then, we’ll discuss how generics affect code performance.
+
+### In Function Definitions
+
+When defining a function that uses generics, we place the generics in the
+signature of the function where we would usually specify the data types of the
+parameters and return value. Doing so makes our code more flexible and provides
+more functionality to callers of our function while preventing code duplication.
+
+Continuing with our `largest` function, Listing 10-4 shows two functions that
+both find the largest value in a slice. We’ll then combine these into a single
+function that uses generics.
+
+<Listing number="10-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Two functions that differ only in their names and in the types in their signatures">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-04/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `largest_i32` function is the one we extracted in Listing 10-3 that finds
+the largest `i32` in a slice. The `largest_char` function finds the largest
+`char` in a slice. The function bodies have the same code, so let’s eliminate
+the duplication by introducing a generic type parameter in a single function.
+
+To parameterize the types in a new single function, we need to name the type
+parameter, just as we do for the value parameters to a function. You can use
+any identifier as a type parameter name. But we’ll use `T` because, by
+convention, type parameter names in Rust are short, often just one letter, and
+Rust’s type-naming convention is UpperCamelCase. Short for _type_, `T` is the
+default choice of most Rust programmers.
+
+When we use a parameter in the body of the function, we have to declare the
+parameter name in the signature so that the compiler knows what that name
+means. Similarly, when we use a type parameter name in a function signature, we
+have to declare the type parameter name before we use it. To define the generic
+`largest` function, we place type name declarations inside angle brackets,
+`<>`, between the name of the function and the parameter list, like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn largest<T>(list: &[T]) -> &T {
+```
+
+We read this definition as “The function `largest` is generic over some type
+`T`.” This function has one parameter named `list`, which is a slice of values
+of type `T`. The `largest` function will return a reference to a value of the
+same type `T`.
+
+Listing 10-5 shows the combined `largest` function definition using the generic
+data type in its signature. The listing also shows how we can call the function
+with either a slice of `i32` values or `char` values. Note that this code won’t
+compile yet.
+
+<Listing number="10-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="The `largest` function using generic type parameters; this doesn’t compile yet">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-05/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If we compile this code right now, we’ll get this error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-05/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The help text mentions `std::cmp::PartialOrd`, which is a trait, and we’re
+going to talk about traits in the next section. For now, know that this error
+states that the body of `largest` won’t work for all possible types that `T`
+could be. Because we want to compare values of type `T` in the body, we can
+only use types whose values can be ordered. To enable comparisons, the standard
+library has the `std::cmp::PartialOrd` trait that you can implement on types
+(see Appendix C for more on this trait). To fix Listing 10-5, we can follow the
+help text’s suggestion and restrict the types valid for `T` to only those that
+implement `PartialOrd`. The listing will then compile, because the standard
+library implements `PartialOrd` on both `i32` and `char`.
+
+### In Struct Definitions
+
+We can also define structs to use a generic type parameter in one or more
+fields using the `<>` syntax. Listing 10-6 defines a `Point<T>` struct to hold
+`x` and `y` coordinate values of any type.
+
+<Listing number="10-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `Point<T>` struct that holds `x` and `y` values of type `T`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-06/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The syntax for using generics in struct definitions is similar to that used in
+function definitions. First, we declare the name of the type parameter inside
+angle brackets just after the name of the struct. Then, we use the generic type
+in the struct definition where we would otherwise specify concrete data types.
+
+Note that because we’ve used only one generic type to define `Point<T>`, this
+definition says that the `Point<T>` struct is generic over some type `T`, and
+the fields `x` and `y` are _both_ that same type, whatever that type may be. If
+we create an instance of a `Point<T>` that has values of different types, as in
+Listing 10-7, our code won’t compile.
+
+<Listing number="10-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="The fields `x` and `y` must be the same type because both have the same generic data type `T`.">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-07/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In this example, when we assign the integer value `5` to `x`, we let the
+compiler know that the generic type `T` will be an integer for this instance of
+`Point<T>`. Then, when we specify `4.0` for `y`, which we’ve defined to have
+the same type as `x`, we’ll get a type mismatch error like this:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-07/output.txt}}
+```
+
+To define a `Point` struct where `x` and `y` are both generics but could have
+different types, we can use multiple generic type parameters. For example, in
+Listing 10-8, we change the definition of `Point` to be generic over types `T`
+and `U` where `x` is of type `T` and `y` is of type `U`.
+
+<Listing number="10-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `Point<T, U>` generic over two types so that `x` and `y` can be values of different types">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-08/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Now all the instances of `Point` shown are allowed! You can use as many generic
+type parameters in a definition as you want, but using more than a few makes
+your code hard to read. If you’re finding you need lots of generic types in
+your code, it could indicate that your code needs restructuring into smaller
+pieces.
+
+### In Enum Definitions
+
+As we did with structs, we can define enums to hold generic data types in their
+variants. Let’s take another look at the `Option<T>` enum that the standard
+library provides, which we used in Chapter 6:
+
+```rust
+enum Option<T> {
+    Some(T),
+    None,
+}
+```
+
+This definition should now make more sense to you. As you can see, the
+`Option<T>` enum is generic over type `T` and has two variants: `Some`, which
+holds one value of type `T`, and a `None` variant that doesn’t hold any value.
+By using the `Option<T>` enum, we can express the abstract concept of an
+optional value, and because `Option<T>` is generic, we can use this abstraction
+no matter what the type of the optional value is.
+
+Enums can use multiple generic types as well. The definition of the `Result`
+enum that we used in Chapter 9 is one example:
+
+```rust
+enum Result<T, E> {
+    Ok(T),
+    Err(E),
+}
+```
+
+The `Result` enum is generic over two types, `T` and `E`, and has two variants:
+`Ok`, which holds a value of type `T`, and `Err`, which holds a value of type
+`E`. This definition makes it convenient to use the `Result` enum anywhere we
+have an operation that might succeed (return a value of some type `T`) or fail
+(return an error of some type `E`). In fact, this is what we used to open a
+file in Listing 9-3, where `T` was filled in with the type `std::fs::File` when
+the file was opened successfully and `E` was filled in with the type
+`std::io::Error` when there were problems opening the file.
+
+When you recognize situations in your code with multiple struct or enum
+definitions that differ only in the types of the values they hold, you can
+avoid duplication by using generic types instead.
+
+### In Method Definitions
+
+We can implement methods on structs and enums (as we did in Chapter 5) and use
+generic types in their definitions too. Listing 10-9 shows the `Point<T>`
+struct we defined in Listing 10-6 with a method named `x` implemented on it.
+
+<Listing number="10-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Implementing a method named `x` on the `Point<T>` struct that will return a reference to the `x` field of type `T`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-09/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we’ve defined a method named `x` on `Point<T>` that returns a reference
+to the data in the field `x`.
+
+Note that we have to declare `T` just after `impl` so that we can use `T` to
+specify that we’re implementing methods on the type `Point<T>`. By declaring
+`T` as a generic type after `impl`, Rust can identify that the type in the
+angle brackets in `Point` is a generic type rather than a concrete type. We
+could have chosen a different name for this generic parameter than the generic
+parameter declared in the struct definition, but using the same name is
+conventional. If you write a method within an `impl` that declares a generic
+type, that method will be defined on any instance of the type, no matter what
+concrete type ends up substituting for the generic type.
+
+We can also specify constraints on generic types when defining methods on the
+type. We could, for example, implement methods only on `Point<f32>` instances
+rather than on `Point<T>` instances with any generic type. In Listing 10-10, we
+use the concrete type `f32`, meaning we don’t declare any types after `impl`.
+
+<Listing number="10-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="An `impl` block that only applies to a struct with a particular concrete type for the generic type parameter `T`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-10/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code means the type `Point<f32>` will have a `distance_from_origin`
+method; other instances of `Point<T>` where `T` is not of type `f32` will not
+have this method defined. The method measures how far our point is from the
+point at coordinates (0.0, 0.0) and uses mathematical operations that are
+available only for floating-point types.
+
+Generic type parameters in a struct definition aren’t always the same as those
+you use in that same struct’s method signatures. Listing 10-11 uses the generic
+types `X1` and `Y1` for the `Point` struct and `X2` and `Y2` for the `mixup`
+method signature to make the example clearer. The method creates a new `Point`
+instance with the `x` value from the `self` `Point` (of type `X1`) and the `y`
+value from the passed-in `Point` (of type `Y2`).
+
+<Listing number="10-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A method that uses generic types that are different from its struct’s definition">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-11/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In `main`, we’ve defined a `Point` that has an `i32` for `x` (with value `5`)
+and an `f64` for `y` (with value `10.4`). The `p2` variable is a `Point` struct
+that has a string slice for `x` (with value `"Hello"`) and a `char` for `y`
+(with value `c`). Calling `mixup` on `p1` with the argument `p2` gives us `p3`,
+which will have an `i32` for `x` because `x` came from `p1`. The `p3` variable
+will have a `char` for `y` because `y` came from `p2`. The `println!` macro
+call will print `p3.x = 5, p3.y = c`.
+
+The purpose of this example is to demonstrate a situation in which some generic
+parameters are declared with `impl` and some are declared with the method
+definition. Here, the generic parameters `X1` and `Y1` are declared after
+`impl` because they go with the struct definition. The generic parameters `X2`
+and `Y2` are declared after `fn mixup` because they’re only relevant to the
+method.
+
+### Performance of Code Using Generics
+
+You might be wondering whether there is a runtime cost when using generic type
+parameters. The good news is that using generic types won’t make your program
+run any slower than it would with concrete types.
+
+Rust accomplishes this by performing monomorphization of the code using
+generics at compile time. _Monomorphization_ is the process of turning generic
+code into specific code by filling in the concrete types that are used when
+compiled. In this process, the compiler does the opposite of the steps we used
+to create the generic function in Listing 10-5: The compiler looks at all the
+places where generic code is called and generates code for the concrete types
+the generic code is called with.
+
+Let’s look at how this works by using the standard library’s generic
+`Option<T>` enum:
+
+```rust
+let integer = Some(5);
+let float = Some(5.0);
+```
+
+When Rust compiles this code, it performs monomorphization. During that
+process, the compiler reads the values that have been used in `Option<T>`
+instances and identifies two kinds of `Option<T>`: One is `i32` and the other
+is `f64`. As such, it expands the generic definition of `Option<T>` into two
+definitions specialized to `i32` and `f64`, thereby replacing the generic
+definition with the specific ones.
+
+The monomorphized version of the code looks similar to the following (the
+compiler uses different names than what we’re using here for illustration):
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+enum Option_i32 {
+    Some(i32),
+    None,
+}
+
+enum Option_f64 {
+    Some(f64),
+    None,
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    let integer = Option_i32::Some(5);
+    let float = Option_f64::Some(5.0);
+}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The generic `Option<T>` is replaced with the specific definitions created by
+the compiler. Because Rust compiles generic code into code that specifies the
+type in each instance, we pay no runtime cost for using generics. When the code
+runs, it performs just as it would if we had duplicated each definition by
+hand. The process of monomorphization makes Rust’s generics extremely efficient
+at runtime.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-02-traits.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-02-traits.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1698cda
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-02-traits.md
@@ -0,0 +1,404 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="traits-defining-shared-behavior"></a>
+
+## Defining Shared Behavior with Traits
+
+A _trait_ defines the functionality a particular type has and can share with
+other types. We can use traits to define shared behavior in an abstract way. We
+can use _trait bounds_ to specify that a generic type can be any type that has
+certain behavior.
+
+> Note: Traits are similar to a feature often called _interfaces_ in other
+> languages, although with some differences.
+
+### Defining a Trait
+
+A type’s behavior consists of the methods we can call on that type. Different
+types share the same behavior if we can call the same methods on all of those
+types. Trait definitions are a way to group method signatures together to
+define a set of behaviors necessary to accomplish some purpose.
+
+For example, let’s say we have multiple structs that hold various kinds and
+amounts of text: a `NewsArticle` struct that holds a news story filed in a
+particular location and a `SocialPost` that can have, at most, 280 characters
+along with metadata that indicates whether it was a new post, a repost, or a
+reply to another post.
+
+We want to make a media aggregator library crate named `aggregator` that can
+display summaries of data that might be stored in a `NewsArticle` or
+`SocialPost` instance. To do this, we need a summary from each type, and we’ll
+request that summary by calling a `summarize` method on an instance. Listing
+10-12 shows the definition of a public `Summary` trait that expresses this
+behavior.
+
+<Listing number="10-12" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A `Summary` trait that consists of the behavior provided by a `summarize` method">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-12/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we declare a trait using the `trait` keyword and then the trait’s name,
+which is `Summary` in this case. We also declare the trait as `pub` so that
+crates depending on this crate can make use of this trait too, as we’ll see in
+a few examples. Inside the curly brackets, we declare the method signatures
+that describe the behaviors of the types that implement this trait, which in
+this case is `fn summarize(&self) -> String`.
+
+After the method signature, instead of providing an implementation within curly
+brackets, we use a semicolon. Each type implementing this trait must provide
+its own custom behavior for the body of the method. The compiler will enforce
+that any type that has the `Summary` trait will have the method `summarize`
+defined with this signature exactly.
+
+A trait can have multiple methods in its body: The method signatures are listed
+one per line, and each line ends in a semicolon.
+
+### Implementing a Trait on a Type
+
+Now that we’ve defined the desired signatures of the `Summary` trait’s methods,
+we can implement it on the types in our media aggregator. Listing 10-13 shows
+an implementation of the `Summary` trait on the `NewsArticle` struct that uses
+the headline, the author, and the location to create the return value of
+`summarize`. For the `SocialPost` struct, we define `summarize` as the username
+followed by the entire text of the post, assuming that the post content is
+already limited to 280 characters.
+
+<Listing number="10-13" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Implementing the `Summary` trait on the `NewsArticle` and `SocialPost` types">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-13/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Implementing a trait on a type is similar to implementing regular methods. The
+difference is that after `impl`, we put the trait name we want to implement,
+then use the `for` keyword, and then specify the name of the type we want to
+implement the trait for. Within the `impl` block, we put the method signatures
+that the trait definition has defined. Instead of adding a semicolon after each
+signature, we use curly brackets and fill in the method body with the specific
+behavior that we want the methods of the trait to have for the particular type.
+
+Now that the library has implemented the `Summary` trait on `NewsArticle` and
+`SocialPost`, users of the crate can call the trait methods on instances of
+`NewsArticle` and `SocialPost` in the same way we call regular methods. The only
+difference is that the user must bring the trait into scope as well as the
+types. Here’s an example of how a binary crate could use our `aggregator`
+library crate:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-01-calling-trait-method/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+This code prints `1 new post: horse_ebooks: of course, as you probably already
+know, people`.
+
+Other crates that depend on the `aggregator` crate can also bring the `Summary`
+trait into scope to implement `Summary` on their own types. One restriction to
+note is that we can implement a trait on a type only if either the trait or the
+type, or both, are local to our crate. For example, we can implement standard
+library traits like `Display` on a custom type like `SocialPost` as part of our
+`aggregator` crate functionality because the type `SocialPost` is local to our
+`aggregator` crate. We can also implement `Summary` on `Vec<T>` in our
+`aggregator` crate because the trait `Summary` is local to our `aggregator`
+crate.
+
+But we can’t implement external traits on external types. For example, we can’t
+implement the `Display` trait on `Vec<T>` within our `aggregator` crate,
+because `Display` and `Vec<T>` are both defined in the standard library and
+aren’t local to our `aggregator` crate. This restriction is part of a property
+called _coherence_, and more specifically the _orphan rule_, so named because
+the parent type is not present. This rule ensures that other people’s code
+can’t break your code and vice versa. Without the rule, two crates could
+implement the same trait for the same type, and Rust wouldn’t know which
+implementation to use.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="default-implementations"></a>
+
+### Using Default Implementations
+
+Sometimes it’s useful to have default behavior for some or all of the methods
+in a trait instead of requiring implementations for all methods on every type.
+Then, as we implement the trait on a particular type, we can keep or override
+each method’s default behavior.
+
+In Listing 10-14, we specify a default string for the `summarize` method of the
+`Summary` trait instead of only defining the method signature, as we did in
+Listing 10-12.
+
+<Listing number="10-14" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Defining a `Summary` trait with a default implementation of the `summarize` method">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-14/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+To use a default implementation to summarize instances of `NewsArticle`, we
+specify an empty `impl` block with `impl Summary for NewsArticle {}`.
+
+Even though we’re no longer defining the `summarize` method on `NewsArticle`
+directly, we’ve provided a default implementation and specified that
+`NewsArticle` implements the `Summary` trait. As a result, we can still call
+the `summarize` method on an instance of `NewsArticle`, like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-02-calling-default-impl/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This code prints `New article available! (Read more...)`.
+
+Creating a default implementation doesn’t require us to change anything about
+the implementation of `Summary` on `SocialPost` in Listing 10-13. The reason is
+that the syntax for overriding a default implementation is the same as the
+syntax for implementing a trait method that doesn’t have a default
+implementation.
+
+Default implementations can call other methods in the same trait, even if those
+other methods don’t have a default implementation. In this way, a trait can
+provide a lot of useful functionality and only require implementors to specify
+a small part of it. For example, we could define the `Summary` trait to have a
+`summarize_author` method whose implementation is required, and then define a
+`summarize` method that has a default implementation that calls the
+`summarize_author` method:
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-03-default-impl-calls-other-methods/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+To use this version of `Summary`, we only need to define `summarize_author`
+when we implement the trait on a type:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-03-default-impl-calls-other-methods/src/lib.rs:impl}}
+```
+
+After we define `summarize_author`, we can call `summarize` on instances of the
+`SocialPost` struct, and the default implementation of `summarize` will call the
+definition of `summarize_author` that we’ve provided. Because we’ve implemented
+`summarize_author`, the `Summary` trait has given us the behavior of the
+`summarize` method without requiring us to write any more code. Here’s what
+that looks like:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-03-default-impl-calls-other-methods/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This code prints `1 new post: (Read more from @horse_ebooks...)`.
+
+Note that it isn’t possible to call the default implementation from an
+overriding implementation of that same method.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="traits-as-parameters"></a>
+
+### Using Traits as Parameters
+
+Now that you know how to define and implement traits, we can explore how to use
+traits to define functions that accept many different types. We’ll use the
+`Summary` trait we implemented on the `NewsArticle` and `SocialPost` types in
+Listing 10-13 to define a `notify` function that calls the `summarize` method
+on its `item` parameter, which is of some type that implements the `Summary`
+trait. To do this, we use the `impl Trait` syntax, like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-04-traits-as-parameters/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Instead of a concrete type for the `item` parameter, we specify the `impl`
+keyword and the trait name. This parameter accepts any type that implements the
+specified trait. In the body of `notify`, we can call any methods on `item`
+that come from the `Summary` trait, such as `summarize`. We can call `notify`
+and pass in any instance of `NewsArticle` or `SocialPost`. Code that calls the
+function with any other type, such as a `String` or an `i32`, won’t compile,
+because those types don’t implement `Summary`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="fixing-the-largest-function-with-trait-bounds"></a>
+
+#### Trait Bound Syntax
+
+The `impl Trait` syntax works for straightforward cases but is actually syntax
+sugar for a longer form known as a _trait bound_; it looks like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+pub fn notify<T: Summary>(item: &T) {
+    println!("Breaking news! {}", item.summarize());
+}
+```
+
+This longer form is equivalent to the example in the previous section but is
+more verbose. We place trait bounds with the declaration of the generic type
+parameter after a colon and inside angle brackets.
+
+The `impl Trait` syntax is convenient and makes for more concise code in simple
+cases, while the fuller trait bound syntax can express more complexity in other
+cases. For example, we can have two parameters that implement `Summary`. Doing
+so with the `impl Trait` syntax looks like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+pub fn notify(item1: &impl Summary, item2: &impl Summary) {
+```
+
+Using `impl Trait` is appropriate if we want this function to allow `item1` and
+`item2` to have different types (as long as both types implement `Summary`). If
+we want to force both parameters to have the same type, however, we must use a
+trait bound, like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+pub fn notify<T: Summary>(item1: &T, item2: &T) {
+```
+
+The generic type `T` specified as the type of the `item1` and `item2`
+parameters constrains the function such that the concrete type of the value
+passed as an argument for `item1` and `item2` must be the same.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="specifying-multiple-trait-bounds-with-the--syntax"></a>
+
+#### Multiple Trait Bounds with the `+` Syntax
+
+We can also specify more than one trait bound. Say we wanted `notify` to use
+display formatting as well as `summarize` on `item`: We specify in the `notify`
+definition that `item` must implement both `Display` and `Summary`. We can do
+so using the `+` syntax:
+
+```rust,ignore
+pub fn notify(item: &(impl Summary + Display)) {
+```
+
+The `+` syntax is also valid with trait bounds on generic types:
+
+```rust,ignore
+pub fn notify<T: Summary + Display>(item: &T) {
+```
+
+With the two trait bounds specified, the body of `notify` can call `summarize`
+and use `{}` to format `item`.
+
+#### Clearer Trait Bounds with `where` Clauses
+
+Using too many trait bounds has its downsides. Each generic has its own trait
+bounds, so functions with multiple generic type parameters can contain lots of
+trait bound information between the function’s name and its parameter list,
+making the function signature hard to read. For this reason, Rust has alternate
+syntax for specifying trait bounds inside a `where` clause after the function
+signature. So, instead of writing this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn some_function<T: Display + Clone, U: Clone + Debug>(t: &T, u: &U) -> i32 {
+```
+
+we can use a `where` clause, like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-07-where-clause/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This function’s signature is less cluttered: The function name, parameter list,
+and return type are close together, similar to a function without lots of trait
+bounds.
+
+### Returning Types That Implement Traits
+
+We can also use the `impl Trait` syntax in the return position to return a
+value of some type that implements a trait, as shown here:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-05-returning-impl-trait/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+By using `impl Summary` for the return type, we specify that the
+`returns_summarizable` function returns some type that implements the `Summary`
+trait without naming the concrete type. In this case, `returns_summarizable`
+returns a `SocialPost`, but the code calling this function doesn’t need to know
+that.
+
+The ability to specify a return type only by the trait it implements is
+especially useful in the context of closures and iterators, which we cover in
+Chapter 13. Closures and iterators create types that only the compiler knows or
+types that are very long to specify. The `impl Trait` syntax lets you concisely
+specify that a function returns some type that implements the `Iterator` trait
+without needing to write out a very long type.
+
+However, you can only use `impl Trait` if you’re returning a single type. For
+example, this code that returns either a `NewsArticle` or a `SocialPost` with
+the return type specified as `impl Summary` wouldn’t work:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-06-impl-trait-returns-one-type/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Returning either a `NewsArticle` or a `SocialPost` isn’t allowed due to
+restrictions around how the `impl Trait` syntax is implemented in the compiler.
+We’ll cover how to write a function with this behavior in the [“Using Trait
+Objects to Abstract over Shared Behavior”][trait-objects]<!-- ignore -->
+section of Chapter 18.
+
+### Using Trait Bounds to Conditionally Implement Methods
+
+By using a trait bound with an `impl` block that uses generic type parameters,
+we can implement methods conditionally for types that implement the specified
+traits. For example, the type `Pair<T>` in Listing 10-15 always implements the
+`new` function to return a new instance of `Pair<T>` (recall from the [“Method
+Syntax”][methods]<!-- ignore --> section of Chapter 5 that `Self` is a type
+alias for the type of the `impl` block, which in this case is `Pair<T>`). But
+in the next `impl` block, `Pair<T>` only implements the `cmp_display` method if
+its inner type `T` implements the `PartialOrd` trait that enables comparison
+_and_ the `Display` trait that enables printing.
+
+<Listing number="10-15" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Conditionally implementing methods on a generic type depending on trait bounds">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-15/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We can also conditionally implement a trait for any type that implements
+another trait. Implementations of a trait on any type that satisfies the trait
+bounds are called _blanket implementations_ and are used extensively in the
+Rust standard library. For example, the standard library implements the
+`ToString` trait on any type that implements the `Display` trait. The `impl`
+block in the standard library looks similar to this code:
+
+```rust,ignore
+impl<T: Display> ToString for T {
+    // --snip--
+}
+```
+
+Because the standard library has this blanket implementation, we can call the
+`to_string` method defined by the `ToString` trait on any type that implements
+the `Display` trait. For example, we can turn integers into their corresponding
+`String` values like this because integers implement `Display`:
+
+```rust
+let s = 3.to_string();
+```
+
+Blanket implementations appear in the documentation for the trait in the
+“Implementors” section.
+
+Traits and trait bounds let us write code that uses generic type parameters to
+reduce duplication but also specify to the compiler that we want the generic
+type to have particular behavior. The compiler can then use the trait bound
+information to check that all the concrete types used with our code provide the
+correct behavior. In dynamically typed languages, we would get an error at
+runtime if we called a method on a type that didn’t define the method. But Rust
+moves these errors to compile time so that we’re forced to fix the problems
+before our code is even able to run. Additionally, we don’t have to write code
+that checks for behavior at runtime, because we’ve already checked at compile
+time. Doing so improves performance without having to give up the flexibility
+of generics.
+
+[trait-objects]: ch18-02-trait-objects.html#using-trait-objects-to-abstract-over-shared-behavior
+[methods]: ch05-03-method-syntax.html#method-syntax
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fc38d74
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.md
@@ -0,0 +1,641 @@
+## Validating References with Lifetimes
+
+Lifetimes are another kind of generic that we’ve already been using. Rather
+than ensuring that a type has the behavior we want, lifetimes ensure that
+references are valid as long as we need them to be.
+
+One detail we didn’t discuss in the [“References and
+Borrowing”][references-and-borrowing]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 4 is
+that every reference in Rust has a lifetime, which is the scope for which
+that reference is valid. Most of the time, lifetimes are implicit and inferred,
+just like most of the time, types are inferred. We are only required to
+annotate types when multiple types are possible. In a similar way, we must
+annotate lifetimes when the lifetimes of references could be related in a few
+different ways. Rust requires us to annotate the relationships using generic
+lifetime parameters to ensure that the actual references used at runtime will
+definitely be valid.
+
+Annotating lifetimes is not even a concept most other programming languages
+have, so this is going to feel unfamiliar. Although we won’t cover lifetimes in
+their entirety in this chapter, we’ll discuss common ways you might encounter
+lifetime syntax so that you can get comfortable with the concept.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="preventing-dangling-references-with-lifetimes"></a>
+
+### Dangling References
+
+The main aim of lifetimes is to prevent dangling references, which, if they
+were allowed to exist, would cause a program to reference data other than the
+data it’s intended to reference. Consider the program in Listing 10-16, which
+has an outer scope and an inner scope.
+
+<Listing number="10-16" caption="An attempt to use a reference whose value has gone out of scope">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-16/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+> Note: The examples in Listings 10-16, 10-17, and 10-23 declare variables
+> without giving them an initial value, so the variable name exists in the outer
+> scope. At first glance, this might appear to be in conflict with Rust having
+> no null values. However, if we try to use a variable before giving it a value,
+> we’ll get a compile-time error, which shows that indeed Rust does not allow
+> null values.
+
+The outer scope declares a variable named `r` with no initial value, and the
+inner scope declares a variable named `x` with the initial value of `5`. Inside
+the inner scope, we attempt to set the value of `r` as a reference to `x`.
+Then, the inner scope ends, and we attempt to print the value in `r`. This code
+won’t compile, because the value that `r` is referring to has gone out of scope
+before we try to use it. Here is the error message:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-16/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The error message says that the variable `x` “does not live long enough.” The
+reason is that `x` will be out of scope when the inner scope ends on line 7.
+But `r` is still valid for the outer scope; because its scope is larger, we say
+that it “lives longer.” If Rust allowed this code to work, `r` would be
+referencing memory that was deallocated when `x` went out of scope, and
+anything we tried to do with `r` wouldn’t work correctly. So, how does Rust
+determine that this code is invalid? It uses a borrow checker.
+
+### The Borrow Checker
+
+The Rust compiler has a _borrow checker_ that compares scopes to determine
+whether all borrows are valid. Listing 10-17 shows the same code as Listing
+10-16 but with annotations showing the lifetimes of the variables.
+
+<Listing number="10-17" caption="Annotations of the lifetimes of `r` and `x`, named `'a` and `'b`, respectively">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-17/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we’ve annotated the lifetime of `r` with `'a` and the lifetime of `x`
+with `'b`. As you can see, the inner `'b` block is much smaller than the outer
+`'a` lifetime block. At compile time, Rust compares the size of the two
+lifetimes and sees that `r` has a lifetime of `'a` but that it refers to memory
+with a lifetime of `'b`. The program is rejected because `'b` is shorter than
+`'a`: The subject of the reference doesn’t live as long as the reference.
+
+Listing 10-18 fixes the code so that it doesn’t have a dangling reference and
+it compiles without any errors.
+
+<Listing number="10-18" caption="A valid reference because the data has a longer lifetime than the reference">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-18/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, `x` has the lifetime `'b`, which in this case is larger than `'a`. This
+means `r` can reference `x` because Rust knows that the reference in `r` will
+always be valid while `x` is valid.
+
+Now that you know where the lifetimes of references are and how Rust analyzes
+lifetimes to ensure that references will always be valid, let’s explore generic
+lifetimes in function parameters and return values.
+
+### Generic Lifetimes in Functions
+
+We’ll write a function that returns the longer of two string slices. This
+function will take two string slices and return a single string slice. After
+we’ve implemented the `longest` function, the code in Listing 10-19 should
+print `The longest string is abcd`.
+
+<Listing number="10-19" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `main` function that calls the `longest` function to find the longer of two string slices">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-19/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that we want the function to take string slices, which are references,
+rather than strings, because we don’t want the `longest` function to take
+ownership of its parameters. Refer to [“String Slices as
+Parameters”][string-slices-as-parameters]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 4 for more
+discussion about why the parameters we use in Listing 10-19 are the ones we
+want.
+
+If we try to implement the `longest` function as shown in Listing 10-20, it
+won’t compile.
+
+<Listing number="10-20" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="An implementation of the `longest` function that returns the longer of two string slices but does not yet compile">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-20/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Instead, we get the following error that talks about lifetimes:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-20/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The help text reveals that the return type needs a generic lifetime parameter
+on it because Rust can’t tell whether the reference being returned refers to
+`x` or `y`. Actually, we don’t know either, because the `if` block in the body
+of this function returns a reference to `x` and the `else` block returns a
+reference to `y`!
+
+When we’re defining this function, we don’t know the concrete values that will
+be passed into this function, so we don’t know whether the `if` case or the
+`else` case will execute. We also don’t know the concrete lifetimes of the
+references that will be passed in, so we can’t look at the scopes as we did in
+Listings 10-17 and 10-18 to determine whether the reference we return will
+always be valid. The borrow checker can’t determine this either, because it
+doesn’t know how the lifetimes of `x` and `y` relate to the lifetime of the
+return value. To fix this error, we’ll add generic lifetime parameters that
+define the relationship between the references so that the borrow checker can
+perform its analysis.
+
+### Lifetime Annotation Syntax
+
+Lifetime annotations don’t change how long any of the references live. Rather,
+they describe the relationships of the lifetimes of multiple references to each
+other without affecting the lifetimes. Just as functions can accept any type
+when the signature specifies a generic type parameter, functions can accept
+references with any lifetime by specifying a generic lifetime parameter.
+
+Lifetime annotations have a slightly unusual syntax: The names of lifetime
+parameters must start with an apostrophe (`'`) and are usually all lowercase
+and very short, like generic types. Most people use the name `'a` for the first
+lifetime annotation. We place lifetime parameter annotations after the `&` of a
+reference, using a space to separate the annotation from the reference’s type.
+
+Here are some examples—a reference to an `i32` without a lifetime parameter, a
+reference to an `i32` that has a lifetime parameter named `'a`, and a mutable
+reference to an `i32` that also has the lifetime `'a`:
+
+```rust,ignore
+&i32        // a reference
+&'a i32     // a reference with an explicit lifetime
+&'a mut i32 // a mutable reference with an explicit lifetime
+```
+
+One lifetime annotation by itself doesn’t have much meaning, because the
+annotations are meant to tell Rust how generic lifetime parameters of multiple
+references relate to each other. Let’s examine how the lifetime annotations
+relate to each other in the context of the `longest` function.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="lifetime-annotations-in-function-signatures"></a>
+
+### In Function Signatures
+
+To use lifetime annotations in function signatures, we need to declare the
+generic lifetime parameters inside angle brackets between the function name and
+the parameter list, just as we did with generic type parameters.
+
+We want the signature to express the following constraint: The returned
+reference will be valid as long as both of the parameters are valid. This is
+the relationship between lifetimes of the parameters and the return value.
+We’ll name the lifetime `'a` and then add it to each reference, as shown in
+Listing 10-21.
+
+<Listing number="10-21" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="The `longest` function definition specifying that all the references in the signature must have the same lifetime `'a`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-21/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code should compile and produce the result we want when we use it with the
+`main` function in Listing 10-19.
+
+The function signature now tells Rust that for some lifetime `'a`, the function
+takes two parameters, both of which are string slices that live at least as
+long as lifetime `'a`. The function signature also tells Rust that the string
+slice returned from the function will live at least as long as lifetime `'a`.
+In practice, it means that the lifetime of the reference returned by the
+`longest` function is the same as the smaller of the lifetimes of the values
+referred to by the function arguments. These relationships are what we want
+Rust to use when analyzing this code.
+
+Remember, when we specify the lifetime parameters in this function signature,
+we’re not changing the lifetimes of any values passed in or returned. Rather,
+we’re specifying that the borrow checker should reject any values that don’t
+adhere to these constraints. Note that the `longest` function doesn’t need to
+know exactly how long `x` and `y` will live, only that some scope can be
+substituted for `'a` that will satisfy this signature.
+
+When annotating lifetimes in functions, the annotations go in the function
+signature, not in the function body. The lifetime annotations become part of
+the contract of the function, much like the types in the signature. Having
+function signatures contain the lifetime contract means the analysis the Rust
+compiler does can be simpler. If there’s a problem with the way a function is
+annotated or the way it is called, the compiler errors can point to the part of
+our code and the constraints more precisely. If, instead, the Rust compiler
+made more inferences about what we intended the relationships of the lifetimes
+to be, the compiler might only be able to point to a use of our code many steps
+away from the cause of the problem.
+
+When we pass concrete references to `longest`, the concrete lifetime that is
+substituted for `'a` is the part of the scope of `x` that overlaps with the
+scope of `y`. In other words, the generic lifetime `'a` will get the concrete
+lifetime that is equal to the smaller of the lifetimes of `x` and `y`. Because
+we’ve annotated the returned reference with the same lifetime parameter `'a`,
+the returned reference will also be valid for the length of the smaller of the
+lifetimes of `x` and `y`.
+
+Let’s look at how the lifetime annotations restrict the `longest` function by
+passing in references that have different concrete lifetimes. Listing 10-22 is
+a straightforward example.
+
+<Listing number="10-22" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using the `longest` function with references to `String` values that have different concrete lifetimes">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-22/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In this example, `string1` is valid until the end of the outer scope, `string2`
+is valid until the end of the inner scope, and `result` references something
+that is valid until the end of the inner scope. Run this code and you’ll see
+that the borrow checker approves; it will compile and print `The longest string
+is long string is long`.
+
+Next, let’s try an example that shows that the lifetime of the reference in
+`result` must be the smaller lifetime of the two arguments. We’ll move the
+declaration of the `result` variable outside the inner scope but leave the
+assignment of the value to the `result` variable inside the scope with
+`string2`. Then, we’ll move the `println!` that uses `result` to outside the
+inner scope, after the inner scope has ended. The code in Listing 10-23 will
+not compile.
+
+<Listing number="10-23" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to use `result` after `string2` has gone out of scope">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-23/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we try to compile this code, we get this error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-23/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The error shows that for `result` to be valid for the `println!` statement,
+`string2` would need to be valid until the end of the outer scope. Rust knows
+this because we annotated the lifetimes of the function parameters and return
+values using the same lifetime parameter `'a`.
+
+As humans, we can look at this code and see that `string1` is longer than
+`string2`, and therefore, `result` will contain a reference to `string1`.
+Because `string1` has not gone out of scope yet, a reference to `string1` will
+still be valid for the `println!` statement. However, the compiler can’t see
+that the reference is valid in this case. We’ve told Rust that the lifetime of
+the reference returned by the `longest` function is the same as the smaller of
+the lifetimes of the references passed in. Therefore, the borrow checker
+disallows the code in Listing 10-23 as possibly having an invalid reference.
+
+Try designing more experiments that vary the values and lifetimes of the
+references passed in to the `longest` function and how the returned reference
+is used. Make hypotheses about whether or not your experiments will pass the
+borrow checker before you compile; then, check to see if you’re right!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="thinking-in-terms-of-lifetimes"></a>
+
+### Relationships
+
+The way in which you need to specify lifetime parameters depends on what your
+function is doing. For example, if we changed the implementation of the
+`longest` function to always return the first parameter rather than the longest
+string slice, we wouldn’t need to specify a lifetime on the `y` parameter. The
+following code will compile:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-08-only-one-reference-with-lifetime/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve specified a lifetime parameter `'a` for the parameter `x` and the return
+type, but not for the parameter `y`, because the lifetime of `y` does not have
+any relationship with the lifetime of `x` or the return value.
+
+When returning a reference from a function, the lifetime parameter for the
+return type needs to match the lifetime parameter for one of the parameters. If
+the reference returned does _not_ refer to one of the parameters, it must refer
+to a value created within this function. However, this would be a dangling
+reference because the value will go out of scope at the end of the function.
+Consider this attempted implementation of the `longest` function that won’t
+compile:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-09-unrelated-lifetime/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, even though we’ve specified a lifetime parameter `'a` for the return
+type, this implementation will fail to compile because the return value
+lifetime is not related to the lifetime of the parameters at all. Here is the
+error message we get:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-09-unrelated-lifetime/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The problem is that `result` goes out of scope and gets cleaned up at the end
+of the `longest` function. We’re also trying to return a reference to `result`
+from the function. There is no way we can specify lifetime parameters that
+would change the dangling reference, and Rust won’t let us create a dangling
+reference. In this case, the best fix would be to return an owned data type
+rather than a reference so that the calling function is then responsible for
+cleaning up the value.
+
+Ultimately, lifetime syntax is about connecting the lifetimes of various
+parameters and return values of functions. Once they’re connected, Rust has
+enough information to allow memory-safe operations and disallow operations that
+would create dangling pointers or otherwise violate memory safety.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="lifetime-annotations-in-struct-definitions"></a>
+
+### In Struct Definitions
+
+So far, the structs we’ve defined all hold owned types. We can define structs
+to hold references, but in that case, we would need to add a lifetime
+annotation on every reference in the struct’s definition. Listing 10-24 has a
+struct named `ImportantExcerpt` that holds a string slice.
+
+<Listing number="10-24" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A struct that holds a reference, requiring a lifetime annotation">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-24/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This struct has the single field `part` that holds a string slice, which is a
+reference. As with generic data types, we declare the name of the generic
+lifetime parameter inside angle brackets after the name of the struct so that
+we can use the lifetime parameter in the body of the struct definition. This
+annotation means an instance of `ImportantExcerpt` can’t outlive the reference
+it holds in its `part` field.
+
+The `main` function here creates an instance of the `ImportantExcerpt` struct
+that holds a reference to the first sentence of the `String` owned by the
+variable `novel`. The data in `novel` exists before the `ImportantExcerpt`
+instance is created. In addition, `novel` doesn’t go out of scope until after
+the `ImportantExcerpt` goes out of scope, so the reference in the
+`ImportantExcerpt` instance is valid.
+
+### Lifetime Elision
+
+You’ve learned that every reference has a lifetime and that you need to specify
+lifetime parameters for functions or structs that use references. However, we
+had a function in Listing 4-9, shown again in Listing 10-25, that compiled
+without lifetime annotations.
+
+<Listing number="10-25" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A function we defined in Listing 4-9 that compiled without lifetime annotations, even though the parameter and return type are references">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/listing-10-25/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The reason this function compiles without lifetime annotations is historical:
+In early versions (pre-1.0) of Rust, this code wouldn’t have compiled, because
+every reference needed an explicit lifetime. At that time, the function
+signature would have been written like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn first_word<'a>(s: &'a str) -> &'a str {
+```
+
+After writing a lot of Rust code, the Rust team found that Rust programmers
+were entering the same lifetime annotations over and over in particular
+situations. These situations were predictable and followed a few deterministic
+patterns. The developers programmed these patterns into the compiler’s code so
+that the borrow checker could infer the lifetimes in these situations and
+wouldn’t need explicit annotations.
+
+This piece of Rust history is relevant because it’s possible that more
+deterministic patterns will emerge and be added to the compiler. In the future,
+even fewer lifetime annotations might be required.
+
+The patterns programmed into Rust’s analysis of references are called the
+_lifetime elision rules_. These aren’t rules for programmers to follow; they’re
+a set of particular cases that the compiler will consider, and if your code
+fits these cases, you don’t need to write the lifetimes explicitly.
+
+The elision rules don’t provide full inference. If there is still ambiguity
+about what lifetimes the references have after Rust applies the rules, the
+compiler won’t guess what the lifetime of the remaining references should be.
+Instead of guessing, the compiler will give you an error that you can resolve
+by adding the lifetime annotations.
+
+Lifetimes on function or method parameters are called _input lifetimes_, and
+lifetimes on return values are called _output lifetimes_.
+
+The compiler uses three rules to figure out the lifetimes of the references
+when there aren’t explicit annotations. The first rule applies to input
+lifetimes, and the second and third rules apply to output lifetimes. If the
+compiler gets to the end of the three rules and there are still references for
+which it can’t figure out lifetimes, the compiler will stop with an error.
+These rules apply to `fn` definitions as well as `impl` blocks.
+
+The first rule is that the compiler assigns a lifetime parameter to each
+parameter that’s a reference. In other words, a function with one parameter
+gets one lifetime parameter: `fn foo<'a>(x: &'a i32)`; a function with two
+parameters gets two separate lifetime parameters: `fn foo<'a, 'b>(x: &'a i32,
+y: &'b i32)`; and so on.
+
+The second rule is that, if there is exactly one input lifetime parameter, that
+lifetime is assigned to all output lifetime parameters: `fn foo<'a>(x: &'a i32)
+-> &'a i32`.
+
+The third rule is that, if there are multiple input lifetime parameters, but
+one of them is `&self` or `&mut self` because this is a method, the lifetime of
+`self` is assigned to all output lifetime parameters. This third rule makes
+methods much nicer to read and write because fewer symbols are necessary.
+
+Let’s pretend we’re the compiler. We’ll apply these rules to figure out the
+lifetimes of the references in the signature of the `first_word` function in
+Listing 10-25. The signature starts without any lifetimes associated with the
+references:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn first_word(s: &str) -> &str {
+```
+
+Then, the compiler applies the first rule, which specifies that each parameter
+gets its own lifetime. We’ll call it `'a` as usual, so now the signature is
+this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn first_word<'a>(s: &'a str) -> &str {
+```
+
+The second rule applies because there is exactly one input lifetime. The second
+rule specifies that the lifetime of the one input parameter gets assigned to
+the output lifetime, so the signature is now this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn first_word<'a>(s: &'a str) -> &'a str {
+```
+
+Now all the references in this function signature have lifetimes, and the
+compiler can continue its analysis without needing the programmer to annotate
+the lifetimes in this function signature.
+
+Let’s look at another example, this time using the `longest` function that had
+no lifetime parameters when we started working with it in Listing 10-20:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn longest(x: &str, y: &str) -> &str {
+```
+
+Let’s apply the first rule: Each parameter gets its own lifetime. This time we
+have two parameters instead of one, so we have two lifetimes:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn longest<'a, 'b>(x: &'a str, y: &'b str) -> &str {
+```
+
+You can see that the second rule doesn’t apply, because there is more than one
+input lifetime. The third rule doesn’t apply either, because `longest` is a
+function rather than a method, so none of the parameters are `self`. After
+working through all three rules, we still haven’t figured out what the return
+type’s lifetime is. This is why we got an error trying to compile the code in
+Listing 10-20: The compiler worked through the lifetime elision rules but still
+couldn’t figure out all the lifetimes of the references in the signature.
+
+Because the third rule really only applies in method signatures, we’ll look at
+lifetimes in that context next to see why the third rule means we don’t have to
+annotate lifetimes in method signatures very often.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="lifetime-annotations-in-method-definitions"></a>
+
+### In Method Definitions
+
+When we implement methods on a struct with lifetimes, we use the same syntax as
+that of generic type parameters, as shown in Listing 10-11. Where we declare
+and use the lifetime parameters depends on whether they’re related to the
+struct fields or the method parameters and return values.
+
+Lifetime names for struct fields always need to be declared after the `impl`
+keyword and then used after the struct’s name because those lifetimes are part
+of the struct’s type.
+
+In method signatures inside the `impl` block, references might be tied to the
+lifetime of references in the struct’s fields, or they might be independent. In
+addition, the lifetime elision rules often make it so that lifetime annotations
+aren’t necessary in method signatures. Let’s look at some examples using the
+struct named `ImportantExcerpt` that we defined in Listing 10-24.
+
+First, we’ll use a method named `level` whose only parameter is a reference to
+`self` and whose return value is an `i32`, which is not a reference to anything:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-10-lifetimes-on-methods/src/main.rs:1st}}
+```
+
+The lifetime parameter declaration after `impl` and its use after the type name
+are required, but because of the first elision rule, we’re not required to
+annotate the lifetime of the reference to `self`.
+
+Here is an example where the third lifetime elision rule applies:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-10-lifetimes-on-methods/src/main.rs:3rd}}
+```
+
+There are two input lifetimes, so Rust applies the first lifetime elision rule
+and gives both `&self` and `announcement` their own lifetimes. Then, because
+one of the parameters is `&self`, the return type gets the lifetime of `&self`,
+and all lifetimes have been accounted for.
+
+### The Static Lifetime
+
+One special lifetime we need to discuss is `'static`, which denotes that the
+affected reference _can_ live for the entire duration of the program. All
+string literals have the `'static` lifetime, which we can annotate as follows:
+
+```rust
+let s: &'static str = "I have a static lifetime.";
+```
+
+The text of this string is stored directly in the program’s binary, which is
+always available. Therefore, the lifetime of all string literals is `'static`.
+
+You might see suggestions in error messages to use the `'static` lifetime. But
+before specifying `'static` as the lifetime for a reference, think about
+whether or not the reference you have actually lives the entire lifetime of
+your program, and whether you want it to. Most of the time, an error message
+suggesting the `'static` lifetime results from attempting to create a dangling
+reference or a mismatch of the available lifetimes. In such cases, the solution
+is to fix those problems, not to specify the `'static` lifetime.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="generic-type-parameters-trait-bounds-and-lifetimes-together"></a>
+
+## Generic Type Parameters, Trait Bounds, and Lifetimes
+
+Let’s briefly look at the syntax of specifying generic type parameters, trait
+bounds, and lifetimes all in one function!
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch10-generic-types-traits-and-lifetimes/no-listing-11-generics-traits-and-lifetimes/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This is the `longest` function from Listing 10-21 that returns the longer of
+two string slices. But now it has an extra parameter named `ann` of the generic
+type `T`, which can be filled in by any type that implements the `Display`
+trait as specified by the `where` clause. This extra parameter will be printed
+using `{}`, which is why the `Display` trait bound is necessary. Because
+lifetimes are a type of generic, the declarations of the lifetime parameter
+`'a` and the generic type parameter `T` go in the same list inside the angle
+brackets after the function name.
+
+## Summary
+
+We covered a lot in this chapter! Now that you know about generic type
+parameters, traits and trait bounds, and generic lifetime parameters, you’re
+ready to write code without repetition that works in many different situations.
+Generic type parameters let you apply the code to different types. Traits and
+trait bounds ensure that even though the types are generic, they’ll have the
+behavior the code needs. You learned how to use lifetime annotations to ensure
+that this flexible code won’t have any dangling references. And all of this
+analysis happens at compile time, which doesn’t affect runtime performance!
+
+Believe it or not, there is much more to learn on the topics we discussed in
+this chapter: Chapter 18 discusses trait objects, which are another way to use
+traits. There are also more complex scenarios involving lifetime annotations
+that you will only need in very advanced scenarios; for those, you should read
+the [Rust Reference][reference]. But next, you’ll learn how to write tests in
+Rust so that you can make sure your code is working the way it should.
+
+[references-and-borrowing]: ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html#references-and-borrowing
+[string-slices-as-parameters]: ch04-03-slices.html#string-slices-as-parameters
+[reference]: ../reference/trait-bounds.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-00-testing.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-00-testing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..110d3d2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-00-testing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,34 @@
+# Writing Automated Tests
+
+In his 1972 essay “The Humble Programmer,” Edsger W. Dijkstra said that “program
+testing can be a very effective way to show the presence of bugs, but it is
+hopelessly inadequate for showing their absence.” That doesn’t mean we shouldn’t
+try to test as much as we can!
+
+_Correctness_ in our programs is the extent to which our code does what we
+intend it to do. Rust is designed with a high degree of concern about the
+correctness of programs, but correctness is complex and not easy to prove.
+Rust’s type system shoulders a huge part of this burden, but the type system
+cannot catch everything. As such, Rust includes support for writing automated
+software tests.
+
+Say we write a function `add_two` that adds 2 to whatever number is passed to
+it. This function’s signature accepts an integer as a parameter and returns an
+integer as a result. When we implement and compile that function, Rust does all
+the type checking and borrow checking that you’ve learned so far to ensure
+that, for instance, we aren’t passing a `String` value or an invalid reference
+to this function. But Rust _can’t_ check that this function will do precisely
+what we intend, which is return the parameter plus 2 rather than, say, the
+parameter plus 10 or the parameter minus 50! That’s where tests come in.
+
+We can write tests that assert, for example, that when we pass `3` to the
+`add_two` function, the returned value is `5`. We can run these tests whenever
+we make changes to our code to make sure any existing correct behavior has not
+changed.
+
+Testing is a complex skill: Although we can’t cover in one chapter every detail
+about how to write good tests, in this chapter we will discuss the mechanics of
+Rust’s testing facilities. We’ll talk about the annotations and macros
+available to you when writing your tests, the default behavior and options
+provided for running your tests, and how to organize tests into unit tests and
+integration tests.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-01-writing-tests.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-01-writing-tests.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e071b4c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-01-writing-tests.md
@@ -0,0 +1,557 @@
+## How to Write Tests
+
+_Tests_ are Rust functions that verify that the non-test code is functioning in
+the expected manner. The bodies of test functions typically perform these three
+actions:
+
+- Set up any needed data or state.
+- Run the code you want to test.
+- Assert that the results are what you expect.
+
+Let’s look at the features Rust provides specifically for writing tests that
+take these actions, which include the `test` attribute, a few macros, and the
+`should_panic` attribute.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="the-anatomy-of-a-test-function"></a>
+
+### Structuring Test Functions
+
+At its simplest, a test in Rust is a function that’s annotated with the `test`
+attribute. Attributes are metadata about pieces of Rust code; one example is
+the `derive` attribute we used with structs in Chapter 5. To change a function
+into a test function, add `#[test]` on the line before `fn`. When you run your
+tests with the `cargo test` command, Rust builds a test runner binary that runs
+the annotated functions and reports on whether each test function passes or
+fails.
+
+Whenever we make a new library project with Cargo, a test module with a test
+function in it is automatically generated for us. This module gives you a
+template for writing your tests so that you don’t have to look up the exact
+structure and syntax every time you start a new project. You can add as many
+additional test functions and as many test modules as you want!
+
+We’ll explore some aspects of how tests work by experimenting with the template
+test before we actually test any code. Then, we’ll write some real-world tests
+that call some code that we’ve written and assert that its behavior is correct.
+
+Let’s create a new library project called `adder` that will add two numbers:
+
+```console
+$ cargo new adder --lib
+     Created library `adder` project
+$ cd adder
+```
+
+The contents of the _src/lib.rs_ file in your `adder` library should look like
+Listing 11-1.
+
+<Listing number="11-1" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="The code generated automatically by `cargo new`">
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests
+rm -rf listing-11-01
+cargo new listing-11-01 --lib --name adder
+cd listing-11-01
+echo "$ cargo test" > output.txt
+RUSTFLAGS="-A unused_variables -A dead_code" RUST_TEST_THREADS=1 cargo test >> output.txt 2>&1
+git diff output.txt # commit any relevant changes; discard irrelevant ones
+cd ../../..
+-->
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-01/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The file starts with an example `add` function so that we have something to
+test.
+
+For now, let’s focus solely on the `it_works` function. Note the `#[test]`
+annotation: This attribute indicates this is a test function, so the test
+runner knows to treat this function as a test. We might also have non-test
+functions in the `tests` module to help set up common scenarios or perform
+common operations, so we always need to indicate which functions are tests.
+
+The example function body uses the `assert_eq!` macro to assert that `result`,
+which contains the result of calling `add` with 2 and 2, equals 4. This
+assertion serves as an example of the format for a typical test. Let’s run it
+to see that this test passes.
+
+The `cargo test` command runs all tests in our project, as shown in Listing
+11-2.
+
+<Listing number="11-2" caption="The output from running the automatically generated test">
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-01/output.txt}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Cargo compiled and ran the test. We see the line `running 1 test`. The next
+line shows the name of the generated test function, called `tests::it_works`,
+and that the result of running that test is `ok`. The overall summary `test
+result: ok.` means that all the tests passed, and the portion that reads `1
+passed; 0 failed` totals the number of tests that passed or failed.
+
+It’s possible to mark a test as ignored so that it doesn’t run in a particular
+instance; we’ll cover that in the [“Ignoring Tests Unless Specifically
+Requested”][ignoring]<!-- ignore --> section later in this chapter. Because we
+haven’t done that here, the summary shows `0 ignored`. We can also pass an
+argument to the `cargo test` command to run only tests whose name matches a
+string; this is called _filtering_, and we’ll cover it in the [“Running a
+Subset of Tests by Name”][subset]<!-- ignore --> section. Here, we haven’t
+filtered the tests being run, so the end of the summary shows `0 filtered out`.
+
+The `0 measured` statistic is for benchmark tests that measure performance.
+Benchmark tests are, as of this writing, only available in nightly Rust. See
+[the documentation about benchmark tests][bench] to learn more.
+
+The next part of the test output starting at `Doc-tests adder` is for the
+results of any documentation tests. We don’t have any documentation tests yet,
+but Rust can compile any code examples that appear in our API documentation.
+This feature helps keep your docs and your code in sync! We’ll discuss how to
+write documentation tests in the [“Documentation Comments as
+Tests”][doc-comments]<!-- ignore --> section of Chapter 14. For now, we’ll
+ignore the `Doc-tests` output.
+
+Let’s start to customize the test to our own needs. First, change the name of
+the `it_works` function to a different name, such as `exploration`, like so:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/lib.rs</span>
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-01-changing-test-name/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+Then, run `cargo test` again. The output now shows `exploration` instead of
+`it_works`:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-01-changing-test-name/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Now we’ll add another test, but this time we’ll make a test that fails! Tests
+fail when something in the test function panics. Each test is run in a new
+thread, and when the main thread sees that a test thread has died, the test is
+marked as failed. In Chapter 9, we talked about how the simplest way to panic
+is to call the `panic!` macro. Enter the new test as a function named
+`another`, so your _src/lib.rs_ file looks like Listing 11-3.
+
+<Listing number="11-3" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Adding a second test that will fail because we call the `panic!` macro">
+
+```rust,panics,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-03/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Run the tests again using `cargo test`. The output should look like Listing
+11-4, which shows that our `exploration` test passed and `another` failed.
+
+<Listing number="11-4" caption="Test results when one test passes and one test fails">
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-03/output.txt}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+rg panicked listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-03/output.txt
+check the line number of the panic matches the line number in the following paragraph
+ -->
+
+Instead of `ok`, the line `test tests::another` shows `FAILED`. Two new
+sections appear between the individual results and the summary: The first
+displays the detailed reason for each test failure. In this case, we get the
+details that `tests::another` failed because it panicked with the message `Make
+this test fail` on line 17 in the _src/lib.rs_ file. The next section lists
+just the names of all the failing tests, which is useful when there are lots of
+tests and lots of detailed failing test output. We can use the name of a
+failing test to run just that test to debug it more easily; we’ll talk more
+about ways to run tests in the [“Controlling How Tests Are
+Run”][controlling-how-tests-are-run]<!-- ignore --> section.
+
+The summary line displays at the end: Overall, our test result is `FAILED`. We
+had one test pass and one test fail.
+
+Now that you’ve seen what the test results look like in different scenarios,
+let’s look at some macros other than `panic!` that are useful in tests.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="checking-results-with-the-assert-macro"></a>
+
+### Checking Results with `assert!`
+
+The `assert!` macro, provided by the standard library, is useful when you want
+to ensure that some condition in a test evaluates to `true`. We give the
+`assert!` macro an argument that evaluates to a Boolean. If the value is
+`true`, nothing happens and the test passes. If the value is `false`, the
+`assert!` macro calls `panic!` to cause the test to fail. Using the `assert!`
+macro helps us check that our code is functioning in the way we intend.
+
+In Chapter 5, Listing 5-15, we used a `Rectangle` struct and a `can_hold`
+method, which are repeated here in Listing 11-5. Let’s put this code in the
+_src/lib.rs_ file, then write some tests for it using the `assert!` macro.
+
+<Listing number="11-5" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="The `Rectangle` struct and its `can_hold` method from Chapter 5">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-05/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `can_hold` method returns a Boolean, which means it’s a perfect use case
+for the `assert!` macro. In Listing 11-6, we write a test that exercises the
+`can_hold` method by creating a `Rectangle` instance that has a width of 8 and
+a height of 7 and asserting that it can hold another `Rectangle` instance that
+has a width of 5 and a height of 1.
+
+<Listing number="11-6" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A test for `can_hold` that checks whether a larger rectangle can indeed hold a smaller rectangle">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-06/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note the `use super::*;` line inside the `tests` module. The `tests` module is
+a regular module that follows the usual visibility rules we covered in Chapter
+7 in the [“Paths for Referring to an Item in the Module
+Tree”][paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree]<!-- ignore -->
+section. Because the `tests` module is an inner module, we need to bring the
+code under test in the outer module into the scope of the inner module. We use
+a glob here, so anything we define in the outer module is available to this
+`tests` module.
+
+We’ve named our test `larger_can_hold_smaller`, and we’ve created the two
+`Rectangle` instances that we need. Then, we called the `assert!` macro and
+passed it the result of calling `larger.can_hold(&smaller)`. This expression is
+supposed to return `true`, so our test should pass. Let’s find out!
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-06/output.txt}}
+```
+
+It does pass! Let’s add another test, this time asserting that a smaller
+rectangle cannot hold a larger rectangle:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/lib.rs</span>
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-02-adding-another-rectangle-test/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Because the correct result of the `can_hold` function in this case is `false`,
+we need to negate that result before we pass it to the `assert!` macro. As a
+result, our test will pass if `can_hold` returns `false`:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-02-adding-another-rectangle-test/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Two tests that pass! Now let’s see what happens to our test results when we
+introduce a bug in our code. We’ll change the implementation of the `can_hold`
+method by replacing the greater-than sign (`>`) with a less-than sign (`<`)
+when it compares the widths:
+
+```rust,not_desired_behavior,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-03-introducing-a-bug/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Running the tests now produces the following:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-03-introducing-a-bug/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Our tests caught the bug! Because `larger.width` is `8` and `smaller.width` is
+`5`, the comparison of the widths in `can_hold` now returns `false`: 8 is not
+less than 5.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="testing-equality-with-the-assert_eq-and-assert_ne-macros"></a>
+
+### Testing Equality with `assert_eq!` and `assert_ne!`
+
+A common way to verify functionality is to test for equality between the result
+of the code under test and the value you expect the code to return. You could
+do this by using the `assert!` macro and passing it an expression using the
+`==` operator. However, this is such a common test that the standard library
+provides a pair of macros—`assert_eq!` and `assert_ne!`—to perform this test
+more conveniently. These macros compare two arguments for equality or
+inequality, respectively. They’ll also print the two values if the assertion
+fails, which makes it easier to see _why_ the test failed; conversely, the
+`assert!` macro only indicates that it got a `false` value for the `==`
+expression, without printing the values that led to the `false` value.
+
+In Listing 11-7, we write a function named `add_two` that adds `2` to its
+parameter, and then we test this function using the `assert_eq!` macro.
+
+<Listing number="11-7" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Testing the function `add_two` using the `assert_eq!` macro">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-07/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Let’s check that it passes!
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-07/output.txt}}
+```
+
+We create a variable named `result` that holds the result of calling
+`add_two(2)`. Then, we pass `result` and `4` as the arguments to the
+`assert_eq!` macro. The output line for this test is `test tests::it_adds_two
+... ok`, and the `ok` text indicates that our test passed!
+
+Let’s introduce a bug into our code to see what `assert_eq!` looks like when it
+fails. Change the implementation of the `add_two` function to instead add `3`:
+
+```rust,not_desired_behavior,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-04-bug-in-add-two/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Run the tests again:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-04-bug-in-add-two/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Our test caught the bug! The `tests::it_adds_two` test failed, and the message
+tells us that the assertion that failed was `left == right` and what the `left`
+and `right` values are. This message helps us start debugging: The `left`
+argument, where we had the result of calling `add_two(2)`, was `5`, but the
+`right` argument was `4`. You can imagine that this would be especially helpful
+when we have a lot of tests going on.
+
+Note that in some languages and test frameworks, the parameters to equality
+assertion functions are called `expected` and `actual`, and the order in which
+we specify the arguments matters. However, in Rust, they’re called `left` and
+`right`, and the order in which we specify the value we expect and the value
+the code produces doesn’t matter. We could write the assertion in this test as
+`assert_eq!(4, result)`, which would result in the same failure message that
+displays `` assertion `left == right` failed ``.
+
+The `assert_ne!` macro will pass if the two values we give it are not equal and
+will fail if they are equal. This macro is most useful for cases when we’re not
+sure what a value _will_ be, but we know what the value definitely _shouldn’t_
+be. For example, if we’re testing a function that is guaranteed to change its
+input in some way, but the way in which the input is changed depends on the day
+of the week that we run our tests, the best thing to assert might be that the
+output of the function is not equal to the input.
+
+Under the surface, the `assert_eq!` and `assert_ne!` macros use the operators
+`==` and `!=`, respectively. When the assertions fail, these macros print their
+arguments using debug formatting, which means the values being compared must
+implement the `PartialEq` and `Debug` traits. All primitive types and most of
+the standard library types implement these traits. For structs and enums that
+you define yourself, you’ll need to implement `PartialEq` to assert equality of
+those types. You’ll also need to implement `Debug` to print the values when the
+assertion fails. Because both traits are derivable traits, as mentioned in
+Listing 5-12 in Chapter 5, this is usually as straightforward as adding the
+`#[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]` annotation to your struct or enum definition. See
+Appendix C, [“Derivable Traits,”][derivable-traits]<!-- ignore --> for more
+details about these and other derivable traits.
+
+### Adding Custom Failure Messages
+
+You can also add a custom message to be printed with the failure message as
+optional arguments to the `assert!`, `assert_eq!`, and `assert_ne!` macros. Any
+arguments specified after the required arguments are passed along to the
+`format!` macro (discussed in [“Concatenating with `+` or
+`format!`”][concatenating]<!--
+ignore --> in Chapter 8), so you can pass a format string that contains `{}`
+placeholders and values to go in those placeholders. Custom messages are useful
+for documenting what an assertion means; when a test fails, you’ll have a better
+idea of what the problem is with the code.
+
+For example, let’s say we have a function that greets people by name and we
+want to test that the name we pass into the function appears in the output:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/lib.rs</span>
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-05-greeter/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+The requirements for this program haven’t been agreed upon yet, and we’re
+pretty sure the `Hello` text at the beginning of the greeting will change. We
+decided we don’t want to have to update the test when the requirements change,
+so instead of checking for exact equality to the value returned from the
+`greeting` function, we’ll just assert that the output contains the text of the
+input parameter.
+
+Now let’s introduce a bug into this code by changing `greeting` to exclude
+`name` to see what the default test failure looks like:
+
+```rust,not_desired_behavior,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-06-greeter-with-bug/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Running this test produces the following:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-06-greeter-with-bug/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This result just indicates that the assertion failed and which line the
+assertion is on. A more useful failure message would print the value from the
+`greeting` function. Let’s add a custom failure message composed of a format
+string with a placeholder filled in with the actual value we got from the
+`greeting` function:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-07-custom-failure-message/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Now when we run the test, we’ll get a more informative error message:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-07-custom-failure-message/output.txt}}
+```
+
+We can see the value we actually got in the test output, which would help us
+debug what happened instead of what we were expecting to happen.
+
+### Checking for Panics with `should_panic`
+
+In addition to checking return values, it’s important to check that our code
+handles error conditions as we expect. For example, consider the `Guess` type
+that we created in Chapter 9, Listing 9-13. Other code that uses `Guess`
+depends on the guarantee that `Guess` instances will contain only values
+between 1 and 100. We can write a test that ensures that attempting to create a
+`Guess` instance with a value outside that range panics.
+
+We do this by adding the attribute `should_panic` to our test function. The
+test passes if the code inside the function panics; the test fails if the code
+inside the function doesn’t panic.
+
+Listing 11-8 shows a test that checks that the error conditions of `Guess::new`
+happen when we expect them to.
+
+<Listing number="11-8" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Testing that a condition will cause a `panic!`">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-08/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We place the `#[should_panic]` attribute after the `#[test]` attribute and
+before the test function it applies to. Let’s look at the result when this test
+passes:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-08/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Looks good! Now let’s introduce a bug in our code by removing the condition
+that the `new` function will panic if the value is greater than 100:
+
+```rust,not_desired_behavior,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-08-guess-with-bug/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+When we run the test in Listing 11-8, it will fail:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-08-guess-with-bug/output.txt}}
+```
+
+We don’t get a very helpful message in this case, but when we look at the test
+function, we see that it’s annotated with `#[should_panic]`. The failure we got
+means that the code in the test function did not cause a panic.
+
+Tests that use `should_panic` can be imprecise. A `should_panic` test would
+pass even if the test panics for a different reason from the one we were
+expecting. To make `should_panic` tests more precise, we can add an optional
+`expected` parameter to the `should_panic` attribute. The test harness will
+make sure that the failure message contains the provided text. For example,
+consider the modified code for `Guess` in Listing 11-9 where the `new` function
+panics with different messages depending on whether the value is too small or
+too large.
+
+<Listing number="11-9" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Testing for a `panic!` with a panic message containing a specified substring">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-09/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This test will pass because the value we put in the `should_panic` attribute’s
+`expected` parameter is a substring of the message that the `Guess::new`
+function panics with. We could have specified the entire panic message that we
+expect, which in this case would be `Guess value must be less than or equal to
+100, got 200`. What you choose to specify depends on how much of the panic
+message is unique or dynamic and how precise you want your test to be. In this
+case, a substring of the panic message is enough to ensure that the code in the
+test function executes the `else if value > 100` case.
+
+To see what happens when a `should_panic` test with an `expected` message
+fails, let’s again introduce a bug into our code by swapping the bodies of the
+`if value < 1` and the `else if value > 100` blocks:
+
+```rust,ignore,not_desired_behavior
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-09-guess-with-panic-msg-bug/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This time when we run the `should_panic` test, it will fail:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-09-guess-with-panic-msg-bug/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The failure message indicates that this test did indeed panic as we expected,
+but the panic message did not include the expected string `less than or equal
+to 100`. The panic message that we did get in this case was `Guess value must
+be greater than or equal to 1, got 200`. Now we can start figuring out where
+our bug is!
+
+### Using `Result<T, E>` in Tests
+
+All of our tests so far panic when they fail. We can also write tests that use
+`Result<T, E>`! Here’s the test from Listing 11-1, rewritten to use `Result<T,
+E>` and return an `Err` instead of panicking:
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-10-result-in-tests/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The `it_works` function now has the `Result<(), String>` return type. In the
+body of the function, rather than calling the `assert_eq!` macro, we return
+`Ok(())` when the test passes and an `Err` with a `String` inside when the test
+fails.
+
+Writing tests so that they return a `Result<T, E>` enables you to use the
+question mark operator in the body of tests, which can be a convenient way to
+write tests that should fail if any operation within them returns an `Err`
+variant.
+
+You can’t use the `#[should_panic]` annotation on tests that use `Result<T,
+E>`. To assert that an operation returns an `Err` variant, _don’t_ use the
+question mark operator on the `Result<T, E>` value. Instead, use
+`assert!(value.is_err())`.
+
+Now that you know several ways to write tests, let’s look at what is happening
+when we run our tests and explore the different options we can use with `cargo
+test`.
+
+[concatenating]: ch08-02-strings.html#concatenating-with--or-format
+[bench]: ../unstable-book/library-features/test.html
+[ignoring]: ch11-02-running-tests.html#ignoring-tests-unless-specifically-requested
+[subset]: ch11-02-running-tests.html#running-a-subset-of-tests-by-name
+[controlling-how-tests-are-run]: ch11-02-running-tests.html#controlling-how-tests-are-run
+[derivable-traits]: appendix-03-derivable-traits.html
+[doc-comments]: ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.html#documentation-comments-as-tests
+[paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree]: ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-02-running-tests.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-02-running-tests.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..788ff64
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-02-running-tests.md
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+## Controlling How Tests Are Run
+
+Just as `cargo run` compiles your code and then runs the resultant binary,
+`cargo test` compiles your code in test mode and runs the resultant test
+binary. The default behavior of the binary produced by `cargo test` is to run
+all the tests in parallel and capture output generated during test runs,
+preventing the output from being displayed and making it easier to read the
+output related to the test results. You can, however, specify command line
+options to change this default behavior.
+
+Some command line options go to `cargo test`, and some go to the resultant test
+binary. To separate these two types of arguments, you list the arguments that
+go to `cargo test` followed by the separator `--` and then the ones that go to
+the test binary. Running `cargo test --help` displays the options you can use
+with `cargo test`, and running `cargo test -- --help` displays the options you
+can use after the separator. These options are also documented in [the “Tests”
+section of _The `rustc` Book_][tests].
+
+[tests]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustc/tests/index.html
+
+### Running Tests in Parallel or Consecutively
+
+When you run multiple tests, by default they run in parallel using threads,
+meaning they finish running more quickly and you get feedback sooner. Because
+the tests are running at the same time, you must make sure your tests don’t
+depend on each other or on any shared state, including a shared environment,
+such as the current working directory or environment variables.
+
+For example, say each of your tests runs some code that creates a file on disk
+named _test-output.txt_ and writes some data to that file. Then, each test
+reads the data in that file and asserts that the file contains a particular
+value, which is different in each test. Because the tests run at the same time,
+one test might overwrite the file in the time between when another test is
+writing and reading the file. The second test will then fail, not because the
+code is incorrect but because the tests have interfered with each other while
+running in parallel. One solution is to make sure each test writes to a
+different file; another solution is to run the tests one at a time.
+
+If you don’t want to run the tests in parallel or if you want more fine-grained
+control over the number of threads used, you can send the `--test-threads` flag
+and the number of threads you want to use to the test binary. Take a look at
+the following example:
+
+```console
+$ cargo test -- --test-threads=1
+```
+
+We set the number of test threads to `1`, telling the program not to use any
+parallelism. Running the tests using one thread will take longer than running
+them in parallel, but the tests won’t interfere with each other if they share
+state.
+
+### Showing Function Output
+
+By default, if a test passes, Rust’s test library captures anything printed to
+standard output. For example, if we call `println!` in a test and the test
+passes, we won’t see the `println!` output in the terminal; we’ll see only the
+line that indicates the test passed. If a test fails, we’ll see whatever was
+printed to standard output with the rest of the failure message.
+
+As an example, Listing 11-10 has a silly function that prints the value of its
+parameter and returns 10, as well as a test that passes and a test that fails.
+
+<Listing number="11-10" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Tests for a function that calls `println!`">
+
+```rust,panics,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-10/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we run these tests with `cargo test`, we’ll see the following output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-10/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Note that nowhere in this output do we see `I got the value 4`, which is
+printed when the test that passes runs. That output has been captured. The
+output from the test that failed, `I got the value 8`, appears in the section
+of the test summary output, which also shows the cause of the test failure.
+
+If we want to see printed values for passing tests as well, we can tell Rust to
+also show the output of successful tests with `--show-output`:
+
+```console
+$ cargo test -- --show-output
+```
+
+When we run the tests in Listing 11-10 again with the `--show-output` flag, we
+see the following output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/output-only-01-show-output/output.txt}}
+```
+
+### Running a Subset of Tests by Name
+
+Running a full test suite can sometimes take a long time. If you’re working on
+code in a particular area, you might want to run only the tests pertaining to
+that code. You can choose which tests to run by passing `cargo test` the name
+or names of the test(s) you want to run as an argument.
+
+To demonstrate how to run a subset of tests, we’ll first create three tests for
+our `add_two` function, as shown in Listing 11-11, and choose which ones to run.
+
+<Listing number="11-11" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Three tests with three different names">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-11/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If we run the tests without passing any arguments, as we saw earlier, all the
+tests will run in parallel:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-11/output.txt}}
+```
+
+#### Running Single Tests
+
+We can pass the name of any test function to `cargo test` to run only that test:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/output-only-02-single-test/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Only the test with the name `one_hundred` ran; the other two tests didn’t match
+that name. The test output lets us know we had more tests that didn’t run by
+displaying `2 filtered out` at the end.
+
+We can’t specify the names of multiple tests in this way; only the first value
+given to `cargo test` will be used. But there is a way to run multiple tests.
+
+#### Filtering to Run Multiple Tests
+
+We can specify part of a test name, and any test whose name matches that value
+will be run. For example, because two of our tests’ names contain `add`, we can
+run those two by running `cargo test add`:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/output-only-03-multiple-tests/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This command ran all tests with `add` in the name and filtered out the test
+named `one_hundred`. Also note that the module in which a test appears becomes
+part of the test’s name, so we can run all the tests in a module by filtering
+on the module’s name.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="ignoring-some-tests-unless-specifically-requested"></a>
+
+### Ignoring Tests Unless Specifically Requested
+
+Sometimes a few specific tests can be very time-consuming to execute, so you
+might want to exclude them during most runs of `cargo test`. Rather than
+listing as arguments all tests you do want to run, you can instead annotate the
+time-consuming tests using the `ignore` attribute to exclude them, as shown
+here:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/lib.rs</span>
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-11-ignore-a-test/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+After `#[test]`, we add the `#[ignore]` line to the test we want to exclude.
+Now when we run our tests, `it_works` runs, but `expensive_test` doesn’t:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-11-ignore-a-test/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The `expensive_test` function is listed as `ignored`. If we want to run only
+the ignored tests, we can use `cargo test -- --ignored`:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/output-only-04-running-ignored/output.txt}}
+```
+
+By controlling which tests run, you can make sure your `cargo test` results
+will be returned quickly. When you’re at a point where it makes sense to check
+the results of the `ignored` tests and you have time to wait for the results,
+you can run `cargo test -- --ignored` instead. If you want to run all tests
+whether they’re ignored or not, you can run `cargo test -- --include-ignored`.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-03-test-organization.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-03-test-organization.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dad604f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch11-03-test-organization.md
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+## Test Organization
+
+As mentioned at the start of the chapter, testing is a complex discipline, and
+different people use different terminology and organization. The Rust community
+thinks about tests in terms of two main categories: unit tests and integration
+tests. _Unit tests_ are small and more focused, testing one module in isolation
+at a time, and can test private interfaces. _Integration tests_ are entirely
+external to your library and use your code in the same way any other external
+code would, using only the public interface and potentially exercising multiple
+modules per test.
+
+Writing both kinds of tests is important to ensure that the pieces of your
+library are doing what you expect them to, separately and together.
+
+### Unit Tests
+
+The purpose of unit tests is to test each unit of code in isolation from the
+rest of the code to quickly pinpoint where code is and isn’t working as
+expected. You’ll put unit tests in the _src_ directory in each file with the
+code that they’re testing. The convention is to create a module named `tests`
+in each file to contain the test functions and to annotate the module with
+`cfg(test)`.
+
+#### The `tests` Module and `#[cfg(test)]`
+
+The `#[cfg(test)]` annotation on the `tests` module tells Rust to compile and
+run the test code only when you run `cargo test`, not when you run `cargo
+build`. This saves compile time when you only want to build the library and
+saves space in the resultant compiled artifact because the tests are not
+included. You’ll see that because integration tests go in a different
+directory, they don’t need the `#[cfg(test)]` annotation. However, because unit
+tests go in the same files as the code, you’ll use `#[cfg(test)]` to specify
+that they shouldn’t be included in the compiled result.
+
+Recall that when we generated the new `adder` project in the first section of
+this chapter, Cargo generated this code for us:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/lib.rs</span>
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-01/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+On the automatically generated `tests` module, the attribute `cfg` stands for
+_configuration_ and tells Rust that the following item should only be included
+given a certain configuration option. In this case, the configuration option is
+`test`, which is provided by Rust for compiling and running tests. By using the
+`cfg` attribute, Cargo compiles our test code only if we actively run the tests
+with `cargo test`. This includes any helper functions that might be within this
+module, in addition to the functions annotated with `#[test]`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="testing-private-functions"></a>
+
+#### Private Function Tests
+
+There’s debate within the testing community about whether or not private
+functions should be tested directly, and other languages make it difficult or
+impossible to test private functions. Regardless of which testing ideology you
+adhere to, Rust’s privacy rules do allow you to test private functions.
+Consider the code in Listing 11-12 with the private function `internal_adder`.
+
+<Listing number="11-12" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Testing a private function">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-12/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that the `internal_adder` function is not marked as `pub`. Tests are just
+Rust code, and the `tests` module is just another module. As we discussed in
+[“Paths for Referring to an Item in the Module Tree”][paths]<!-- ignore -->,
+items in child modules can use the items in their ancestor modules. In this
+test, we bring all of the items belonging to the `tests` module’s parent into
+scope with `use super::*`, and then the test can call `internal_adder`. If you
+don’t think private functions should be tested, there’s nothing in Rust that
+will compel you to do so.
+
+### Integration Tests
+
+In Rust, integration tests are entirely external to your library. They use your
+library in the same way any other code would, which means they can only call
+functions that are part of your library’s public API. Their purpose is to test
+whether many parts of your library work together correctly. Units of code that
+work correctly on their own could have problems when integrated, so test
+coverage of the integrated code is important as well. To create integration
+tests, you first need a _tests_ directory.
+
+#### The _tests_ Directory
+
+We create a _tests_ directory at the top level of our project directory, next
+to _src_. Cargo knows to look for integration test files in this directory. We
+can then make as many test files as we want, and Cargo will compile each of the
+files as an individual crate.
+
+Let’s create an integration test. With the code in Listing 11-12 still in the
+_src/lib.rs_ file, make a _tests_ directory, and create a new file named
+_tests/integration_test.rs_. Your directory structure should look like this:
+
+```text
+adder
+├── Cargo.lock
+├── Cargo.toml
+├── src
+│   └── lib.rs
+└── tests
+    └── integration_test.rs
+```
+
+Enter the code in Listing 11-13 into the _tests/integration_test.rs_ file.
+
+<Listing number="11-13" file-name="tests/integration_test.rs" caption="An integration test of a function in the `adder` crate">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-13/tests/integration_test.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Each file in the _tests_ directory is a separate crate, so we need to bring our
+library into each test crate’s scope. For that reason, we add `use
+adder::add_two;` at the top of the code, which we didn’t need in the unit tests.
+
+We don’t need to annotate any code in _tests/integration_test.rs_ with
+`#[cfg(test)]`. Cargo treats the _tests_ directory specially and compiles files
+in this directory only when we run `cargo test`. Run `cargo test` now:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/listing-11-13/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The three sections of output include the unit tests, the integration test, and
+the doc tests. Note that if any test in a section fails, the following sections
+will not be run. For example, if a unit test fails, there won’t be any output
+for integration and doc tests, because those tests will only be run if all unit
+tests are passing.
+
+The first section for the unit tests is the same as we’ve been seeing: one line
+for each unit test (one named `internal` that we added in Listing 11-12) and
+then a summary line for the unit tests.
+
+The integration tests section starts with the line `Running
+tests/integration_test.rs`. Next, there is a line for each test function in
+that integration test and a summary line for the results of the integration
+test just before the `Doc-tests adder` section starts.
+
+Each integration test file has its own section, so if we add more files in the
+_tests_ directory, there will be more integration test sections.
+
+We can still run a particular integration test function by specifying the test
+function’s name as an argument to `cargo test`. To run all the tests in a
+particular integration test file, use the `--test` argument of `cargo test`
+followed by the name of the file:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/output-only-05-single-integration/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This command runs only the tests in the _tests/integration_test.rs_ file.
+
+#### Submodules in Integration Tests
+
+As you add more integration tests, you might want to make more files in the
+_tests_ directory to help organize them; for example, you can group the test
+functions by the functionality they’re testing. As mentioned earlier, each file
+in the _tests_ directory is compiled as its own separate crate, which is useful
+for creating separate scopes to more closely imitate the way end users will be
+using your crate. However, this means files in the _tests_ directory don’t
+share the same behavior as files in _src_ do, as you learned in Chapter 7
+regarding how to separate code into modules and files.
+
+The different behavior of _tests_ directory files is most noticeable when you
+have a set of helper functions to use in multiple integration test files, and
+you try to follow the steps in the [“Separating Modules into Different
+Files”][separating-modules-into-files]<!-- ignore --> section of Chapter 7 to
+extract them into a common module. For example, if we create _tests/common.rs_
+and place a function named `setup` in it, we can add some code to `setup` that
+we want to call from multiple test functions in multiple test files:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: tests/common.rs</span>
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-12-shared-test-code-problem/tests/common.rs}}
+```
+
+When we run the tests again, we’ll see a new section in the test output for the
+_common.rs_ file, even though this file doesn’t contain any test functions nor
+did we call the `setup` function from anywhere:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-12-shared-test-code-problem/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Having `common` appear in the test results with `running 0 tests` displayed for
+it is not what we wanted. We just wanted to share some code with the other
+integration test files. To avoid having `common` appear in the test output,
+instead of creating _tests/common.rs_, we’ll create _tests/common/mod.rs_. The
+project directory now looks like this:
+
+```text
+├── Cargo.lock
+├── Cargo.toml
+├── src
+│   └── lib.rs
+└── tests
+    ├── common
+    │   └── mod.rs
+    └── integration_test.rs
+```
+
+This is the older naming convention that Rust also understands that we mentioned
+in [“Alternate File Paths”][alt-paths]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 7. Naming the
+file this way tells Rust not to treat the `common` module as an integration test
+file. When we move the `setup` function code into _tests/common/mod.rs_ and
+delete the _tests/common.rs_ file, the section in the test output will no longer
+appear. Files in subdirectories of the _tests_ directory don’t get compiled as
+separate crates or have sections in the test output.
+
+After we’ve created _tests/common/mod.rs_, we can use it from any of the
+integration test files as a module. Here’s an example of calling the `setup`
+function from the `it_adds_two` test in _tests/integration_test.rs_:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: tests/integration_test.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch11-writing-automated-tests/no-listing-13-fix-shared-test-code-problem/tests/integration_test.rs}}
+```
+
+Note that the `mod common;` declaration is the same as the module declaration
+we demonstrated in Listing 7-21. Then, in the test function, we can call the
+`common::setup()` function.
+
+#### Integration Tests for Binary Crates
+
+If our project is a binary crate that only contains a _src/main.rs_ file and
+doesn’t have a _src/lib.rs_ file, we can’t create integration tests in the
+_tests_ directory and bring functions defined in the _src/main.rs_ file into
+scope with a `use` statement. Only library crates expose functions that other
+crates can use; binary crates are meant to be run on their own.
+
+This is one of the reasons Rust projects that provide a binary have a
+straightforward _src/main.rs_ file that calls logic that lives in the
+_src/lib.rs_ file. Using that structure, integration tests _can_ test the
+library crate with `use` to make the important functionality available. If the
+important functionality works, the small amount of code in the _src/main.rs_
+file will work as well, and that small amount of code doesn’t need to be tested.
+
+## Summary
+
+Rust’s testing features provide a way to specify how code should function to
+ensure that it continues to work as you expect, even as you make changes. Unit
+tests exercise different parts of a library separately and can test private
+implementation details. Integration tests check that many parts of the library
+work together correctly, and they use the library’s public API to test the code
+in the same way external code will use it. Even though Rust’s type system and
+ownership rules help prevent some kinds of bugs, tests are still important to
+reduce logic bugs having to do with how your code is expected to behave.
+
+Let’s combine the knowledge you learned in this chapter and in previous
+chapters to work on a project!
+
+[paths]: ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.html
+[separating-modules-into-files]: ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.html
+[alt-paths]: ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.html#alternate-file-paths
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-00-an-io-project.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-00-an-io-project.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..67650f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-00-an-io-project.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+# An I/O Project: Building a Command Line Program
+
+This chapter is a recap of the many skills you’ve learned so far and an
+exploration of a few more standard library features. We’ll build a command line
+tool that interacts with file and command line input/output to practice some of
+the Rust concepts you now have under your belt.
+
+Rust’s speed, safety, single binary output, and cross-platform support make it
+an ideal language for creating command line tools, so for our project, we’ll
+make our own version of the classic command line search tool `grep`
+(**g**lobally search a **r**egular **e**xpression and **p**rint). In the
+simplest use case, `grep` searches a specified file for a specified string. To
+do so, `grep` takes as its arguments a file path and a string. Then, it reads
+the file, finds lines in that file that contain the string argument, and prints
+those lines.
+
+Along the way, we’ll show how to make our command line tool use the terminal
+features that many other command line tools use. We’ll read the value of an
+environment variable to allow the user to configure the behavior of our tool.
+We’ll also print error messages to the standard error console stream (`stderr`)
+instead of standard output (`stdout`) so that, for example, the user can
+redirect successful output to a file while still seeing error messages onscreen.
+
+One Rust community member, Andrew Gallant, has already created a fully
+featured, very fast version of `grep`, called `ripgrep`. By comparison, our
+version will be fairly simple, but this chapter will give you some of the
+background knowledge you need to understand a real-world project such as
+`ripgrep`.
+
+Our `grep` project will combine a number of concepts you’ve learned so far:
+
+- Organizing code ([Chapter 7][ch7]<!-- ignore -->)
+- Using vectors and strings ([Chapter 8][ch8]<!-- ignore -->)
+- Handling errors ([Chapter 9][ch9]<!-- ignore -->)
+- Using traits and lifetimes where appropriate ([Chapter 10][ch10]<!-- ignore -->)
+- Writing tests ([Chapter 11][ch11]<!-- ignore -->)
+
+We’ll also briefly introduce closures, iterators, and trait objects, which
+[Chapter 13][ch13]<!-- ignore --> and [Chapter 18][ch18]<!-- ignore --> will
+cover in detail.
+
+[ch7]: ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.html
+[ch8]: ch08-00-common-collections.html
+[ch9]: ch09-00-error-handling.html
+[ch10]: ch10-00-generics.html
+[ch11]: ch11-00-testing.html
+[ch13]: ch13-00-functional-features.html
+[ch18]: ch18-00-oop.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..46f2f37
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.md
@@ -0,0 +1,133 @@
+## Accepting Command Line Arguments
+
+Let’s create a new project with, as always, `cargo new`. We’ll call our project
+`minigrep` to distinguish it from the `grep` tool that you might already have
+on your system:
+
+```console
+$ cargo new minigrep
+     Created binary (application) `minigrep` project
+$ cd minigrep
+```
+
+The first task is to make `minigrep` accept its two command line arguments: the
+file path and a string to search for. That is, we want to be able to run our
+program with `cargo run`, two hyphens to indicate the following arguments are
+for our program rather than for `cargo`, a string to search for, and a path to
+a file to search in, like so:
+
+```console
+$ cargo run -- searchstring example-filename.txt
+```
+
+Right now, the program generated by `cargo new` cannot process arguments we
+give it. Some existing libraries on [crates.io](https://crates.io/) can help
+with writing a program that accepts command line arguments, but because you’re
+just learning this concept, let’s implement this capability ourselves.
+
+### Reading the Argument Values
+
+To enable `minigrep` to read the values of command line arguments we pass to
+it, we’ll need the `std::env::args` function provided in Rust’s standard
+library. This function returns an iterator of the command line arguments passed
+to `minigrep`. We’ll cover iterators fully in [Chapter 13][ch13]<!-- ignore
+-->. For now, you only need to know two details about iterators: Iterators
+produce a series of values, and we can call the `collect` method on an iterator
+to turn it into a collection, such as a vector, which contains all the elements
+the iterator produces.
+
+The code in Listing 12-1 allows your `minigrep` program to read any command
+line arguments passed to it and then collect the values into a vector.
+
+<Listing number="12-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Collecting the command line arguments into a vector and printing them">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-01/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, we bring the `std::env` module into scope with a `use` statement so that
+we can use its `args` function. Notice that the `std::env::args` function is
+nested in two levels of modules. As we discussed in [Chapter
+7][ch7-idiomatic-use]<!-- ignore -->, in cases where the desired function is
+nested in more than one module, we’ve chosen to bring the parent module into
+scope rather than the function. By doing so, we can easily use other functions
+from `std::env`. It’s also less ambiguous than adding `use std::env::args` and
+then calling the function with just `args`, because `args` might easily be
+mistaken for a function that’s defined in the current module.
+
+> ### The `args` Function and Invalid Unicode
+>
+> Note that `std::env::args` will panic if any argument contains invalid
+> Unicode. If your program needs to accept arguments containing invalid
+> Unicode, use `std::env::args_os` instead. That function returns an iterator
+> that produces `OsString` values instead of `String` values. We’ve chosen to
+> use `std::env::args` here for simplicity because `OsString` values differ per
+> platform and are more complex to work with than `String` values.
+
+On the first line of `main`, we call `env::args`, and we immediately use
+`collect` to turn the iterator into a vector containing all the values produced
+by the iterator. We can use the `collect` function to create many kinds of
+collections, so we explicitly annotate the type of `args` to specify that we
+want a vector of strings. Although you very rarely need to annotate types in
+Rust, `collect` is one function you do often need to annotate because Rust
+isn’t able to infer the kind of collection you want.
+
+Finally, we print the vector using the debug macro. Let’s try running the code
+first with no arguments and then with two arguments:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-01/output.txt}}
+```
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/output-only-01-with-args/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Notice that the first value in the vector is `"target/debug/minigrep"`, which
+is the name of our binary. This matches the behavior of the arguments list in
+C, letting programs use the name by which they were invoked in their execution.
+It’s often convenient to have access to the program name in case you want to
+print it in messages or change the behavior of the program based on what
+command line alias was used to invoke the program. But for the purposes of this
+chapter, we’ll ignore it and save only the two arguments we need.
+
+### Saving the Argument Values in Variables
+
+The program is currently able to access the values specified as command line
+arguments. Now we need to save the values of the two arguments in variables so
+that we can use the values throughout the rest of the program. We do that in
+Listing 12-2.
+
+<Listing number="12-2" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating variables to hold the query argument and file path argument">
+
+```rust,should_panic,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-02/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+As we saw when we printed the vector, the program’s name takes up the first
+value in the vector at `args[0]`, so we’re starting arguments at index 1. The
+first argument `minigrep` takes is the string we’re searching for, so we put a
+reference to the first argument in the variable `query`. The second argument
+will be the file path, so we put a reference to the second argument in the
+variable `file_path`.
+
+We temporarily print the values of these variables to prove that the code is
+working as we intend. Let’s run this program again with the arguments `test`
+and `sample.txt`:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-02/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Great, the program is working! The values of the arguments we need are being
+saved into the right variables. Later we’ll add some error handling to deal
+with certain potential erroneous situations, such as when the user provides no
+arguments; for now, we’ll ignore that situation and work on adding file-reading
+capabilities instead.
+
+[ch13]: ch13-00-functional-features.html
+[ch7-idiomatic-use]: ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.html#creating-idiomatic-use-paths
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-02-reading-a-file.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-02-reading-a-file.md
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+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-02-reading-a-file.md
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+## Reading a File
+
+Now we’ll add functionality to read the file specified in the `file_path`
+argument. First, we need a sample file to test it with: We’ll use a file with a
+small amount of text over multiple lines with some repeated words. Listing 12-3
+has an Emily Dickinson poem that will work well! Create a file called
+_poem.txt_ at the root level of your project, and enter the poem “I’m Nobody!
+Who are you?”
+
+<Listing number="12-3" file-name="poem.txt" caption="A poem by Emily Dickinson makes a good test case.">
+
+```text
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-03/poem.txt}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+With the text in place, edit _src/main.rs_ and add code to read the file, as
+shown in Listing 12-4.
+
+<Listing number="12-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Reading the contents of the file specified by the second argument">
+
+```rust,should_panic,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-04/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, we bring in a relevant part of the standard library with a `use`
+statement: We need `std::fs` to handle files.
+
+In `main`, the new statement `fs::read_to_string` takes the `file_path`, opens
+that file, and returns a value of type `std::io::Result<String>` that contains
+the file’s contents.
+
+After that, we again add a temporary `println!` statement that prints the value
+of `contents` after the file is read so that we can check that the program is
+working so far.
+
+Let’s run this code with any string as the first command line argument (because
+we haven’t implemented the searching part yet) and the _poem.txt_ file as the
+second argument:
+
+```console
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-04/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Great! The code read and then printed the contents of the file. But the code
+has a few flaws. At the moment, the `main` function has multiple
+responsibilities: Generally, functions are clearer and easier to maintain if
+each function is responsible for only one idea. The other problem is that we’re
+not handling errors as well as we could. The program is still small, so these
+flaws aren’t a big problem, but as the program grows, it will be harder to fix
+them cleanly. It’s a good practice to begin refactoring early on when
+developing a program because it’s much easier to refactor smaller amounts of
+code. We’ll do that next.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d3db28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.md
@@ -0,0 +1,513 @@
+## Refactoring to Improve Modularity and Error Handling
+
+To improve our program, we’ll fix four problems that have to do with the
+program’s structure and how it’s handling potential errors. First, our `main`
+function now performs two tasks: It parses arguments and reads files. As our
+program grows, the number of separate tasks the `main` function handles will
+increase. As a function gains responsibilities, it becomes more difficult to
+reason about, harder to test, and harder to change without breaking one of its
+parts. It’s best to separate functionality so that each function is responsible
+for one task.
+
+This issue also ties into the second problem: Although `query` and `file_path`
+are configuration variables to our program, variables like `contents` are used
+to perform the program’s logic. The longer `main` becomes, the more variables
+we’ll need to bring into scope; the more variables we have in scope, the harder
+it will be to keep track of the purpose of each. It’s best to group the
+configuration variables into one structure to make their purpose clear.
+
+The third problem is that we’ve used `expect` to print an error message when
+reading the file fails, but the error message just prints `Should have been
+able to read the file`. Reading a file can fail in a number of ways: For
+example, the file could be missing, or we might not have permission to open it.
+Right now, regardless of the situation, we’d print the same error message for
+everything, which wouldn’t give the user any information!
+
+Fourth, we use `expect` to handle an error, and if the user runs our program
+without specifying enough arguments, they’ll get an `index out of bounds` error
+from Rust that doesn’t clearly explain the problem. It would be best if all the
+error-handling code were in one place so that future maintainers had only one
+place to consult the code if the error-handling logic needed to change. Having
+all the error-handling code in one place will also ensure that we’re printing
+messages that will be meaningful to our end users.
+
+Let’s address these four problems by refactoring our project.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="separation-of-concerns-for-binary-projects"></a>
+
+### Separating Concerns in Binary Projects
+
+The organizational problem of allocating responsibility for multiple tasks to
+the `main` function is common to many binary projects. As a result, many Rust
+programmers find it useful to split up the separate concerns of a binary
+program when the `main` function starts getting large. This process has the
+following steps:
+
+- Split your program into a _main.rs_ file and a _lib.rs_ file and move your
+  program’s logic to _lib.rs_.
+- As long as your command line parsing logic is small, it can remain in
+  the `main` function.
+- When the command line parsing logic starts getting complicated, extract it
+  from the `main` function into other functions or types.
+
+The responsibilities that remain in the `main` function after this process
+should be limited to the following:
+
+- Calling the command line parsing logic with the argument values
+- Setting up any other configuration
+- Calling a `run` function in _lib.rs_
+- Handling the error if `run` returns an error
+
+This pattern is about separating concerns: _main.rs_ handles running the
+program and _lib.rs_ handles all the logic of the task at hand. Because you
+can’t test the `main` function directly, this structure lets you test all of
+your program’s logic by moving it out of the `main` function. The code that
+remains in the `main` function will be small enough to verify its correctness
+by reading it. Let’s rework our program by following this process.
+
+#### Extracting the Argument Parser
+
+We’ll extract the functionality for parsing arguments into a function that
+`main` will call. Listing 12-5 shows the new start of the `main` function that
+calls a new function `parse_config`, which we’ll define in _src/main.rs_.
+
+<Listing number="12-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Extracting a `parse_config` function from `main`">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-05/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’re still collecting the command line arguments into a vector, but instead of
+assigning the argument value at index 1 to the variable `query` and the
+argument value at index 2 to the variable `file_path` within the `main`
+function, we pass the whole vector to the `parse_config` function. The
+`parse_config` function then holds the logic that determines which argument
+goes in which variable and passes the values back to `main`. We still create
+the `query` and `file_path` variables in `main`, but `main` no longer has the
+responsibility of determining how the command line arguments and variables
+correspond.
+
+This rework may seem like overkill for our small program, but we’re refactoring
+in small, incremental steps. After making this change, run the program again to
+verify that the argument parsing still works. It’s good to check your progress
+often, to help identify the cause of problems when they occur.
+
+#### Grouping Configuration Values
+
+We can take another small step to improve the `parse_config` function further.
+At the moment, we’re returning a tuple, but then we immediately break that
+tuple into individual parts again. This is a sign that perhaps we don’t have
+the right abstraction yet.
+
+Another indicator that shows there’s room for improvement is the `config` part
+of `parse_config`, which implies that the two values we return are related and
+are both part of one configuration value. We’re not currently conveying this
+meaning in the structure of the data other than by grouping the two values into
+a tuple; we’ll instead put the two values into one struct and give each of the
+struct fields a meaningful name. Doing so will make it easier for future
+maintainers of this code to understand how the different values relate to each
+other and what their purpose is.
+
+Listing 12-6 shows the improvements to the `parse_config` function.
+
+<Listing number="12-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Refactoring `parse_config` to return an instance of a `Config` struct">
+
+```rust,should_panic,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-06/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve added a struct named `Config` defined to have fields named `query` and
+`file_path`. The signature of `parse_config` now indicates that it returns a
+`Config` value. In the body of `parse_config`, where we used to return
+string slices that reference `String` values in `args`, we now define `Config`
+to contain owned `String` values. The `args` variable in `main` is the owner of
+the argument values and is only letting the `parse_config` function borrow
+them, which means we’d violate Rust’s borrowing rules if `Config` tried to take
+ownership of the values in `args`.
+
+There are a number of ways we could manage the `String` data; the easiest,
+though somewhat inefficient, route is to call the `clone` method on the values.
+This will make a full copy of the data for the `Config` instance to own, which
+takes more time and memory than storing a reference to the string data.
+However, cloning the data also makes our code very straightforward because we
+don’t have to manage the lifetimes of the references; in this circumstance,
+giving up a little performance to gain simplicity is a worthwhile trade-off.
+
+> ### The Trade-Offs of Using `clone`
+>
+> There’s a tendency among many Rustaceans to avoid using `clone` to fix
+> ownership problems because of its runtime cost. In
+> [Chapter 13][ch13]<!-- ignore -->, you’ll learn how to use more efficient
+> methods in this type of situation. But for now, it’s okay to copy a few
+> strings to continue making progress because you’ll make these copies only
+> once and your file path and query string are very small. It’s better to have
+> a working program that’s a bit inefficient than to try to hyperoptimize code
+> on your first pass. As you become more experienced with Rust, it’ll be
+> easier to start with the most efficient solution, but for now, it’s
+> perfectly acceptable to call `clone`.
+
+We’ve updated `main` so that it places the instance of `Config` returned by
+`parse_config` into a variable named `config`, and we updated the code that
+previously used the separate `query` and `file_path` variables so that it now
+uses the fields on the `Config` struct instead.
+
+Now our code more clearly conveys that `query` and `file_path` are related and
+that their purpose is to configure how the program will work. Any code that
+uses these values knows to find them in the `config` instance in the fields
+named for their purpose.
+
+#### Creating a Constructor for `Config`
+
+So far, we’ve extracted the logic responsible for parsing the command line
+arguments from `main` and placed it in the `parse_config` function. Doing so
+helped us see that the `query` and `file_path` values were related, and that
+relationship should be conveyed in our code. We then added a `Config` struct to
+name the related purpose of `query` and `file_path` and to be able to return the
+values’ names as struct field names from the `parse_config` function.
+
+So, now that the purpose of the `parse_config` function is to create a `Config`
+instance, we can change `parse_config` from a plain function to a function
+named `new` that is associated with the `Config` struct. Making this change
+will make the code more idiomatic. We can create instances of types in the
+standard library, such as `String`, by calling `String::new`. Similarly, by
+changing `parse_config` into a `new` function associated with `Config`, we’ll
+be able to create instances of `Config` by calling `Config::new`. Listing 12-7
+shows the changes we need to make.
+
+<Listing number="12-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Changing `parse_config` into `Config::new`">
+
+```rust,should_panic,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-07/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve updated `main` where we were calling `parse_config` to instead call
+`Config::new`. We’ve changed the name of `parse_config` to `new` and moved it
+within an `impl` block, which associates the `new` function with `Config`. Try
+compiling this code again to make sure it works.
+
+### Fixing the Error Handling
+
+Now we’ll work on fixing our error handling. Recall that attempting to access
+the values in the `args` vector at index 1 or index 2 will cause the program to
+panic if the vector contains fewer than three items. Try running the program
+without any arguments; it will look like this:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-07/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The line `index out of bounds: the len is 1 but the index is 1` is an error
+message intended for programmers. It won’t help our end users understand what
+they should do instead. Let’s fix that now.
+
+#### Improving the Error Message
+
+In Listing 12-8, we add a check in the `new` function that will verify that the
+slice is long enough before accessing index 1 and index 2. If the slice isn’t
+long enough, the program panics and displays a better error message.
+
+<Listing number="12-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Adding a check for the number of arguments">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-08/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code is similar to [the `Guess::new` function we wrote in Listing
+9-13][ch9-custom-types]<!-- ignore -->, where we called `panic!` when the
+`value` argument was out of the range of valid values. Instead of checking for
+a range of values here, we’re checking that the length of `args` is at least
+`3` and the rest of the function can operate under the assumption that this
+condition has been met. If `args` has fewer than three items, this condition
+will be `true`, and we call the `panic!` macro to end the program immediately.
+
+With these extra few lines of code in `new`, let’s run the program without any
+arguments again to see what the error looks like now:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-08/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This output is better: We now have a reasonable error message. However, we also
+have extraneous information we don’t want to give to our users. Perhaps the
+technique we used in Listing 9-13 isn’t the best one to use here: A call to
+`panic!` is more appropriate for a programming problem than a usage problem,
+[as discussed in Chapter 9][ch9-error-guidelines]<!-- ignore -->. Instead,
+we’ll use the other technique you learned about in Chapter 9—[returning a
+`Result`][ch9-result]<!-- ignore --> that indicates either success or an error.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="returning-a-result-from-new-instead-of-calling-panic"></a>
+
+#### Returning a `Result` Instead of Calling `panic!`
+
+We can instead return a `Result` value that will contain a `Config` instance in
+the successful case and will describe the problem in the error case. We’re also
+going to change the function name from `new` to `build` because many
+programmers expect `new` functions to never fail. When `Config::build` is
+communicating to `main`, we can use the `Result` type to signal there was a
+problem. Then, we can change `main` to convert an `Err` variant into a more
+practical error for our users without the surrounding text about `thread
+'main'` and `RUST_BACKTRACE` that a call to `panic!` causes.
+
+Listing 12-9 shows the changes we need to make to the return value of the
+function we’re now calling `Config::build` and the body of the function needed
+to return a `Result`. Note that this won’t compile until we update `main` as
+well, which we’ll do in the next listing.
+
+<Listing number="12-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Returning a `Result` from `Config::build`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-09/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Our `build` function returns a `Result` with a `Config` instance in the success
+case and a string literal in the error case. Our error values will always be
+string literals that have the `'static` lifetime.
+
+We’ve made two changes in the body of the function: Instead of calling `panic!`
+when the user doesn’t pass enough arguments, we now return an `Err` value, and
+we’ve wrapped the `Config` return value in an `Ok`. These changes make the
+function conform to its new type signature.
+
+Returning an `Err` value from `Config::build` allows the `main` function to
+handle the `Result` value returned from the `build` function and exit the
+process more cleanly in the error case.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="calling-confignew-and-handling-errors"></a>
+
+#### Calling `Config::build` and Handling Errors
+
+To handle the error case and print a user-friendly message, we need to update
+`main` to handle the `Result` being returned by `Config::build`, as shown in
+Listing 12-10. We’ll also take the responsibility of exiting the command line
+tool with a nonzero error code away from `panic!` and instead implement it by
+hand. A nonzero exit status is a convention to signal to the process that
+called our program that the program exited with an error state.
+
+<Listing number="12-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Exiting with an error code if building a `Config` fails">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-10/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In this listing, we’ve used a method we haven’t covered in detail yet:
+`unwrap_or_else`, which is defined on `Result<T, E>` by the standard library.
+Using `unwrap_or_else` allows us to define some custom, non-`panic!` error
+handling. If the `Result` is an `Ok` value, this method’s behavior is similar
+to `unwrap`: It returns the inner value that `Ok` is wrapping. However, if the
+value is an `Err` value, this method calls the code in the closure, which is
+an anonymous function we define and pass as an argument to `unwrap_or_else`.
+We’ll cover closures in more detail in [Chapter 13][ch13]<!-- ignore -->. For
+now, you just need to know that `unwrap_or_else` will pass the inner value of
+the `Err`, which in this case is the static string `"not enough arguments"`
+that we added in Listing 12-9, to our closure in the argument `err` that
+appears between the vertical pipes. The code in the closure can then use the
+`err` value when it runs.
+
+We’ve added a new `use` line to bring `process` from the standard library into
+scope. The code in the closure that will be run in the error case is only two
+lines: We print the `err` value and then call `process::exit`. The
+`process::exit` function will stop the program immediately and return the
+number that was passed as the exit status code. This is similar to the
+`panic!`-based handling we used in Listing 12-8, but we no longer get all the
+extra output. Let’s try it:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-10/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Great! This output is much friendlier for our users.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="extracting-logic-from-the-main-function"></a>
+
+### Extracting Logic from `main`
+
+Now that we’ve finished refactoring the configuration parsing, let’s turn to
+the program’s logic. As we stated in [“Separating Concerns in Binary
+Projects”](#separation-of-concerns-for-binary-projects)<!-- ignore -->, we’ll
+extract a function named `run` that will hold all the logic currently in the
+`main` function that isn’t involved with setting up configuration or handling
+errors. When we’re done, the `main` function will be concise and easy to verify
+by inspection, and we’ll be able to write tests for all the other logic.
+
+Listing 12-11 shows the small, incremental improvement of extracting a `run`
+function.
+
+<Listing number="12-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Extracting a `run` function containing the rest of the program logic">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-11/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `run` function now contains all the remaining logic from `main`, starting
+from reading the file. The `run` function takes the `Config` instance as an
+argument.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="returning-errors-from-the-run-function"></a>
+
+#### Returning Errors from `run`
+
+With the remaining program logic separated into the `run` function, we can
+improve the error handling, as we did with `Config::build` in Listing 12-9.
+Instead of allowing the program to panic by calling `expect`, the `run`
+function will return a `Result<T, E>` when something goes wrong. This will let
+us further consolidate the logic around handling errors into `main` in a
+user-friendly way. Listing 12-12 shows the changes we need to make to the
+signature and body of `run`.
+
+<Listing number="12-12" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Changing the `run` function to return `Result`">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-12/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve made three significant changes here. First, we changed the return type of
+the `run` function to `Result<(), Box<dyn Error>>`. This function previously
+returned the unit type, `()`, and we keep that as the value returned in the
+`Ok` case.
+
+For the error type, we used the trait object `Box<dyn Error>` (and we brought
+`std::error::Error` into scope with a `use` statement at the top). We’ll cover
+trait objects in [Chapter 18][ch18]<!-- ignore -->. For now, just know that
+`Box<dyn Error>` means the function will return a type that implements the
+`Error` trait, but we don’t have to specify what particular type the return
+value will be. This gives us flexibility to return error values that may be of
+different types in different error cases. The `dyn` keyword is short for
+_dynamic_.
+
+Second, we’ve removed the call to `expect` in favor of the `?` operator, as we
+talked about in [Chapter 9][ch9-question-mark]<!-- ignore -->. Rather than
+`panic!` on an error, `?` will return the error value from the current function
+for the caller to handle.
+
+Third, the `run` function now returns an `Ok` value in the success case.
+We’ve declared the `run` function’s success type as `()` in the signature,
+which means we need to wrap the unit type value in the `Ok` value. This
+`Ok(())` syntax might look a bit strange at first. But using `()` like this is
+the idiomatic way to indicate that we’re calling `run` for its side effects
+only; it doesn’t return a value we need.
+
+When you run this code, it will compile but will display a warning:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-12/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Rust tells us that our code ignored the `Result` value and the `Result` value
+might indicate that an error occurred. But we’re not checking to see whether or
+not there was an error, and the compiler reminds us that we probably meant to
+have some error-handling code here! Let’s rectify that problem now.
+
+#### Handling Errors Returned from `run` in `main`
+
+We’ll check for errors and handle them using a technique similar to one we used
+with `Config::build` in Listing 12-10, but with a slight difference:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/no-listing-01-handling-errors-in-main/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+We use `if let` rather than `unwrap_or_else` to check whether `run` returns an
+`Err` value and to call `process::exit(1)` if it does. The `run` function
+doesn’t return a value that we want to `unwrap` in the same way that
+`Config::build` returns the `Config` instance. Because `run` returns `()` in
+the success case, we only care about detecting an error, so we don’t need
+`unwrap_or_else` to return the unwrapped value, which would only be `()`.
+
+The bodies of the `if let` and the `unwrap_or_else` functions are the same in
+both cases: We print the error and exit.
+
+### Splitting Code into a Library Crate
+
+Our `minigrep` project is looking good so far! Now we’ll split the
+_src/main.rs_ file and put some code into the _src/lib.rs_ file. That way, we
+can test the code and have a _src/main.rs_ file with fewer responsibilities.
+
+Let’s define the code responsible for searching text in _src/lib.rs_ rather
+than in _src/main.rs_, which will let us (or anyone else using our
+`minigrep` library) call the searching function from more contexts than our
+`minigrep` binary.
+
+First, let’s define the `search` function signature in _src/lib.rs_ as shown in
+Listing 12-13, with a body that calls the `unimplemented!` macro. We’ll explain
+the signature in more detail when we fill in the implementation.
+
+<Listing number="12-13" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Defining the `search` function in *src/lib.rs*">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-13/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve used the `pub` keyword on the function definition to designate `search`
+as part of our library crate’s public API. We now have a library crate that we
+can use from our binary crate and that we can test!
+
+Now we need to bring the code defined in _src/lib.rs_ into the scope of the
+binary crate in _src/main.rs_ and call it, as shown in Listing 12-14.
+
+<Listing number="12-14" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using the `minigrep` library crate’s `search` function in *src/main.rs*">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-14/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We add a `use minigrep::search` line to bring the `search` function from
+the library crate into the binary crate’s scope. Then, in the `run` function,
+rather than printing out the contents of the file, we call the `search`
+function and pass the `config.query` value and `contents` as arguments. Then,
+`run` will use a `for` loop to print each line returned from `search` that
+matched the query. This is also a good time to remove the `println!` calls in
+the `main` function that displayed the query and the file path so that our
+program only prints the search results (if no errors occur).
+
+Note that the search function will be collecting all the results into a vector
+it returns before any printing happens. This implementation could be slow to
+display results when searching large files, because results aren’t printed as
+they’re found; we’ll discuss a possible way to fix this using iterators in
+Chapter 13.
+
+Whew! That was a lot of work, but we’ve set ourselves up for success in the
+future. Now it’s much easier to handle errors, and we’ve made the code more
+modular. Almost all of our work will be done in _src/lib.rs_ from here on out.
+
+Let’s take advantage of this newfound modularity by doing something that would
+have been difficult with the old code but is easy with the new code: We’ll
+write some tests!
+
+[ch13]: ch13-00-functional-features.html
+[ch9-custom-types]: ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html#creating-custom-types-for-validation
+[ch9-error-guidelines]: ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html#guidelines-for-error-handling
+[ch9-result]: ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html
+[ch18]: ch18-00-oop.html
+[ch9-question-mark]: ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.html#a-shortcut-for-propagating-errors-the--operator
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b5b5e4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.md
@@ -0,0 +1,218 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="developing-the-librarys-functionality-with-test-driven-development"></a>
+
+## Adding Functionality with Test-Driven Development
+
+Now that we have the search logic in _src/lib.rs_ separate from the `main`
+function, it’s much easier to write tests for the core functionality of our
+code. We can call functions directly with various arguments and check return
+values without having to call our binary from the command line.
+
+In this section, we’ll add the searching logic to the `minigrep` program using
+the test-driven development (TDD) process with the following steps:
+
+1. Write a test that fails and run it to make sure it fails for the reason you
+   expect.
+2. Write or modify just enough code to make the new test pass.
+3. Refactor the code you just added or changed and make sure the tests continue
+   to pass.
+4. Repeat from step 1!
+
+Though it’s just one of many ways to write software, TDD can help drive code
+design. Writing the test before you write the code that makes the test pass
+helps maintain high test coverage throughout the process.
+
+We’ll test-drive the implementation of the functionality that will actually do
+the searching for the query string in the file contents and produce a list of
+lines that match the query. We’ll add this functionality in a function called
+`search`.
+
+### Writing a Failing Test
+
+In _src/lib.rs_, we’ll add a `tests` module with a test function, as we did in
+[Chapter 11][ch11-anatomy]<!-- ignore -->. The test function specifies the
+behavior we want the `search` function to have: It will take a query and the
+text to search, and it will return only the lines from the text that contain
+the query. Listing 12-15 shows this test.
+
+<Listing number="12-15" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Creating a failing test for the `search` function for the functionality we wish we had">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-15/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This test searches for the string `"duct"`. The text we’re searching is three
+lines, only one of which contains `"duct"` (note that the backslash after the
+opening double quote tells Rust not to put a newline character at the beginning
+of the contents of this string literal). We assert that the value returned from
+the `search` function contains only the line we expect.
+
+If we run this test, it will currently fail because the `unimplemented!` macro
+panics with the message “not implemented”. In accordance with TDD principles,
+we’ll take a small step of adding just enough code to get the test to not panic
+when calling the function by defining the `search` function to always return an
+empty vector, as shown in Listing 12-16. Then, the test should compile and fail
+because an empty vector doesn’t match a vector containing the line `"safe,
+fast, productive."`.
+
+<Listing number="12-16" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Defining just enough of the `search` function so that calling it won’t panic">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-16/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Now let’s discuss why we need to define an explicit lifetime `'a` in the
+signature of `search` and use that lifetime with the `contents` argument and
+the return value. Recall in [Chapter 10][ch10-lifetimes]<!-- ignore --> that
+the lifetime parameters specify which argument lifetime is connected to the
+lifetime of the return value. In this case, we indicate that the returned
+vector should contain string slices that reference slices of the argument
+`contents` (rather than the argument `query`).
+
+In other words, we tell Rust that the data returned by the `search` function
+will live as long as the data passed into the `search` function in the
+`contents` argument. This is important! The data referenced _by_ a slice needs
+to be valid for the reference to be valid; if the compiler assumes we’re making
+string slices of `query` rather than `contents`, it will do its safety checking
+incorrectly.
+
+If we forget the lifetime annotations and try to compile this function, we’ll
+get this error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/output-only-02-missing-lifetimes/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Rust can’t know which of the two parameters we need for the output, so we need
+to tell it explicitly. Note that the help text suggests specifying the same
+lifetime parameter for all the parameters and the output type, which is
+incorrect! Because `contents` is the parameter that contains all of our text
+and we want to return the parts of that text that match, we know `contents` is
+the only parameter that should be connected to the return value using the
+lifetime syntax.
+
+Other programming languages don’t require you to connect arguments to return
+values in the signature, but this practice will get easier over time. You might
+want to compare this example with the examples in the [“Validating References
+with Lifetimes”][validating-references-with-lifetimes]<!-- ignore --> section
+in Chapter 10.
+
+### Writing Code to Pass the Test
+
+Currently, our test is failing because we always return an empty vector. To fix
+that and implement `search`, our program needs to follow these steps:
+
+1. Iterate through each line of the contents.
+2. Check whether the line contains our query string.
+3. If it does, add it to the list of values we’re returning.
+4. If it doesn’t, do nothing.
+5. Return the list of results that match.
+
+Let’s work through each step, starting with iterating through lines.
+
+#### Iterating Through Lines with the `lines` Method
+
+Rust has a helpful method to handle line-by-line iteration of strings,
+conveniently named `lines`, that works as shown in Listing 12-17. Note that
+this won’t compile yet.
+
+<Listing number="12-17" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Iterating through each line in `contents`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-17/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `lines` method returns an iterator. We’ll talk about iterators in depth in
+[Chapter 13][ch13-iterators]<!-- ignore -->. But recall that you saw this way
+of using an iterator in [Listing 3-5][ch3-iter]<!-- ignore -->, where we used a
+`for` loop with an iterator to run some code on each item in a collection.
+
+#### Searching Each Line for the Query
+
+Next, we’ll check whether the current line contains our query string.
+Fortunately, strings have a helpful method named `contains` that does this for
+us! Add a call to the `contains` method in the `search` function, as shown in
+Listing 12-18. Note that this still won’t compile yet.
+
+<Listing number="12-18" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Adding functionality to see whether the line contains the string in `query`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-18/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+At the moment, we’re building up functionality. To get the code to compile, we
+need to return a value from the body as we indicated we would in the function
+signature.
+
+#### Storing Matching Lines
+
+To finish this function, we need a way to store the matching lines that we want
+to return. For that, we can make a mutable vector before the `for` loop and
+call the `push` method to store a `line` in the vector. After the `for` loop,
+we return the vector, as shown in Listing 12-19.
+
+<Listing number="12-19" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Storing the lines that match so that we can return them">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-19/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Now the `search` function should return only the lines that contain `query`,
+and our test should pass. Let’s run the test:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-19/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Our test passed, so we know it works!
+
+At this point, we could consider opportunities for refactoring the
+implementation of the search function while keeping the tests passing to
+maintain the same functionality. The code in the search function isn’t too bad,
+but it doesn’t take advantage of some useful features of iterators. We’ll
+return to this example in [Chapter 13][ch13-iterators]<!-- ignore -->, where
+we’ll explore iterators in detail, and look at how to improve it.
+
+Now the entire program should work! Let’s try it out, first with a word that
+should return exactly one line from the Emily Dickinson poem: _frog_.
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/no-listing-02-using-search-in-run/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Cool! Now let’s try a word that will match multiple lines, like _body_:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/output-only-03-multiple-matches/output.txt}}
+```
+
+And finally, let’s make sure that we don’t get any lines when we search for a
+word that isn’t anywhere in the poem, such as _monomorphization_:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/output-only-04-no-matches/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Excellent! We’ve built our own mini version of a classic tool and learned a lot
+about how to structure applications. We’ve also learned a bit about file input
+and output, lifetimes, testing, and command line parsing.
+
+To round out this project, we’ll briefly demonstrate how to work with
+environment variables and how to print to standard error, both of which are
+useful when you’re writing command line programs.
+
+[validating-references-with-lifetimes]: ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html#validating-references-with-lifetimes
+[ch11-anatomy]: ch11-01-writing-tests.html#the-anatomy-of-a-test-function
+[ch10-lifetimes]: ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.html
+[ch3-iter]: ch03-05-control-flow.html#looping-through-a-collection-with-for
+[ch13-iterators]: ch13-02-iterators.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..39c3dad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.md
@@ -0,0 +1,204 @@
+## Working with Environment Variables
+
+We’ll improve the `minigrep` binary by adding an extra feature: an option for
+case-insensitive searching that the user can turn on via an environment
+variable. We could make this feature a command line option and require that
+users enter it each time they want it to apply, but by instead making it an
+environment variable, we allow our users to set the environment variable once
+and have all their searches be case insensitive in that terminal session.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="writing-a-failing-test-for-the-case-insensitive-search-function"></a>
+
+### Writing a Failing Test for Case-Insensitive Search
+
+We first add a new `search_case_insensitive` function to the `minigrep` library
+that will be called when the environment variable has a value. We’ll continue
+to follow the TDD process, so the first step is again to write a failing test.
+We’ll add a new test for the new `search_case_insensitive` function and rename
+our old test from `one_result` to `case_sensitive` to clarify the differences
+between the two tests, as shown in Listing 12-20.
+
+<Listing number="12-20" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Adding a new failing test for the case-insensitive function we’re about to add">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-20/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that we’ve edited the old test’s `contents` too. We’ve added a new line
+with the text `"Duct tape."` using a capital _D_ that shouldn’t match the query
+`"duct"` when we’re searching in a case-sensitive manner. Changing the old test
+in this way helps ensure that we don’t accidentally break the case-sensitive
+search functionality that we’ve already implemented. This test should pass now
+and should continue to pass as we work on the case-insensitive search.
+
+The new test for the case-_insensitive_ search uses `"rUsT"` as its query. In
+the `search_case_insensitive` function we’re about to add, the query `"rUsT"`
+should match the line containing `"Rust:"` with a capital _R_ and match the
+line `"Trust me."` even though both have different casing from the query. This
+is our failing test, and it will fail to compile because we haven’t yet defined
+the `search_case_insensitive` function. Feel free to add a skeleton
+implementation that always returns an empty vector, similar to the way we did
+for the `search` function in Listing 12-16 to see the test compile and fail.
+
+### Implementing the `search_case_insensitive` Function
+
+The `search_case_insensitive` function, shown in Listing 12-21, will be almost
+the same as the `search` function. The only difference is that we’ll lowercase
+the `query` and each `line` so that whatever the case of the input arguments,
+they’ll be the same case when we check whether the line contains the query.
+
+<Listing number="12-21" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Defining the `search_case_insensitive` function to lowercase the query and the line before comparing them">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-21/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, we lowercase the `query` string and store it in a new variable with the
+same name, shadowing the original `query`. Calling `to_lowercase` on the query
+is necessary so that no matter whether the user’s query is `"rust"`, `"RUST"`,
+`"Rust"`, or `"rUsT"`, we’ll treat the query as if it were `"rust"` and be
+insensitive to the case. While `to_lowercase` will handle basic Unicode, it
+won’t be 100 percent accurate. If we were writing a real application, we’d want
+to do a bit more work here, but this section is about environment variables,
+not Unicode, so we’ll leave it at that here.
+
+Note that `query` is now a `String` rather than a string slice because calling
+`to_lowercase` creates new data rather than referencing existing data. Say the
+query is `"rUsT"`, as an example: That string slice doesn’t contain a lowercase
+`u` or `t` for us to use, so we have to allocate a new `String` containing
+`"rust"`. When we pass `query` as an argument to the `contains` method now, we
+need to add an ampersand because the signature of `contains` is defined to take
+a string slice.
+
+Next, we add a call to `to_lowercase` on each `line` to lowercase all
+characters. Now that we’ve converted `line` and `query` to lowercase, we’ll
+find matches no matter what the case of the query is.
+
+Let’s see if this implementation passes the tests:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-21/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Great! They passed. Now let’s call the new `search_case_insensitive` function
+from the `run` function. First, we’ll add a configuration option to the `Config`
+struct to switch between case-sensitive and case-insensitive search. Adding
+this field will cause compiler errors because we aren’t initializing this field
+anywhere yet:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-22/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+We added the `ignore_case` field that holds a Boolean. Next, we need the `run`
+function to check the `ignore_case` field’s value and use that to decide
+whether to call the `search` function or the `search_case_insensitive`
+function, as shown in Listing 12-22. This still won’t compile yet.
+
+<Listing number="12-22" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Calling either `search` or `search_case_insensitive` based on the value in `config.ignore_case`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-22/src/main.rs:there}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Finally, we need to check for the environment variable. The functions for
+working with environment variables are in the `env` module in the standard
+library, which is already in scope at the top of _src/main.rs_. We’ll use the
+`var` function from the `env` module to check to see if any value has been set
+for an environment variable named `IGNORE_CASE`, as shown in Listing 12-23.
+
+<Listing number="12-23" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Checking for any value in an environment variable named `IGNORE_CASE`">
+
+```rust,ignore,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-23/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we create a new variable, `ignore_case`. To set its value, we call the
+`env::var` function and pass it the name of the `IGNORE_CASE` environment
+variable. The `env::var` function returns a `Result` that will be the
+successful `Ok` variant that contains the value of the environment variable if
+the environment variable is set to any value. It will return the `Err` variant
+if the environment variable is not set.
+
+We’re using the `is_ok` method on the `Result` to check whether the environment
+variable is set, which means the program should do a case-insensitive search.
+If the `IGNORE_CASE` environment variable isn’t set to anything, `is_ok` will
+return `false` and the program will perform a case-sensitive search. We don’t
+care about the _value_ of the environment variable, just whether it’s set or
+unset, so we’re checking `is_ok` rather than using `unwrap`, `expect`, or any
+of the other methods we’ve seen on `Result`.
+
+We pass the value in the `ignore_case` variable to the `Config` instance so
+that the `run` function can read that value and decide whether to call
+`search_case_insensitive` or `search`, as we implemented in Listing 12-22.
+
+Let’s give it a try! First, we’ll run our program without the environment
+variable set and with the query `to`, which should match any line that contains
+the word _to_ in all lowercase:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-23/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Looks like that still works! Now let’s run the program with `IGNORE_CASE` set
+to `1` but with the same query `to`:
+
+```console
+$ IGNORE_CASE=1 cargo run -- to poem.txt
+```
+
+If you’re using PowerShell, you will need to set the environment variable and
+run the program as separate commands:
+
+```console
+PS> $Env:IGNORE_CASE=1; cargo run -- to poem.txt
+```
+
+This will make `IGNORE_CASE` persist for the remainder of your shell session.
+It can be unset with the `Remove-Item` cmdlet:
+
+```console
+PS> Remove-Item Env:IGNORE_CASE
+```
+
+We should get lines that contain _to_ that might have uppercase letters:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-23
+IGNORE_CASE=1 cargo run -- to poem.txt
+can't extract because of the environment variable
+-->
+
+```console
+Are you nobody, too?
+How dreary to be somebody!
+To tell your name the livelong day
+To an admiring bog!
+```
+
+Excellent, we also got lines containing _To_! Our `minigrep` program can now do
+case-insensitive searching controlled by an environment variable. Now you know
+how to manage options set using either command line arguments or environment
+variables.
+
+Some programs allow arguments _and_ environment variables for the same
+configuration. In those cases, the programs decide that one or the other takes
+precedence. For another exercise on your own, try controlling case sensitivity
+through either a command line argument or an environment variable. Decide
+whether the command line argument or the environment variable should take
+precedence if the program is run with one set to case sensitive and one set to
+ignore case.
+
+The `std::env` module contains many more useful features for dealing with
+environment variables: Check out its documentation to see what is available.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.md
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="writing-error-messages-to-standard-error-instead-of-standard-output"></a>
+
+## Redirecting Errors to Standard Error
+
+At the moment, we’re writing all of our output to the terminal using the
+`println!` macro. In most terminals, there are two kinds of output: _standard
+output_ (`stdout`) for general information and _standard error_ (`stderr`) for
+error messages. This distinction enables users to choose to direct the
+successful output of a program to a file but still print error messages to the
+screen.
+
+The `println!` macro is only capable of printing to standard output, so we have
+to use something else to print to standard error.
+
+### Checking Where Errors Are Written
+
+First, let’s observe how the content printed by `minigrep` is currently being
+written to standard output, including any error messages we want to write to
+standard error instead. We’ll do that by redirecting the standard output stream
+to a file while intentionally causing an error. We won’t redirect the standard
+error stream, so any content sent to standard error will continue to display on
+the screen.
+
+Command line programs are expected to send error messages to the standard error
+stream so that we can still see error messages on the screen even if we
+redirect the standard output stream to a file. Our program is not currently
+well behaved: We’re about to see that it saves the error message output to a
+file instead!
+
+To demonstrate this behavior, we’ll run the program with `>` and the file path,
+_output.txt_, that we want to redirect the standard output stream to. We won’t
+pass any arguments, which should cause an error:
+
+```console
+$ cargo run > output.txt
+```
+
+The `>` syntax tells the shell to write the contents of standard output to
+_output.txt_ instead of the screen. We didn’t see the error message we were
+expecting printed to the screen, so that means it must have ended up in the
+file. This is what _output.txt_ contains:
+
+```text
+Problem parsing arguments: not enough arguments
+```
+
+Yup, our error message is being printed to standard output. It’s much more
+useful for error messages like this to be printed to standard error so that
+only data from a successful run ends up in the file. We’ll change that.
+
+### Printing Errors to Standard Error
+
+We’ll use the code in Listing 12-24 to change how error messages are printed.
+Because of the refactoring we did earlier in this chapter, all the code that
+prints error messages is in one function, `main`. The standard library provides
+the `eprintln!` macro that prints to the standard error stream, so let’s change
+the two places we were calling `println!` to print errors to use `eprintln!`
+instead.
+
+<Listing number="12-24" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Writing error messages to standard error instead of standard output using `eprintln!`">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-24/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Let’s now run the program again in the same way, without any arguments and
+redirecting standard output with `>`:
+
+```console
+$ cargo run > output.txt
+Problem parsing arguments: not enough arguments
+```
+
+Now we see the error onscreen and _output.txt_ contains nothing, which is the
+behavior we expect of command line programs.
+
+Let’s run the program again with arguments that don’t cause an error but still
+redirect standard output to a file, like so:
+
+```console
+$ cargo run -- to poem.txt > output.txt
+```
+
+We won’t see any output to the terminal, and _output.txt_ will contain our
+results:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: output.txt</span>
+
+```text
+Are you nobody, too?
+How dreary to be somebody!
+```
+
+This demonstrates that we’re now using standard output for successful output
+and standard error for error output as appropriate.
+
+## Summary
+
+This chapter recapped some of the major concepts you’ve learned so far and
+covered how to perform common I/O operations in Rust. By using command line
+arguments, files, environment variables, and the `eprintln!` macro for printing
+errors, you’re now prepared to write command line applications. Combined with
+the concepts in previous chapters, your code will be well organized, store data
+effectively in the appropriate data structures, handle errors nicely, and be
+well tested.
+
+Next, we’ll explore some Rust features that were influenced by functional
+languages: closures and iterators.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-00-functional-features.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-00-functional-features.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-00-functional-features.md
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+# Functional Language Features: Iterators and Closures
+
+Rust’s design has taken inspiration from many existing languages and
+techniques, and one significant influence is _functional programming_.
+Programming in a functional style often includes using functions as values by
+passing them in arguments, returning them from other functions, assigning them
+to variables for later execution, and so forth.
+
+In this chapter, we won’t debate the issue of what functional programming is or
+isn’t but will instead discuss some features of Rust that are similar to
+features in many languages often referred to as functional.
+
+More specifically, we’ll cover:
+
+- _Closures_, a function-like construct you can store in a variable
+- _Iterators_, a way of processing a series of elements
+- How to use closures and iterators to improve the I/O project in Chapter 12
+- The performance of closures and iterators (spoiler alert: They’re faster than
+  you might think!)
+
+We’ve already covered some other Rust features, such as pattern matching and
+enums, that are also influenced by the functional style. Because mastering
+closures and iterators is an important part of writing fast, idiomatic, Rust
+code, we’ll devote this entire chapter to them.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-01-closures.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-01-closures.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-01-closures.md
@@ -0,0 +1,426 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="closures-anonymous-functions-that-can-capture-their-environment"></a>
+<a id="closures-anonymous-functions-that-capture-their-environment"></a>
+
+## Closures
+
+Rust’s closures are anonymous functions you can save in a variable or pass as
+arguments to other functions. You can create the closure in one place and then
+call the closure elsewhere to evaluate it in a different context. Unlike
+functions, closures can capture values from the scope in which they’re defined.
+We’ll demonstrate how these closure features allow for code reuse and behavior
+customization.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="creating-an-abstraction-of-behavior-with-closures"></a>
+<a id="refactoring-using-functions"></a>
+<a id="refactoring-with-closures-to-store-code"></a>
+<a id="capturing-the-environment-with-closures"></a>
+
+### Capturing the Environment
+
+We’ll first examine how we can use closures to capture values from the
+environment they’re defined in for later use. Here’s the scenario: Every so
+often, our T-shirt company gives away an exclusive, limited-edition shirt to
+someone on our mailing list as a promotion. People on the mailing list can
+optionally add their favorite color to their profile. If the person chosen for
+a free shirt has their favorite color set, they get that color shirt. If the
+person hasn’t specified a favorite color, they get whatever color the company
+currently has the most of.
+
+There are many ways to implement this. For this example, we’re going to use an
+enum called `ShirtColor` that has the variants `Red` and `Blue` (limiting the
+number of colors available for simplicity). We represent the company’s
+inventory with an `Inventory` struct that has a field named `shirts` that
+contains a `Vec<ShirtColor>` representing the shirt colors currently in stock.
+The method `giveaway` defined on `Inventory` gets the optional shirt color
+preference of the free-shirt winner, and it returns the shirt color the
+person will get. This setup is shown in Listing 13-1.
+
+<Listing number="13-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Shirt company giveaway situation">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-01/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `store` defined in `main` has two blue shirts and one red shirt remaining
+to distribute for this limited-edition promotion. We call the `giveaway` method
+for a user with a preference for a red shirt and a user without any preference.
+
+Again, this code could be implemented in many ways, and here, to focus on
+closures, we’ve stuck to concepts you’ve already learned, except for the body of
+the `giveaway` method that uses a closure. In the `giveaway` method, we get the
+user preference as a parameter of type `Option<ShirtColor>` and call the
+`unwrap_or_else` method on `user_preference`. The [`unwrap_or_else` method on
+`Option<T>`][unwrap-or-else]<!-- ignore --> is defined by the standard library.
+It takes one argument: a closure without any arguments that returns a value `T`
+(the same type stored in the `Some` variant of the `Option<T>`, in this case
+`ShirtColor`). If the `Option<T>` is the `Some` variant, `unwrap_or_else`
+returns the value from within the `Some`. If the `Option<T>` is the `None`
+variant, `unwrap_or_else` calls the closure and returns the value returned by
+the closure.
+
+We specify the closure expression `|| self.most_stocked()` as the argument to
+`unwrap_or_else`. This is a closure that takes no parameters itself (if the
+closure had parameters, they would appear between the two vertical pipes). The
+body of the closure calls `self.most_stocked()`. We’re defining the closure
+here, and the implementation of `unwrap_or_else` will evaluate the closure
+later if the result is needed.
+
+Running this code prints the following:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-01/output.txt}}
+```
+
+One interesting aspect here is that we’ve passed a closure that calls
+`self.most_stocked()` on the current `Inventory` instance. The standard library
+didn’t need to know anything about the `Inventory` or `ShirtColor` types we
+defined, or the logic we want to use in this scenario. The closure captures an
+immutable reference to the `self` `Inventory` instance and passes it with the
+code we specify to the `unwrap_or_else` method. Functions, on the other hand,
+are not able to capture their environment in this way.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="closure-type-inference-and-annotation"></a>
+
+### Inferring and Annotating Closure Types
+
+There are more differences between functions and closures. Closures don’t
+usually require you to annotate the types of the parameters or the return value
+like `fn` functions do. Type annotations are required on functions because the
+types are part of an explicit interface exposed to your users. Defining this
+interface rigidly is important for ensuring that everyone agrees on what types
+of values a function uses and returns. Closures, on the other hand, aren’t used
+in an exposed interface like this: They’re stored in variables, and they’re
+used without naming them and exposing them to users of our library.
+
+Closures are typically short and relevant only within a narrow context rather
+than in any arbitrary scenario. Within these limited contexts, the compiler can
+infer the types of the parameters and the return type, similar to how it’s able
+to infer the types of most variables (there are rare cases where the compiler
+needs closure type annotations too).
+
+As with variables, we can add type annotations if we want to increase
+explicitness and clarity at the cost of being more verbose than is strictly
+necessary. Annotating the types for a closure would look like the definition
+shown in Listing 13-2. In this example, we’re defining a closure and storing it
+in a variable rather than defining the closure in the spot we pass it as an
+argument, as we did in Listing 13-1.
+
+<Listing number="13-2" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Adding optional type annotations of the parameter and return value types in the closure">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-02/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+With type annotations added, the syntax of closures looks more similar to the
+syntax of functions. Here, we define a function that adds 1 to its parameter and
+a closure that has the same behavior, for comparison. We’ve added some spaces
+to line up the relevant parts. This illustrates how closure syntax is similar
+to function syntax except for the use of pipes and the amount of syntax that is
+optional:
+
+```rust,ignore
+fn  add_one_v1   (x: u32) -> u32 { x + 1 }
+let add_one_v2 = |x: u32| -> u32 { x + 1 };
+let add_one_v3 = |x|             { x + 1 };
+let add_one_v4 = |x|               x + 1  ;
+```
+
+The first line shows a function definition and the second line shows a fully
+annotated closure definition. In the third line, we remove the type annotations
+from the closure definition. In the fourth line, we remove the brackets, which
+are optional because the closure body has only one expression. These are all
+valid definitions that will produce the same behavior when they’re called. The
+`add_one_v3` and `add_one_v4` lines require the closures to be evaluated to be
+able to compile because the types will be inferred from their usage. This is
+similar to `let v = Vec::new();` needing either type annotations or values of
+some type to be inserted into the `Vec` for Rust to be able to infer the type.
+
+For closure definitions, the compiler will infer one concrete type for each of
+their parameters and for their return value. For instance, Listing 13-3 shows
+the definition of a short closure that just returns the value it receives as a
+parameter. This closure isn’t very useful except for the purposes of this
+example. Note that we haven’t added any type annotations to the definition.
+Because there are no type annotations, we can call the closure with any type,
+which we’ve done here with `String` the first time. If we then try to call
+`example_closure` with an integer, we’ll get an error.
+
+<Listing number="13-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to call a closure whose types are inferred with two different types">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-03/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The compiler gives us this error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-03/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The first time we call `example_closure` with the `String` value, the compiler
+infers the type of `x` and the return type of the closure to be `String`. Those
+types are then locked into the closure in `example_closure`, and we get a type
+error when we next try to use a different type with the same closure.
+
+### Capturing References or Moving Ownership
+
+Closures can capture values from their environment in three ways, which
+directly map to the three ways a function can take a parameter: borrowing
+immutably, borrowing mutably, and taking ownership. The closure will decide
+which of these to use based on what the body of the function does with the
+captured values.
+
+In Listing 13-4, we define a closure that captures an immutable reference to
+the vector named `list` because it only needs an immutable reference to print
+the value.
+
+<Listing number="13-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Defining and calling a closure that captures an immutable reference">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-04/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This example also illustrates that a variable can bind to a closure definition,
+and we can later call the closure by using the variable name and parentheses as
+if the variable name were a function name.
+
+Because we can have multiple immutable references to `list` at the same time,
+`list` is still accessible from the code before the closure definition, after
+the closure definition but before the closure is called, and after the closure
+is called. This code compiles, runs, and prints:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-04/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Next, in Listing 13-5, we change the closure body so that it adds an element to
+the `list` vector. The closure now captures a mutable reference.
+
+<Listing number="13-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Defining and calling a closure that captures a mutable reference">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-05/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code compiles, runs, and prints:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-05/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Note that there’s no longer a `println!` between the definition and the call of
+the `borrows_mutably` closure: When `borrows_mutably` is defined, it captures a
+mutable reference to `list`. We don’t use the closure again after the closure
+is called, so the mutable borrow ends. Between the closure definition and the
+closure call, an immutable borrow to print isn’t allowed, because no other
+borrows are allowed when there’s a mutable borrow. Try adding a `println!`
+there to see what error message you get!
+
+If you want to force the closure to take ownership of the values it uses in the
+environment even though the body of the closure doesn’t strictly need
+ownership, you can use the `move` keyword before the parameter list.
+
+This technique is mostly useful when passing a closure to a new thread to move
+the data so that it’s owned by the new thread. We’ll discuss threads and why
+you would want to use them in detail in Chapter 16 when we talk about
+concurrency, but for now, let’s briefly explore spawning a new thread using a
+closure that needs the `move` keyword. Listing 13-6 shows Listing 13-4 modified
+to print the vector in a new thread rather than in the main thread.
+
+<Listing number="13-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using `move` to force the closure for the thread to take ownership of `list`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-06/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We spawn a new thread, giving the thread a closure to run as an argument. The
+closure body prints out the list. In Listing 13-4, the closure only captured
+`list` using an immutable reference because that's the least amount of access
+to `list` needed to print it. In this example, even though the closure body
+still only needs an immutable reference, we need to specify that `list` should
+be moved into the closure by putting the `move` keyword at the beginning of the
+closure definition. If the main thread performed more operations before calling
+`join` on the new thread, the new thread might finish before the rest of the
+main thread finishes, or the main thread might finish first. If the main thread
+maintained ownership of `list` but ended before the new thread and drops
+`list`, the immutable reference in the thread would be invalid. Therefore, the
+compiler requires that `list` be moved into the closure given to the new thread
+so that the reference will be valid. Try removing the `move` keyword or using
+`list` in the main thread after the closure is defined to see what compiler
+errors you get!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="storing-closures-using-generic-parameters-and-the-fn-traits"></a>
+<a id="limitations-of-the-cacher-implementation"></a>
+<a id="moving-captured-values-out-of-the-closure-and-the-fn-traits"></a>
+<a id="moving-captured-values-out-of-closures-and-the-fn-traits"></a>
+
+### Moving Captured Values Out of Closures
+
+Once a closure has captured a reference or captured ownership of a value from
+the environment where the closure is defined (thus affecting what, if anything,
+is moved _into_ the closure), the code in the body of the closure defines what
+happens to the references or values when the closure is evaluated later (thus
+affecting what, if anything, is moved _out of_ the closure).
+
+A closure body can do any of the following: Move a captured value out of the
+closure, mutate the captured value, neither move nor mutate the value, or
+capture nothing from the environment to begin with.
+
+The way a closure captures and handles values from the environment affects
+which traits the closure implements, and traits are how functions and structs
+can specify what kinds of closures they can use. Closures will automatically
+implement one, two, or all three of these `Fn` traits, in an additive fashion,
+depending on how the closure’s body handles the values:
+
+* `FnOnce` applies to closures that can be called once. All closures implement
+  at least this trait because all closures can be called. A closure that moves
+  captured values out of its body will only implement `FnOnce` and none of the
+  other `Fn` traits because it can only be called once.
+* `FnMut` applies to closures that don’t move captured values out of their body
+  but might mutate the captured values. These closures can be called more than
+  once.
+* `Fn` applies to closures that don’t move captured values out of their body
+  and don’t mutate captured values, as well as closures that capture nothing
+  from their environment. These closures can be called more than once without
+  mutating their environment, which is important in cases such as calling a closure multiple times concurrently.
+
+Let’s look at the definition of the `unwrap_or_else` method on `Option<T>` that
+we used in Listing 13-1:
+
+```rust,ignore
+impl<T> Option<T> {
+    pub fn unwrap_or_else<F>(self, f: F) -> T
+    where
+        F: FnOnce() -> T
+    {
+        match self {
+            Some(x) => x,
+            None => f(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Recall that `T` is the generic type representing the type of the value in the
+`Some` variant of an `Option`. That type `T` is also the return type of the
+`unwrap_or_else` function: Code that calls `unwrap_or_else` on an
+`Option<String>`, for example, will get a `String`.
+
+Next, notice that the `unwrap_or_else` function has the additional generic type
+parameter `F`. The `F` type is the type of the parameter named `f`, which is
+the closure we provide when calling `unwrap_or_else`.
+
+The trait bound specified on the generic type `F` is `FnOnce() -> T`, which
+means `F` must be able to be called once, take no arguments, and return a `T`.
+Using `FnOnce` in the trait bound expresses the constraint that
+`unwrap_or_else` will not call `f` more than once. In the body of
+`unwrap_or_else`, we can see that if the `Option` is `Some`, `f` won’t be
+called. If the `Option` is `None`, `f` will be called once. Because all
+closures implement `FnOnce`, `unwrap_or_else` accepts all three kinds of
+closures and is as flexible as it can be.
+
+> Note: If what we want to do doesn’t require capturing a value from the
+> environment, we can use the name of a function rather than a closure where we
+> need something that implements one of the `Fn` traits. For example, on an
+> `Option<Vec<T>>` value, we could call `unwrap_or_else(Vec::new)` to get a
+> new, empty vector if the value is `None`. The compiler automatically
+> implements whichever of the `Fn` traits is applicable for a function
+> definition.
+
+Now let’s look at the standard library method `sort_by_key`, defined on slices,
+to see how that differs from `unwrap_or_else` and why `sort_by_key` uses
+`FnMut` instead of `FnOnce` for the trait bound. The closure gets one argument
+in the form of a reference to the current item in the slice being considered,
+and it returns a value of type `K` that can be ordered. This function is useful
+when you want to sort a slice by a particular attribute of each item. In
+Listing 13-7, we have a list of `Rectangle` instances, and we use `sort_by_key`
+to order them by their `width` attribute from low to high.
+
+<Listing number="13-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using `sort_by_key` to order rectangles by width">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-07/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code prints:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-07/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The reason `sort_by_key` is defined to take an `FnMut` closure is that it calls
+the closure multiple times: once for each item in the slice. The closure `|r|
+r.width` doesn’t capture, mutate, or move anything out from its environment, so
+it meets the trait bound requirements.
+
+In contrast, Listing 13-8 shows an example of a closure that implements just
+the `FnOnce` trait, because it moves a value out of the environment. The
+compiler won’t let us use this closure with `sort_by_key`.
+
+<Listing number="13-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to use an `FnOnce` closure with `sort_by_key`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-08/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This is a contrived, convoluted way (that doesn’t work) to try to count the
+number of times `sort_by_key` calls the closure when sorting `list`. This code
+attempts to do this counting by pushing `value`—a `String` from the closure’s
+environment—into the `sort_operations` vector. The closure captures `value` and
+then moves `value` out of the closure by transferring ownership of `value` to
+the `sort_operations` vector. This closure can be called once; trying to call
+it a second time wouldn’t work, because `value` would no longer be in the
+environment to be pushed into `sort_operations` again! Therefore, this closure
+only implements `FnOnce`. When we try to compile this code, we get this error
+that `value` can’t be moved out of the closure because the closure must
+implement `FnMut`:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-08/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The error points to the line in the closure body that moves `value` out of the
+environment. To fix this, we need to change the closure body so that it doesn’t
+move values out of the environment. Keeping a counter in the environment and
+incrementing its value in the closure body is a more straightforward way to
+count the number of times the closure is called. The closure in Listing 13-9
+works with `sort_by_key` because it is only capturing a mutable reference to the
+`num_sort_operations` counter and can therefore be called more than once.
+
+<Listing number="13-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using an `FnMut` closure with `sort_by_key` is allowed.">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-09/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `Fn` traits are important when defining or using functions or types that
+make use of closures. In the next section, we’ll discuss iterators. Many
+iterator methods take closure arguments, so keep these closure details in mind
+as we continue!
+
+[unwrap-or-else]: ../std/option/enum.Option.html#method.unwrap_or_else
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-02-iterators.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-02-iterators.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-02-iterators.md
@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+## Processing a Series of Items with Iterators
+
+The iterator pattern allows you to perform some task on a sequence of items in
+turn. An iterator is responsible for the logic of iterating over each item and
+determining when the sequence has finished. When you use iterators, you don’t
+have to reimplement that logic yourself.
+
+In Rust, iterators are _lazy_, meaning they have no effect until you call
+methods that consume the iterator to use it up. For example, the code in
+Listing 13-10 creates an iterator over the items in the vector `v1` by calling
+the `iter` method defined on `Vec<T>`. This code by itself doesn’t do anything
+useful.
+
+<Listing number="13-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating an iterator">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-10/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The iterator is stored in the `v1_iter` variable. Once we’ve created an
+iterator, we can use it in a variety of ways. In Listing 3-5, we iterated over
+an array using a `for` loop to execute some code on each of its items. Under
+the hood, this implicitly created and then consumed an iterator, but we glossed
+over how exactly that works until now.
+
+In the example in Listing 13-11, we separate the creation of the iterator from
+the use of the iterator in the `for` loop. When the `for` loop is called using
+the iterator in `v1_iter`, each element in the iterator is used in one
+iteration of the loop, which prints out each value.
+
+<Listing number="13-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using an iterator in a `for` loop">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-11/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In languages that don’t have iterators provided by their standard libraries,
+you would likely write this same functionality by starting a variable at index
+0, using that variable to index into the vector to get a value, and
+incrementing the variable value in a loop until it reached the total number of
+items in the vector.
+
+Iterators handle all of that logic for you, cutting down on repetitive code you
+could potentially mess up. Iterators give you more flexibility to use the same
+logic with many different kinds of sequences, not just data structures you can
+index into, like vectors. Let’s examine how iterators do that.
+
+### The `Iterator` Trait and the `next` Method
+
+All iterators implement a trait named `Iterator` that is defined in the
+standard library. The definition of the trait looks like this:
+
+```rust
+pub trait Iterator {
+    type Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>;
+
+    // methods with default implementations elided
+}
+```
+
+Notice that this definition uses some new syntax: `type Item` and `Self::Item`,
+which are defining an associated type with this trait. We’ll talk about
+associated types in depth in Chapter 20. For now, all you need to know is that
+this code says implementing the `Iterator` trait requires that you also define
+an `Item` type, and this `Item` type is used in the return type of the `next`
+method. In other words, the `Item` type will be the type returned from the
+iterator.
+
+The `Iterator` trait only requires implementors to define one method: the
+`next` method, which returns one item of the iterator at a time, wrapped in
+`Some`, and, when iteration is over, returns `None`.
+
+We can call the `next` method on iterators directly; Listing 13-12 demonstrates
+what values are returned from repeated calls to `next` on the iterator created
+from the vector.
+
+<Listing number="13-12" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Calling the `next` method on an iterator">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-12/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that we needed to make `v1_iter` mutable: Calling the `next` method on an
+iterator changes internal state that the iterator uses to keep track of where
+it is in the sequence. In other words, this code _consumes_, or uses up, the
+iterator. Each call to `next` eats up an item from the iterator. We didn’t need
+to make `v1_iter` mutable when we used a `for` loop, because the loop took
+ownership of `v1_iter` and made it mutable behind the scenes.
+
+Also note that the values we get from the calls to `next` are immutable
+references to the values in the vector. The `iter` method produces an iterator
+over immutable references. If we want to create an iterator that takes
+ownership of `v1` and returns owned values, we can call `into_iter` instead of
+`iter`. Similarly, if we want to iterate over mutable references, we can call
+`iter_mut` instead of `iter`.
+
+### Methods That Consume the Iterator
+
+The `Iterator` trait has a number of different methods with default
+implementations provided by the standard library; you can find out about these
+methods by looking in the standard library API documentation for the `Iterator`
+trait. Some of these methods call the `next` method in their definition, which
+is why you’re required to implement the `next` method when implementing the
+`Iterator` trait.
+
+Methods that call `next` are called _consuming adapters_ because calling them
+uses up the iterator. One example is the `sum` method, which takes ownership of
+the iterator and iterates through the items by repeatedly calling `next`, thus
+consuming the iterator. As it iterates through, it adds each item to a running
+total and returns the total when iteration is complete. Listing 13-13 has a
+test illustrating a use of the `sum` method.
+
+<Listing number="13-13" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Calling the `sum` method to get the total of all items in the iterator">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-13/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We aren’t allowed to use `v1_iter` after the call to `sum`, because `sum` takes
+ownership of the iterator we call it on.
+
+### Methods That Produce Other Iterators
+
+_Iterator adapters_ are methods defined on the `Iterator` trait that don’t
+consume the iterator. Instead, they produce different iterators by changing
+some aspect of the original iterator.
+
+Listing 13-14 shows an example of calling the iterator adapter method `map`,
+which takes a closure to call on each item as the items are iterated through.
+The `map` method returns a new iterator that produces the modified items. The
+closure here creates a new iterator in which each item from the vector will be
+incremented by 1.
+
+<Listing number="13-14" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Calling the iterator adapter `map` to create a new iterator">
+
+```rust,not_desired_behavior
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-14/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+However, this code produces a warning:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-14/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The code in Listing 13-14 doesn’t do anything; the closure we’ve specified
+never gets called. The warning reminds us why: Iterator adapters are lazy, and
+we need to consume the iterator here.
+
+To fix this warning and consume the iterator, we’ll use the `collect` method,
+which we used with `env::args` in Listing 12-1. This method consumes the
+iterator and collects the resultant values into a collection data type.
+
+In Listing 13-15, we collect the results of iterating over the iterator that’s
+returned from the call to `map` into a vector. This vector will end up
+containing each item from the original vector, incremented by 1.
+
+<Listing number="13-15" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Calling the `map` method to create a new iterator, and then calling the `collect` method to consume the new iterator and create a vector">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-15/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because `map` takes a closure, we can specify any operation we want to perform
+on each item. This is a great example of how closures let you customize some
+behavior while reusing the iteration behavior that the `Iterator` trait
+provides.
+
+You can chain multiple calls to iterator adapters to perform complex actions in
+a readable way. But because all iterators are lazy, you have to call one of the
+consuming adapter methods to get results from calls to iterator adapters.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-closures-that-capture-their-environment"></a>
+
+### Closures That Capture Their Environment
+
+Many iterator adapters take closures as arguments, and commonly the closures
+we’ll specify as arguments to iterator adapters will be closures that capture
+their environment.
+
+For this example, we’ll use the `filter` method that takes a closure. The
+closure gets an item from the iterator and returns a `bool`. If the closure
+returns `true`, the value will be included in the iteration produced by
+`filter`. If the closure returns `false`, the value won’t be included.
+
+In Listing 13-16, we use `filter` with a closure that captures the `shoe_size`
+variable from its environment to iterate over a collection of `Shoe` struct
+instances. It will return only shoes that are the specified size.
+
+<Listing number="13-16" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Using the `filter` method with a closure that captures `shoe_size`">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-16/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `shoes_in_size` function takes ownership of a vector of shoes and a shoe
+size as parameters. It returns a vector containing only shoes of the specified
+size.
+
+In the body of `shoes_in_size`, we call `into_iter` to create an iterator that
+takes ownership of the vector. Then, we call `filter` to adapt that iterator
+into a new iterator that only contains elements for which the closure returns
+`true`.
+
+The closure captures the `shoe_size` parameter from the environment and
+compares the value with each shoe’s size, keeping only shoes of the size
+specified. Finally, calling `collect` gathers the values returned by the
+adapted iterator into a vector that’s returned by the function.
+
+The test shows that when we call `shoes_in_size`, we get back only shoes that
+have the same size as the value we specified.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6bfeb97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.md
@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+## Improving Our I/O Project
+
+With this new knowledge about iterators, we can improve the I/O project in
+Chapter 12 by using iterators to make places in the code clearer and more
+concise. Let’s look at how iterators can improve our implementation of the
+`Config::build` function and the `search` function.
+
+### Removing a `clone` Using an Iterator
+
+In Listing 12-6, we added code that took a slice of `String` values and created
+an instance of the `Config` struct by indexing into the slice and cloning the
+values, allowing the `Config` struct to own those values. In Listing 13-17,
+we’ve reproduced the implementation of the `Config::build` function as it was
+in Listing 12-23.
+
+<Listing number="13-17" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Reproduction of the `Config::build` function from Listing 12-23">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-12-23-reproduced/src/main.rs:ch13}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+At the time, we said not to worry about the inefficient `clone` calls because
+we would remove them in the future. Well, that time is now!
+
+We needed `clone` here because we have a slice with `String` elements in the
+parameter `args`, but the `build` function doesn’t own `args`. To return
+ownership of a `Config` instance, we had to clone the values from the `query`
+and `file_path` fields of `Config` so that the `Config` instance can own its
+values.
+
+With our new knowledge about iterators, we can change the `build` function to
+take ownership of an iterator as its argument instead of borrowing a slice.
+We’ll use the iterator functionality instead of the code that checks the length
+of the slice and indexes into specific locations. This will clarify what the
+`Config::build` function is doing because the iterator will access the values.
+
+Once `Config::build` takes ownership of the iterator and stops using indexing
+operations that borrow, we can move the `String` values from the iterator into
+`Config` rather than calling `clone` and making a new allocation.
+
+#### Using the Returned Iterator Directly
+
+Open your I/O project’s _src/main.rs_ file, which should look like this:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-12-24-reproduced/src/main.rs:ch13}}
+```
+
+We’ll first change the start of the `main` function that we had in Listing
+12-24 to the code in Listing 13-18, which this time uses an iterator. This
+won’t compile until we update `Config::build` as well.
+
+<Listing number="13-18" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Passing the return value of `env::args` to `Config::build`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-18/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `env::args` function returns an iterator! Rather than collecting the
+iterator values into a vector and then passing a slice to `Config::build`, now
+we’re passing ownership of the iterator returned from `env::args` to
+`Config::build` directly.
+
+Next, we need to update the definition of `Config::build`. Let’s change the
+signature of `Config::build` to look like Listing 13-19. This still won’t
+compile, because we need to update the function body.
+
+<Listing number="13-19" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Updating the signature of `Config::build` to expect an iterator">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-19/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The standard library documentation for the `env::args` function shows that the
+type of the iterator it returns is `std::env::Args`, and that type implements
+the `Iterator` trait and returns `String` values.
+
+We’ve updated the signature of the `Config::build` function so that the
+parameter `args` has a generic type with the trait bounds `impl Iterator<Item =
+String>` instead of `&[String]`. This usage of the `impl Trait` syntax we
+discussed in the [“Using Traits as Parameters”][impl-trait]<!-- ignore -->
+section of Chapter 10 means that `args` can be any type that implements the
+`Iterator` trait and returns `String` items.
+
+Because we’re taking ownership of `args` and we’ll be mutating `args` by
+iterating over it, we can add the `mut` keyword into the specification of the
+`args` parameter to make it mutable.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-iterator-trait-methods-instead-of-indexing"></a>
+
+#### Using `Iterator` Trait Methods
+
+Next, we’ll fix the body of `Config::build`. Because `args` implements the
+`Iterator` trait, we know we can call the `next` method on it! Listing 13-20
+updates the code from Listing 12-23 to use the `next` method.
+
+<Listing number="13-20" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Changing the body of `Config::build` to use iterator methods">
+
+```rust,ignore,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-20/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Remember that the first value in the return value of `env::args` is the name of
+the program. We want to ignore that and get to the next value, so first we call
+`next` and do nothing with the return value. Then, we call `next` to get the
+value we want to put in the `query` field of `Config`. If `next` returns
+`Some`, we use a `match` to extract the value. If it returns `None`, it means
+not enough arguments were given, and we return early with an `Err` value. We do
+the same thing for the `file_path` value.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="making-code-clearer-with-iterator-adapters"></a>
+
+### Clarifying Code with Iterator Adapters
+
+We can also take advantage of iterators in the `search` function in our I/O
+project, which is reproduced here in Listing 13-21 as it was in Listing 12-19.
+
+<Listing number="13-21" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="The implementation of the `search` function from Listing 12-19">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch12-an-io-project/listing-12-19/src/lib.rs:ch13}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We can write this code in a more concise way using iterator adapter methods.
+Doing so also lets us avoid having a mutable intermediate `results` vector. The
+functional programming style prefers to minimize the amount of mutable state to
+make code clearer. Removing the mutable state might enable a future enhancement
+to make searching happen in parallel because we wouldn’t have to manage
+concurrent access to the `results` vector. Listing 13-22 shows this change.
+
+<Listing number="13-22" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Using iterator adapter methods in the implementation of the `search` function">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch13-functional-features/listing-13-22/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Recall that the purpose of the `search` function is to return all lines in
+`contents` that contain the `query`. Similar to the `filter` example in Listing
+13-16, this code uses the `filter` adapter to keep only the lines for which
+`line.contains(query)` returns `true`. We then collect the matching lines into
+another vector with `collect`. Much simpler! Feel free to make the same change
+to use iterator methods in the `search_case_insensitive` function as well.
+
+For a further improvement, return an iterator from the `search` function by
+removing the call to `collect` and changing the return type to `impl
+Iterator<Item = &'a str>` so that the function becomes an iterator adapter.
+Note that you’ll also need to update the tests! Search through a large file
+using your `minigrep` tool before and after making this change to observe the
+difference in behavior. Before this change, the program won’t print any results
+until it has collected all of the results, but after the change, the results
+will be printed as each matching line is found because the `for` loop in the
+`run` function is able to take advantage of the laziness of the iterator.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="choosing-between-loops-or-iterators"></a>
+
+### Choosing Between Loops and Iterators
+
+The next logical question is which style you should choose in your own code and
+why: the original implementation in Listing 13-21 or the version using
+iterators in Listing 13-22 (assuming we’re collecting all the results before
+returning them rather than returning the iterator). Most Rust programmers
+prefer to use the iterator style. It’s a bit tougher to get the hang of at
+first, but once you get a feel for the various iterator adapters and what they
+do, iterators can be easier to understand. Instead of fiddling with the various
+bits of looping and building new vectors, the code focuses on the high-level
+objective of the loop. This abstracts away some of the commonplace code so that
+it’s easier to see the concepts that are unique to this code, such as the
+filtering condition each element in the iterator must pass.
+
+But are the two implementations truly equivalent? The intuitive assumption
+might be that the lower-level loop will be faster. Let’s talk about performance.
+
+[impl-trait]: ch10-02-traits.html#traits-as-parameters
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-04-performance.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-04-performance.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cdc2f98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch13-04-performance.md
@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="comparing-performance-loops-vs-iterators"></a>
+
+## Performance in Loops vs. Iterators
+
+To determine whether to use loops or iterators, you need to know which
+implementation is faster: the version of the `search` function with an explicit
+`for` loop or the version with iterators.
+
+We ran a benchmark by loading the entire contents of _The Adventures of
+Sherlock Holmes_ by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle into a `String` and looking for the
+word _the_ in the contents. Here are the results of the benchmark on the
+version of `search` using the `for` loop and the version using iterators:
+
+```text
+test bench_search_for  ... bench:  19,620,300 ns/iter (+/- 915,700)
+test bench_search_iter ... bench:  19,234,900 ns/iter (+/- 657,200)
+```
+
+The two implementations have similar performance! We won’t explain the
+benchmark code here because the point is not to prove that the two versions
+are equivalent but to get a general sense of how these two implementations
+compare performance-wise.
+
+For a more comprehensive benchmark, you should check using various texts of
+various sizes as the `contents`, different words and words of different lengths
+as the `query`, and all kinds of other variations. The point is this:
+Iterators, although a high-level abstraction, get compiled down to roughly the
+same code as if you’d written the lower-level code yourself. Iterators are one
+of Rust’s _zero-cost abstractions_, by which we mean that using the abstraction
+imposes no additional runtime overhead. This is analogous to how Bjarne
+Stroustrup, the original designer and implementor of C++, defines
+zero-overhead in his 2012 ETAPS keynote presentation “Foundations of C++”:
+
+> In general, C++ implementations obey the zero-overhead principle: What you
+> don’t use, you don’t pay for. And further: What you do use, you couldn’t hand
+> code any better.
+
+In many cases, Rust code using iterators compiles to the same assembly you’d
+write by hand. Optimizations such as loop unrolling and eliminating bounds
+checking on array access apply and make the resultant code extremely efficient.
+Now that you know this, you can use iterators and closures without fear! They
+make code seem like it’s higher level but don’t impose a runtime performance
+penalty for doing so.
+
+## Summary
+
+Closures and iterators are Rust features inspired by functional programming
+language ideas. They contribute to Rust’s capability to clearly express
+high-level ideas at low-level performance. The implementations of closures and
+iterators are such that runtime performance is not affected. This is part of
+Rust’s goal to strive to provide zero-cost abstractions.
+
+Now that we’ve improved the expressiveness of our I/O project, let’s look at
+some more features of `cargo` that will help us share the project with the
+world.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-00-more-about-cargo.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-00-more-about-cargo.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..59408b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-00-more-about-cargo.md
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+# More About Cargo and Crates.io
+
+So far, we’ve used only the most basic features of Cargo to build, run, and
+test our code, but it can do a lot more. In this chapter, we’ll discuss some of
+its other, more advanced features to show you how to do the following:
+
+- Customize your build through release profiles.
+- Publish libraries on [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore -->.
+- Organize large projects with workspaces.
+- Install binaries from [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore -->.
+- Extend Cargo using custom commands.
+
+Cargo can do even more than the functionality we cover in this chapter, so for
+a full explanation of all its features, see [its documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/).
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-01-release-profiles.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-01-release-profiles.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4bbb2d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-01-release-profiles.md
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+## Customizing Builds with Release Profiles
+
+In Rust, _release profiles_ are predefined, customizable profiles with
+different configurations that allow a programmer to have more control over
+various options for compiling code. Each profile is configured independently of
+the others.
+
+Cargo has two main profiles: the `dev` profile Cargo uses when you run `cargo
+build`, and the `release` profile Cargo uses when you run `cargo build
+--release`. The `dev` profile is defined with good defaults for development,
+and the `release` profile has good defaults for release builds.
+
+These profile names might be familiar from the output of your builds:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+anywhere, run:
+cargo build
+cargo build --release
+and ensure output below is accurate
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo build
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
+$ cargo build --release
+    Finished `release` profile [optimized] target(s) in 0.32s
+```
+
+The `dev` and `release` are these different profiles used by the compiler.
+
+Cargo has default settings for each of the profiles that apply when you haven't
+explicitly added any `[profile.*]` sections in the project’s _Cargo.toml_ file.
+By adding `[profile.*]` sections for any profile you want to customize, you
+override any subset of the default settings. For example, here are the default
+values for the `opt-level` setting for the `dev` and `release` profiles:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+[profile.dev]
+opt-level = 0
+
+[profile.release]
+opt-level = 3
+```
+
+The `opt-level` setting controls the number of optimizations Rust will apply to
+your code, with a range of 0 to 3. Applying more optimizations extends
+compiling time, so if you’re in development and compiling your code often,
+you’ll want fewer optimizations to compile faster even if the resultant code
+runs slower. The default `opt-level` for `dev` is therefore `0`. When you’re
+ready to release your code, it’s best to spend more time compiling. You’ll only
+compile in release mode once, but you’ll run the compiled program many times,
+so release mode trades longer compile time for code that runs faster. That is
+why the default `opt-level` for the `release` profile is `3`.
+
+You can override a default setting by adding a different value for it in
+_Cargo.toml_. For example, if we want to use optimization level 1 in the
+development profile, we can add these two lines to our project’s _Cargo.toml_
+file:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+[profile.dev]
+opt-level = 1
+```
+
+This code overrides the default setting of `0`. Now when we run `cargo build`,
+Cargo will use the defaults for the `dev` profile plus our customization to
+`opt-level`. Because we set `opt-level` to `1`, Cargo will apply more
+optimizations than the default, but not as many as in a release build.
+
+For the full list of configuration options and defaults for each profile, see
+[Cargo’s documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/profiles.html).
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2af90dc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.md
@@ -0,0 +1,481 @@
+## Publishing a Crate to Crates.io
+
+We’ve used packages from [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore --> as
+dependencies of our project, but you can also share your code with other people
+by publishing your own packages. The crate registry at
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore --> distributes the source code of
+your packages, so it primarily hosts code that is open source.
+
+Rust and Cargo have features that make your published package easier for people
+to find and use. We’ll talk about some of these features next and then explain
+how to publish a package.
+
+### Making Useful Documentation Comments
+
+Accurately documenting your packages will help other users know how and when to
+use them, so it’s worth investing the time to write documentation. In Chapter
+3, we discussed how to comment Rust code using two slashes, `//`. Rust also has
+a particular kind of comment for documentation, known conveniently as a
+_documentation comment_, that will generate HTML documentation. The HTML
+displays the contents of documentation comments for public API items intended
+for programmers interested in knowing how to _use_ your crate as opposed to how
+your crate is _implemented_.
+
+Documentation comments use three slashes, `///`, instead of two and support
+Markdown notation for formatting the text. Place documentation comments just
+before the item they’re documenting. Listing 14-1 shows documentation comments
+for an `add_one` function in a crate named `my_crate`.
+
+<Listing number="14-1" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A documentation comment for a function">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-01/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we give a description of what the `add_one` function does, start a
+section with the heading `Examples`, and then provide code that demonstrates
+how to use the `add_one` function. We can generate the HTML documentation from
+this documentation comment by running `cargo doc`. This command runs the
+`rustdoc` tool distributed with Rust and puts the generated HTML documentation
+in the _target/doc_ directory.
+
+For convenience, running `cargo doc --open` will build the HTML for your
+current crate’s documentation (as well as the documentation for all of your
+crate’s dependencies) and open the result in a web browser. Navigate to the
+`add_one` function and you’ll see how the text in the documentation comments is
+rendered, as shown in Figure 14-1.
+
+<img alt="Rendered HTML documentation for the `add_one` function of `my_crate`" src="img/trpl14-01.png" class="center" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 14-1: The HTML documentation for the `add_one`
+function</span>
+
+#### Commonly Used Sections
+
+We used the `# Examples` Markdown heading in Listing 14-1 to create a section
+in the HTML with the title “Examples.” Here are some other sections that crate
+authors commonly use in their documentation:
+
+- **Panics**: These are the scenarios in which the function being documented
+  could panic. Callers of the function who don’t want their programs to panic
+  should make sure they don’t call the function in these situations.
+- **Errors**: If the function returns a `Result`, describing the kinds of
+  errors that might occur and what conditions might cause those errors to be
+  returned can be helpful to callers so that they can write code to handle the
+  different kinds of errors in different ways.
+- **Safety**: If the function is `unsafe` to call (we discuss unsafety in
+  Chapter 20), there should be a section explaining why the function is unsafe
+  and covering the invariants that the function expects callers to uphold.
+
+Most documentation comments don’t need all of these sections, but this is a
+good checklist to remind you of the aspects of your code users will be
+interested in knowing about.
+
+#### Documentation Comments as Tests
+
+Adding example code blocks in your documentation comments can help demonstrate
+how to use your library and has an additional bonus: Running `cargo test` will
+run the code examples in your documentation as tests! Nothing is better than
+documentation with examples. But nothing is worse than examples that don’t work
+because the code has changed since the documentation was written. If we run
+`cargo test` with the documentation for the `add_one` function from Listing
+14-1, we will see a section in the test results that looks like this:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-01/
+cargo test
+copy just the doc-tests section below
+-->
+
+```text
+   Doc-tests my_crate
+
+running 1 test
+test src/lib.rs - add_one (line 5) ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.27s
+```
+
+Now, if we change either the function or the example so that the `assert_eq!`
+in the example panics, and run `cargo test` again, we’ll see that the doc tests
+catch that the example and the code are out of sync with each other!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="commenting-contained-items"></a>
+
+#### Contained Item Comments
+
+The style of doc comment `//!` adds documentation to the item that *contains*
+the comments rather than to the items *following* the comments. We typically
+use these doc comments inside the crate root file (_src/lib.rs_ by convention)
+or inside a module to document the crate or the module as a whole.
+
+For example, to add documentation that describes the purpose of the `my_crate`
+crate that contains the `add_one` function, we add documentation comments that
+start with `//!` to the beginning of the _src/lib.rs_ file, as shown in Listing
+14-2.
+
+<Listing number="14-2" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="The documentation for the `my_crate` crate as a whole">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-02/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Notice there isn’t any code after the last line that begins with `//!`. Because
+we started the comments with `//!` instead of `///`, we’re documenting the item
+that contains this comment rather than an item that follows this comment. In
+this case, that item is the _src/lib.rs_ file, which is the crate root. These
+comments describe the entire crate.
+
+When we run `cargo doc --open`, these comments will display on the front page
+of the documentation for `my_crate` above the list of public items in the
+crate, as shown in Figure 14-2.
+
+Documentation comments within items are useful for describing crates and
+modules especially. Use them to explain the overall purpose of the container to
+help your users understand the crate’s organization.
+
+<img alt="Rendered HTML documentation with a comment for the crate as a whole" src="img/trpl14-02.png" class="center" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 14-2: The rendered documentation for `my_crate`,
+including the comment describing the crate as a whole</span>
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="exporting-a-convenient-public-api-with-pub-use"></a>
+
+### Exporting a Convenient Public API
+
+The structure of your public API is a major consideration when publishing a
+crate. People who use your crate are less familiar with the structure than you
+are and might have difficulty finding the pieces they want to use if your crate
+has a large module hierarchy.
+
+In Chapter 7, we covered how to make items public using the `pub` keyword, and
+how to bring items into a scope with the `use` keyword. However, the structure
+that makes sense to you while you’re developing a crate might not be very
+convenient for your users. You might want to organize your structs in a
+hierarchy containing multiple levels, but then people who want to use a type
+you’ve defined deep in the hierarchy might have trouble finding out that type
+exists. They might also be annoyed at having to enter `use
+my_crate::some_module::another_module::UsefulType;` rather than `use
+my_crate::UsefulType;`.
+
+The good news is that if the structure _isn’t_ convenient for others to use
+from another library, you don’t have to rearrange your internal organization:
+Instead, you can re-export items to make a public structure that’s different
+from your private structure by using `pub use`. *Re-exporting* takes a public
+item in one location and makes it public in another location, as if it were
+defined in the other location instead.
+
+For example, say we made a library named `art` for modeling artistic concepts.
+Within this library are two modules: a `kinds` module containing two enums
+named `PrimaryColor` and `SecondaryColor` and a `utils` module containing a
+function named `mix`, as shown in Listing 14-3.
+
+<Listing number="14-3" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="An `art` library with items organized into `kinds` and `utils` modules">
+
+```rust,noplayground,test_harness
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-03/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Figure 14-3 shows what the front page of the documentation for this crate
+generated by `cargo doc` would look like.
+
+<img alt="Rendered documentation for the `art` crate that lists the `kinds` and `utils` modules" src="img/trpl14-03.png" class="center" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 14-3: The front page of the documentation for `art`
+that lists the `kinds` and `utils` modules</span>
+
+Note that the `PrimaryColor` and `SecondaryColor` types aren’t listed on the
+front page, nor is the `mix` function. We have to click `kinds` and `utils` to
+see them.
+
+Another crate that depends on this library would need `use` statements that
+bring the items from `art` into scope, specifying the module structure that’s
+currently defined. Listing 14-4 shows an example of a crate that uses the
+`PrimaryColor` and `mix` items from the `art` crate.
+
+<Listing number="14-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A crate using the `art` crate’s items with its internal structure exported">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-04/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The author of the code in Listing 14-4, which uses the `art` crate, had to
+figure out that `PrimaryColor` is in the `kinds` module and `mix` is in the
+`utils` module. The module structure of the `art` crate is more relevant to
+developers working on the `art` crate than to those using it. The internal
+structure doesn’t contain any useful information for someone trying to
+understand how to use the `art` crate, but rather causes confusion because
+developers who use it have to figure out where to look, and must specify the
+module names in the `use` statements.
+
+To remove the internal organization from the public API, we can modify the
+`art` crate code in Listing 14-3 to add `pub use` statements to re-export the
+items at the top level, as shown in Listing 14-5.
+
+<Listing number="14-5" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Adding `pub use` statements to re-export items">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-05/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The API documentation that `cargo doc` generates for this crate will now list
+and link re-exports on the front page, as shown in Figure 14-4, making the
+`PrimaryColor` and `SecondaryColor` types and the `mix` function easier to find.
+
+<img alt="Rendered documentation for the `art` crate with the re-exports on the front page" src="img/trpl14-04.png" class="center" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 14-4: The front page of the documentation for `art`
+that lists the re-exports</span>
+
+The `art` crate users can still see and use the internal structure from Listing
+14-3 as demonstrated in Listing 14-4, or they can use the more convenient
+structure in Listing 14-5, as shown in Listing 14-6.
+
+<Listing number="14-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A program using the re-exported items from the `art` crate">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-06/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In cases where there are many nested modules, re-exporting the types at the top
+level with `pub use` can make a significant difference in the experience of
+people who use the crate. Another common use of `pub use` is to re-export
+definitions of a dependency in the current crate to make that crate's
+definitions part of your crate’s public API.
+
+Creating a useful public API structure is more an art than a science, and you
+can iterate to find the API that works best for your users. Choosing `pub use`
+gives you flexibility in how you structure your crate internally and decouples
+that internal structure from what you present to your users. Look at some of
+the code of crates you’ve installed to see if their internal structure differs
+from their public API.
+
+### Setting Up a Crates.io Account
+
+Before you can publish any crates, you need to create an account on
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore --> and get an API token. To do so,
+visit the home page at [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore --> and log
+in via a GitHub account. (The GitHub account is currently a requirement, but
+the site might support other ways of creating an account in the future.) Once
+you’re logged in, visit your account settings at
+[https://crates.io/me/](https://crates.io/me/)<!-- ignore --> and retrieve your
+API key. Then, run the `cargo login` command and paste your API key when prompted, like this:
+
+```console
+$ cargo login
+abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz012345
+```
+
+This command will inform Cargo of your API token and store it locally in
+_~/.cargo/credentials.toml_. Note that this token is a secret: Do not share
+it with anyone else. If you do share it with anyone for any reason, you should
+revoke it and generate a new token on [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore
+-->.
+
+### Adding Metadata to a New Crate
+
+Let’s say you have a crate you want to publish. Before publishing, you’ll need
+to add some metadata in the `[package]` section of the crate’s _Cargo.toml_
+file.
+
+Your crate will need a unique name. While you’re working on a crate locally,
+you can name a crate whatever you’d like. However, crate names on
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore --> are allocated on a first-come,
+first-served basis. Once a crate name is taken, no one else can publish a crate
+with that name. Before attempting to publish a crate, search for the name you
+want to use. If the name has been used, you will need to find another name and
+edit the `name` field in the _Cargo.toml_ file under the `[package]` section to
+use the new name for publishing, like so:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+[package]
+name = "guessing_game"
+```
+
+Even if you’ve chosen a unique name, when you run `cargo publish` to publish
+the crate at this point, you’ll get a warning and then an error:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+Create a new package with an unregistered name, making no further modifications
+  to the generated package, so it is missing the description and license fields.
+cargo publish
+copy just the relevant lines below
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo publish
+    Updating crates.io index
+warning: manifest has no description, license, license-file, documentation, homepage or repository.
+See https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html#package-metadata for more info.
+--snip--
+error: failed to publish to registry at https://crates.io
+
+Caused by:
+  the remote server responded with an error (status 400 Bad Request): missing or empty metadata fields: description, license. Please see https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/manifest.html for more information on configuring these fields
+```
+
+This results in an error because you’re missing some crucial information: A
+description and license are required so that people will know what your crate
+does and under what terms they can use it. In _Cargo.toml_, add a description
+that's just a sentence or two, because it will appear with your crate in search
+results. For the `license` field, you need to give a _license identifier
+value_. The [Linux Foundation’s Software Package Data Exchange (SPDX)][spdx]
+lists the identifiers you can use for this value. For example, to specify that
+you’ve licensed your crate using the MIT License, add the `MIT` identifier:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+[package]
+name = "guessing_game"
+license = "MIT"
+```
+
+If you want to use a license that doesn’t appear in the SPDX, you need to place
+the text of that license in a file, include the file in your project, and then
+use `license-file` to specify the name of that file instead of using the
+`license` key.
+
+Guidance on which license is appropriate for your project is beyond the scope
+of this book. Many people in the Rust community license their projects in the
+same way as Rust by using a dual license of `MIT OR Apache-2.0`. This practice
+demonstrates that you can also specify multiple license identifiers separated
+by `OR` to have multiple licenses for your project.
+
+With a unique name, the version, your description, and a license added, the
+_Cargo.toml_ file for a project that is ready to publish might look like this:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+[package]
+name = "guessing_game"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+description = "A fun game where you guess what number the computer has chosen."
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+
+[dependencies]
+```
+
+[Cargo’s documentation](https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/) describes other
+metadata you can specify to ensure that others can discover and use your crate
+more easily.
+
+### Publishing to Crates.io
+
+Now that you’ve created an account, saved your API token, chosen a name for
+your crate, and specified the required metadata, you’re ready to publish!
+Publishing a crate uploads a specific version to
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore --> for others to use.
+
+Be careful, because a publish is _permanent_. The version can never be
+overwritten, and the code cannot be deleted except in certain circumstances.
+One major goal of Crates.io is to act as a permanent archive of code so that
+builds of all projects that depend on crates from
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore --> will continue to work. Allowing
+version deletions would make fulfilling that goal impossible. However, there is
+no limit to the number of crate versions you can publish.
+
+Run the `cargo publish` command again. It should succeed now:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+go to some valid crate, publish a new version
+cargo publish
+copy just the relevant lines below
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo publish
+    Updating crates.io index
+   Packaging guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+    Packaged 6 files, 1.2KiB (895.0B compressed)
+   Verifying guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+   Compiling guessing_game v0.1.0
+(file:///projects/guessing_game/target/package/guessing_game-0.1.0)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.19s
+   Uploading guessing_game v0.1.0 (file:///projects/guessing_game)
+    Uploaded guessing_game v0.1.0 to registry `crates-io`
+note: waiting for `guessing_game v0.1.0` to be available at registry
+`crates-io`.
+You may press ctrl-c to skip waiting; the crate should be available shortly.
+   Published guessing_game v0.1.0 at registry `crates-io`
+```
+
+Congratulations! You’ve now shared your code with the Rust community, and
+anyone can easily add your crate as a dependency of their project.
+
+### Publishing a New Version of an Existing Crate
+
+When you’ve made changes to your crate and are ready to release a new version,
+you change the `version` value specified in your _Cargo.toml_ file and
+republish. Use the [Semantic Versioning rules][semver] to decide what an
+appropriate next version number is, based on the kinds of changes you’ve made.
+Then, run `cargo publish` to upload the new version.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="removing-versions-from-cratesio-with-cargo-yank"></a>
+<a id="deprecating-versions-from-cratesio-with-cargo-yank"></a>
+
+### Deprecating Versions from Crates.io
+
+Although you can’t remove previous versions of a crate, you can prevent any
+future projects from adding them as a new dependency. This is useful when a
+crate version is broken for one reason or another. In such situations, Cargo
+supports yanking a crate version.
+
+_Yanking_ a version prevents new projects from depending on that version while
+allowing all existing projects that depend on it to continue. Essentially, a
+yank means that all projects with a _Cargo.lock_ will not break, and any future
+_Cargo.lock_ files generated will not use the yanked version.
+
+To yank a version of a crate, in the directory of the crate that you’ve
+previously published, run `cargo yank` and specify which version you want to
+yank. For example, if we’ve published a crate named `guessing_game` version
+1.0.1 and we want to yank it, then we’d run the following in the project
+directory for `guessing_game`:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration:
+cargo yank carol-test --version 2.1.0
+cargo yank carol-test --version 2.1.0 --undo
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo yank --vers 1.0.1
+    Updating crates.io index
+        Yank guessing_game@1.0.1
+```
+
+By adding `--undo` to the command, you can also undo a yank and allow projects
+to start depending on a version again:
+
+```console
+$ cargo yank --vers 1.0.1 --undo
+    Updating crates.io index
+      Unyank guessing_game@1.0.1
+```
+
+A yank _does not_ delete any code. It cannot, for example, delete accidentally
+uploaded secrets. If that happens, you must reset those secrets immediately.
+
+[spdx]: https://spdx.org/licenses/
+[semver]: https://semver.org/
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad47b8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md
@@ -0,0 +1,389 @@
+## Cargo Workspaces
+
+In Chapter 12, we built a package that included a binary crate and a library
+crate. As your project develops, you might find that the library crate
+continues to get bigger and you want to split your package further into
+multiple library crates. Cargo offers a feature called _workspaces_ that can
+help manage multiple related packages that are developed in tandem.
+
+### Creating a Workspace
+
+A _workspace_ is a set of packages that share the same _Cargo.lock_ and output
+directory. Let’s make a project using a workspace—we’ll use trivial code so
+that we can concentrate on the structure of the workspace. There are multiple
+ways to structure a workspace, so we'll just show one common way. We’ll have a
+workspace containing a binary and two libraries. The binary, which will provide
+the main functionality, will depend on the two libraries. One library will
+provide an `add_one` function and the other library an `add_two` function.
+These three crates will be part of the same workspace. We’ll start by creating
+a new directory for the workspace:
+
+```console
+$ mkdir add
+$ cd add
+```
+
+Next, in the _add_ directory, we create the _Cargo.toml_ file that will
+configure the entire workspace. This file won’t have a `[package]` section.
+Instead, it will start with a `[workspace]` section that will allow us to add
+members to the workspace. We also make a point to use the latest and greatest
+version of Cargo’s resolver algorithm in our workspace by setting the
+`resolver` value to `"3"`:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/no-listing-01-workspace/add/Cargo.toml}}
+```
+
+Next, we’ll create the `adder` binary crate by running `cargo new` within the
+_add_ directory:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/output-only-01-adder-crate/add
+remove `members = ["adder"]` from Cargo.toml
+rm -rf adder
+cargo new adder
+copy output below
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo new adder
+     Created binary (application) `adder` package
+      Adding `adder` as member of workspace at `file:///projects/add`
+```
+
+Running `cargo new` inside a workspace also automatically adds the newly created
+package to the `members` key in the `[workspace]` definition in the workspace
+_Cargo.toml_, like this:
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/output-only-01-adder-crate/add/Cargo.toml}}
+```
+
+At this point, we can build the workspace by running `cargo build`. The files
+in your _add_ directory should look like this:
+
+```text
+├── Cargo.lock
+├── Cargo.toml
+├── adder
+│   ├── Cargo.toml
+│   └── src
+│       └── main.rs
+└── target
+```
+
+The workspace has one _target_ directory at the top level that the compiled
+artifacts will be placed into; the `adder` package doesn’t have its own
+_target_ directory. Even if we were to run `cargo build` from inside the
+_adder_ directory, the compiled artifacts would still end up in _add/target_
+rather than _add/adder/target_. Cargo structures the _target_ directory in a
+workspace like this because the crates in a workspace are meant to depend on
+each other. If each crate had its own _target_ directory, each crate would have
+to recompile each of the other crates in the workspace to place the artifacts
+in its own _target_ directory. By sharing one _target_ directory, the crates
+can avoid unnecessary rebuilding.
+
+### Creating the Second Package in the Workspace
+
+Next, let’s create another member package in the workspace and call it
+`add_one`. Generate a new library crate named `add_one`:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/output-only-02-add-one/add
+remove `"add_one"` from `members` list in Cargo.toml
+rm -rf add_one
+cargo new add_one --lib
+copy output below
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo new add_one --lib
+     Created library `add_one` package
+      Adding `add_one` as member of workspace at `file:///projects/add`
+```
+
+The top-level _Cargo.toml_ will now include the _add_one_ path in the `members`
+list:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/no-listing-02-workspace-with-two-crates/add/Cargo.toml}}
+```
+
+Your _add_ directory should now have these directories and files:
+
+```text
+├── Cargo.lock
+├── Cargo.toml
+├── add_one
+│   ├── Cargo.toml
+│   └── src
+│       └── lib.rs
+├── adder
+│   ├── Cargo.toml
+│   └── src
+│       └── main.rs
+└── target
+```
+
+In the _add_one/src/lib.rs_ file, let’s add an `add_one` function:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: add_one/src/lib.rs</span>
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/no-listing-02-workspace-with-two-crates/add/add_one/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+Now we can have the `adder` package with our binary depend on the `add_one`
+package that has our library. First, we’ll need to add a path dependency on
+`add_one` to _adder/Cargo.toml_.
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: adder/Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/no-listing-02-workspace-with-two-crates/add/adder/Cargo.toml:6:7}}
+```
+
+Cargo doesn’t assume that crates in a workspace will depend on each other, so
+we need to be explicit about the dependency relationships.
+
+Next, let’s use the `add_one` function (from the `add_one` crate) in the
+`adder` crate. Open the _adder/src/main.rs_ file and change the `main`
+function to call the `add_one` function, as in Listing 14-7.
+
+<Listing number="14-7" file-name="adder/src/main.rs" caption="Using the `add_one` library crate from the `adder` crate">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-07/add/adder/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Let’s build the workspace by running `cargo build` in the top-level _add_
+directory!
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-07/add
+cargo build
+copy output below; the output updating script doesn't handle subdirectories in paths properly
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo build
+   Compiling add_one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add_one)
+   Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.22s
+```
+
+To run the binary crate from the _add_ directory, we can specify which package
+in the workspace we want to run by using the `-p` argument and the package name
+with `cargo run`:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/listing-14-07/add
+cargo run -p adder
+copy output below; the output updating script doesn't handle subdirectories in paths properly
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run -p adder
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
+     Running `target/debug/adder`
+Hello, world! 10 plus one is 11!
+```
+
+This runs the code in _adder/src/main.rs_, which depends on the `add_one` crate.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="depending-on-an-external-package-in-a-workspace"></a>
+
+### Depending on an External Package
+
+Notice that the workspace has only one _Cargo.lock_ file at the top level,
+rather than having a _Cargo.lock_ in each crate’s directory. This ensures that
+all crates are using the same version of all dependencies. If we add the `rand`
+package to the _adder/Cargo.toml_ and _add_one/Cargo.toml_ files, Cargo will
+resolve both of those to one version of `rand` and record that in the one
+_Cargo.lock_. Making all crates in the workspace use the same dependencies
+means the crates will always be compatible with each other. Let’s add the
+`rand` crate to the `[dependencies]` section in the _add_one/Cargo.toml_ file
+so that we can use the `rand` crate in the `add_one` crate:
+
+<!-- When updating the version of `rand` used, also update the version of
+`rand` used in these files so they all match:
+* ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.md
+* ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.md
+-->
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: add_one/Cargo.toml</span>
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/no-listing-03-workspace-with-external-dependency/add/add_one/Cargo.toml:6:7}}
+```
+
+We can now add `use rand;` to the _add_one/src/lib.rs_ file, and building the
+whole workspace by running `cargo build` in the _add_ directory will bring in
+and compile the `rand` crate. We will get one warning because we aren’t
+referring to the `rand` we brought into scope:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/no-listing-03-workspace-with-external-dependency/add
+cargo build
+copy output below; the output updating script doesn't handle subdirectories in paths properly
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo build
+    Updating crates.io index
+  Downloaded rand v0.8.5
+   --snip--
+   Compiling rand v0.8.5
+   Compiling add_one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add_one)
+warning: unused import: `rand`
+ --> add_one/src/lib.rs:1:5
+  |
+1 | use rand;
+  |     ^^^^
+  |
+  = note: `#[warn(unused_imports)]` on by default
+
+warning: `add_one` (lib) generated 1 warning (run `cargo fix --lib -p add_one` to apply 1 suggestion)
+   Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.95s
+```
+
+The top-level _Cargo.lock_ now contains information about the dependency of
+`add_one` on `rand`. However, even though `rand` is used somewhere in the
+workspace, we can’t use it in other crates in the workspace unless we add
+`rand` to their _Cargo.toml_ files as well. For example, if we add `use rand;`
+to the _adder/src/main.rs_ file for the `adder` package, we’ll get an error:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/output-only-03-use-rand/add
+cargo build
+copy output below; the output updating script doesn't handle subdirectories in paths properly
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo build
+  --snip--
+   Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
+error[E0432]: unresolved import `rand`
+ --> adder/src/main.rs:2:5
+  |
+2 | use rand;
+  |     ^^^^ no external crate `rand`
+```
+
+To fix this, edit the _Cargo.toml_ file for the `adder` package and indicate
+that `rand` is a dependency for it as well. Building the `adder` package will
+add `rand` to the list of dependencies for `adder` in _Cargo.lock_, but no
+additional copies of `rand` will be downloaded. Cargo will ensure that every
+crate in every package in the workspace using the `rand` package will use the
+same version as long as they specify compatible versions of `rand`, saving us
+space and ensuring that the crates in the workspace will be compatible with
+each other.
+
+If crates in the workspace specify incompatible versions of the same
+dependency, Cargo will resolve each of them but will still try to resolve as
+few versions as possible.
+
+### Adding a Test to a Workspace
+
+For another enhancement, let’s add a test of the `add_one::add_one` function
+within the `add_one` crate:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: add_one/src/lib.rs</span>
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/no-listing-04-workspace-with-tests/add/add_one/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+Now run `cargo test` in the top-level _add_ directory. Running `cargo test` in
+a workspace structured like this one will run the tests for all the crates in
+the workspace:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/no-listing-04-workspace-with-tests/add
+cargo test
+copy output below; the output updating script doesn't handle subdirectories in
+paths properly
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo test
+   Compiling add_one v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/add_one)
+   Compiling adder v0.1.0 (file:///projects/add/adder)
+    Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.20s
+     Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/add_one-93c49ee75dc46543)
+
+running 1 test
+test tests::it_works ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
+
+     Running unittests src/main.rs (target/debug/deps/adder-3a47283c568d2b6a)
+
+running 0 tests
+
+test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
+
+   Doc-tests add_one
+
+running 0 tests
+
+test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
+```
+
+The first section of the output shows that the `it_works` test in the `add_one`
+crate passed. The next section shows that zero tests were found in the `adder`
+crate, and then the last section shows that zero documentation tests were found
+in the `add_one` crate.
+
+We can also run tests for one particular crate in a workspace from the
+top-level directory by using the `-p` flag and specifying the name of the crate
+we want to test:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch14-more-about-cargo/no-listing-04-workspace-with-tests/add
+cargo test -p add_one
+copy output below; the output updating script doesn't handle subdirectories in paths properly
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo test -p add_one
+    Finished `test` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.00s
+     Running unittests src/lib.rs (target/debug/deps/add_one-93c49ee75dc46543)
+
+running 1 test
+test tests::it_works ... ok
+
+test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
+
+   Doc-tests add_one
+
+running 0 tests
+
+test result: ok. 0 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out; finished in 0.00s
+```
+
+This output shows `cargo test` only ran the tests for the `add_one` crate and
+didn’t run the `adder` crate tests.
+
+If you publish the crates in the workspace to
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore -->, each crate in the workspace
+will need to be published separately. Like `cargo test`, we can publish a
+particular crate in our workspace by using the `-p` flag and specifying the
+name of the crate we want to publish.
+
+For additional practice, add an `add_two` crate to this workspace in a similar
+way as the `add_one` crate!
+
+As your project grows, consider using a workspace: It enables you to work with
+smaller, easier-to-understand components than one big blob of code.
+Furthermore, keeping the crates in a workspace can make coordination between
+crates easier if they are often changed at the same time.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-04-installing-binaries.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-04-installing-binaries.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..40fc633
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-04-installing-binaries.md
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="installing-binaries-from-cratesio-with-cargo-install"></a>
+
+## Installing Binaries with `cargo install`
+
+The `cargo install` command allows you to install and use binary crates
+locally. This isn’t intended to replace system packages; it’s meant to be a
+convenient way for Rust developers to install tools that others have shared on
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore -->. Note that you can only install
+packages that have binary targets. A _binary target_ is the runnable program
+that is created if the crate has a _src/main.rs_ file or another file specified
+as a binary, as opposed to a library target that isn’t runnable on its own but
+is suitable for including within other programs. Usually, crates have
+information in the README file about whether a crate is a library, has a
+binary target, or both.
+
+All binaries installed with `cargo install` are stored in the installation
+root’s _bin_ folder. If you installed Rust using _rustup.rs_ and don’t have any
+custom configurations, this directory will be *$HOME/.cargo/bin*. Ensure that
+this directory is in your `$PATH` to be able to run programs you’ve installed
+with `cargo install`.
+
+For example, in Chapter 12 we mentioned that there’s a Rust implementation of
+the `grep` tool called `ripgrep` for searching files. To install `ripgrep`, we
+can run the following:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cargo install something you don't have, copy relevant output below
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo install ripgrep
+    Updating crates.io index
+  Downloaded ripgrep v14.1.1
+  Downloaded 1 crate (213.6 KB) in 0.40s
+  Installing ripgrep v14.1.1
+--snip--
+   Compiling grep v0.3.2
+    Finished `release` profile [optimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 6.73s
+  Installing ~/.cargo/bin/rg
+   Installed package `ripgrep v14.1.1` (executable `rg`)
+```
+
+The second-to-last line of the output shows the location and the name of the
+installed binary, which in the case of `ripgrep` is `rg`. As long as the
+installation directory is in your `$PATH`, as mentioned previously, you can
+then run `rg --help` and start using a faster, Rustier tool for searching files!
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-05-extending-cargo.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-05-extending-cargo.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b351d7f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch14-05-extending-cargo.md
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+## Extending Cargo with Custom Commands
+
+Cargo is designed so that you can extend it with new subcommands without having
+to modify it. If a binary in your `$PATH` is named `cargo-something`, you can
+run it as if it were a Cargo subcommand by running `cargo something`. Custom
+commands like this are also listed when you run `cargo --list`. Being able to
+use `cargo install` to install extensions and then run them just like the
+built-in Cargo tools is a super-convenient benefit of Cargo’s design!
+
+## Summary
+
+Sharing code with Cargo and [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore --> is
+part of what makes the Rust ecosystem useful for many different tasks. Rust’s
+standard library is small and stable, but crates are easy to share, use, and
+improve on a timeline different from that of the language. Don’t be shy about
+sharing code that’s useful to you on [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore
+-->; it’s likely that it will be useful to someone else as well!
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-00-smart-pointers.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-00-smart-pointers.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8e0c0e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-00-smart-pointers.md
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+# Smart Pointers
+
+A pointer is a general concept for a variable that contains an address in
+memory. This address refers to, or “points at,” some other data. The most
+common kind of pointer in Rust is a reference, which you learned about in
+Chapter 4. References are indicated by the `&` symbol and borrow the value they
+point to. They don’t have any special capabilities other than referring to
+data, and they have no overhead.
+
+_Smart pointers_, on the other hand, are data structures that act like a
+pointer but also have additional metadata and capabilities. The concept of
+smart pointers isn’t unique to Rust: Smart pointers originated in C++ and exist
+in other languages as well. Rust has a variety of smart pointers defined in the
+standard library that provide functionality beyond that provided by references.
+To explore the general concept, we’ll look at a couple of different examples of
+smart pointers, including a _reference counting_ smart pointer type. This
+pointer enables you to allow data to have multiple owners by keeping track of
+the number of owners and, when no owners remain, cleaning up the data.
+
+In Rust, with its concept of ownership and borrowing, there is an additional
+difference between references and smart pointers: While references only borrow
+data, in many cases smart pointers _own_ the data they point to.
+
+Smart pointers are usually implemented using structs. Unlike an ordinary
+struct, smart pointers implement the `Deref` and `Drop` traits. The `Deref`
+trait allows an instance of the smart pointer struct to behave like a reference
+so that you can write your code to work with either references or smart
+pointers. The `Drop` trait allows you to customize the code that’s run when an
+instance of the smart pointer goes out of scope. In this chapter, we’ll discuss
+both of these traits and demonstrate why they’re important to smart pointers.
+
+Given that the smart pointer pattern is a general design pattern used
+frequently in Rust, this chapter won’t cover every existing smart pointer. Many
+libraries have their own smart pointers, and you can even write your own. We’ll
+cover the most common smart pointers in the standard library:
+
+- `Box<T>`, for allocating values on the heap
+- `Rc<T>`, a reference counting type that enables multiple ownership
+- `Ref<T>` and `RefMut<T>`, accessed through `RefCell<T>`, a type that enforces
+  the borrowing rules at runtime instead of compile time
+
+In addition, we’ll cover the _interior mutability_ pattern where an immutable
+type exposes an API for mutating an interior value. We’ll also discuss
+reference cycles: how they can leak memory and how to prevent them.
+
+Let’s dive in!
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-01-box.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-01-box.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..723d2c9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-01-box.md
@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+## Using `Box<T>` to Point to Data on the Heap
+
+The most straightforward smart pointer is a box, whose type is written
+`Box<T>`. _Boxes_ allow you to store data on the heap rather than the stack.
+What remains on the stack is the pointer to the heap data. Refer to Chapter 4
+to review the difference between the stack and the heap.
+
+Boxes don’t have performance overhead, other than storing their data on the
+heap instead of on the stack. But they don’t have many extra capabilities
+either. You’ll use them most often in these situations:
+
+- When you have a type whose size can’t be known at compile time, and you want
+  to use a value of that type in a context that requires an exact size
+- When you have a large amount of data, and you want to transfer ownership but
+  ensure that the data won’t be copied when you do so
+- When you want to own a value, and you care only that it’s a type that
+  implements a particular trait rather than being of a specific type
+
+We’ll demonstrate the first situation in [“Enabling Recursive Types with
+Boxes”](#enabling-recursive-types-with-boxes)<!-- ignore -->. In the second
+case, transferring ownership of a large amount of data can take a long time
+because the data is copied around on the stack. To improve performance in this
+situation, we can store the large amount of data on the heap in a box. Then,
+only the small amount of pointer data is copied around on the stack, while the
+data it references stays in one place on the heap. The third case is known as a
+_trait object_, and [“Using Trait Objects to Abstract over Shared
+Behavior”][trait-objects]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 18 is devoted to that
+topic. So, what you learn here you’ll apply again in that section!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-boxt-to-store-data-on-the-heap"></a>
+
+### Storing Data on the Heap
+
+Before we discuss the heap storage use case for `Box<T>`, we’ll cover the
+syntax and how to interact with values stored within a `Box<T>`.
+
+Listing 15-1 shows how to use a box to store an `i32` value on the heap.
+
+<Listing number="15-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Storing an `i32` value on the heap using a box">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-01/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We define the variable `b` to have the value of a `Box` that points to the
+value `5`, which is allocated on the heap. This program will print `b = 5`; in
+this case, we can access the data in the box similarly to how we would if this
+data were on the stack. Just like any owned value, when a box goes out of
+scope, as `b` does at the end of `main`, it will be deallocated. The
+deallocation happens both for the box (stored on the stack) and the data it
+points to (stored on the heap).
+
+Putting a single value on the heap isn’t very useful, so you won’t use boxes by
+themselves in this way very often. Having values like a single `i32` on the
+stack, where they’re stored by default, is more appropriate in the majority of
+situations. Let’s look at a case where boxes allow us to define types that we
+wouldn’t be allowed to define if we didn’t have boxes.
+
+### Enabling Recursive Types with Boxes
+
+A value of a _recursive type_ can have another value of the same type as part of
+itself. Recursive types pose an issue because Rust needs to know at compile time
+how much space a type takes up. However, the nesting of values of recursive
+types could theoretically continue infinitely, so Rust can’t know how much space
+the value needs. Because boxes have a known size, we can enable recursive types
+by inserting a box in the recursive type definition.
+
+As an example of a recursive type, let’s explore the cons list. This is a data
+type commonly found in functional programming languages. The cons list type
+we’ll define is straightforward except for the recursion; therefore, the
+concepts in the example we’ll work with will be useful anytime you get into
+more complex situations involving recursive types.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="more-information-about-the-cons-list"></a>
+
+#### Understanding the Cons List
+
+A _cons list_ is a data structure that comes from the Lisp programming language
+and its dialects, is made up of nested pairs, and is the Lisp version of a
+linked list. Its name comes from the `cons` function (short for _construct
+function_) in Lisp that constructs a new pair from its two arguments. By
+calling `cons` on a pair consisting of a value and another pair, we can
+construct cons lists made up of recursive pairs.
+
+For example, here’s a pseudocode representation of a cons list containing the
+list `1, 2, 3` with each pair in parentheses:
+
+```text
+(1, (2, (3, Nil)))
+```
+
+Each item in a cons list contains two elements: the value of the current item
+and of the next item. The last item in the list contains only a value called
+`Nil` without a next item. A cons list is produced by recursively calling the
+`cons` function. The canonical name to denote the base case of the recursion is
+`Nil`. Note that this is not the same as the “null” or “nil” concept discussed
+in Chapter 6, which is an invalid or absent value.
+
+The cons list isn’t a commonly used data structure in Rust. Most of the time
+when you have a list of items in Rust, `Vec<T>` is a better choice to use.
+Other, more complex recursive data types _are_ useful in various situations,
+but by starting with the cons list in this chapter, we can explore how boxes
+let us define a recursive data type without much distraction.
+
+Listing 15-2 contains an enum definition for a cons list. Note that this code
+won’t compile yet, because the `List` type doesn’t have a known size, which
+we’ll demonstrate.
+
+<Listing number="15-2" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="The first attempt at defining an enum to represent a cons list data structure of `i32` values">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-02/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+> Note: We’re implementing a cons list that holds only `i32` values for the
+> purposes of this example. We could have implemented it using generics, as we
+> discussed in Chapter 10, to define a cons list type that could store values of
+> any type.
+
+Using the `List` type to store the list `1, 2, 3` would look like the code in
+Listing 15-3.
+
+<Listing number="15-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using the `List` enum to store the list `1, 2, 3`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-03/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The first `Cons` value holds `1` and another `List` value. This `List` value is
+another `Cons` value that holds `2` and another `List` value. This `List` value
+is one more `Cons` value that holds `3` and a `List` value, which is finally
+`Nil`, the non-recursive variant that signals the end of the list.
+
+If we try to compile the code in Listing 15-3, we get the error shown in
+Listing 15-4.
+
+<Listing number="15-4" caption="The error we get when attempting to define a recursive enum">
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-03/output.txt}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The error shows this type “has infinite size.” The reason is that we’ve defined
+`List` with a variant that is recursive: It holds another value of itself
+directly. As a result, Rust can’t figure out how much space it needs to store a
+`List` value. Let’s break down why we get this error. First, we’ll look at how
+Rust decides how much space it needs to store a value of a non-recursive type.
+
+#### Computing the Size of a Non-Recursive Type
+
+Recall the `Message` enum we defined in Listing 6-2 when we discussed enum
+definitions in Chapter 6:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch06-enums-and-pattern-matching/listing-06-02/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+To determine how much space to allocate for a `Message` value, Rust goes
+through each of the variants to see which variant needs the most space. Rust
+sees that `Message::Quit` doesn’t need any space, `Message::Move` needs enough
+space to store two `i32` values, and so forth. Because only one variant will be
+used, the most space a `Message` value will need is the space it would take to
+store the largest of its variants.
+
+Contrast this with what happens when Rust tries to determine how much space a
+recursive type like the `List` enum in Listing 15-2 needs. The compiler starts
+by looking at the `Cons` variant, which holds a value of type `i32` and a value
+of type `List`. Therefore, `Cons` needs an amount of space equal to the size of
+an `i32` plus the size of a `List`. To figure out how much memory the `List`
+type needs, the compiler looks at the variants, starting with the `Cons`
+variant. The `Cons` variant holds a value of type `i32` and a value of type
+`List`, and this process continues infinitely, as shown in Figure 15-1.
+
+<img alt="An infinite Cons list: a rectangle labeled 'Cons' split into two smaller rectangles. The first smaller rectangle holds the label 'i32', and the second smaller rectangle holds the label 'Cons' and a smaller version of the outer 'Cons' rectangle. The 'Cons' rectangles continue to hold smaller and smaller versions of themselves until the smallest comfortably sized rectangle holds an infinity symbol, indicating that this repetition goes on forever." src="img/trpl15-01.svg" class="center" style="width: 50%;" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 15-1: An infinite `List` consisting of infinite
+`Cons` variants</span>
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-boxt-to-get-a-recursive-type-with-a-known-size"></a>
+
+#### Getting a Recursive Type with a Known Size
+
+Because Rust can’t figure out how much space to allocate for recursively
+defined types, the compiler gives an error with this helpful suggestion:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+after doing automatic regeneration, look at listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-03/output.txt and copy the relevant line
+-->
+
+```text
+help: insert some indirection (e.g., a `Box`, `Rc`, or `&`) to break the cycle
+  |
+2 |     Cons(i32, Box<List>),
+  |               ++++    +
+```
+
+In this suggestion, _indirection_ means that instead of storing a value
+directly, we should change the data structure to store the value indirectly by
+storing a pointer to the value instead.
+
+Because a `Box<T>` is a pointer, Rust always knows how much space a `Box<T>`
+needs: A pointer’s size doesn’t change based on the amount of data it’s
+pointing to. This means we can put a `Box<T>` inside the `Cons` variant instead
+of another `List` value directly. The `Box<T>` will point to the next `List`
+value that will be on the heap rather than inside the `Cons` variant.
+Conceptually, we still have a list, created with lists holding other lists, but
+this implementation is now more like placing the items next to one another
+rather than inside one another.
+
+We can change the definition of the `List` enum in Listing 15-2 and the usage
+of the `List` in Listing 15-3 to the code in Listing 15-5, which will compile.
+
+<Listing number="15-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="The definition of `List` that uses `Box<T>` in order to have a known size">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-05/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `Cons` variant needs the size of an `i32` plus the space to store the box’s
+pointer data. The `Nil` variant stores no values, so it needs less space on the
+stack than the `Cons` variant. We now know that any `List` value will take up
+the size of an `i32` plus the size of a box’s pointer data. By using a box,
+we’ve broken the infinite, recursive chain, so the compiler can figure out the
+size it needs to store a `List` value. Figure 15-2 shows what the `Cons`
+variant looks like now.
+
+<img alt="A rectangle labeled 'Cons' split into two smaller rectangles. The first smaller rectangle holds the label 'i32', and the second smaller rectangle holds the label 'Box' with one inner rectangle that contains the label 'usize', representing the finite size of the box's pointer." src="img/trpl15-02.svg" class="center" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 15-2: A `List` that is not infinitely sized,
+because `Cons` holds a `Box`</span>
+
+Boxes provide only the indirection and heap allocation; they don’t have any
+other special capabilities, like those we’ll see with the other smart pointer
+types. They also don’t have the performance overhead that these special
+capabilities incur, so they can be useful in cases like the cons list where the
+indirection is the only feature we need. We’ll look at more use cases for boxes
+in Chapter 18.
+
+The `Box<T>` type is a smart pointer because it implements the `Deref` trait,
+which allows `Box<T>` values to be treated like references. When a `Box<T>`
+value goes out of scope, the heap data that the box is pointing to is cleaned
+up as well because of the `Drop` trait implementation. These two traits will be
+even more important to the functionality provided by the other smart pointer
+types we’ll discuss in the rest of this chapter. Let’s explore these two traits
+in more detail.
+
+[trait-objects]: ch18-02-trait-objects.html#using-trait-objects-to-abstract-over-shared-behavior
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-02-deref.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-02-deref.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7a83396
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-02-deref.md
@@ -0,0 +1,312 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="treating-smart-pointers-like-regular-references-with-the-deref-trait"></a>
+<a id="treating-smart-pointers-like-regular-references-with-deref"></a>
+
+## Treating Smart Pointers Like Regular References
+
+Implementing the `Deref` trait allows you to customize the behavior of the
+_dereference operator_ `*` (not to be confused with the multiplication or glob
+operator). By implementing `Deref` in such a way that a smart pointer can be
+treated like a regular reference, you can write code that operates on
+references and use that code with smart pointers too.
+
+Let’s first look at how the dereference operator works with regular references.
+Then, we’ll try to define a custom type that behaves like `Box<T>` and see why
+the dereference operator doesn’t work like a reference on our newly defined
+type. We’ll explore how implementing the `Deref` trait makes it possible for
+smart pointers to work in ways similar to references. Then, we’ll look at
+Rust’s deref coercion feature and how it lets us work with either references or
+smart pointers.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="following-the-pointer-to-the-value-with-the-dereference-operator"></a>
+<a id="following-the-pointer-to-the-value"></a>
+
+### Following the Reference to the Value
+
+A regular reference is a type of pointer, and one way to think of a pointer is
+as an arrow to a value stored somewhere else. In Listing 15-6, we create a
+reference to an `i32` value and then use the dereference operator to follow the
+reference to the value.
+
+<Listing number="15-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using the dereference operator to follow a reference to an `i32` value">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-06/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The variable `x` holds an `i32` value `5`. We set `y` equal to a reference to
+`x`. We can assert that `x` is equal to `5`. However, if we want to make an
+assertion about the value in `y`, we have to use `*y` to follow the reference
+to the value it’s pointing to (hence, _dereference_) so that the compiler can
+compare the actual value. Once we dereference `y`, we have access to the
+integer value `y` is pointing to that we can compare with `5`.
+
+If we tried to write `assert_eq!(5, y);` instead, we would get this compilation
+error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/output-only-01-comparing-to-reference/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Comparing a number and a reference to a number isn’t allowed because they’re
+different types. We must use the dereference operator to follow the reference
+to the value it’s pointing to.
+
+### Using `Box<T>` Like a Reference
+
+We can rewrite the code in Listing 15-6 to use a `Box<T>` instead of a
+reference; the dereference operator used on the `Box<T>` in Listing 15-7
+functions in the same way as the dereference operator used on the reference in
+Listing 15-6.
+
+<Listing number="15-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using the dereference operator on a `Box<i32>`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-07/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The main difference between Listing 15-7 and Listing 15-6 is that here we set
+`y` to be an instance of a box pointing to a copied value of `x` rather than a
+reference pointing to the value of `x`. In the last assertion, we can use the
+dereference operator to follow the box’s pointer in the same way that we did
+when `y` was a reference. Next, we’ll explore what is special about `Box<T>`
+that enables us to use the dereference operator by defining our own box type.
+
+### Defining Our Own Smart Pointer
+
+Let’s build a wrapper type similar to the `Box<T>` type provided by the
+standard library to experience how smart pointer types behave differently from
+references by default. Then, we’ll look at how to add the ability to use the
+dereference operator.
+
+> Note: There’s one big difference between the `MyBox<T>` type we’re about to
+> build and the real `Box<T>`: Our version will not store its data on the heap.
+> We are focusing this example on `Deref`, so where the data is actually stored
+> is less important than the pointer-like behavior.
+
+The `Box<T>` type is ultimately defined as a tuple struct with one element, so
+Listing 15-8 defines a `MyBox<T>` type in the same way. We’ll also define a
+`new` function to match the `new` function defined on `Box<T>`.
+
+<Listing number="15-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Defining a `MyBox<T>` type">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-08/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We define a struct named `MyBox` and declare a generic parameter `T` because we
+want our type to hold values of any type. The `MyBox` type is a tuple struct
+with one element of type `T`. The `MyBox::new` function takes one parameter of
+type `T` and returns a `MyBox` instance that holds the value passed in.
+
+Let’s try adding the `main` function in Listing 15-7 to Listing 15-8 and
+changing it to use the `MyBox<T>` type we’ve defined instead of `Box<T>`. The
+code in Listing 15-9 won’t compile, because Rust doesn’t know how to
+dereference `MyBox`.
+
+<Listing number="15-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to use `MyBox<T>` in the same way we used references and `Box<T>`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-09/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here’s the resultant compilation error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-09/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Our `MyBox<T>` type can’t be dereferenced because we haven’t implemented that
+ability on our type. To enable dereferencing with the `*` operator, we
+implement the `Deref` trait.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="treating-a-type-like-a-reference-by-implementing-the-deref-trait"></a>
+
+### Implementing the `Deref` Trait
+
+As discussed in [“Implementing a Trait on a Type”][impl-trait]<!-- ignore --> in
+Chapter 10, to implement a trait we need to provide implementations for the
+trait’s required methods. The `Deref` trait, provided by the standard library,
+requires us to implement one method named `deref` that borrows `self` and
+returns a reference to the inner data. Listing 15-10 contains an implementation
+of `Deref` to add to the definition of `MyBox<T>`.
+
+<Listing number="15-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Implementing `Deref` on `MyBox<T>`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-10/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `type Target = T;` syntax defines an associated type for the `Deref` trait
+to use. Associated types are a slightly different way of declaring a generic
+parameter, but you don’t need to worry about them for now; we’ll cover them in
+more detail in Chapter 20.
+
+We fill in the body of the `deref` method with `&self.0` so that `deref`
+returns a reference to the value we want to access with the `*` operator;
+recall from [“Creating Different Types with Tuple Structs”][tuple-structs]<!--
+ignore --> in Chapter 5 that `.0` accesses the first value in a tuple struct.
+The `main` function in Listing 15-9 that calls `*` on the `MyBox<T>` value now
+compiles, and the assertions pass!
+
+Without the `Deref` trait, the compiler can only dereference `&` references.
+The `deref` method gives the compiler the ability to take a value of any type
+that implements `Deref` and call the `deref` method to get a reference that
+it knows how to dereference.
+
+When we entered `*y` in Listing 15-9, behind the scenes Rust actually ran this
+code:
+
+```rust,ignore
+*(y.deref())
+```
+
+Rust substitutes the `*` operator with a call to the `deref` method and then a
+plain dereference so that we don’t have to think about whether or not we need
+to call the `deref` method. This Rust feature lets us write code that functions
+identically whether we have a regular reference or a type that implements
+`Deref`.
+
+The reason the `deref` method returns a reference to a value, and that the
+plain dereference outside the parentheses in `*(y.deref())` is still necessary,
+has to do with the ownership system. If the `deref` method returned the value
+directly instead of a reference to the value, the value would be moved out of
+`self`. We don’t want to take ownership of the inner value inside `MyBox<T>` in
+this case or in most cases where we use the dereference operator.
+
+Note that the `*` operator is replaced with a call to the `deref` method and
+then a call to the `*` operator just once, each time we use a `*` in our code.
+Because the substitution of the `*` operator does not recurse infinitely, we
+end up with data of type `i32`, which matches the `5` in `assert_eq!` in
+Listing 15-9.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="implicit-deref-coercions-with-functions-and-methods"></a>
+<a id="using-deref-coercions-in-functions-and-methods"></a>
+
+### Using Deref Coercion in Functions and Methods
+
+_Deref coercion_ converts a reference to a type that implements the `Deref`
+trait into a reference to another type. For example, deref coercion can convert
+`&String` to `&str` because `String` implements the `Deref` trait such that it
+returns `&str`. Deref coercion is a convenience Rust performs on arguments to
+functions and methods, and it works only on types that implement the `Deref`
+trait. It happens automatically when we pass a reference to a particular type’s
+value as an argument to a function or method that doesn’t match the parameter
+type in the function or method definition. A sequence of calls to the `deref`
+method converts the type we provided into the type the parameter needs.
+
+Deref coercion was added to Rust so that programmers writing function and
+method calls don’t need to add as many explicit references and dereferences
+with `&` and `*`. The deref coercion feature also lets us write more code that
+can work for either references or smart pointers.
+
+To see deref coercion in action, let’s use the `MyBox<T>` type we defined in
+Listing 15-8 as well as the implementation of `Deref` that we added in Listing
+15-10. Listing 15-11 shows the definition of a function that has a string slice
+parameter.
+
+<Listing number="15-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `hello` function that has the parameter `name` of type `&str`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-11/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We can call the `hello` function with a string slice as an argument, such as
+`hello("Rust");`, for example. Deref coercion makes it possible to call `hello`
+with a reference to a value of type `MyBox<String>`, as shown in Listing 15-12.
+
+<Listing number="15-12" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Calling `hello` with a reference to a `MyBox<String>` value, which works because of deref coercion">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-12/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here we’re calling the `hello` function with the argument `&m`, which is a
+reference to a `MyBox<String>` value. Because we implemented the `Deref` trait
+on `MyBox<T>` in Listing 15-10, Rust can turn `&MyBox<String>` into `&String`
+by calling `deref`. The standard library provides an implementation of `Deref`
+on `String` that returns a string slice, and this is in the API documentation
+for `Deref`. Rust calls `deref` again to turn the `&String` into `&str`, which
+matches the `hello` function’s definition.
+
+If Rust didn’t implement deref coercion, we would have to write the code in
+Listing 15-13 instead of the code in Listing 15-12 to call `hello` with a value
+of type `&MyBox<String>`.
+
+<Listing number="15-13" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="The code we would have to write if Rust didn’t have deref coercion">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-13/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `(*m)` dereferences the `MyBox<String>` into a `String`. Then, the `&` and
+`[..]` take a string slice of the `String` that is equal to the whole string to
+match the signature of `hello`. This code without deref coercions is harder to
+read, write, and understand with all of these symbols involved. Deref coercion
+allows Rust to handle these conversions for us automatically.
+
+When the `Deref` trait is defined for the types involved, Rust will analyze the
+types and use `Deref::deref` as many times as necessary to get a reference to
+match the parameter’s type. The number of times that `Deref::deref` needs to be
+inserted is resolved at compile time, so there is no runtime penalty for taking
+advantage of deref coercion!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="how-deref-coercion-interacts-with-mutability"></a>
+
+### Handling Deref Coercion with Mutable References
+
+Similar to how you use the `Deref` trait to override the `*` operator on
+immutable references, you can use the `DerefMut` trait to override the `*`
+operator on mutable references.
+
+Rust does deref coercion when it finds types and trait implementations in three
+cases:
+
+1. From `&T` to `&U` when `T: Deref<Target=U>`
+2. From `&mut T` to `&mut U` when `T: DerefMut<Target=U>`
+3. From `&mut T` to `&U` when `T: Deref<Target=U>`
+
+The first two cases are the same except that the second implements mutability.
+The first case states that if you have a `&T`, and `T` implements `Deref` to
+some type `U`, you can get a `&U` transparently. The second case states that
+the same deref coercion happens for mutable references.
+
+The third case is trickier: Rust will also coerce a mutable reference to an
+immutable one. But the reverse is _not_ possible: Immutable references will
+never coerce to mutable references. Because of the borrowing rules, if you have
+a mutable reference, that mutable reference must be the only reference to that
+data (otherwise, the program wouldn’t compile). Converting one mutable
+reference to one immutable reference will never break the borrowing rules.
+Converting an immutable reference to a mutable reference would require that the
+initial immutable reference is the only immutable reference to that data, but
+the borrowing rules don’t guarantee that. Therefore, Rust can’t make the
+assumption that converting an immutable reference to a mutable reference is
+possible.
+
+[impl-trait]: ch10-02-traits.html#implementing-a-trait-on-a-type
+[tuple-structs]: ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-different-types-with-tuple-structs
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-03-drop.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-03-drop.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..58b244b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-03-drop.md
@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+## Running Code on Cleanup with the `Drop` Trait
+
+The second trait important to the smart pointer pattern is `Drop`, which lets
+you customize what happens when a value is about to go out of scope. You can
+provide an implementation for the `Drop` trait on any type, and that code can
+be used to release resources like files or network connections.
+
+We’re introducing `Drop` in the context of smart pointers because the
+functionality of the `Drop` trait is almost always used when implementing a
+smart pointer. For example, when a `Box<T>` is dropped, it will deallocate the
+space on the heap that the box points to.
+
+In some languages, for some types, the programmer must call code to free memory
+or resources every time they finish using an instance of those types. Examples
+include file handles, sockets, and locks. If the programmer forgets, the system
+might become overloaded and crash. In Rust, you can specify that a particular
+bit of code be run whenever a value goes out of scope, and the compiler will
+insert this code automatically. As a result, you don’t need to be careful about
+placing cleanup code everywhere in a program that an instance of a particular
+type is finished with—you still won’t leak resources!
+
+You specify the code to run when a value goes out of scope by implementing the
+`Drop` trait. The `Drop` trait requires you to implement one method named
+`drop` that takes a mutable reference to `self`. To see when Rust calls `drop`,
+let’s implement `drop` with `println!` statements for now.
+
+Listing 15-14 shows a `CustomSmartPointer` struct whose only custom
+functionality is that it will print `Dropping CustomSmartPointer!` when the
+instance goes out of scope, to show when Rust runs the `drop` method.
+
+<Listing number="15-14" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `CustomSmartPointer` struct that implements the `Drop` trait where we would put our cleanup code">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-14/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `Drop` trait is included in the prelude, so we don’t need to bring it into
+scope. We implement the `Drop` trait on `CustomSmartPointer` and provide an
+implementation for the `drop` method that calls `println!`. The body of the
+`drop` method is where you would place any logic that you wanted to run when an
+instance of your type goes out of scope. We’re printing some text here to
+demonstrate visually when Rust will call `drop`.
+
+In `main`, we create two instances of `CustomSmartPointer` and then print
+`CustomSmartPointers created`. At the end of `main`, our instances of
+`CustomSmartPointer` will go out of scope, and Rust will call the code we put
+in the `drop` method, printing our final message. Note that we didn’t need to
+call the `drop` method explicitly.
+
+When we run this program, we’ll see the following output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-14/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Rust automatically called `drop` for us when our instances went out of scope,
+calling the code we specified. Variables are dropped in the reverse order of
+their creation, so `d` was dropped before `c`. This example’s purpose is to
+give you a visual guide to how the `drop` method works; usually you would
+specify the cleanup code that your type needs to run rather than a print
+message.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="dropping-a-value-early-with-std-mem-drop"></a>
+
+Unfortunately, it’s not straightforward to disable the automatic `drop`
+functionality. Disabling `drop` isn’t usually necessary; the whole point of the
+`Drop` trait is that it’s taken care of automatically. Occasionally, however,
+you might want to clean up a value early. One example is when using smart
+pointers that manage locks: You might want to force the `drop` method that
+releases the lock so that other code in the same scope can acquire the lock.
+Rust doesn’t let you call the `Drop` trait’s `drop` method manually; instead,
+you have to call the `std::mem::drop` function provided by the standard library
+if you want to force a value to be dropped before the end of its scope.
+
+Trying to call the `Drop` trait’s `drop` method manually by modifying the
+`main` function from Listing 15-14 won’t work, as shown in Listing 15-15.
+
+<Listing number="15-15" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to call the `drop` method from the `Drop` trait manually to clean up early">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-15/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we try to compile this code, we’ll get this error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-15/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This error message states that we’re not allowed to explicitly call `drop`. The
+error message uses the term _destructor_, which is the general programming term
+for a function that cleans up an instance. A _destructor_ is analogous to a
+_constructor_, which creates an instance. The `drop` function in Rust is one
+particular destructor.
+
+Rust doesn’t let us call `drop` explicitly, because Rust would still
+automatically call `drop` on the value at the end of `main`. This would cause a
+double free error because Rust would be trying to clean up the same value twice.
+
+We can’t disable the automatic insertion of `drop` when a value goes out of
+scope, and we can’t call the `drop` method explicitly. So, if we need to force
+a value to be cleaned up early, we use the `std::mem::drop` function.
+
+The `std::mem::drop` function is different from the `drop` method in the `Drop`
+trait. We call it by passing as an argument the value we want to force-drop.
+The function is in the prelude, so we can modify `main` in Listing 15-15 to
+call the `drop` function, as shown in Listing 15-16.
+
+<Listing number="15-16" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Calling `std::mem::drop` to explicitly drop a value before it goes out of scope">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-16/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Running this code will print the following:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-16/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The text ``Dropping CustomSmartPointer with data `some data`!`` is printed
+between the `CustomSmartPointer created` and `CustomSmartPointer dropped before
+the end of main` text, showing that the `drop` method code is called to drop
+`c` at that point.
+
+You can use code specified in a `Drop` trait implementation in many ways to
+make cleanup convenient and safe: For instance, you could use it to create your
+own memory allocator! With the `Drop` trait and Rust’s ownership system, you
+don’t have to remember to clean up, because Rust does it automatically.
+
+You also don’t have to worry about problems resulting from accidentally
+cleaning up values still in use: The ownership system that makes sure
+references are always valid also ensures that `drop` gets called only once when
+the value is no longer being used.
+
+Now that we’ve examined `Box<T>` and some of the characteristics of smart
+pointers, let’s look at a few other smart pointers defined in the standard
+library.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-04-rc.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-04-rc.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..9b5f7f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-04-rc.md
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+## `Rc<T>`, the Reference-Counted Smart Pointer
+
+In the majority of cases, ownership is clear: You know exactly which variable
+owns a given value. However, there are cases when a single value might have
+multiple owners. For example, in graph data structures, multiple edges might
+point to the same node, and that node is conceptually owned by all of the edges
+that point to it. A node shouldn’t be cleaned up unless it doesn’t have any
+edges pointing to it and so has no owners.
+
+You have to enable multiple ownership explicitly by using the Rust type
+`Rc<T>`, which is an abbreviation for _reference counting_. The `Rc<T>` type
+keeps track of the number of references to a value to determine whether or not
+the value is still in use. If there are zero references to a value, the value
+can be cleaned up without any references becoming invalid.
+
+Imagine `Rc<T>` as a TV in a family room. When one person enters to watch TV,
+they turn it on. Others can come into the room and watch the TV. When the last
+person leaves the room, they turn off the TV because it’s no longer being used.
+If someone turns off the TV while others are still watching it, there would be
+an uproar from the remaining TV watchers!
+
+We use the `Rc<T>` type when we want to allocate some data on the heap for
+multiple parts of our program to read and we can’t determine at compile time
+which part will finish using the data last. If we knew which part would finish
+last, we could just make that part the data’s owner, and the normal ownership
+rules enforced at compile time would take effect.
+
+Note that `Rc<T>` is only for use in single-threaded scenarios. When we discuss
+concurrency in Chapter 16, we’ll cover how to do reference counting in
+multithreaded programs.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-rct-to-share-data"></a>
+
+### Sharing Data
+
+Let’s return to our cons list example in Listing 15-5. Recall that we defined
+it using `Box<T>`. This time, we’ll create two lists that both share ownership
+of a third list. Conceptually, this looks similar to Figure 15-3.
+
+<img alt="A linked list with the label 'a' pointing to three elements. The first element contains the integer 5 and points to the second element. Th
+e second element contains the integer 10 and points to the third element. The third element contains the value 'Nil' that signifies the end of the l
+ist; it does not point anywhere. A linked list with the label 'b' points to an element that contains the integer 3 and points to the first element o
+f list 'a'. A linked list with the label 'c' points to an element that contains the integer 4 and also points to the first element of list 'a' so th
+at the tails of lists 'b' and 'c' are both list 'a'." src="img/trpl15-03.svg" class="center" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 15-3: Two lists, `b` and `c`, sharing ownership of
+a third list, `a`</span>
+
+We’ll create list `a` that contains `5` and then `10`. Then, we’ll make two
+more lists: `b` that starts with `3` and `c` that starts with `4`. Both the `b`
+and `c` lists will then continue on to the first `a` list containing `5` and
+`10`. In other words, both lists will share the first list containing `5` and
+`10`.
+
+Trying to implement this scenario using our definition of `List` with `Box<T>`
+won’t work, as shown in Listing 15-17.
+
+<Listing number="15-17" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Demonstrating that we’re not allowed to have two lists using `Box<T>` that try to share ownership of a third list">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-17/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we compile this code, we get this error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-17/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The `Cons` variants own the data they hold, so when we create the `b` list, `a`
+is moved into `b` and `b` owns `a`. Then, when we try to use `a` again when
+creating `c`, we’re not allowed to because `a` has been moved.
+
+We could change the definition of `Cons` to hold references instead, but then
+we would have to specify lifetime parameters. By specifying lifetime
+parameters, we would be specifying that every element in the list will live at
+least as long as the entire list. This is the case for the elements and lists
+in Listing 15-17, but not in every scenario.
+
+Instead, we’ll change our definition of `List` to use `Rc<T>` in place of
+`Box<T>`, as shown in Listing 15-18. Each `Cons` variant will now hold a value
+and an `Rc<T>` pointing to a `List`. When we create `b`, instead of taking
+ownership of `a`, we’ll clone the `Rc<List>` that `a` is holding, thereby
+increasing the number of references from one to two and letting `a` and `b`
+share ownership of the data in that `Rc<List>`. We’ll also clone `a` when
+creating `c`, increasing the number of references from two to three. Every time
+we call `Rc::clone`, the reference count to the data within the `Rc<List>` will
+increase, and the data won’t be cleaned up unless there are zero references to
+it.
+
+<Listing number="15-18" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A definition of `List` that uses `Rc<T>`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-18/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We need to add a `use` statement to bring `Rc<T>` into scope because it’s not
+in the prelude. In `main`, we create the list holding `5` and `10` and store it
+in a new `Rc<List>` in `a`. Then, when we create `b` and `c`, we call the
+`Rc::clone` function and pass a reference to the `Rc<List>` in `a` as an
+argument.
+
+We could have called `a.clone()` rather than `Rc::clone(&a)`, but Rust’s
+convention is to use `Rc::clone` in this case. The implementation of
+`Rc::clone` doesn’t make a deep copy of all the data like most types’
+implementations of `clone` do. The call to `Rc::clone` only increments the
+reference count, which doesn’t take much time. Deep copies of data can take a
+lot of time. By using `Rc::clone` for reference counting, we can visually
+distinguish between the deep-copy kinds of clones and the kinds of clones that
+increase the reference count. When looking for performance problems in the
+code, we only need to consider the deep-copy clones and can disregard calls to
+`Rc::clone`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="cloning-an-rct-increases-the-reference-count"></a>
+
+### Cloning to Increase the Reference Count
+
+Let’s change our working example in Listing 15-18 so that we can see the
+reference counts changing as we create and drop references to the `Rc<List>` in
+`a`.
+
+In Listing 15-19, we’ll change `main` so that it has an inner scope around list
+`c`; then, we can see how the reference count changes when `c` goes out of
+scope.
+
+<Listing number="15-19" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Printing the reference count">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-19/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+At each point in the program where the reference count changes, we print the
+reference count, which we get by calling the `Rc::strong_count` function. This
+function is named `strong_count` rather than `count` because the `Rc<T>` type
+also has a `weak_count`; we’ll see what `weak_count` is used for in [“Preventing
+Reference Cycles Using `Weak<T>`”][preventing-ref-cycles]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+This code prints the following:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-19/output.txt}}
+```
+
+We can see that the `Rc<List>` in `a` has an initial reference count of 1;
+then, each time we call `clone`, the count goes up by 1. When `c` goes out of
+scope, the count goes down by 1. We don’t have to call a function to decrease
+the reference count like we have to call `Rc::clone` to increase the reference
+count: The implementation of the `Drop` trait decreases the reference count
+automatically when an `Rc<T>` value goes out of scope.
+
+What we can’t see in this example is that when `b` and then `a` go out of scope
+at the end of `main`, the count is 0, and the `Rc<List>` is cleaned up
+completely. Using `Rc<T>` allows a single value to have multiple owners, and
+the count ensures that the value remains valid as long as any of the owners
+still exist.
+
+Via immutable references, `Rc<T>` allows you to share data between multiple
+parts of your program for reading only. If `Rc<T>` allowed you to have multiple
+mutable references too, you might violate one of the borrowing rules discussed
+in Chapter 4: Multiple mutable borrows to the same place can cause data races
+and inconsistencies. But being able to mutate data is very useful! In the next
+section, we’ll discuss the interior mutability pattern and the `RefCell<T>`
+type that you can use in conjunction with an `Rc<T>` to work with this
+immutability restriction.
+
+[preventing-ref-cycles]: ch15-06-reference-cycles.html#preventing-reference-cycles-turning-an-rct-into-a-weakt
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-05-interior-mutability.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-05-interior-mutability.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2bc04a7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-05-interior-mutability.md
@@ -0,0 +1,361 @@
+## `RefCell<T>` and the Interior Mutability Pattern
+
+_Interior mutability_ is a design pattern in Rust that allows you to mutate
+data even when there are immutable references to that data; normally, this
+action is disallowed by the borrowing rules. To mutate data, the pattern uses
+`unsafe` code inside a data structure to bend Rust’s usual rules that govern
+mutation and borrowing. Unsafe code indicates to the compiler that we’re
+checking the rules manually instead of relying on the compiler to check them
+for us; we will discuss unsafe code more in Chapter 20.
+
+We can use types that use the interior mutability pattern only when we can
+ensure that the borrowing rules will be followed at runtime, even though the
+compiler can’t guarantee that. The `unsafe` code involved is then wrapped in a
+safe API, and the outer type is still immutable.
+
+Let’s explore this concept by looking at the `RefCell<T>` type that follows the
+interior mutability pattern.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="enforcing-borrowing-rules-at-runtime-with-refcellt"></a>
+
+### Enforcing Borrowing Rules at Runtime
+
+Unlike `Rc<T>`, the `RefCell<T>` type represents single ownership over the data
+it holds. So, what makes `RefCell<T>` different from a type like `Box<T>`?
+Recall the borrowing rules you learned in Chapter 4:
+
+- At any given time, you can have _either_ one mutable reference or any number
+  of immutable references (but not both).
+- References must always be valid.
+
+With references and `Box<T>`, the borrowing rules’ invariants are enforced at
+compile time. With `RefCell<T>`, these invariants are enforced _at runtime_.
+With references, if you break these rules, you’ll get a compiler error. With
+`RefCell<T>`, if you break these rules, your program will panic and exit.
+
+The advantages of checking the borrowing rules at compile time are that errors
+will be caught sooner in the development process, and there is no impact on
+runtime performance because all the analysis is completed beforehand. For those
+reasons, checking the borrowing rules at compile time is the best choice in the
+majority of cases, which is why this is Rust’s default.
+
+The advantage of checking the borrowing rules at runtime instead is that
+certain memory-safe scenarios are then allowed, where they would’ve been
+disallowed by the compile-time checks. Static analysis, like the Rust compiler,
+is inherently conservative. Some properties of code are impossible to detect by
+analyzing the code: The most famous example is the Halting Problem, which is
+beyond the scope of this book but is an interesting topic to research.
+
+Because some analysis is impossible, if the Rust compiler can’t be sure the
+code complies with the ownership rules, it might reject a correct program; in
+this way, it’s conservative. If Rust accepted an incorrect program, users
+wouldn’t be able to trust the guarantees Rust makes. However, if Rust rejects a
+correct program, the programmer will be inconvenienced, but nothing
+catastrophic can occur. The `RefCell<T>` type is useful when you’re sure your
+code follows the borrowing rules but the compiler is unable to understand and
+guarantee that.
+
+Similar to `Rc<T>`, `RefCell<T>` is only for use in single-threaded scenarios
+and will give you a compile-time error if you try using it in a multithreaded
+context. We’ll talk about how to get the functionality of `RefCell<T>` in a
+multithreaded program in Chapter 16.
+
+Here is a recap of the reasons to choose `Box<T>`, `Rc<T>`, or `RefCell<T>`:
+
+- `Rc<T>` enables multiple owners of the same data; `Box<T>` and `RefCell<T>`
+  have single owners.
+- `Box<T>` allows immutable or mutable borrows checked at compile time; `Rc<T>`
+  allows only immutable borrows checked at compile time; `RefCell<T>` allows
+  immutable or mutable borrows checked at runtime.
+- Because `RefCell<T>` allows mutable borrows checked at runtime, you can
+  mutate the value inside the `RefCell<T>` even when the `RefCell<T>` is
+  immutable.
+
+Mutating the value inside an immutable value is the interior mutability
+pattern. Let’s look at a situation in which interior mutability is useful and
+examine how it’s possible.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="interior-mutability-a-mutable-borrow-to-an-immutable-value"></a>
+
+### Using Interior Mutability
+
+A consequence of the borrowing rules is that when you have an immutable value,
+you can’t borrow it mutably. For example, this code won’t compile:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/no-listing-01-cant-borrow-immutable-as-mutable/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+If you tried to compile this code, you’d get the following error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/no-listing-01-cant-borrow-immutable-as-mutable/output.txt}}
+```
+
+However, there are situations in which it would be useful for a value to mutate
+itself in its methods but appear immutable to other code. Code outside the
+value’s methods would not be able to mutate the value. Using `RefCell<T>` is
+one way to get the ability to have interior mutability, but `RefCell<T>`
+doesn’t get around the borrowing rules completely: The borrow checker in the
+compiler allows this interior mutability, and the borrowing rules are checked
+at runtime instead. If you violate the rules, you’ll get a `panic!` instead of
+a compiler error.
+
+Let’s work through a practical example where we can use `RefCell<T>` to mutate
+an immutable value and see why that is useful.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="a-use-case-for-interior-mutability-mock-objects"></a>
+
+#### Testing with Mock Objects
+
+Sometimes during testing a programmer will use a type in place of another type,
+in order to observe particular behavior and assert that it’s implemented
+correctly. This placeholder type is called a _test double_. Think of it in the
+sense of a stunt double in filmmaking, where a person steps in and substitutes
+for an actor to do a particularly tricky scene. Test doubles stand in for other
+types when we’re running tests. _Mock objects_ are specific types of test
+doubles that record what happens during a test so that you can assert that the
+correct actions took place.
+
+Rust doesn’t have objects in the same sense as other languages have objects,
+and Rust doesn’t have mock object functionality built into the standard library
+as some other languages do. However, you can definitely create a struct that
+will serve the same purposes as a mock object.
+
+Here’s the scenario we’ll test: We’ll create a library that tracks a value
+against a maximum value and sends messages based on how close to the maximum
+value the current value is. This library could be used to keep track of a
+user’s quota for the number of API calls they’re allowed to make, for example.
+
+Our library will only provide the functionality of tracking how close to the
+maximum a value is and what the messages should be at what times. Applications
+that use our library will be expected to provide the mechanism for sending the
+messages: The application could show the message to the user directly, send an
+email, send a text message, or do something else. The library doesn’t need to
+know that detail. All it needs is something that implements a trait we’ll
+provide, called `Messenger`. Listing 15-20 shows the library code.
+
+<Listing number="15-20" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A library to keep track of how close a value is to a maximum value and warn when the value is at certain levels">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-20/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+One important part of this code is that the `Messenger` trait has one method
+called `send` that takes an immutable reference to `self` and the text of the
+message. This trait is the interface our mock object needs to implement so that
+the mock can be used in the same way a real object is. The other important part
+is that we want to test the behavior of the `set_value` method on the
+`LimitTracker`. We can change what we pass in for the `value` parameter, but
+`set_value` doesn’t return anything for us to make assertions on. We want to be
+able to say that if we create a `LimitTracker` with something that implements
+the `Messenger` trait and a particular value for `max`, the messenger is told
+to send the appropriate messages when we pass different numbers for `value`.
+
+We need a mock object that, instead of sending an email or text message when we
+call `send`, will only keep track of the messages it’s told to send. We can
+create a new instance of the mock object, create a `LimitTracker` that uses the
+mock object, call the `set_value` method on `LimitTracker`, and then check that
+the mock object has the messages we expect. Listing 15-21 shows an attempt to
+implement a mock object to do just that, but the borrow checker won’t allow it.
+
+<Listing number="15-21" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="An attempt to implement a `MockMessenger` that isn’t allowed by the borrow checker">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-21/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This test code defines a `MockMessenger` struct that has a `sent_messages`
+field with a `Vec` of `String` values to keep track of the messages it’s told
+to send. We also define an associated function `new` to make it convenient to
+create new `MockMessenger` values that start with an empty list of messages. We
+then implement the `Messenger` trait for `MockMessenger` so that we can give a
+`MockMessenger` to a `LimitTracker`. In the definition of the `send` method, we
+take the message passed in as a parameter and store it in the `MockMessenger`
+list of `sent_messages`.
+
+In the test, we’re testing what happens when the `LimitTracker` is told to set
+`value` to something that is more than 75 percent of the `max` value. First, we
+create a new `MockMessenger`, which will start with an empty list of messages.
+Then, we create a new `LimitTracker` and give it a reference to the new
+`MockMessenger` and a `max` value of `100`. We call the `set_value` method on
+the `LimitTracker` with a value of `80`, which is more than 75 percent of 100.
+Then, we assert that the list of messages that the `MockMessenger` is keeping
+track of should now have one message in it.
+
+However, there’s one problem with this test, as shown here:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-21/output.txt}}
+```
+
+We can’t modify the `MockMessenger` to keep track of the messages, because the
+`send` method takes an immutable reference to `self`. We also can’t take the
+suggestion from the error text to use `&mut self` in both the `impl` method and
+the trait definition. We do not want to change the `Messenger` trait solely for
+the sake of testing. Instead, we need to find a way to make our test code work
+correctly with our existing design.
+
+This is a situation in which interior mutability can help! We’ll store the
+`sent_messages` within a `RefCell<T>`, and then the `send` method will be able
+to modify `sent_messages` to store the messages we’ve seen. Listing 15-22 shows
+what that looks like.
+
+<Listing number="15-22" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Using `RefCell<T>` to mutate an inner value while the outer value is considered immutable">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-22/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `sent_messages` field is now of type `RefCell<Vec<String>>` instead of
+`Vec<String>`. In the `new` function, we create a new `RefCell<Vec<String>>`
+instance around the empty vector.
+
+For the implementation of the `send` method, the first parameter is still an
+immutable borrow of `self`, which matches the trait definition. We call
+`borrow_mut` on the `RefCell<Vec<String>>` in `self.sent_messages` to get a
+mutable reference to the value inside the `RefCell<Vec<String>>`, which is the
+vector. Then, we can call `push` on the mutable reference to the vector to keep
+track of the messages sent during the test.
+
+The last change we have to make is in the assertion: To see how many items are
+in the inner vector, we call `borrow` on the `RefCell<Vec<String>>` to get an
+immutable reference to the vector.
+
+Now that you’ve seen how to use `RefCell<T>`, let’s dig into how it works!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="keeping-track-of-borrows-at-runtime-with-refcellt"></a>
+
+#### Tracking Borrows at Runtime
+
+When creating immutable and mutable references, we use the `&` and `&mut`
+syntax, respectively. With `RefCell<T>`, we use the `borrow` and `borrow_mut`
+methods, which are part of the safe API that belongs to `RefCell<T>`. The
+`borrow` method returns the smart pointer type `Ref<T>`, and `borrow_mut`
+returns the smart pointer type `RefMut<T>`. Both types implement `Deref`, so we
+can treat them like regular references.
+
+The `RefCell<T>` keeps track of how many `Ref<T>` and `RefMut<T>` smart
+pointers are currently active. Every time we call `borrow`, the `RefCell<T>`
+increases its count of how many immutable borrows are active. When a `Ref<T>`
+value goes out of scope, the count of immutable borrows goes down by 1. Just
+like the compile-time borrowing rules, `RefCell<T>` lets us have many immutable
+borrows or one mutable borrow at any point in time.
+
+If we try to violate these rules, rather than getting a compiler error as we
+would with references, the implementation of `RefCell<T>` will panic at
+runtime. Listing 15-23 shows a modification of the implementation of `send` in
+Listing 15-22. We’re deliberately trying to create two mutable borrows active
+for the same scope to illustrate that `RefCell<T>` prevents us from doing this
+at runtime.
+
+<Listing number="15-23" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Creating two mutable references in the same scope to see that `RefCell<T>` will panic">
+
+```rust,ignore,panics
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-23/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We create a variable `one_borrow` for the `RefMut<T>` smart pointer returned
+from `borrow_mut`. Then, we create another mutable borrow in the same way in
+the variable `two_borrow`. This makes two mutable references in the same scope,
+which isn’t allowed. When we run the tests for our library, the code in Listing
+15-23 will compile without any errors, but the test will fail:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-23/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Notice that the code panicked with the message `already borrowed:
+BorrowMutError`. This is how `RefCell<T>` handles violations of the borrowing
+rules at runtime.
+
+Choosing to catch borrowing errors at runtime rather than compile time, as
+we’ve done here, means you’d potentially be finding mistakes in your code later
+in the development process: possibly not until your code was deployed to
+production. Also, your code would incur a small runtime performance penalty as
+a result of keeping track of the borrows at runtime rather than compile time.
+However, using `RefCell<T>` makes it possible to write a mock object that can
+modify itself to keep track of the messages it has seen while you’re using it
+in a context where only immutable values are allowed. You can use `RefCell<T>`
+despite its trade-offs to get more functionality than regular references
+provide.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="having-multiple-owners-of-mutable-data-by-combining-rc-t-and-ref-cell-t"></a>
+<a id="allowing-multiple-owners-of-mutable-data-with-rct-and-refcellt"></a>
+
+### Allowing Multiple Owners of Mutable Data
+
+A common way to use `RefCell<T>` is in combination with `Rc<T>`. Recall that
+`Rc<T>` lets you have multiple owners of some data, but it only gives immutable
+access to that data. If you have an `Rc<T>` that holds a `RefCell<T>`, you can
+get a value that can have multiple owners _and_ that you can mutate!
+
+For example, recall the cons list example in Listing 15-18 where we used
+`Rc<T>` to allow multiple lists to share ownership of another list. Because
+`Rc<T>` holds only immutable values, we can’t change any of the values in the
+list once we’ve created them. Let’s add in `RefCell<T>` for its ability to
+change the values in the lists. Listing 15-24 shows that by using a
+`RefCell<T>` in the `Cons` definition, we can modify the value stored in all
+the lists.
+
+<Listing number="15-24" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using `Rc<RefCell<i32>>` to create a `List` that we can mutate">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-24/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We create a value that is an instance of `Rc<RefCell<i32>>` and store it in a
+variable named `value` so that we can access it directly later. Then, we create
+a `List` in `a` with a `Cons` variant that holds `value`. We need to clone
+`value` so that both `a` and `value` have ownership of the inner `5` value
+rather than transferring ownership from `value` to `a` or having `a` borrow
+from `value`.
+
+We wrap the list `a` in an `Rc<T>` so that when we create lists `b` and `c`,
+they can both refer to `a`, which is what we did in Listing 15-18.
+
+After we’ve created the lists in `a`, `b`, and `c`, we want to add 10 to the
+value in `value`. We do this by calling `borrow_mut` on `value`, which uses the
+automatic dereferencing feature we discussed in [“Where’s the `->`
+Operator?”][wheres-the---operator]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 5 to dereference
+the `Rc<T>` to the inner `RefCell<T>` value. The `borrow_mut` method returns a
+`RefMut<T>` smart pointer, and we use the dereference operator on it and change
+the inner value.
+
+When we print `a`, `b`, and `c`, we can see that they all have the modified
+value of `15` rather than `5`:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-24/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This technique is pretty neat! By using `RefCell<T>`, we have an outwardly
+immutable `List` value. But we can use the methods on `RefCell<T>` that provide
+access to its interior mutability so that we can modify our data when we need
+to. The runtime checks of the borrowing rules protect us from data races, and
+it’s sometimes worth trading a bit of speed for this flexibility in our data
+structures. Note that `RefCell<T>` does not work for multithreaded code!
+`Mutex<T>` is the thread-safe version of `RefCell<T>`, and we’ll discuss
+`Mutex<T>` in Chapter 16.
+
+[wheres-the---operator]: ch05-03-method-syntax.html#wheres-the---operator
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1c11b02
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch15-06-reference-cycles.md
@@ -0,0 +1,323 @@
+## Reference Cycles Can Leak Memory
+
+Rust’s memory safety guarantees make it difficult, but not impossible, to
+accidentally create memory that is never cleaned up (known as a _memory leak_).
+Preventing memory leaks entirely is not one of Rust’s guarantees, meaning
+memory leaks are memory safe in Rust. We can see that Rust allows memory leaks
+by using `Rc<T>` and `RefCell<T>`: It’s possible to create references where
+items refer to each other in a cycle. This creates memory leaks because the
+reference count of each item in the cycle will never reach 0, and the values
+will never be dropped.
+
+### Creating a Reference Cycle
+
+Let’s look at how a reference cycle might happen and how to prevent it,
+starting with the definition of the `List` enum and a `tail` method in Listing
+15-25.
+
+<Listing number="15-25" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A cons list definition that holds a `RefCell<T>` so that we can modify what a `Cons` variant is referring to">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-25/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’re using another variation of the `List` definition from Listing 15-5. The
+second element in the `Cons` variant is now `RefCell<Rc<List>>`, meaning that
+instead of having the ability to modify the `i32` value as we did in Listing
+15-24, we want to modify the `List` value a `Cons` variant is pointing to.
+We’re also adding a `tail` method to make it convenient for us to access the
+second item if we have a `Cons` variant.
+
+In Listing 15-26, we’re adding a `main` function that uses the definitions in
+Listing 15-25. This code creates a list in `a` and a list in `b` that points to
+the list in `a`. Then, it modifies the list in `a` to point to `b`, creating a
+reference cycle. There are `println!` statements along the way to show what the
+reference counts are at various points in this process.
+
+<Listing number="15-26" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating a reference cycle of two `List` values pointing to each other">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-26/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We create an `Rc<List>` instance holding a `List` value in the variable `a`
+with an initial list of `5, Nil`. We then create an `Rc<List>` instance holding
+another `List` value in the variable `b` that contains the value `10` and
+points to the list in `a`.
+
+We modify `a` so that it points to `b` instead of `Nil`, creating a cycle. We
+do that by using the `tail` method to get a reference to the
+`RefCell<Rc<List>>` in `a`, which we put in the variable `link`. Then, we use
+the `borrow_mut` method on the `RefCell<Rc<List>>` to change the value inside
+from an `Rc<List>` that holds a `Nil` value to the `Rc<List>` in `b`.
+
+When we run this code, keeping the last `println!` commented out for the
+moment, we’ll get this output:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-26/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The reference count of the `Rc<List>` instances in both `a` and `b` is 2 after
+we change the list in `a` to point to `b`. At the end of `main`, Rust drops the
+variable `b`, which decreases the reference count of the `b` `Rc<List>`
+instance from 2 to 1. The memory that `Rc<List>` has on the heap won’t be
+dropped at this point because its reference count is 1, not 0. Then, Rust drops
+`a`, which decreases the reference count of the `a` `Rc<List>` instance from 2
+to 1 as well. This instance’s memory can’t be dropped either, because the other
+`Rc<List>` instance still refers to it. The memory allocated to the list will
+remain uncollected forever. To visualize this reference cycle, we’ve created
+the diagram in Figure 15-4.
+
+<img alt="A rectangle labeled 'a' that points to a rectangle containing the integer 5. A rectangle labeled 'b' that points to a rectangle containing the integer 10. The rectangle containing 5 points to the rectangle containing 10, and the rectangle containing 10 points back to the rectangle containing 5, creating a cycle." src="img/trpl15-04.svg" class="center" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 15-4: A reference cycle of lists `a` and `b`
+pointing to each other</span>
+
+If you uncomment the last `println!` and run the program, Rust will try to
+print this cycle with `a` pointing to `b` pointing to `a` and so forth until it
+overflows the stack.
+
+Compared to a real-world program, the consequences of creating a reference
+cycle in this example aren’t very dire: Right after we create the reference
+cycle, the program ends. However, if a more complex program allocated lots of
+memory in a cycle and held onto it for a long time, the program would use more
+memory than it needed and might overwhelm the system, causing it to run out of
+available memory.
+
+Creating reference cycles is not easily done, but it’s not impossible either.
+If you have `RefCell<T>` values that contain `Rc<T>` values or similar nested
+combinations of types with interior mutability and reference counting, you must
+ensure that you don’t create cycles; you can’t rely on Rust to catch them.
+Creating a reference cycle would be a logic bug in your program that you should
+use automated tests, code reviews, and other software development practices to
+minimize.
+
+Another solution for avoiding reference cycles is reorganizing your data
+structures so that some references express ownership and some references don’t.
+As a result, you can have cycles made up of some ownership relationships and
+some non-ownership relationships, and only the ownership relationships affect
+whether or not a value can be dropped. In Listing 15-25, we always want `Cons`
+variants to own their list, so reorganizing the data structure isn’t possible.
+Let’s look at an example using graphs made up of parent nodes and child nodes
+to see when non-ownership relationships are an appropriate way to prevent
+reference cycles.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="preventing-reference-cycles-turning-an-rct-into-a-weakt"></a>
+
+### Preventing Reference Cycles Using `Weak<T>`
+
+So far, we’ve demonstrated that calling `Rc::clone` increases the
+`strong_count` of an `Rc<T>` instance, and an `Rc<T>` instance is only cleaned
+up if its `strong_count` is 0. You can also create a weak reference to the
+value within an `Rc<T>` instance by calling `Rc::downgrade` and passing a
+reference to the `Rc<T>`. *Strong references* are how you can share ownership
+of an `Rc<T>` instance. *Weak references* don’t express an ownership
+relationship, and their count doesn’t affect when an `Rc<T>` instance is
+cleaned up. They won’t cause a reference cycle, because any cycle involving
+some weak references will be broken once the strong reference count of values
+involved is 0.
+
+When you call `Rc::downgrade`, you get a smart pointer of type `Weak<T>`.
+Instead of increasing the `strong_count` in the `Rc<T>` instance by 1, calling
+`Rc::downgrade` increases the `weak_count` by 1. The `Rc<T>` type uses
+`weak_count` to keep track of how many `Weak<T>` references exist, similar to
+`strong_count`. The difference is the `weak_count` doesn’t need to be 0 for the
+`Rc<T>` instance to be cleaned up.
+
+Because the value that `Weak<T>` references might have been dropped, to do
+anything with the value that a `Weak<T>` is pointing to you must make sure the
+value still exists. Do this by calling the `upgrade` method on a `Weak<T>`
+instance, which will return an `Option<Rc<T>>`. You’ll get a result of `Some`
+if the `Rc<T>` value has not been dropped yet and a result of `None` if the
+`Rc<T>` value has been dropped. Because `upgrade` returns an `Option<Rc<T>>`,
+Rust will ensure that the `Some` case and the `None` case are handled, and
+there won’t be an invalid pointer.
+
+As an example, rather than using a list whose items know only about the next
+item, we’ll create a tree whose items know about their child items _and_ their
+parent items.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="creating-a-tree-data-structure-a-node-with-child-nodes"></a>
+
+#### Creating a Tree Data Structure
+
+To start, we’ll build a tree with nodes that know about their child nodes.
+We’ll create a struct named `Node` that holds its own `i32` value as well as
+references to its child `Node` values:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-27/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+We want a `Node` to own its children, and we want to share that ownership with
+variables so that we can access each `Node` in the tree directly. To do this,
+we define the `Vec<T>` items to be values of type `Rc<Node>`. We also want to
+modify which nodes are children of another node, so we have a `RefCell<T>` in
+`children` around the `Vec<Rc<Node>>`.
+
+Next, we’ll use our struct definition and create one `Node` instance named
+`leaf` with the value `3` and no children, and another instance named `branch`
+with the value `5` and `leaf` as one of its children, as shown in Listing 15-27.
+
+<Listing number="15-27" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating a `leaf` node with no children and a `branch` node with `leaf` as one of its children">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-27/src/main.rs:there}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We clone the `Rc<Node>` in `leaf` and store that in `branch`, meaning the
+`Node` in `leaf` now has two owners: `leaf` and `branch`. We can get from
+`branch` to `leaf` through `branch.children`, but there’s no way to get from
+`leaf` to `branch`. The reason is that `leaf` has no reference to `branch` and
+doesn’t know they’re related. We want `leaf` to know that `branch` is its
+parent. We’ll do that next.
+
+#### Adding a Reference from a Child to Its Parent
+
+To make the child node aware of its parent, we need to add a `parent` field to
+our `Node` struct definition. The trouble is in deciding what the type of
+`parent` should be. We know it can’t contain an `Rc<T>`, because that would
+create a reference cycle with `leaf.parent` pointing to `branch` and
+`branch.children` pointing to `leaf`, which would cause their `strong_count`
+values to never be 0.
+
+Thinking about the relationships another way, a parent node should own its
+children: If a parent node is dropped, its child nodes should be dropped as
+well. However, a child should not own its parent: If we drop a child node, the
+parent should still exist. This is a case for weak references!
+
+So, instead of `Rc<T>`, we’ll make the type of `parent` use `Weak<T>`,
+specifically a `RefCell<Weak<Node>>`. Now our `Node` struct definition looks
+like this:
+
+<span class="filename">Filename: src/main.rs</span>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-28/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+A node will be able to refer to its parent node but doesn’t own its parent. In
+Listing 15-28, we update `main` to use this new definition so that the `leaf`
+node will have a way to refer to its parent, `branch`.
+
+<Listing number="15-28" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `leaf` node with a weak reference to its parent node, `branch`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-28/src/main.rs:there}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Creating the `leaf` node looks similar to Listing 15-27 with the exception of
+the `parent` field: `leaf` starts out without a parent, so we create a new,
+empty `Weak<Node>` reference instance.
+
+At this point, when we try to get a reference to the parent of `leaf` by using
+the `upgrade` method, we get a `None` value. We see this in the output from the
+first `println!` statement:
+
+```text
+leaf parent = None
+```
+
+When we create the `branch` node, it will also have a new `Weak<Node>`
+reference in the `parent` field because `branch` doesn’t have a parent node. We
+still have `leaf` as one of the children of `branch`. Once we have the `Node`
+instance in `branch`, we can modify `leaf` to give it a `Weak<Node>` reference
+to its parent. We use the `borrow_mut` method on the `RefCell<Weak<Node>>` in
+the `parent` field of `leaf`, and then we use the `Rc::downgrade` function to
+create a `Weak<Node>` reference to `branch` from the `Rc<Node>` in `branch`.
+
+When we print the parent of `leaf` again, this time we’ll get a `Some` variant
+holding `branch`: Now `leaf` can access its parent! When we print `leaf`, we
+also avoid the cycle that eventually ended in a stack overflow like we had in
+Listing 15-26; the `Weak<Node>` references are printed as `(Weak)`:
+
+```text
+leaf parent = Some(Node { value: 5, parent: RefCell { value: (Weak) },
+children: RefCell { value: [Node { value: 3, parent: RefCell { value: (Weak) },
+children: RefCell { value: [] } }] } })
+```
+
+The lack of infinite output indicates that this code didn’t create a reference
+cycle. We can also tell this by looking at the values we get from calling
+`Rc::strong_count` and `Rc::weak_count`.
+
+#### Visualizing Changes to `strong_count` and `weak_count`
+
+Let’s look at how the `strong_count` and `weak_count` values of the `Rc<Node>`
+instances change by creating a new inner scope and moving the creation of
+`branch` into that scope. By doing so, we can see what happens when `branch` is
+created and then dropped when it goes out of scope. The modifications are shown
+in Listing 15-29.
+
+<Listing number="15-29" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating `branch` in an inner scope and examining strong and weak reference counts">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch15-smart-pointers/listing-15-29/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+After `leaf` is created, its `Rc<Node>` has a strong count of 1 and a weak
+count of 0. In the inner scope, we create `branch` and associate it with
+`leaf`, at which point when we print the counts, the `Rc<Node>` in `branch`
+will have a strong count of 1 and a weak count of 1 (for `leaf.parent` pointing
+to `branch` with a `Weak<Node>`). When we print the counts in `leaf`, we’ll see
+it will have a strong count of 2 because `branch` now has a clone of the
+`Rc<Node>` of `leaf` stored in `branch.children` but will still have a weak
+count of 0.
+
+When the inner scope ends, `branch` goes out of scope and the strong count of
+the `Rc<Node>` decreases to 0, so its `Node` is dropped. The weak count of 1
+from `leaf.parent` has no bearing on whether or not `Node` is dropped, so we
+don’t get any memory leaks!
+
+If we try to access the parent of `leaf` after the end of the scope, we’ll get
+`None` again. At the end of the program, the `Rc<Node>` in `leaf` has a strong
+count of 1 and a weak count of 0 because the variable `leaf` is now the only
+reference to the `Rc<Node>` again.
+
+All of the logic that manages the counts and value dropping is built into
+`Rc<T>` and `Weak<T>` and their implementations of the `Drop` trait. By
+specifying that the relationship from a child to its parent should be a
+`Weak<T>` reference in the definition of `Node`, you’re able to have parent
+nodes point to child nodes and vice versa without creating a reference cycle
+and memory leaks.
+
+## Summary
+
+This chapter covered how to use smart pointers to make different guarantees and
+trade-offs from those Rust makes by default with regular references. The
+`Box<T>` type has a known size and points to data allocated on the heap. The
+`Rc<T>` type keeps track of the number of references to data on the heap so
+that the data can have multiple owners. The `RefCell<T>` type with its interior
+mutability gives us a type that we can use when we need an immutable type but
+need to change an inner value of that type; it also enforces the borrowing
+rules at runtime instead of at compile time.
+
+Also discussed were the `Deref` and `Drop` traits, which enable a lot of the
+functionality of smart pointers. We explored reference cycles that can cause
+memory leaks and how to prevent them using `Weak<T>`.
+
+If this chapter has piqued your interest and you want to implement your own
+smart pointers, check out [“The Rustonomicon”][nomicon] for more useful
+information.
+
+Next, we’ll talk about concurrency in Rust. You’ll even learn about a few new
+smart pointers.
+
+[nomicon]: ../nomicon/index.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-00-concurrency.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-00-concurrency.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..95b1562
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-00-concurrency.md
@@ -0,0 +1,49 @@
+# Fearless Concurrency
+
+Handling concurrent programming safely and efficiently is another of Rust’s
+major goals. _Concurrent programming_, in which different parts of a program
+execute independently, and _parallel programming_, in which different parts of
+a program execute at the same time, are becoming increasingly important as more
+computers take advantage of their multiple processors. Historically,
+programming in these contexts has been difficult and error-prone. Rust hopes to
+change that.
+
+Initially, the Rust team thought that ensuring memory safety and preventing
+concurrency problems were two separate challenges to be solved with different
+methods. Over time, the team discovered that the ownership and type systems are
+a powerful set of tools to help manage memory safety _and_ concurrency
+problems! By leveraging ownership and type checking, many concurrency errors
+are compile-time errors in Rust rather than runtime errors. Therefore, rather
+than making you spend lots of time trying to reproduce the exact circumstances
+under which a runtime concurrency bug occurs, incorrect code will refuse to
+compile and present an error explaining the problem. As a result, you can fix
+your code while you’re working on it rather than potentially after it has been
+shipped to production. We’ve nicknamed this aspect of Rust _fearless
+concurrency_. Fearless concurrency allows you to write code that is free of
+subtle bugs and is easy to refactor without introducing new bugs.
+
+> Note: For simplicity’s sake, we’ll refer to many of the problems as
+> _concurrent_ rather than being more precise by saying _concurrent and/or
+> parallel_. For this chapter, please mentally substitute _concurrent and/or
+> parallel_ whenever we use _concurrent_. In the next chapter, where the
+> distinction matters more, we’ll be more specific.
+
+Many languages are dogmatic about the solutions they offer for handling
+concurrent problems. For example, Erlang has elegant functionality for
+message-passing concurrency but has only obscure ways to share state between
+threads. Supporting only a subset of possible solutions is a reasonable
+strategy for higher-level languages because a higher-level language promises
+benefits from giving up some control to gain abstractions. However, lower-level
+languages are expected to provide the solution with the best performance in any
+given situation and have fewer abstractions over the hardware. Therefore, Rust
+offers a variety of tools for modeling problems in whatever way is appropriate
+for your situation and requirements.
+
+Here are the topics we’ll cover in this chapter:
+
+- How to create threads to run multiple pieces of code at the same time
+- _Message-passing_ concurrency, where channels send messages between threads
+- _Shared-state_ concurrency, where multiple threads have access to some piece
+  of data
+- The `Sync` and `Send` traits, which extend Rust’s concurrency guarantees to
+  user-defined types as well as types provided by the standard library
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-01-threads.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-01-threads.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6a1e3d4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-01-threads.md
@@ -0,0 +1,284 @@
+## Using Threads to Run Code Simultaneously
+
+In most current operating systems, an executed program’s code is run in a
+_process_, and the operating system will manage multiple processes at once.
+Within a program, you can also have independent parts that run simultaneously.
+The features that run these independent parts are called _threads_. For
+example, a web server could have multiple threads so that it can respond to
+more than one request at the same time.
+
+Splitting the computation in your program into multiple threads to run multiple
+tasks at the same time can improve performance, but it also adds complexity.
+Because threads can run simultaneously, there’s no inherent guarantee about the
+order in which parts of your code on different threads will run. This can lead
+to problems, such as:
+
+- Race conditions, in which threads are accessing data or resources in an
+  inconsistent order
+- Deadlocks, in which two threads are waiting for each other, preventing both
+  threads from continuing
+- Bugs that only happen in certain situations and are hard to reproduce and fix
+  reliably
+
+Rust attempts to mitigate the negative effects of using threads, but
+programming in a multithreaded context still takes careful thought and requires
+a code structure that is different from that in programs running in a single
+thread.
+
+Programming languages implement threads in a few different ways, and many
+operating systems provide an API the programming language can call for creating
+new threads. The Rust standard library uses a _1:1_ model of thread
+implementation, whereby a program uses one operating system thread per one
+language thread. There are crates that implement other models of threading that
+make different trade-offs to the 1:1 model. (Rust’s async system, which we will
+see in the next chapter, provides another approach to concurrency as well.)
+
+### Creating a New Thread with `spawn`
+
+To create a new thread, we call the `thread::spawn` function and pass it a
+closure (we talked about closures in Chapter 13) containing the code we want to
+run in the new thread. The example in Listing 16-1 prints some text from a main
+thread and other text from a new thread.
+
+<Listing number="16-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating a new thread to print one thing while the main thread prints something else">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-01/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that when the main thread of a Rust program completes, all spawned threads
+are shut down, whether or not they have finished running. The output from this
+program might be a little different every time, but it will look similar to the
+following:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+hi number 1 from the main thread!
+hi number 1 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 2 from the main thread!
+hi number 2 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 3 from the main thread!
+hi number 3 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 4 from the main thread!
+hi number 4 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 5 from the spawned thread!
+```
+
+The calls to `thread::sleep` force a thread to stop its execution for a short
+duration, allowing a different thread to run. The threads will probably take
+turns, but that isn’t guaranteed: It depends on how your operating system
+schedules the threads. In this run, the main thread printed first, even though
+the print statement from the spawned thread appears first in the code. And even
+though we told the spawned thread to print until `i` is `9`, it only got to `5`
+before the main thread shut down.
+
+If you run this code and only see output from the main thread, or don’t see any
+overlap, try increasing the numbers in the ranges to create more opportunities
+for the operating system to switch between the threads.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="waiting-for-all-threads-to-finish-using-join-handles"></a>
+
+### Waiting for All Threads to Finish
+
+The code in Listing 16-1 not only stops the spawned thread prematurely most of
+the time due to the main thread ending, but because there is no guarantee on
+the order in which threads run, we also can’t guarantee that the spawned thread
+will get to run at all!
+
+We can fix the problem of the spawned thread not running or of it ending
+prematurely by saving the return value of `thread::spawn` in a variable. The
+return type of `thread::spawn` is `JoinHandle<T>`. A `JoinHandle<T>` is an
+owned value that, when we call the `join` method on it, will wait for its
+thread to finish. Listing 16-2 shows how to use the `JoinHandle<T>` of the
+thread we created in Listing 16-1 and how to call `join` to make sure the
+spawned thread finishes before `main` exits.
+
+<Listing number="16-2" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Saving a `JoinHandle<T>` from `thread::spawn` to guarantee the thread is run to completion">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-02/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Calling `join` on the handle blocks the thread currently running until the
+thread represented by the handle terminates. _Blocking_ a thread means that
+thread is prevented from performing work or exiting. Because we’ve put the call
+to `join` after the main thread’s `for` loop, running Listing 16-2 should
+produce output similar to this:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+hi number 1 from the main thread!
+hi number 2 from the main thread!
+hi number 1 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 3 from the main thread!
+hi number 2 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 4 from the main thread!
+hi number 3 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 4 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 5 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 6 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 7 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 8 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 9 from the spawned thread!
+```
+
+The two threads continue alternating, but the main thread waits because of the
+call to `handle.join()` and does not end until the spawned thread is finished.
+
+But let’s see what happens when we instead move `handle.join()` before the
+`for` loop in `main`, like this:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/no-listing-01-join-too-early/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The main thread will wait for the spawned thread to finish and then run its
+`for` loop, so the output won’t be interleaved anymore, as shown here:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+hi number 1 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 2 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 3 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 4 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 5 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 6 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 7 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 8 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 9 from the spawned thread!
+hi number 1 from the main thread!
+hi number 2 from the main thread!
+hi number 3 from the main thread!
+hi number 4 from the main thread!
+```
+
+Small details, such as where `join` is called, can affect whether or not your
+threads run at the same time.
+
+### Using `move` Closures with Threads
+
+We’ll often use the `move` keyword with closures passed to `thread::spawn`
+because the closure will then take ownership of the values it uses from the
+environment, thus transferring ownership of those values from one thread to
+another. In [“Capturing References or Moving Ownership”][capture]<!-- ignore
+--> in Chapter 13, we discussed `move` in the context of closures. Now we’ll
+concentrate more on the interaction between `move` and `thread::spawn`.
+
+Notice in Listing 16-1 that the closure we pass to `thread::spawn` takes no
+arguments: We’re not using any data from the main thread in the spawned
+thread’s code. To use data from the main thread in the spawned thread, the
+spawned thread’s closure must capture the values it needs. Listing 16-3 shows
+an attempt to create a vector in the main thread and use it in the spawned
+thread. However, this won’t work yet, as you’ll see in a moment.
+
+<Listing number="16-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to use a vector created by the main thread in another thread">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-03/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The closure uses `v`, so it will capture `v` and make it part of the closure’s
+environment. Because `thread::spawn` runs this closure in a new thread, we
+should be able to access `v` inside that new thread. But when we compile this
+example, we get the following error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-03/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Rust _infers_ how to capture `v`, and because `println!` only needs a reference
+to `v`, the closure tries to borrow `v`. However, there’s a problem: Rust can’t
+tell how long the spawned thread will run, so it doesn’t know whether the
+reference to `v` will always be valid.
+
+Listing 16-4 provides a scenario that’s more likely to have a reference to `v`
+that won’t be valid.
+
+<Listing number="16-4" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A thread with a closure that attempts to capture a reference to `v` from a main thread that drops `v`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-04/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If Rust allowed us to run this code, there’s a possibility that the spawned
+thread would be immediately put in the background without running at all. The
+spawned thread has a reference to `v` inside, but the main thread immediately
+drops `v`, using the `drop` function we discussed in Chapter 15. Then, when the
+spawned thread starts to execute, `v` is no longer valid, so a reference to it
+is also invalid. Oh no!
+
+To fix the compiler error in Listing 16-3, we can use the error message’s
+advice:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+after automatic regeneration, look at listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-03/output.txt and copy the relevant part
+-->
+
+```text
+help: to force the closure to take ownership of `v` (and any other referenced variables), use the `move` keyword
+  |
+6 |     let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
+  |                                ++++
+```
+
+By adding the `move` keyword before the closure, we force the closure to take
+ownership of the values it’s using rather than allowing Rust to infer that it
+should borrow the values. The modification to Listing 16-3 shown in Listing
+16-5 will compile and run as we intend.
+
+<Listing number="16-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using the `move` keyword to force a closure to take ownership of the values it uses">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-05/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We might be tempted to try the same thing to fix the code in Listing 16-4 where
+the main thread called `drop` by using a `move` closure. However, this fix will
+not work because what Listing 16-4 is trying to do is disallowed for a
+different reason. If we added `move` to the closure, we would move `v` into the
+closure’s environment, and we could no longer call `drop` on it in the main
+thread. We would get this compiler error instead:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/output-only-01-move-drop/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Rust’s ownership rules have saved us again! We got an error from the code in
+Listing 16-3 because Rust was being conservative and only borrowing `v` for the
+thread, which meant the main thread could theoretically invalidate the spawned
+thread’s reference. By telling Rust to move ownership of `v` to the spawned
+thread, we’re guaranteeing to Rust that the main thread won’t use `v` anymore.
+If we change Listing 16-4 in the same way, we’re then violating the ownership
+rules when we try to use `v` in the main thread. The `move` keyword overrides
+Rust’s conservative default of borrowing; it doesn’t let us violate the
+ownership rules.
+
+Now that we’ve covered what threads are and the methods supplied by the thread
+API, let’s look at some situations in which we can use threads.
+
+[capture]: ch13-01-closures.html#capturing-references-or-moving-ownership
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-02-message-passing.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-02-message-passing.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..75bb157
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-02-message-passing.md
@@ -0,0 +1,267 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-message-passing-to-transfer-data-between-threads"></a>
+
+## Transfer Data Between Threads with Message Passing
+
+One increasingly popular approach to ensuring safe concurrency is message
+passing, where threads or actors communicate by sending each other messages
+containing data. Here’s the idea in a slogan from [the Go language documentation](https://golang.org/doc/effective_go.html#concurrency):
+“Do not communicate by sharing memory; instead, share memory by communicating.”
+
+To accomplish message-sending concurrency, Rust’s standard library provides an
+implementation of channels. A _channel_ is a general programming concept by
+which data is sent from one thread to another.
+
+You can imagine a channel in programming as being like a directional channel of
+water, such as a stream or a river. If you put something like a rubber duck
+into a river, it will travel downstream to the end of the waterway.
+
+A channel has two halves: a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter half is
+the upstream location where you put the rubber duck into the river, and the
+receiver half is where the rubber duck ends up downstream. One part of your
+code calls methods on the transmitter with the data you want to send, and
+another part checks the receiving end for arriving messages. A channel is said
+to be _closed_ if either the transmitter or receiver half is dropped.
+
+Here, we’ll work up to a program that has one thread to generate values and
+send them down a channel, and another thread that will receive the values and
+print them out. We’ll be sending simple values between threads using a channel
+to illustrate the feature. Once you’re familiar with the technique, you could
+use channels for any threads that need to communicate with each other, such as
+a chat system or a system where many threads perform parts of a calculation and
+send the parts to one thread that aggregates the results.
+
+First, in Listing 16-6, we’ll create a channel but not do anything with it.
+Note that this won’t compile yet because Rust can’t tell what type of values we
+want to send over the channel.
+
+<Listing number="16-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating a channel and assigning the two halves to `tx` and `rx`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-06/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We create a new channel using the `mpsc::channel` function; `mpsc` stands for
+_multiple producer, single consumer_. In short, the way Rust’s standard library
+implements channels means a channel can have multiple _sending_ ends that
+produce values but only one _receiving_ end that consumes those values. Imagine
+multiple streams flowing together into one big river: Everything sent down any
+of the streams will end up in one river at the end. We’ll start with a single
+producer for now, but we’ll add multiple producers when we get this example
+working.
+
+The `mpsc::channel` function returns a tuple, the first element of which is the
+sending end—the transmitter—and the second element of which is the receiving
+end—the receiver. The abbreviations `tx` and `rx` are traditionally used in
+many fields for _transmitter_ and _receiver_, respectively, so we name our
+variables as such to indicate each end. We’re using a `let` statement with a
+pattern that destructures the tuples; we’ll discuss the use of patterns in
+`let` statements and destructuring in Chapter 19. For now, know that using a
+`let` statement in this way is a convenient approach to extract the pieces of
+the tuple returned by `mpsc::channel`.
+
+Let’s move the transmitting end into a spawned thread and have it send one
+string so that the spawned thread is communicating with the main thread, as
+shown in Listing 16-7. This is like putting a rubber duck in the river upstream
+or sending a chat message from one thread to another.
+
+<Listing number="16-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption='Moving `tx` to a spawned thread and sending `"hi"`'>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-07/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Again, we’re using `thread::spawn` to create a new thread and then using `move`
+to move `tx` into the closure so that the spawned thread owns `tx`. The spawned
+thread needs to own the transmitter to be able to send messages through the
+channel.
+
+The transmitter has a `send` method that takes the value we want to send. The
+`send` method returns a `Result<T, E>` type, so if the receiver has already
+been dropped and there’s nowhere to send a value, the send operation will
+return an error. In this example, we’re calling `unwrap` to panic in case of an
+error. But in a real application, we would handle it properly: Return to
+Chapter 9 to review strategies for proper error handling.
+
+In Listing 16-8, we’ll get the value from the receiver in the main thread. This
+is like retrieving the rubber duck from the water at the end of the river or
+receiving a chat message.
+
+<Listing number="16-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption='Receiving the value `"hi"` in the main thread and printing it'>
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-08/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The receiver has two useful methods: `recv` and `try_recv`. We’re using `recv`,
+short for _receive_, which will block the main thread’s execution and wait
+until a value is sent down the channel. Once a value is sent, `recv` will
+return it in a `Result<T, E>`. When the transmitter closes, `recv` will return
+an error to signal that no more values will be coming.
+
+The `try_recv` method doesn’t block, but will instead return a `Result<T, E>`
+immediately: an `Ok` value holding a message if one is available and an `Err`
+value if there aren’t any messages this time. Using `try_recv` is useful if
+this thread has other work to do while waiting for messages: We could write a
+loop that calls `try_recv` every so often, handles a message if one is
+available, and otherwise does other work for a little while until checking
+again.
+
+We’ve used `recv` in this example for simplicity; we don’t have any other work
+for the main thread to do other than wait for messages, so blocking the main
+thread is appropriate.
+
+When we run the code in Listing 16-8, we’ll see the value printed from the main
+thread:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+Got: hi
+```
+
+Perfect!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="channels-and-ownership-transference"></a>
+
+### Transferring Ownership Through Channels
+
+The ownership rules play a vital role in message sending because they help you
+write safe, concurrent code. Preventing errors in concurrent programming is the
+advantage of thinking about ownership throughout your Rust programs. Let’s do
+an experiment to show how channels and ownership work together to prevent
+problems: We’ll try to use a `val` value in the spawned thread _after_ we’ve
+sent it down the channel. Try compiling the code in Listing 16-9 to see why
+this code isn’t allowed.
+
+<Listing number="16-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to use `val` after we’ve sent it down the channel">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-09/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we try to print `val` after we’ve sent it down the channel via `tx.send`.
+Allowing this would be a bad idea: Once the value has been sent to another
+thread, that thread could modify or drop it before we try to use the value
+again. Potentially, the other thread’s modifications could cause errors or
+unexpected results due to inconsistent or nonexistent data. However, Rust gives
+us an error if we try to compile the code in Listing 16-9:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-09/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Our concurrency mistake has caused a compile-time error. The `send` function
+takes ownership of its parameter, and when the value is moved the receiver
+takes ownership of it. This stops us from accidentally using the value again
+after sending it; the ownership system checks that everything is okay.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="sending-multiple-values-and-seeing-the-receiver-waiting"></a>
+
+### Sending Multiple Values
+
+The code in Listing 16-8 compiled and ran, but it didn’t clearly show us that
+two separate threads were talking to each other over the channel.
+
+In Listing 16-10, we’ve made some modifications that will prove the code in
+Listing 16-8 is running concurrently: The spawned thread will now send multiple
+messages and pause for a second between each message.
+
+<Listing number="16-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Sending multiple messages and pausing between each one">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-10/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This time, the spawned thread has a vector of strings that we want to send to
+the main thread. We iterate over them, sending each individually, and pause
+between each by calling the `thread::sleep` function with a `Duration` value of
+one second.
+
+In the main thread, we’re not calling the `recv` function explicitly anymore:
+Instead, we’re treating `rx` as an iterator. For each value received, we’re
+printing it. When the channel is closed, iteration will end.
+
+When running the code in Listing 16-10, you should see the following output
+with a one-second pause in between each line:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+Got: hi
+Got: from
+Got: the
+Got: thread
+```
+
+Because we don’t have any code that pauses or delays in the `for` loop in the
+main thread, we can tell that the main thread is waiting to receive values from
+the spawned thread.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="creating-multiple-producers-by-cloning-the-transmitter"></a>
+
+### Creating Multiple Producers
+
+Earlier we mentioned that `mpsc` was an acronym for _multiple producer, single
+consumer_. Let’s put `mpsc` to use and expand the code in Listing 16-10 to
+create multiple threads that all send values to the same receiver. We can do so
+by cloning the transmitter, as shown in Listing 16-11.
+
+<Listing number="16-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Sending multiple messages from multiple producers">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-11/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This time, before we create the first spawned thread, we call `clone` on the
+transmitter. This will give us a new transmitter we can pass to the first
+spawned thread. We pass the original transmitter to a second spawned thread.
+This gives us two threads, each sending different messages to the one receiver.
+
+When you run the code, your output should look something like this:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+Got: hi
+Got: more
+Got: from
+Got: messages
+Got: for
+Got: the
+Got: thread
+Got: you
+```
+
+You might see the values in another order, depending on your system. This is
+what makes concurrency interesting as well as difficult. If you experiment with
+`thread::sleep`, giving it various values in the different threads, each run
+will be more nondeterministic and create different output each time.
+
+Now that we’ve looked at how channels work, let’s look at a different method of
+concurrency.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-03-shared-state.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-03-shared-state.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..621f74b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-03-shared-state.md
@@ -0,0 +1,255 @@
+## Shared-State Concurrency
+
+Message passing is a fine way to handle concurrency, but it’s not the only way.
+Another method would be for multiple threads to access the same shared data.
+Consider this part of the slogan from the Go language documentation again: “Do
+not communicate by sharing memory.”
+
+What would communicating by sharing memory look like? In addition, why would
+message-passing enthusiasts caution not to use memory sharing?
+
+In a way, channels in any programming language are similar to single ownership
+because once you transfer a value down a channel, you should no longer use that
+value. Shared-memory concurrency is like multiple ownership: Multiple threads
+can access the same memory location at the same time. As you saw in Chapter 15,
+where smart pointers made multiple ownership possible, multiple ownership can
+add complexity because these different owners need managing. Rust’s type system
+and ownership rules greatly assist in getting this management correct. For an
+example, let’s look at mutexes, one of the more common concurrency primitives
+for shared memory.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-mutexes-to-allow-access-to-data-from-one-thread-at-a-time"></a>
+
+### Controlling Access with Mutexes
+
+_Mutex_ is an abbreviation for _mutual exclusion_, as in a mutex allows only
+one thread to access some data at any given time. To access the data in a
+mutex, a thread must first signal that it wants access by asking to acquire the
+mutex’s lock. The _lock_ is a data structure that is part of the mutex that
+keeps track of who currently has exclusive access to the data. Therefore, the
+mutex is described as _guarding_ the data it holds via the locking system.
+
+Mutexes have a reputation for being difficult to use because you have to
+remember two rules:
+
+1. You must attempt to acquire the lock before using the data.
+2. When you’re done with the data that the mutex guards, you must unlock the
+   data so that other threads can acquire the lock.
+
+For a real-world metaphor for a mutex, imagine a panel discussion at a
+conference with only one microphone. Before a panelist can speak, they have to
+ask or signal that they want to use the microphone. When they get the
+microphone, they can talk for as long as they want to and then hand the
+microphone to the next panelist who requests to speak. If a panelist forgets to
+hand the microphone off when they’re finished with it, no one else is able to
+speak. If management of the shared microphone goes wrong, the panel won’t work
+as planned!
+
+Management of mutexes can be incredibly tricky to get right, which is why so
+many people are enthusiastic about channels. However, thanks to Rust’s type
+system and ownership rules, you can’t get locking and unlocking wrong.
+
+#### The API of `Mutex<T>`
+
+As an example of how to use a mutex, let’s start by using a mutex in a
+single-threaded context, as shown in Listing 16-12.
+
+<Listing number="16-12" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Exploring the API of `Mutex<T>` in a single-threaded context for simplicity">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-12/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+As with many types, we create a `Mutex<T>` using the associated function `new`.
+To access the data inside the mutex, we use the `lock` method to acquire the
+lock. This call will block the current thread so that it can’t do any work
+until it’s our turn to have the lock.
+
+The call to `lock` would fail if another thread holding the lock panicked. In
+that case, no one would ever be able to get the lock, so we’ve chosen to
+`unwrap` and have this thread panic if we’re in that situation.
+
+After we’ve acquired the lock, we can treat the return value, named `num` in
+this case, as a mutable reference to the data inside. The type system ensures
+that we acquire a lock before using the value in `m`. The type of `m` is
+`Mutex<i32>`, not `i32`, so we _must_ call `lock` to be able to use the `i32`
+value. We can’t forget; the type system won’t let us access the inner `i32`
+otherwise.
+
+The call to `lock` returns a type called `MutexGuard`, wrapped in a
+`LockResult` that we handled with the call to `unwrap`. The `MutexGuard` type
+implements `Deref` to point at our inner data; the type also has a `Drop`
+implementation that releases the lock automatically when a `MutexGuard` goes
+out of scope, which happens at the end of the inner scope. As a result, we
+don’t risk forgetting to release the lock and blocking the mutex from being
+used by other threads because the lock release happens automatically.
+
+After dropping the lock, we can print the mutex value and see that we were able
+to change the inner `i32` to `6`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="sharing-a-mutext-between-multiple-threads"></a>
+
+#### Shared Access to `Mutex<T>`
+
+Now let’s try to share a value between multiple threads using `Mutex<T>`. We’ll
+spin up 10 threads and have them each increment a counter value by 1, so the
+counter goes from 0 to 10. The example in Listing 16-13 will have a compiler
+error, and we’ll use that error to learn more about using `Mutex<T>` and how
+Rust helps us use it correctly.
+
+<Listing number="16-13" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Ten threads, each incrementing a counter guarded by a `Mutex<T>`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-13/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We create a `counter` variable to hold an `i32` inside a `Mutex<T>`, as we did
+in Listing 16-12. Next, we create 10 threads by iterating over a range of
+numbers. We use `thread::spawn` and give all the threads the same closure: one
+that moves the counter into the thread, acquires a lock on the `Mutex<T>` by
+calling the `lock` method, and then adds 1 to the value in the mutex. When a
+thread finishes running its closure, `num` will go out of scope and release the
+lock so that another thread can acquire it.
+
+In the main thread, we collect all the join handles. Then, as we did in Listing
+16-2, we call `join` on each handle to make sure all the threads finish. At
+that point, the main thread will acquire the lock and print the result of this
+program.
+
+We hinted that this example wouldn’t compile. Now let’s find out why!
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-13/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The error message states that the `counter` value was moved in the previous
+iteration of the loop. Rust is telling us that we can’t move the ownership of
+lock `counter` into multiple threads. Let’s fix the compiler error with the
+multiple-ownership method we discussed in Chapter 15.
+
+#### Multiple Ownership with Multiple Threads
+
+In Chapter 15, we gave a value to multiple owners by using the smart pointer
+`Rc<T>` to create a reference-counted value. Let’s do the same here and see
+what happens. We’ll wrap the `Mutex<T>` in `Rc<T>` in Listing 16-14 and clone
+the `Rc<T>` before moving ownership to the thread.
+
+<Listing number="16-14" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to use `Rc<T>` to allow multiple threads to own the `Mutex<T>`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-14/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Once again, we compile and get... different errors! The compiler is teaching us
+a lot:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-14/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Wow, that error message is very wordy! Here’s the important part to focus on:
+`` `Rc<Mutex<i32>>` cannot be sent between threads safely ``. The compiler is
+also telling us the reason why: `` the trait `Send` is not implemented for
+`Rc<Mutex<i32>>` ``. We’ll talk about `Send` in the next section: It’s one of
+the traits that ensures that the types we use with threads are meant for use in
+concurrent situations.
+
+Unfortunately, `Rc<T>` is not safe to share across threads. When `Rc<T>`
+manages the reference count, it adds to the count for each call to `clone` and
+subtracts from the count when each clone is dropped. But it doesn’t use any
+concurrency primitives to make sure that changes to the count can’t be
+interrupted by another thread. This could lead to wrong counts—subtle bugs that
+could in turn lead to memory leaks or a value being dropped before we’re done
+with it. What we need is a type that is exactly like `Rc<T>`, but that makes
+changes to the reference count in a thread-safe way.
+
+#### Atomic Reference Counting with `Arc<T>`
+
+Fortunately, `Arc<T>` _is_ a type like `Rc<T>` that is safe to use in
+concurrent situations. The _a_ stands for _atomic_, meaning it’s an _atomically
+reference-counted_ type. Atomics are an additional kind of concurrency
+primitive that we won’t cover in detail here: See the standard library
+documentation for [`std::sync::atomic`][atomic]<!-- ignore --> for more
+details. At this point, you just need to know that atomics work like primitive
+types but are safe to share across threads.
+
+You might then wonder why all primitive types aren’t atomic and why standard
+library types aren’t implemented to use `Arc<T>` by default. The reason is that
+thread safety comes with a performance penalty that you only want to pay when
+you really need to. If you’re just performing operations on values within a
+single thread, your code can run faster if it doesn’t have to enforce the
+guarantees atomics provide.
+
+Let’s return to our example: `Arc<T>` and `Rc<T>` have the same API, so we fix
+our program by changing the `use` line, the call to `new`, and the call to
+`clone`. The code in Listing 16-15 will finally compile and run.
+
+<Listing number="16-15" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using an `Arc<T>` to wrap the `Mutex<T>` to be able to share ownership across multiple threads">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch16-fearless-concurrency/listing-16-15/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will print the following:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+Result: 10
+```
+
+We did it! We counted from 0 to 10, which may not seem very impressive, but it
+did teach us a lot about `Mutex<T>` and thread safety. You could also use this
+program’s structure to do more complicated operations than just incrementing a
+counter. Using this strategy, you can divide a calculation into independent
+parts, split those parts across threads, and then use a `Mutex<T>` to have each
+thread update the final result with its part.
+
+Note that if you are doing simple numerical operations, there are types simpler
+than `Mutex<T>` types provided by the [`std::sync::atomic` module of the
+standard library][atomic]<!-- ignore -->. These types provide safe, concurrent,
+atomic access to primitive types. We chose to use `Mutex<T>` with a primitive
+type for this example so that we could concentrate on how `Mutex<T>` works.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="similarities-between-refcelltrct-and-mutextarct"></a>
+
+### Comparing `RefCell<T>`/`Rc<T>` and `Mutex<T>`/`Arc<T>`
+
+You might have noticed that `counter` is immutable but that we could get a
+mutable reference to the value inside it; this means `Mutex<T>` provides
+interior mutability, as the `Cell` family does. In the same way we used
+`RefCell<T>` in Chapter 15 to allow us to mutate contents inside an `Rc<T>`, we
+use `Mutex<T>` to mutate contents inside an `Arc<T>`.
+
+Another detail to note is that Rust can’t protect you from all kinds of logic
+errors when you use `Mutex<T>`. Recall from Chapter 15 that using `Rc<T>` came
+with the risk of creating reference cycles, where two `Rc<T>` values refer to
+each other, causing memory leaks. Similarly, `Mutex<T>` comes with the risk of
+creating _deadlocks_. These occur when an operation needs to lock two resources
+and two threads have each acquired one of the locks, causing them to wait for
+each other forever. If you’re interested in deadlocks, try creating a Rust
+program that has a deadlock; then, research deadlock mitigation strategies for
+mutexes in any language and have a go at implementing them in Rust. The
+standard library API documentation for `Mutex<T>` and `MutexGuard` offers
+useful information.
+
+We’ll round out this chapter by talking about the `Send` and `Sync` traits and
+how we can use them with custom types.
+
+[atomic]: ../std/sync/atomic/index.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="extensible-concurrency-with-the-sync-and-send-traits"></a>
+<a id="extensible-concurrency-with-the-send-and-sync-traits"></a>
+
+## Extensible Concurrency with `Send` and `Sync`
+
+Interestingly, almost every concurrency feature we’ve talked about so far in
+this chapter has been part of the standard library, not the language. Your
+options for handling concurrency are not limited to the language or the
+standard library; you can write your own concurrency features or use those
+written by others.
+
+However, among the key concurrency concepts that are embedded in the language
+rather than the standard library are the `std::marker` traits `Send` and `Sync`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="allowing-transference-of-ownership-between-threads-with-send"></a>
+
+### Transferring Ownership Between Threads
+
+The `Send` marker trait indicates that ownership of values of the type
+implementing `Send` can be transferred between threads. Almost every Rust type
+implements `Send`, but there are some exceptions, including `Rc<T>`: This
+cannot implement `Send` because if you cloned an `Rc<T>` value and tried to
+transfer ownership of the clone to another thread, both threads might update
+the reference count at the same time. For this reason, `Rc<T>` is implemented
+for use in single-threaded situations where you don’t want to pay the
+thread-safe performance penalty.
+
+Therefore, Rust’s type system and trait bounds ensure that you can never
+accidentally send an `Rc<T>` value across threads unsafely. When we tried to do
+this in Listing 16-14, we got the error `` the trait `Send` is not implemented
+for `Rc<Mutex<i32>>` ``. When we switched to `Arc<T>`, which does implement
+`Send`, the code compiled.
+
+Any type composed entirely of `Send` types is automatically marked as `Send` as
+well. Almost all primitive types are `Send`, aside from raw pointers, which
+we’ll discuss in Chapter 20.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="allowing-access-from-multiple-threads-with-sync"></a>
+
+### Accessing from Multiple Threads
+
+The `Sync` marker trait indicates that it is safe for the type implementing
+`Sync` to be referenced from multiple threads. In other words, any type `T`
+implements `Sync` if `&T` (an immutable reference to `T`) implements `Send`,
+meaning the reference can be sent safely to another thread. Similar to `Send`,
+primitive types all implement `Sync`, and types composed entirely of types that
+implement `Sync` also implement `Sync`.
+
+The smart pointer `Rc<T>` also doesn’t implement `Sync` for the same reasons
+that it doesn’t implement `Send`. The `RefCell<T>` type (which we talked about
+in Chapter 15) and the family of related `Cell<T>` types don’t implement
+`Sync`. The implementation of borrow checking that `RefCell<T>` does at runtime
+is not thread-safe. The smart pointer `Mutex<T>` implements `Sync` and can be
+used to share access with multiple threads, as you saw in [“Shared Access to
+`Mutex<T>`”][shared-access]<!-- ignore -->.
+
+### Implementing `Send` and `Sync` Manually Is Unsafe
+
+Because types composed entirely of other types that implement the `Send` and
+`Sync` traits also automatically implement `Send` and `Sync`, we don’t have to
+implement those traits manually. As marker traits, they don’t even have any
+methods to implement. They’re just useful for enforcing invariants related to
+concurrency.
+
+Manually implementing these traits involves implementing unsafe Rust code.
+We’ll talk about using unsafe Rust code in Chapter 20; for now, the important
+information is that building new concurrent types not made up of `Send` and
+`Sync` parts requires careful thought to uphold the safety guarantees. [“The
+Rustonomicon”][nomicon] has more information about these guarantees and how to
+uphold them.
+
+## Summary
+
+This isn’t the last you’ll see of concurrency in this book: The next chapter
+focuses on async programming, and the project in Chapter 21 will use the
+concepts in this chapter in a more realistic situation than the smaller
+examples discussed here.
+
+As mentioned earlier, because very little of how Rust handles concurrency is
+part of the language, many concurrency solutions are implemented as crates.
+These evolve more quickly than the standard library, so be sure to search
+online for the current, state-of-the-art crates to use in multithreaded
+situations.
+
+The Rust standard library provides channels for message passing and smart
+pointer types, such as `Mutex<T>` and `Arc<T>`, that are safe to use in
+concurrent contexts. The type system and the borrow checker ensure that the
+code using these solutions won’t end up with data races or invalid references.
+Once you get your code to compile, you can rest assured that it will happily
+run on multiple threads without the kinds of hard-to-track-down bugs common in
+other languages. Concurrent programming is no longer a concept to be afraid of:
+Go forth and make your programs concurrent, fearlessly!
+
+[shared-access]: ch16-03-shared-state.html#shared-access-to-mutext
+[nomicon]: ../nomicon/index.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-00-async-await.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-00-async-await.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,167 @@
+# Fundamentals of Asynchronous Programming: Async, Await, Futures, and Streams
+
+Many operations we ask the computer to do can take a while to finish. It would
+be nice if we could do something else while we’re waiting for those
+long-running processes to complete. Modern computers offer two techniques for
+working on more than one operation at a time: parallelism and concurrency. Our
+programs’ logic, however, is written in a mostly linear fashion. We’d like to
+be able to specify the operations a program should perform and points at which
+a function could pause and some other part of the program could run instead,
+without needing to specify up front exactly the order and manner in which each
+bit of code should run. _Asynchronous programming_ is an abstraction that lets
+us express our code in terms of potential pausing points and eventual results
+that takes care of the details of coordination for us.
+
+This chapter builds on Chapter 16’s use of threads for parallelism and
+concurrency by introducing an alternative approach to writing code: Rust’s
+futures, streams, and the `async` and `await` syntax that let us express how
+operations could be asynchronous, and the third-party crates that implement
+asynchronous runtimes: code that manages and coordinates the execution of
+asynchronous operations.
+
+Let’s consider an example. Say you’re exporting a video you’ve created of a
+family celebration, an operation that could take anywhere from minutes to
+hours. The video export will use as much CPU and GPU power as it can. If you
+had only one CPU core and your operating system didn’t pause that export until
+it completed—that is, if it executed the export _synchronously_—you couldn’t do
+anything else on your computer while that task was running. That would be a
+pretty frustrating experience. Fortunately, your computer’s operating system
+can, and does, invisibly interrupt the export often enough to let you get other
+work done simultaneously.
+
+Now say you’re downloading a video shared by someone else, which can also take
+a while but does not take up as much CPU time. In this case, the CPU has to
+wait for data to arrive from the network. While you can start reading the data
+once it starts to arrive, it might take some time for all of it to show up.
+Even once the data is all present, if the video is quite large, it could take
+at least a second or two to load it all. That might not sound like much, but
+it’s a very long time for a modern processor, which can perform billions of
+operations every second. Again, your operating system will invisibly interrupt
+your program to allow the CPU to perform other work while waiting for the
+network call to finish.
+
+The video export is an example of a _CPU-bound_ or _compute-bound_ operation.
+It’s limited by the computer’s potential data processing speed within the CPU
+or GPU, and how much of that speed it can dedicate to the operation. The video
+download is an example of an _I/O-bound_ operation, because it’s limited by the
+speed of the computer’s _input and output_; it can only go as fast as the data
+can be sent across the network.
+
+In both of these examples, the operating system’s invisible interrupts provide
+a form of concurrency. That concurrency happens only at the level of the entire
+program, though: the operating system interrupts one program to let other
+programs get work done. In many cases, because we understand our programs at a
+much more granular level than the operating system does, we can spot
+opportunities for concurrency that the operating system can’t see.
+
+For example, if we’re building a tool to manage file downloads, we should be
+able to write our program so that starting one download won’t lock up the UI,
+and users should be able to start multiple downloads at the same time. Many
+operating system APIs for interacting with the network are _blocking_, though;
+that is, they block the program’s progress until the data they’re processing is
+completely ready.
+
+> Note: This is how _most_ function calls work, if you think about it. However,
+> the term _blocking_ is usually reserved for function calls that interact with
+> files, the network, or other resources on the computer, because those are the
+> cases where an individual program would benefit from the operation being
+> _non_-blocking.
+
+We could avoid blocking our main thread by spawning a dedicated thread to
+download each file. However, the overhead of the system resources used by those
+threads would eventually become a problem. It would be preferable if the call
+didn’t block in the first place, and instead we could define a number of tasks
+that we’d like our program to complete and allow the runtime to choose the best
+order and manner in which to run them.
+
+That is exactly what Rust’s _async_ (short for _asynchronous_) abstraction
+gives us. In this chapter, you’ll learn all about async as we cover the
+following topics:
+
+- How to use Rust’s `async` and `await` syntax and execute asynchronous
+  functions with a runtime
+- How to use the async model to solve some of the same challenges we looked at
+  in Chapter 16
+- How multithreading and async provide complementary solutions that you can
+  combine in many cases
+
+Before we see how async works in practice, though, we need to take a short
+detour to discuss the differences between parallelism and concurrency.
+
+## Parallelism and Concurrency
+
+We’ve treated parallelism and concurrency as mostly interchangeable so far. Now
+we need to distinguish between them more precisely, because the differences
+will show up as we start working.
+
+Consider the different ways a team could split up work on a software project.
+You could assign a single member multiple tasks, assign each member one task,
+or use a mix of the two approaches.
+
+When an individual works on several different tasks before any of them is
+complete, this is _concurrency_. One way to implement concurrency is similar to
+having two different projects checked out on your computer, and when you get
+bored or stuck on one project, you switch to the other. You’re just one person,
+so you can’t make progress on both tasks at the exact same time, but you can
+multitask, making progress on one at a time by switching between them (see
+Figure 17-1).
+
+<figure>
+
+<img src="img/trpl17-01.svg" class="center" alt="A diagram with stacked boxes labeled Task A and Task B, with diamonds in them representing subtasks. Arrows point from A1 to B1, B1 to A2, A2 to B2, B2 to A3, A3 to A4, and A4 to B3. The arrows between the subtasks cross the boxes between Task A and Task B." />
+
+<figcaption>Figure 17-1: A concurrent workflow, switching between Task A and Task B</figcaption>
+
+</figure>
+
+When the team splits up a group of tasks by having each member take one task
+and work on it alone, this is _parallelism_. Each person on the team can make
+progress at the exact same time (see Figure 17-2).
+
+<figure>
+
+<img src="img/trpl17-02.svg" class="center" alt="A diagram with stacked boxes labeled Task A and Task B, with diamonds in them representing subtasks. Arrows point from A1 to A2, A2 to A3, A3 to A4, B1 to B2, and B2 to B3. No arrows cross between the boxes for Task A and Task B." />
+
+<figcaption>Figure 17-2: A parallel workflow, where work happens on Task A and Task B independently</figcaption>
+
+</figure>
+
+In both of these workflows, you might have to coordinate between different
+tasks. Maybe you thought the task assigned to one person was totally
+independent from everyone else’s work, but it actually requires another person
+on the team to finish their task first. Some of the work could be done in
+parallel, but some of it was actually _serial_: it could only happen in a
+series, one task after the other, as in Figure 17-3.
+
+<figure>
+
+<img src="img/trpl17-03.svg" class="center" alt="A diagram with stacked boxes labeled Task A and Task B, with diamonds in them representing subtasks. In Task A, arrows point from A1 to A2, from A2 to a pair of thick vertical lines like a “pause” symbol, and from that symbol to A3. In task B, arrows point from B1 to B2, from B2 to B3, from B3 to A3, and from B3 to B4." />
+
+<figcaption>Figure 17-3: A partially parallel workflow, where work happens on Task A and Task B independently until Task A3 is blocked on the results of Task B3.</figcaption>
+
+</figure>
+
+Likewise, you might realize that one of your own tasks depends on another of
+your tasks. Now your concurrent work has also become serial.
+
+Parallelism and concurrency can intersect with each other, too. If you learn
+that a colleague is stuck until you finish one of your tasks, you’ll probably
+focus all your efforts on that task to “unblock” your colleague. You and your
+coworker are no longer able to work in parallel, and you’re also no longer able
+to work concurrently on your own tasks.
+
+The same basic dynamics come into play with software and hardware. On a machine
+with a single CPU core, the CPU can perform only one operation at a time, but
+it can still work concurrently. Using tools such as threads, processes, and
+async, the computer can pause one activity and switch to others before
+eventually cycling back to that first activity again. On a machine with
+multiple CPU cores, it can also do work in parallel. One core can be performing
+one task while another core performs a completely unrelated one, and those
+operations actually happen at the same time.
+
+Running async code in Rust usually happens concurrently. Depending on the
+hardware, the operating system, and the async runtime we are using (more on
+async runtimes shortly), that concurrency may also use parallelism under the
+hood.
+
+Now, let’s dive into how async programming in Rust actually works.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ac55c4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.md
@@ -0,0 +1,405 @@
+## Futures and the Async Syntax
+
+The key elements of asynchronous programming in Rust are _futures_ and Rust’s
+`async` and `await` keywords.
+
+A _future_ is a value that may not be ready now but will become ready at some
+point in the future. (This same concept shows up in many languages, sometimes
+under other names such as _task_ or _promise_.) Rust provides a `Future` trait
+as a building block so that different async operations can be implemented with
+different data structures but with a common interface. In Rust, futures are
+types that implement the `Future` trait. Each future holds its own information
+about the progress that has been made and what “ready” means.
+
+You can apply the `async` keyword to blocks and functions to specify that they
+can be interrupted and resumed. Within an async block or async function, you
+can use the `await` keyword to _await a future_ (that is, wait for it to become
+ready). Any point where you await a future within an async block or function is
+a potential spot for that block or function to pause and resume. The process of
+checking with a future to see if its value is available yet is called _polling_.
+
+Some other languages, such as C# and JavaScript, also use `async` and `await`
+keywords for async programming. If you’re familiar with those languages, you
+may notice some significant differences in how Rust handles the syntax. That’s
+for good reason, as we’ll see!
+
+When writing async Rust, we use the `async` and `await` keywords most of the
+time. Rust compiles them into equivalent code using the `Future` trait, much as
+it compiles `for` loops into equivalent code using the `Iterator` trait.
+Because Rust provides the `Future` trait, though, you can also implement it for
+your own data types when you need to. Many of the functions we’ll see
+throughout this chapter return types with their own implementations of
+`Future`. We’ll return to the definition of the trait at the end of the chapter
+and dig into more of how it works, but this is enough detail to keep us moving
+forward.
+
+This may all feel a bit abstract, so let’s write our first async program: a
+little web scraper. We’ll pass in two URLs from the command line, fetch both of
+them concurrently, and return the result of whichever one finishes first. This
+example will have a fair bit of new syntax, but don’t worry—we’ll explain
+everything you need to know as we go.
+
+## Our First Async Program
+
+To keep the focus of this chapter on learning async rather than juggling parts
+of the ecosystem, we’ve created the `trpl` crate (`trpl` is short for “The Rust
+Programming Language”). It re-exports all the types, traits, and functions
+you’ll need, primarily from the [`futures`][futures-crate]<!-- ignore --> and
+[`tokio`][tokio]<!-- ignore --> crates. The `futures` crate is an official home
+for Rust experimentation for async code, and it’s actually where the `Future`
+trait was originally designed. Tokio is the most widely used async runtime in
+Rust today, especially for web applications. There are other great runtimes out
+there, and they may be more suitable for your purposes. We use the `tokio`
+crate under the hood for `trpl` because it’s well tested and widely used.
+
+In some cases, `trpl` also renames or wraps the original APIs to keep you
+focused on the details relevant to this chapter. If you want to understand what
+the crate does, we encourage you to check out [its source code][crate-source].
+You’ll be able to see what crate each re-export comes from, and we’ve left
+extensive comments explaining what the crate does.
+
+Create a new binary project named `hello-async` and add the `trpl` crate as a
+dependency:
+
+```console
+$ cargo new hello-async
+$ cd hello-async
+$ cargo add trpl
+```
+
+Now we can use the various pieces provided by `trpl` to write our first async
+program. We’ll build a little command line tool that fetches two web pages,
+pulls the `<title>` element from each, and prints out the title of whichever
+page finishes that whole process first.
+
+### Defining the page_title Function
+
+Let’s start by writing a function that takes one page URL as a parameter, makes
+a request to it, and returns the text of the `<title>` element (see Listing
+17-1).
+
+<Listing number="17-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Defining an async function to get the title element from an HTML page">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-01/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, we define a function named `page_title` and mark it with the `async`
+keyword. Then we use the `trpl::get` function to fetch whatever URL is passed
+in and add the `await` keyword to await the response. To get the text of the
+`response`, we call its `text` method and once again await it with the `await`
+keyword. Both of these steps are asynchronous. For the `get` function, we have
+to wait for the server to send back the first part of its response, which will
+include HTTP headers, cookies, and so on and can be delivered separately from
+the response body. Especially if the body is very large, it can take some time
+for it all to arrive. Because we have to wait for the _entirety_ of the
+response to arrive, the `text` method is also async.
+
+We have to explicitly await both of these futures, because futures in Rust are
+_lazy_: they don’t do anything until you ask them to with the `await` keyword.
+(In fact, Rust will show a compiler warning if you don’t use a future.) This
+might remind you of the discussion of iterators in the [“Processing a Series of
+Items with Iterators”][iterators-lazy]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 13.
+Iterators do nothing unless you call their `next` method—whether directly or by
+using `for` loops or methods such as `map` that use `next` under the hood.
+Likewise, futures do nothing unless you explicitly ask them to. This laziness
+allows Rust to avoid running async code until it’s actually needed.
+
+> Note: This is different from the behavior we saw when using `thread::spawn`
+> in the [“Creating a New Thread with spawn”][thread-spawn]<!-- ignore -->
+> section in Chapter 16, where the closure we passed to another thread started
+> running immediately. It’s also different from how many other languages
+> approach async. But it’s important for Rust to be able to provide its
+> performance guarantees, just as it is with iterators.
+
+Once we have `response_text`, we can parse it into an instance of the `Html`
+type using `Html::parse`. Instead of a raw string, we now have a data type we
+can use to work with the HTML as a richer data structure. In particular, we can
+use the `select_first` method to find the first instance of a given CSS
+selector. By passing the string `"title"`, we’ll get the first `<title>`
+element in the document, if there is one. Because there may not be any matching
+element, `select_first` returns an `Option<ElementRef>`. Finally, we use the
+`Option::map` method, which lets us work with the item in the `Option` if it’s
+present, and do nothing if it isn’t. (We could also use a `match` expression
+here, but `map` is more idiomatic.) In the body of the function we supply to
+`map`, we call `inner_html` on the `title` to get its content, which is a
+`String`. When all is said and done, we have an `Option<String>`.
+
+Notice that Rust’s `await` keyword goes _after_ the expression you’re awaiting,
+not before it. That is, it’s a _postfix_ keyword. This may differ from what
+you’re used to if you’ve used `async` in other languages, but in Rust it makes
+chains of methods much nicer to work with. As a result, we could change the
+body of `page_title` to chain the `trpl::get` and `text` function calls
+together with `await` between them, as shown in Listing 17-2.
+
+<Listing number="17-2" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Chaining with the `await` keyword">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-02/src/main.rs:chaining}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+With that, we have successfully written our first async function! Before we add
+some code in `main` to call it, let’s talk a little more about what we’ve
+written and what it means.
+
+When Rust sees a _block_ marked with the `async` keyword, it compiles it into a
+unique, anonymous data type that implements the `Future` trait. When Rust sees
+a _function_ marked with `async`, it compiles it into a non-async function
+whose body is an async block. An async function’s return type is the type of
+the anonymous data type the compiler creates for that async block.
+
+Thus, writing `async fn` is equivalent to writing a function that returns a
+_future_ of the return type. To the compiler, a function definition such as the
+`async fn page_title` in Listing 17-1 is roughly equivalent to a non-async
+function defined like this:
+
+```rust
+# extern crate trpl; // required for mdbook test
+use std::future::Future;
+use trpl::Html;
+
+fn page_title(url: &str) -> impl Future<Output = Option<String>> {
+    async move {
+        let text = trpl::get(url).await.text().await;
+        Html::parse(&text)
+            .select_first("title")
+            .map(|title| title.inner_html())
+    }
+}
+```
+
+Let’s walk through each part of the transformed version:
+
+- It uses the `impl Trait` syntax we discussed back in Chapter 10 in the
+  [“Traits as Parameters”][impl-trait]<!-- ignore --> section.
+- The returned value implements the `Future` trait with an associated type of
+  `Output`. Notice that the `Output` type is `Option<String>`, which is the
+  same as the original return type from the `async fn` version of `page_title`.
+- All of the code called in the body of the original function is wrapped in
+  an `async move` block. Remember that blocks are expressions. This whole block
+  is the expression returned from the function.
+- This async block produces a value with the type `Option<String>`, as just
+  described. That value matches the `Output` type in the return type. This is
+  just like other blocks you have seen.
+- The new function body is an `async move` block because of how it uses the
+  `url` parameter. (We’ll talk much more about `async` versus `async move`
+  later in the chapter.)
+
+Now we can call `page_title` in `main`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id ="determining-a-single-pages-title"></a>
+
+### Executing an Async Function with a Runtime
+
+To start, we’ll get the title for a single page, shown in Listing 17-3.
+Unfortunately, this code doesn’t compile yet.
+
+<Listing number="17-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Calling the `page_title` function from `main` with a user-supplied argument">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-03/src/main.rs:main}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We follow the same pattern we used to get command line arguments in the
+[“Accepting Command Line Arguments”][cli-args]<!-- ignore --> section in
+Chapter 12. Then we pass the URL argument to `page_title` and await the result.
+Because the value produced by the future is an `Option<String>`, we use a
+`match` expression to print different messages to account for whether the page
+had a `<title>`.
+
+The only place we can use the `await` keyword is in async functions or blocks,
+and Rust won’t let us mark the special `main` function as `async`.
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-03
+cargo build
+copy just the compiler error
+-->
+
+```text
+error[E0752]: `main` function is not allowed to be `async`
+ --> src/main.rs:6:1
+  |
+6 | async fn main() {
+  | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ `main` function is not allowed to be `async`
+```
+
+The reason `main` can’t be marked `async` is that async code needs a _runtime_:
+a Rust crate that manages the details of executing asynchronous code. A
+program’s `main` function can _initialize_ a runtime, but it’s not a runtime
+_itself_. (We’ll see more about why this is the case in a bit.) Every Rust
+program that executes async code has at least one place where it sets up a
+runtime that executes the futures.
+
+Most languages that support async bundle a runtime, but Rust does not. Instead,
+there are many different async runtimes available, each of which makes different
+tradeoffs suitable to the use case it targets. For example, a high-throughput
+web server with many CPU cores and a large amount of RAM has very different
+needs than a microcontroller with a single core, a small amount of RAM, and no
+heap allocation ability. The crates that provide those runtimes also often
+supply async versions of common functionality such as file or network I/O.
+
+Here, and throughout the rest of this chapter, we’ll use the `block_on`
+function from the `trpl` crate, which takes a future as an argument and blocks
+the current thread until this future runs to completion. Behind the scenes,
+calling `block_on` sets up a runtime using the `tokio` crate that’s used to run
+the future passed in (the `trpl` crate’s `block_on` behavior is similar to
+other runtime crates’ `block_on` functions). Once the future completes,
+`block_on` returns whatever value the future produced.
+
+We could pass the future returned by `page_title` directly to `block_on` and,
+once it completed, we could match on the resulting `Option<String>` as we tried
+to do in Listing 17-3. However, for most of the examples in the chapter (and
+most async code in the real world), we’ll be doing more than just one async
+function call, so instead we’ll pass an `async` block and explicitly await the
+result of the `page_title` call, as in Listing 17-4.
+
+<Listing number="17-4" caption="Awaiting an async block with `trpl::block_on`" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+<!-- should_panic,noplayground because mdbook test does not pass args -->
+
+```rust,should_panic,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04/src/main.rs:run}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we run this code, we get the behavior we expected initially:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-04
+cargo build # skip all the build noise
+cargo run -- "https://www.rust-lang.org"
+# copy the output here
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run -- "https://www.rust-lang.org"
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.05s
+     Running `target/debug/async_await 'https://www.rust-lang.org'`
+The title for https://www.rust-lang.org was
+            Rust Programming Language
+```
+
+Phew—we finally have some working async code! But before we add the code to
+race two sites against each other, let’s briefly turn our attention back to how
+futures work.
+
+Each _await point_—that is, every place where the code uses the `await`
+keyword—represents a place where control is handed back to the runtime. To make
+that work, Rust needs to keep track of the state involved in the async block so
+that the runtime could kick off some other work and then come back when it’s
+ready to try advancing the first one again. This is an invisible state machine,
+as if you’d written an enum like this to save the current state at each await
+point:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/no-listing-state-machine/src/lib.rs:enum}}
+```
+
+Writing the code to transition between each state by hand would be tedious and
+error-prone, however, especially when you need to add more functionality and
+more states to the code later. Fortunately, the Rust compiler creates and
+manages the state machine data structures for async code automatically. The
+normal borrowing and ownership rules around data structures all still apply,
+and happily, the compiler also handles checking those for us and provides
+useful error messages. We’ll work through a few of those later in the chapter.
+
+Ultimately, something has to execute this state machine, and that something is
+a runtime. (This is why you may come across mentions of _executors_ when
+looking into runtimes: an executor is the part of a runtime responsible for
+executing the async code.)
+
+Now you can see why the compiler stopped us from making `main` itself an async
+function back in Listing 17-3. If `main` were an async function, something else
+would need to manage the state machine for whatever future `main` returned, but
+`main` is the starting point for the program! Instead, we called the
+`trpl::block_on` function in `main` to set up a runtime and run the future
+returned by the `async` block until it’s done.
+
+> Note: Some runtimes provide macros so you _can_ write an async `main`
+> function. Those macros rewrite `async fn main() { ... }` to be a normal `fn
+> main`, which does the same thing we did by hand in Listing 17-4: call a
+> function that runs a future to completion the way `trpl::block_on` does.
+
+Now let’s put these pieces together and see how we can write concurrent code.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="racing-our-two-urls-against-each-other"></a>
+
+### Racing Two URLs Against Each Other Concurrently
+
+In Listing 17-5, we call `page_title` with two different URLs passed in from the
+command line and race them by selecting whichever future finishes first.
+
+<Listing number="17-5" caption="Calling `page_title` for two URLs to see which returns first" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+<!-- should_panic,noplayground because mdbook does not pass args -->
+
+```rust,should_panic,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-05/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We begin by calling `page_title` for each of the user-supplied URLs. We save
+the resulting futures as `title_fut_1` and `title_fut_2`. Remember, these don’t
+do anything yet, because futures are lazy and we haven’t yet awaited them. Then
+we pass the futures to `trpl::select`, which returns a value to indicate which
+of the futures passed to it finishes first.
+
+> Note: Under the hood, `trpl::select` is built on a more general `select`
+> function defined in the `futures` crate. The `futures` crate’s `select`
+> function can do a lot of things that the `trpl::select` function can’t, but
+> it also has some additional complexity that we can skip over for now.
+
+Either future can legitimately “win,” so it doesn’t make sense to return a
+`Result`. Instead, `trpl::select` returns a type we haven’t seen before,
+`trpl::Either`. The `Either` type is somewhat similar to a `Result` in that it
+has two cases. Unlike `Result`, though, there is no notion of success or
+failure baked into `Either`. Instead, it uses `Left` and `Right` to indicate
+“one or the other”:
+
+```rust
+enum Either<A, B> {
+    Left(A),
+    Right(B),
+}
+```
+
+The `select` function returns `Left` with that future’s output if the first
+argument wins, and `Right` with the second future argument’s output if _that_
+one wins. This matches the order the arguments appear in when calling the
+function: the first argument is to the left of the second argument.
+
+We also update `page_title` to return the same URL passed in. That way, if the
+page that returns first does not have a `<title>` we can resolve, we can still
+print a meaningful message. With that information available, we wrap up by
+updating our `println!` output to indicate both which URL finished first and
+what, if any, the `<title>` is for the web page at that URL.
+
+You have built a small working web scraper now! Pick a couple URLs and run the
+command line tool. You may discover that some sites are consistently faster
+than others, while in other cases the faster site varies from run to run. More
+importantly, you’ve learned the basics of working with futures, so now we can
+dig deeper into what we can do with async.
+
+[impl-trait]: ch10-02-traits.html#traits-as-parameters
+[iterators-lazy]: ch13-02-iterators.html
+[thread-spawn]: ch16-01-threads.html#creating-a-new-thread-with-spawn
+[cli-args]: ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.html
+
+<!-- TODO: map source link version to version of Rust? -->
+
+[crate-source]: https://github.com/rust-lang/book/tree/main/packages/trpl
+[futures-crate]: https://crates.io/crates/futures
+[tokio]: https://tokio.rs
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..7830537
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md
@@ -0,0 +1,421 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="concurrency-with-async"></a>
+
+## Applying Concurrency with Async
+
+In this section, we’ll apply async to some of the same concurrency challenges
+we tackled with threads in Chapter 16. Because we already talked about a lot of
+the key ideas there, in this section we’ll focus on what’s different between
+threads and futures.
+
+In many cases, the APIs for working with concurrency using async are very
+similar to those for using threads. In other cases, they end up being quite
+different. Even when the APIs _look_ similar between threads and async, they
+often have different behavior—and they nearly always have different performance
+characteristics.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="counting"></a>
+
+### Creating a New Task with `spawn_task`
+
+The first operation we tackled in the [“Creating a New Thread with
+`spawn`”][thread-spawn]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 16 was counting up on
+two separate threads. Let’s do the same using async. The `trpl` crate supplies
+a `spawn_task` function that looks very similar to the `thread::spawn` API, and
+a `sleep` function that is an async version of the `thread::sleep` API. We can
+use these together to implement the counting example, as shown in Listing 17-6.
+
+<Listing number="17-6" caption="Creating a new task to print one thing while the main task prints something else" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-06/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+As our starting point, we set up our `main` function with `trpl::block_on` so
+that our top-level function can be async.
+
+> Note: From this point forward in the chapter, every example will include this
+> exact same wrapping code with `trpl::block_on` in `main`, so we’ll often skip it
+> just as we do with `main`. Remember to include it in your code!
+
+Then we write two loops within that block, each containing a `trpl::sleep`
+call, which waits for half a second (500 milliseconds) before sending the next
+message. We put one loop in the body of a `trpl::spawn_task` and the other in a
+top-level `for` loop. We also add an `await` after the `sleep` calls.
+
+This code behaves similarly to the thread-based implementation—including the
+fact that you may see the messages appear in a different order in your own
+terminal when you run it:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+hi number 1 from the second task!
+hi number 1 from the first task!
+hi number 2 from the first task!
+hi number 2 from the second task!
+hi number 3 from the first task!
+hi number 3 from the second task!
+hi number 4 from the first task!
+hi number 4 from the second task!
+hi number 5 from the first task!
+```
+
+This version stops as soon as the `for` loop in the body of the main async
+block finishes, because the task spawned by `spawn_task` is shut down when the
+`main` function ends. If you want it to run all the way to the task’s
+completion, you will need to use a join handle to wait for the first task to
+complete. With threads, we used the `join` method to “block” until the thread
+was done running. In Listing 17-7, we can use `await` to do the same thing,
+because the task handle itself is a future. Its `Output` type is a `Result`, so
+we also unwrap it after awaiting it.
+
+<Listing number="17-7" caption="Using `await` with a join handle to run a task to completion" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-07/src/main.rs:handle}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This updated version runs until _both_ loops finish:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+hi number 1 from the second task!
+hi number 1 from the first task!
+hi number 2 from the first task!
+hi number 2 from the second task!
+hi number 3 from the first task!
+hi number 3 from the second task!
+hi number 4 from the first task!
+hi number 4 from the second task!
+hi number 5 from the first task!
+hi number 6 from the first task!
+hi number 7 from the first task!
+hi number 8 from the first task!
+hi number 9 from the first task!
+```
+
+So far, it looks like async and threads give us similar outcomes, just with
+different syntax: using `await` instead of calling `join` on the join handle,
+and awaiting the `sleep` calls.
+
+The bigger difference is that we didn’t need to spawn another operating system
+thread to do this. In fact, we don’t even need to spawn a task here. Because
+async blocks compile to anonymous futures, we can put each loop in an async
+block and have the runtime run them both to completion using the `trpl::join`
+function.
+
+In the [“Waiting for All Threads to Finish”][join-handles]<!-- ignore -->
+section in Chapter 16, we showed how to use the `join` method on the
+`JoinHandle` type returned when you call `std::thread::spawn`. The `trpl::join`
+function is similar, but for futures. When you give it two futures, it produces
+a single new future whose output is a tuple containing the output of each
+future you passed in once they _both_ complete. Thus, in Listing 17-8, we use
+`trpl::join` to wait for both `fut1` and `fut2` to finish. We do _not_ await
+`fut1` and `fut2` but instead the new future produced by `trpl::join`. We
+ignore the output, because it’s just a tuple containing two unit values.
+
+<Listing number="17-8" caption="Using `trpl::join` to await two anonymous futures" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-08/src/main.rs:join}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we run this, we see both futures run to completion:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+hi number 1 from the first task!
+hi number 1 from the second task!
+hi number 2 from the first task!
+hi number 2 from the second task!
+hi number 3 from the first task!
+hi number 3 from the second task!
+hi number 4 from the first task!
+hi number 4 from the second task!
+hi number 5 from the first task!
+hi number 6 from the first task!
+hi number 7 from the first task!
+hi number 8 from the first task!
+hi number 9 from the first task!
+```
+
+Now, you’ll see the exact same order every time, which is very different from
+what we saw with threads and with `trpl::spawn_task` in Listing 17-7. That is
+because the `trpl::join` function is _fair_, meaning it checks each future
+equally often, alternating between them, and never lets one race ahead if the
+other is ready. With threads, the operating system decides which thread to
+check and how long to let it run. With async Rust, the runtime decides which
+task to check. (In practice, the details get complicated because an async
+runtime might use operating system threads under the hood as part of how it
+manages concurrency, so guaranteeing fairness can be more work for a
+runtime—but it’s still possible!) Runtimes don’t have to guarantee fairness for
+any given operation, and they often offer different APIs to let you choose
+whether or not you want fairness.
+
+Try some of these variations on awaiting the futures and see what they do:
+
+- Remove the async block from around either or both of the loops.
+- Await each async block immediately after defining it.
+- Wrap only the first loop in an async block, and await the resulting future
+  after the body of second loop.
+
+For an extra challenge, see if you can figure out what the output will be in
+each case _before_ running the code!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="message-passing"></a>
+<a id="counting-up-on-two-tasks-using-message-passing"></a>
+
+### Sending Data Between Two Tasks Using Message Passing
+
+Sharing data between futures will also be familiar: we’ll use message passing
+again, but this time with async versions of the types and functions. We’ll take
+a slightly different path than we did in the [“Transfer Data Between Threads
+with Message Passing”][message-passing-threads]<!-- ignore --> section in
+Chapter 16 to illustrate some of the key differences between thread-based and
+futures-based concurrency. In Listing 17-9, we’ll begin with just a single
+async block—_not_ spawning a separate task as we spawned a separate thread.
+
+<Listing number="17-9" caption="Creating an async channel and assigning the two halves to `tx` and `rx`" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-09/src/main.rs:channel}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we use `trpl::channel`, an async version of the multiple-producer,
+single-consumer channel API we used with threads back in Chapter 16. The async
+version of the API is only a little different from the thread-based version: it
+uses a mutable rather than an immutable receiver `rx`, and its `recv` method
+produces a future we need to await rather than producing the value directly.
+Now we can send messages from the sender to the receiver. Notice that we don’t
+have to spawn a separate thread or even a task; we merely need to await the
+`rx.recv` call.
+
+The synchronous `Receiver::recv` method in `std::mpsc::channel` blocks until it
+receives a message. The `trpl::Receiver::recv` method does not, because it is
+async. Instead of blocking, it hands control back to the runtime until either a
+message is received or the send side of the channel closes. By contrast, we
+don’t await the `send` call, because it doesn’t block. It doesn’t need to,
+because the channel we’re sending it into is unbounded.
+
+> Note: Because all of this async code runs in an async block in a
+> `trpl::block_on` call, everything within it can avoid blocking. However, the
+> code _outside_ it will block on the `block_on` function returning. That’s the
+> whole point of the `trpl::block_on` function: it lets you _choose_ where to
+> block on some set of async code, and thus where to transition between sync
+> and async code.
+
+Notice two things about this example. First, the message will arrive right
+away. Second, although we use a future here, there’s no concurrency yet.
+Everything in the listing happens in sequence, just as it would if there were
+no futures involved.
+
+Let’s address the first part by sending a series of messages and sleeping in
+between them, as shown in Listing 17-10.
+
+<!-- We cannot test this one because it never stops! -->
+
+<Listing number="17-10" caption="Sending and receiving multiple messages over the async channel and sleeping with an `await` between each message" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-10/src/main.rs:many-messages}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In addition to sending the messages, we need to receive them. In this case,
+because we know how many messages are coming in, we could do that manually by
+calling `rx.recv().await` four times. In the real world, though, we’ll generally
+be waiting on some _unknown_ number of messages, so we need to keep waiting
+until we determine that there are no more messages.
+
+In Listing 16-10, we used a `for` loop to process all the items received from a
+synchronous channel. Rust doesn’t yet have a way to use a `for` loop with an
+_asynchronously produced_ series of items, however, so we need to use a loop we
+haven’t seen before: the `while let` conditional loop. This is the loop version
+of the `if let` construct we saw back in the [“Concise Control Flow with `if
+let` and `let...else`”][if-let]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 6. The loop
+will continue executing as long as the pattern it specifies continues to match
+the value.
+
+The `rx.recv` call produces a future, which we await. The runtime will pause
+the future until it is ready. Once a message arrives, the future will resolve
+to `Some(message)` as many times as a message arrives. When the channel closes,
+regardless of whether _any_ messages have arrived, the future will instead
+resolve to `None` to indicate that there are no more values and thus we should
+stop polling—that is, stop awaiting.
+
+The `while let` loop pulls all of this together. If the result of calling
+`rx.recv().await` is `Some(message)`, we get access to the message and we can
+use it in the loop body, just as we could with `if let`. If the result is
+`None`, the loop ends. Every time the loop completes, it hits the await point
+again, so the runtime pauses it again until another message arrives.
+
+The code now successfully sends and receives all of the messages.
+Unfortunately, there are still a couple of problems. For one thing, the
+messages do not arrive at half-second intervals. They arrive all at once, 2
+seconds (2,000 milliseconds) after we start the program. For another, this
+program also never exits! Instead, it waits forever for new messages. You will
+need to shut it down using <kbd>ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>C</kbd>.
+
+#### Code Within One Async Block Executes Linearly
+
+Let’s start by examining why the messages come in all at once after the full
+delay, rather than coming in with delays between each one. Within a given async
+block, the order in which `await` keywords appear in the code is also the order
+in which they’re executed when the program runs.
+
+There’s only one async block in Listing 17-10, so everything in it runs
+linearly. There’s still no concurrency. All the `tx.send` calls happen,
+interspersed with all of the `trpl::sleep` calls and their associated await
+points. Only then does the `while let` loop get to go through any of the
+`await` points on the `recv` calls.
+
+To get the behavior we want, where the sleep delay happens between each
+message, we need to put the `tx` and `rx` operations in their own async blocks,
+as shown in Listing 17-11. Then the runtime can execute each of them separately
+using `trpl::join`, just as in Listing 17-8. Once again, we await the result of
+calling `trpl::join`, not the individual futures. If we awaited the individual
+futures in sequence, we would just end up back in a sequential flow—exactly
+what we’re trying _not_ to do.
+
+<!-- We cannot test this one because it never stops! -->
+
+<Listing number="17-11" caption="Separating `send` and `recv` into their own `async` blocks and awaiting the futures for those blocks" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-11/src/main.rs:futures}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+With the updated code in Listing 17-11, the messages get printed at
+500-millisecond intervals, rather than all in a rush after 2 seconds.
+
+#### Moving Ownership Into an Async Block
+
+The program still never exits, though, because of the way the `while let` loop
+interacts with `trpl::join`:
+
+- The future returned from `trpl::join` completes only once _both_ futures
+  passed to it have completed.
+- The `tx_fut` future completes once it finishes sleeping after sending the last
+  message in `vals`.
+- The `rx_fut` future won’t complete until the `while let` loop ends.
+- The `while let` loop won’t end until awaiting `rx.recv` produces `None`.
+- Awaiting `rx.recv` will return `None` only once the other end of the channel
+  is closed.
+- The channel will close only if we call `rx.close` or when the sender side,
+  `tx`, is dropped.
+- We don’t call `rx.close` anywhere, and `tx` won’t be dropped until the
+  outermost async block passed to `trpl::block_on` ends.
+- The block can’t end because it is blocked on `trpl::join` completing, which
+  takes us back to the top of this list.
+
+Right now, the async block where we send the messages only _borrows_ `tx`
+because sending a message doesn’t require ownership, but if we could _move_
+`tx` into that async block, it would be dropped once that block ends. In the
+[“Capturing References or Moving Ownership”][capture-or-move]<!-- ignore -->
+section in Chapter 13, you learned how to use the `move` keyword with closures,
+and, as discussed in the [“Using `move` Closures with
+Threads”][move-threads]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 16, we often need to
+move data into closures when working with threads. The same basic dynamics
+apply to async blocks, so the `move` keyword works with async blocks just as it
+does with closures.
+
+In Listing 17-12, we change the block used to send messages from `async` to
+`async move`.
+
+<Listing number="17-12" caption="A revision of the code from Listing 17-11 that correctly shuts down when complete" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-12/src/main.rs:with-move}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we run _this_ version of the code, it shuts down gracefully after the last
+message is sent and received. Next, let’s see what would need to change to send
+data from more than one future.
+
+#### Joining a Number of Futures with the `join!` Macro
+
+This async channel is also a multiple-producer channel, so we can call `clone`
+on `tx` if we want to send messages from multiple futures, as shown in Listing
+17-13.
+
+<Listing number="17-13" caption="Using multiple producers with async blocks" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-13/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, we clone `tx`, creating `tx1` outside the first async block. We move
+`tx1` into that block just as we did before with `tx`. Then, later, we move the
+original `tx` into a _new_ async block, where we send more messages on a
+slightly slower delay. We happen to put this new async block after the async
+block for receiving messages, but it could go before it just as well. The key is
+the order in which the futures are awaited, not in which they’re created.
+
+Both of the async blocks for sending messages need to be `async move` blocks so
+that both `tx` and `tx1` get dropped when those blocks finish. Otherwise, we’ll
+end up back in the same infinite loop we started out in.
+
+Finally, we switch from `trpl::join` to `trpl::join!` to handle the additional
+future: the `join!` macro awaits an arbitrary number of futures where we know
+the number of futures at compile time. We’ll discuss awaiting a collection of
+an unknown number of futures later in this chapter.
+
+Now we see all the messages from both sending futures, and because the sending
+futures use slightly different delays after sending, the messages are also
+received at those different intervals:
+
+<!-- Not extracting output because changes to this output aren't significant;
+the changes are likely to be due to the threads running differently rather than
+changes in the compiler -->
+
+```text
+received 'hi'
+received 'more'
+received 'from'
+received 'the'
+received 'messages'
+received 'future'
+received 'for'
+received 'you'
+```
+
+We’ve explored how to use message passing to send data between futures, how
+code within an async block runs sequentially, how to move ownership into an
+async block, and how to join multiple futures. Next, let’s discuss how and why
+to tell the runtime it can switch to another task.
+
+[thread-spawn]: ch16-01-threads.html#creating-a-new-thread-with-spawn
+[join-handles]: ch16-01-threads.html#waiting-for-all-threads-to-finish
+[message-passing-threads]: ch16-02-message-passing.html
+[if-let]: ch06-03-if-let.html
+[capture-or-move]: ch13-01-closures.html#capturing-references-or-moving-ownership
+[move-threads]: ch16-01-threads.html#using-move-closures-with-threads
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-03-more-futures.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-03-more-futures.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..893385d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-03-more-futures.md
@@ -0,0 +1,249 @@
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="yielding"></a>
+
+### Yielding Control to the Runtime
+
+Recall from the [“Our First Async Program”][async-program]<!-- ignore -->
+section that at each await point, Rust gives a runtime a chance to pause the
+task and switch to another one if the future being awaited isn’t ready. The
+inverse is also true: Rust _only_ pauses async blocks and hands control back to
+a runtime at an await point. Everything between await points is synchronous.
+
+That means if you do a bunch of work in an async block without an await point,
+that future will block any other futures from making progress. You may sometimes
+hear this referred to as one future _starving_ other futures. In some cases,
+that may not be a big deal. However, if you are doing some kind of expensive
+setup or long-running work, or if you have a future that will keep doing some
+particular task indefinitely, you’ll need to think about when and where to hand
+control back to the runtime.
+
+Let’s simulate a long-running operation to illustrate the starvation problem,
+then explore how to solve it. Listing 17-14 introduces a `slow` function.
+
+<Listing number="17-14" caption="Using `thread::sleep` to simulate slow operations" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-14/src/main.rs:slow}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code uses `std::thread::sleep` instead of `trpl::sleep` so that calling
+`slow` will block the current thread for some number of milliseconds. We can
+use `slow` to stand in for real-world operations that are both long-running and
+blocking.
+
+In Listing 17-15, we use `slow` to emulate doing this kind of CPU-bound work in
+a pair of futures.
+
+<Listing number="17-15" caption="Calling the `slow` function to simulate slow operations" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-15/src/main.rs:slow-futures}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Each future hands control back to the runtime only _after_ carrying out a bunch
+of slow operations. If you run this code, you will see this output:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-15/
+cargo run
+copy just the output
+-->
+
+```text
+'a' started.
+'a' ran for 30ms
+'a' ran for 10ms
+'a' ran for 20ms
+'b' started.
+'b' ran for 75ms
+'b' ran for 10ms
+'b' ran for 15ms
+'b' ran for 350ms
+'a' finished.
+```
+
+As with Listing 17-5 where we used `trpl::select` to race futures fetching two
+URLs, `select` still finishes as soon as `a` is done. There’s no interleaving
+between the calls to `slow` in the two futures, though. The `a` future does all
+of its work until the `trpl::sleep` call is awaited, then the `b` future does
+all of its work until its own `trpl::sleep` call is awaited, and finally the
+`a` future completes. To allow both futures to make progress between their slow
+tasks, we need await points so we can hand control back to the runtime. That
+means we need something we can await!
+
+We can already see this kind of handoff happening in Listing 17-15: if we
+removed the `trpl::sleep` at the end of the `a` future, it would complete
+without the `b` future running _at all_. Let’s try using the `trpl::sleep`
+function as a starting point for letting operations switch off making progress,
+as shown in Listing 17-16.
+
+<Listing number="17-16" caption="Using `trpl::sleep` to let operations switch off making progress" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-16/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve added `trpl::sleep` calls with await points between each call to `slow`.
+Now the two futures’ work is interleaved:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-16
+cargo run
+copy just the output
+-->
+
+```text
+'a' started.
+'a' ran for 30ms
+'b' started.
+'b' ran for 75ms
+'a' ran for 10ms
+'b' ran for 10ms
+'a' ran for 20ms
+'b' ran for 15ms
+'a' finished.
+```
+
+The `a` future still runs for a bit before handing off control to `b`, because
+it calls `slow` before ever calling `trpl::sleep`, but after that the futures
+swap back and forth each time one of them hits an await point. In this case, we
+have done that after every call to `slow`, but we could break up the work in
+whatever way makes the most sense to us.
+
+We don’t really want to _sleep_ here, though: we want to make progress as fast
+as we can. We just need to hand back control to the runtime. We can do that
+directly, using the `trpl::yield_now` function. In Listing 17-17, we replace
+all those `trpl::sleep` calls with `trpl::yield_now`.
+
+<Listing number="17-17" caption="Using `yield_now` to let operations switch off making progress" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-17/src/main.rs:yields}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code is both clearer about the actual intent and can be significantly
+faster than using `sleep`, because timers such as the one used by `sleep` often
+have limits on how granular they can be. The version of `sleep` we are using,
+for example, will always sleep for at least a millisecond, even if we pass it a
+`Duration` of one nanosecond. Again, modern computers are _fast_: they can do a
+lot in one millisecond!
+
+This means that async can be useful even for compute-bound tasks, depending on
+what else your program is doing, because it provides a useful tool for
+structuring the relationships between different parts of the program (but at a
+cost of the overhead of the async state machine). This is a form of
+_cooperative multitasking_, where each future has the power to determine when
+it hands over control via await points. Each future therefore also has the
+responsibility to avoid blocking for too long. In some Rust-based embedded
+operating systems, this is the _only_ kind of multitasking!
+
+In real-world code, you won’t usually be alternating function calls with await
+points on every single line, of course. While yielding control in this way is
+relatively inexpensive, it’s not free. In many cases, trying to break up a
+compute-bound task might make it significantly slower, so sometimes it’s better
+for _overall_ performance to let an operation block briefly. Always
+measure to see what your code’s actual performance bottlenecks are. The
+underlying dynamic is important to keep in mind, though, if you _are_ seeing a
+lot of work happening in serial that you expected to happen concurrently!
+
+### Building Our Own Async Abstractions
+
+We can also compose futures together to create new patterns. For example, we can
+build a `timeout` function with async building blocks we already have. When
+we’re done, the result will be another building block we could use to create
+still more async abstractions.
+
+Listing 17-18 shows how we would expect this `timeout` to work with a slow
+future.
+
+<Listing number="17-18" caption="Using our imagined `timeout` to run a slow operation with a time limit" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-18/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Let’s implement this! To begin, let’s think about the API for `timeout`:
+
+- It needs to be an async function itself so we can await it.
+- Its first parameter should be a future to run. We can make it generic to allow
+  it to work with any future.
+- Its second parameter will be the maximum time to wait. If we use a `Duration`,
+  that will make it easy to pass along to `trpl::sleep`.
+- It should return a `Result`. If the future completes successfully, the
+  `Result` will be `Ok` with the value produced by the future. If the timeout
+  elapses first, the `Result` will be `Err` with the duration that the timeout
+  waited for.
+
+Listing 17-19 shows this declaration.
+
+<!-- This is not tested because it intentionally does not compile. -->
+
+<Listing number="17-19" caption="Defining the signature of `timeout`" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-19/src/main.rs:declaration}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+That satisfies our goals for the types. Now let’s think about the _behavior_ we
+need: we want to race the future passed in against the duration. We can use
+`trpl::sleep` to make a timer future from the duration, and use `trpl::select`
+to run that timer with the future the caller passes in.
+
+In Listing 17-20, we implement `timeout` by matching on the result of awaiting
+`trpl::select`.
+
+<Listing number="17-20" caption="Defining `timeout` with `select` and `sleep`" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-20/src/main.rs:implementation}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The implementation of `trpl::select` is not fair: it always polls arguments in
+the order in which they are passed (other `select` implementations will
+randomly choose which argument to poll first). Thus, we pass `future_to_try` to
+`select` first so it gets a chance to complete even if `max_time` is a very
+short duration. If `future_to_try` finishes first, `select` will return `Left`
+with the output from `future_to_try`. If `timer` finishes first, `select` will
+return `Right` with the timer’s output of `()`.
+
+If the `future_to_try` succeeds and we get a `Left(output)`, we return
+`Ok(output)`. If the sleep timer elapses instead and we get a `Right(())`, we
+ignore the `()` with `_` and return `Err(max_time)` instead.
+
+With that, we have a working `timeout` built out of two other async helpers. If
+we run our code, it will print the failure mode after the timeout:
+
+```text
+Failed after 2 seconds
+```
+
+Because futures compose with other futures, you can build really powerful tools
+using smaller async building blocks. For example, you can use this same
+approach to combine timeouts with retries, and in turn use those with
+operations such as network calls (such as those in Listing 17-5).
+
+In practice, you’ll usually work directly with `async` and `await`, and
+secondarily with functions such as `select` and macros such as the `join!`
+macro to control how the outermost futures are executed.
+
+We’ve now seen a number of ways to work with multiple futures at the same time.
+Up next, we’ll look at how we can work with multiple futures in a sequence over
+time with _streams_.
+
+[async-program]: ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.html#our-first-async-program
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-04-streams.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-04-streams.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b7cb2f5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-04-streams.md
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="streams"></a>
+
+## Streams: Futures in Sequence
+
+Recall how we used the receiver for our async channel earlier in this chapter
+in the [“Message Passing”][17-02-messages]<!-- ignore --> section. The async
+`recv` method produces a sequence of items over time. This is an instance of a
+much more general pattern known as a _stream_. Many concepts are naturally
+represented as streams: items becoming available in a queue, chunks of data
+being pulled incrementally from the filesystem when the full data set is too
+large for the computer’s memory, or data arriving over the network over time.
+Because streams are futures, we can use them with any other kind of future and
+combine them in interesting ways. For example, we can batch up events to avoid
+triggering too many network calls, set timeouts on sequences of long-running
+operations, or throttle user interface events to avoid doing needless work.
+
+We saw a sequence of items back in Chapter 13, when we looked at the Iterator
+trait in [“The Iterator Trait and the `next` Method”][iterator-trait]<!--
+ignore --> section, but there are two differences between iterators and the
+async channel receiver. The first difference is time: iterators are
+synchronous, while the channel receiver is asynchronous. The second difference
+is the API. When working directly with `Iterator`, we call its synchronous
+`next` method. With the `trpl::Receiver` stream in particular, we called an
+asynchronous `recv` method instead. Otherwise, these APIs feel very similar,
+and that similarity isn’t a coincidence. A stream is like an asynchronous form
+of iteration. Whereas the `trpl::Receiver` specifically waits to receive
+messages, though, the general-purpose stream API is much broader: it provides
+the next item the way `Iterator` does, but asynchronously.
+
+The similarity between iterators and streams in Rust means we can actually
+create a stream from any iterator. As with an iterator, we can work with a
+stream by calling its `next` method and then awaiting the output, as in Listing
+17-21, which won’t compile yet.
+
+<Listing number="17-21" caption="Creating a stream from an iterator and printing its values" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-21/src/main.rs:stream}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We start with an array of numbers, which we convert to an iterator and then
+call `map` on to double all the values. Then we convert the iterator into a
+stream using the `trpl::stream_from_iter` function. Next, we loop over the
+items in the stream as they arrive with the `while let` loop.
+
+Unfortunately, when we try to run the code, it doesn’t compile but instead
+reports that there’s no `next` method available:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-21
+cargo build
+copy only the error output
+-->
+
+```text
+error[E0599]: no method named `next` found for struct `tokio_stream::iter::Iter` in the current scope
+  --> src/main.rs:10:40
+   |
+10 |         while let Some(value) = stream.next().await {
+   |                                        ^^^^
+   |
+   = help: items from traits can only be used if the trait is in scope
+help: the following traits which provide `next` are implemented but not in scope; perhaps you want to import one of them
+   |
+1  + use crate::trpl::StreamExt;
+   |
+1  + use futures_util::stream::stream::StreamExt;
+   |
+1  + use std::iter::Iterator;
+   |
+1  + use std::str::pattern::Searcher;
+   |
+help: there is a method `try_next` with a similar name
+   |
+10 |         while let Some(value) = stream.try_next().await {
+   |                                        ~~~~~~~~
+```
+
+As this output explains, the reason for the compiler error is that we need the
+right trait in scope to be able to use the `next` method. Given our discussion
+so far, you might reasonably expect that trait to be `Stream`, but it’s
+actually `StreamExt`. Short for _extension_, `Ext` is a common pattern in the
+Rust community for extending one trait with another.
+
+The `Stream` trait defines a low-level interface that effectively combines the
+`Iterator` and `Future` traits. `StreamExt` supplies a higher-level set of APIs
+on top of `Stream`, including the `next` method as well as other utility
+methods similar to those provided by the `Iterator` trait. `Stream` and
+`StreamExt` are not yet part of Rust’s standard library, but most ecosystem
+crates use similar definitions.
+
+The fix to the compiler error is to add a `use` statement for
+`trpl::StreamExt`, as in Listing 17-22.
+
+<Listing number="17-22" caption="Successfully using an iterator as the basis for a stream" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-22/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+With all those pieces put together, this code works the way we want! What’s
+more, now that we have `StreamExt` in scope, we can use all of its utility
+methods, just as with iterators.
+
+[17-02-messages]: ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.html#message-passing
+[iterator-trait]: ch13-02-iterators.html#the-iterator-trait-and-the-next-method
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-05-traits-for-async.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-05-traits-for-async.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4b502ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-05-traits-for-async.md
@@ -0,0 +1,542 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="digging-into-the-traits-for-async"></a>
+
+## A Closer Look at the Traits for Async
+
+Throughout the chapter, we’ve used the `Future`, `Stream`, and `StreamExt`
+traits in various ways. So far, though, we’ve avoided getting too far into the
+details of how they work or how they fit together, which is fine most of the
+time for your day-to-day Rust work. Sometimes, though, you’ll encounter
+situations where you’ll need to understand a few more of these traits’ details,
+along with the `Pin` type and the `Unpin` trait. In this section, we’ll dig in
+just enough to help in those scenarios, still leaving the _really_ deep dive
+for other documentation.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="future"></a>
+
+### The `Future` Trait
+
+Let’s start by taking a closer look at how the `Future` trait works. Here’s how
+Rust defines it:
+
+```rust
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+pub trait Future {
+    type Output;
+
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output>;
+}
+```
+
+That trait definition includes a bunch of new types and also some syntax we
+haven’t seen before, so let’s walk through the definition piece by piece.
+
+First, `Future`’s associated type `Output` says what the future resolves to.
+This is analogous to the `Item` associated type for the `Iterator` trait.
+Second, `Future` has the `poll` method, which takes a special `Pin` reference
+for its `self` parameter and a mutable reference to a `Context` type, and
+returns a `Poll<Self::Output>`. We’ll talk more about `Pin` and `Context` in a
+moment. For now, let’s focus on what the method returns, the `Poll` type:
+
+```rust
+pub enum Poll<T> {
+    Ready(T),
+    Pending,
+}
+```
+
+This `Poll` type is similar to an `Option`. It has one variant that has a value,
+`Ready(T)`, and one that does not, `Pending`. `Poll` means something quite
+different from `Option`, though! The `Pending` variant indicates that the future
+still has work to do, so the caller will need to check again later. The `Ready`
+variant indicates that the `Future` has finished its work and the `T` value is
+available.
+
+> Note: It’s rare to need to call `poll` directly, but if you do need to, keep
+> in mind that with most futures, the caller should not call `poll` again after
+> the future has returned `Ready`. Many futures will panic if polled again after
+> becoming ready. Futures that are safe to poll again will say so explicitly in
+> their documentation. This is similar to how `Iterator::next` behaves.
+
+When you see code that uses `await`, Rust compiles it under the hood to code
+that calls `poll`. If you look back at Listing 17-4, where we printed out the
+page title for a single URL once it resolved, Rust compiles it into something
+kind of (although not exactly) like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+match page_title(url).poll() {
+    Ready(page_title) => match page_title {
+        Some(title) => println!("The title for {url} was {title}"),
+        None => println!("{url} had no title"),
+    }
+    Pending => {
+        // But what goes here?
+    }
+}
+```
+
+What should we do when the future is still `Pending`? We need some way to try
+again, and again, and again, until the future is finally ready. In other words,
+we need a loop:
+
+```rust,ignore
+let mut page_title_fut = page_title(url);
+loop {
+    match page_title_fut.poll() {
+        Ready(value) => match page_title {
+            Some(title) => println!("The title for {url} was {title}"),
+            None => println!("{url} had no title"),
+        }
+        Pending => {
+            // continue
+        }
+    }
+}
+```
+
+If Rust compiled it to exactly that code, though, every `await` would be
+blocking—exactly the opposite of what we were going for! Instead, Rust ensures
+that the loop can hand off control to something that can pause work on this
+future to work on other futures and then check this one again later. As we’ve
+seen, that something is an async runtime, and this scheduling and coordination
+work is one of its main jobs.
+
+In the [“Sending Data Between Two Tasks Using Message
+Passing”][message-passing]<!-- ignore --> section, we described waiting on
+`rx.recv`. The `recv` call returns a future, and awaiting the future polls it.
+We noted that a runtime will pause the future until it’s ready with either
+`Some(message)` or `None` when the channel closes. With our deeper
+understanding of the `Future` trait, and specifically `Future::poll`, we can
+see how that works. The runtime knows the future isn’t ready when it returns
+`Poll::Pending`. Conversely, the runtime knows the future _is_ ready and
+advances it when `poll` returns `Poll::Ready(Some(message))` or
+`Poll::Ready(None)`.
+
+The exact details of how a runtime does that are beyond the scope of this book,
+but the key is to see the basic mechanics of futures: a runtime _polls_ each
+future it is responsible for, putting the future back to sleep when it is not
+yet ready.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="pinning-and-the-pin-and-unpin-traits"></a>
+<a id="the-pin-and-unpin-traits"></a>
+
+### The `Pin` Type and the `Unpin` Trait
+
+Back in Listing 17-13, we used the `trpl::join!` macro to await three
+futures. However, it’s common to have a collection such as a vector containing
+some number futures that won’t be known until runtime. Let’s change Listing
+17-13 to the code in Listing 17-23 that puts the three futures into a vector
+and calls the `trpl::join_all` function instead, which won’t compile yet.
+
+<Listing number="17-23" caption="Awaiting futures in a collection"  file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-23/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We put each future within a `Box` to make them into _trait objects_, just as
+we did in the “Returning Errors from `run`” section in Chapter 12. (We’ll cover
+trait objects in detail in Chapter 18.) Using trait objects lets us treat each
+of the anonymous futures produced by these types as the same type, because all
+of them implement the `Future` trait.
+
+This might be surprising. After all, none of the async blocks returns anything,
+so each one produces a `Future<Output = ()>`. Remember that `Future` is a
+trait, though, and that the compiler creates a unique enum for each async
+block, even when they have identical output types. Just as you can’t put two
+different handwritten structs in a `Vec`, you can’t mix compiler-generated
+enums.
+
+Then we pass the collection of futures to the `trpl::join_all` function and
+await the result. However, this doesn’t compile; here’s the relevant part of
+the error messages.
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-23
+cargo build
+copy *only* the final `error` block from the errors
+-->
+
+```text
+error[E0277]: `dyn Future<Output = ()>` cannot be unpinned
+  --> src/main.rs:48:33
+   |
+48 |         trpl::join_all(futures).await;
+   |                                 ^^^^^ the trait `Unpin` is not implemented for `dyn Future<Output = ()>`
+   |
+   = note: consider using the `pin!` macro
+           consider using `Box::pin` if you need to access the pinned value outside of the current scope
+   = note: required for `Box<dyn Future<Output = ()>>` to implement `Future`
+note: required by a bound in `futures_util::future::join_all::JoinAll`
+  --> file:///home/.cargo/registry/src/index.crates.io-1949cf8c6b5b557f/futures-util-0.3.30/src/future/join_all.rs:29:8
+   |
+27 | pub struct JoinAll<F>
+   |            ------- required by a bound in this struct
+28 | where
+29 |     F: Future,
+   |        ^^^^^^ required by this bound in `JoinAll`
+```
+
+The note in this error message tells us that we should use the `pin!` macro to
+_pin_ the values, which means putting them inside the `Pin` type that
+guarantees the values won’t be moved in memory. The error message says pinning
+is required because `dyn Future<Output = ()>` needs to implement the `Unpin`
+trait and it currently does not.
+
+The `trpl::join_all` function returns a struct called `JoinAll`. That struct is
+generic over a type `F`, which is constrained to implement the `Future` trait.
+Directly awaiting a future with `await` pins the future implicitly. That’s why
+we don’t need to use `pin!` everywhere we want to await futures.
+
+However, we’re not directly awaiting a future here. Instead, we construct a new
+future, JoinAll, by passing a collection of futures to the `join_all` function.
+The signature for `join_all` requires that the types of the items in the
+collection all implement the `Future` trait, and `Box<T>` implements `Future`
+only if the `T` it wraps is a future that implements the `Unpin` trait.
+
+That’s a lot to absorb! To really understand it, let’s dive a little further
+into how the `Future` trait actually works, in particular around pinning. Look
+again at the definition of the `Future` trait:
+
+```rust
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+pub trait Future {
+    type Output;
+
+    // Required method
+    fn poll(self: Pin<&mut Self>, cx: &mut Context<'_>) -> Poll<Self::Output>;
+}
+```
+
+The `cx` parameter and its `Context` type are the key to how a runtime actually
+knows when to check any given future while still being lazy. Again, the details
+of how that works are beyond the scope of this chapter, and you generally only
+need to think about this when writing a custom `Future` implementation. We’ll
+focus instead on the type for `self`, as this is the first time we’ve seen a
+method where `self` has a type annotation. A type annotation for `self` works
+like type annotations for other function parameters but with two key
+differences:
+
+- It tells Rust what type `self` must be for the method to be called.
+- It can’t be just any type. It’s restricted to the type on which the method is
+  implemented, a reference or smart pointer to that type, or a `Pin` wrapping a
+  reference to that type.
+
+We’ll see more on this syntax in [Chapter 18][ch-18]<!-- ignore -->. For now,
+it’s enough to know that if we want to poll a future to check whether it is
+`Pending` or `Ready(Output)`, we need a `Pin`-wrapped mutable reference to the
+type.
+
+`Pin` is a wrapper for pointer-like types such as `&`, `&mut`, `Box`, and `Rc`.
+(Technically, `Pin` works with types that implement the `Deref` or `DerefMut`
+traits, but this is effectively equivalent to working only with references and
+smart pointers.) `Pin` is not a pointer itself and doesn’t have any behavior of
+its own like `Rc` and `Arc` do with reference counting; it’s purely a tool the
+compiler can use to enforce constraints on pointer usage.
+
+Recalling that `await` is implemented in terms of calls to `poll` starts to
+explain the error message we saw earlier, but that was in terms of `Unpin`, not
+`Pin`. So how exactly does `Pin` relate to `Unpin`, and why does `Future` need
+`self` to be in a `Pin` type to call `poll`?
+
+Remember from earlier in this chapter that a series of await points in a future
+get compiled into a state machine, and the compiler makes sure that state
+machine follows all of Rust’s normal rules around safety, including borrowing
+and ownership. To make that work, Rust looks at what data is needed between one
+await point and either the next await point or the end of the async block. It
+then creates a corresponding variant in the compiled state machine. Each
+variant gets the access it needs to the data that will be used in that section
+of the source code, whether by taking ownership of that data or by getting a
+mutable or immutable reference to it.
+
+So far, so good: if we get anything wrong about the ownership or references in
+a given async block, the borrow checker will tell us. When we want to move
+around the future that corresponds to that block—like moving it into a `Vec` to
+pass to `join_all`—things get trickier.
+
+When we move a future—whether by pushing it into a data structure to use as an
+iterator with `join_all` or by returning it from a function—that actually means
+moving the state machine Rust creates for us. And unlike most other types in
+Rust, the futures Rust creates for async blocks can end up with references to
+themselves in the fields of any given variant, as shown in the simplified illustration in Figure 17-4.
+
+<figure>
+
+<img alt="A single-column, three-row table representing a future, fut1, which has data values 0 and 1 in the first two rows and an arrow pointing from the third row back to the second row, representing an internal reference within the future." src="img/trpl17-04.svg" class="center" />
+
+<figcaption>Figure 17-4: A self-referential data type</figcaption>
+
+</figure>
+
+By default, though, any object that has a reference to itself is unsafe to move,
+because references always point to the actual memory address of whatever they
+refer to (see Figure 17-5). If you move the data structure itself, those
+internal references will be left pointing to the old location. However, that
+memory location is now invalid. For one thing, its value will not be updated
+when you make changes to the data structure. For another—more important—thing,
+the computer is now free to reuse that memory for other purposes! You could end
+up reading completely unrelated data later.
+
+<figure>
+
+<img alt="Two tables, depicting two futures, fut1 and fut2, each of which has one column and three rows, representing the result of having moved a future out of fut1 into fut2. The first, fut1, is grayed out, with a question mark in each index, representing unknown memory. The second, fut2, has 0 and 1 in the first and second rows and an arrow pointing from its third row back to the second row of fut1, representing a pointer that is referencing the old location in memory of the future before it was moved." src="img/trpl17-05.svg" class="center" />
+
+<figcaption>Figure 17-5: The unsafe result of moving a self-referential data type</figcaption>
+
+</figure>
+
+Theoretically, the Rust compiler could try to update every reference to an
+object whenever it gets moved, but that could add a lot of performance overhead,
+especially if a whole web of references needs updating. If we could instead make
+sure the data structure in question _doesn’t move in memory_, we wouldn’t have
+to update any references. This is exactly what Rust’s borrow checker is for:
+in safe code, it prevents you from moving any item with an active reference to
+it.
+
+`Pin` builds on that to give us the exact guarantee we need. When we _pin_ a
+value by wrapping a pointer to that value in `Pin`, it can no longer move. Thus,
+if you have `Pin<Box<SomeType>>`, you actually pin the `SomeType` value, _not_
+the `Box` pointer. Figure 17-6 illustrates this process.
+
+<figure>
+
+<img alt="Three boxes laid out side by side. The first is labeled “Pin”, the second “b1”, and the third “pinned”. Within “pinned” is a table labeled “fut”, with a single column; it represents a future with cells for each part of the data structure. Its first cell has the value “0”, its second cell has an arrow coming out of it and pointing to the fourth and final cell, which has the value “1” in it, and the third cell has dashed lines and an ellipsis to indicate there may be other parts to the data structure. All together, the “fut” table represents a future which is self-referential. An arrow leaves the box labeled “Pin”, goes through the box labeled “b1” and terminates inside the “pinned” box at the “fut” table." src="img/trpl17-06.svg" class="center" />
+
+<figcaption>Figure 17-6: Pinning a `Box` that points to a self-referential future type</figcaption>
+
+</figure>
+
+In fact, the `Box` pointer can still move around freely. Remember: we care about
+making sure the data ultimately being referenced stays in place. If a pointer
+moves around, _but the data it points to_ is in the same place, as in Figure
+17-7, there’s no potential problem. (As an independent exercise, look at the docs
+for the types as well as the `std::pin` module and try to work out how you’d do
+this with a `Pin` wrapping a `Box`.) The key is that the self-referential type
+itself cannot move, because it is still pinned.
+
+<figure>
+
+<img alt="Four boxes laid out in three rough columns, identical to the previous diagram with a change to the second column. Now there are two boxes in the second column, labeled “b1” and “b2”, “b1” is grayed out, and the arrow from “Pin” goes through “b2” instead of “b1”, indicating that the pointer has moved from “b1” to “b2”, but the data in “pinned” has not moved." src="img/trpl17-07.svg" class="center" />
+
+<figcaption>Figure 17-7: Moving a `Box` which points to a self-referential future type</figcaption>
+
+</figure>
+
+However, most types are perfectly safe to move around, even if they happen to be
+behind a `Pin` pointer. We only need to think about pinning when items have
+internal references. Primitive values such as numbers and Booleans are safe
+because they obviously don’t have any internal references.
+Neither do most types you normally work with in Rust. You can move around
+a `Vec`, for example, without worrying. Given what we have seen so far, if
+you have a `Pin<Vec<String>>`, you’d have to do everything via the safe but
+restrictive APIs provided by `Pin`, even though a `Vec<String>` is always safe
+to move if there are no other references to it. We need a way to tell the
+compiler that it’s fine to move items around in cases like this—and that’s
+where `Unpin` comes into play.
+
+`Unpin` is a marker trait, similar to the `Send` and `Sync` traits we saw in
+Chapter 16, and thus has no functionality of its own. Marker traits exist only
+to tell the compiler it’s safe to use the type implementing a given trait in a
+particular context. `Unpin` informs the compiler that a given type does _not_
+need to uphold any guarantees about whether the value in question can be safely
+moved.
+
+<!--
+  The inline `<code>` in the next block is to allow the inline `<em>` inside it,
+  matching what NoStarch does style-wise, and emphasizing within the text here
+  that it is something distinct from a normal type.
+-->
+
+Just as with `Send` and `Sync`, the compiler implements `Unpin` automatically
+for all types where it can prove it is safe. A special case, again similar to
+`Send` and `Sync`, is where `Unpin` is _not_ implemented for a type. The
+notation for this is <code>impl !Unpin for <em>SomeType</em></code>, where
+<code><em>SomeType</em></code> is the name of a type that _does_ need to uphold
+those guarantees to be safe whenever a pointer to that type is used in a `Pin`.
+
+In other words, there are two things to keep in mind about the relationship
+between `Pin` and `Unpin`. First, `Unpin` is the “normal” case, and `!Unpin` is
+the special case. Second, whether a type implements `Unpin` or `!Unpin` _only_
+matters when you’re using a pinned pointer to that type like <code>Pin<&mut
+<em>SomeType</em>></code>.
+
+To make that concrete, think about a `String`: it has a length and the Unicode
+characters that make it up. We can wrap a `String` in `Pin`, as seen in Figure
+17-8. However, `String` automatically implements `Unpin`, as do most other types
+in Rust.
+
+<figure>
+
+<img alt="A box labeled “Pin” on the left with an arrow going from it to a box labeled “String” on the right. The “String” box contains the data 5usize, representing the length of the string, and the letters “h”, “e”, “l”, “l”, and “o” representing the characters of the string “hello” stored in this String instance. A dotted rectangle surrounds the “String” box and its label, but not the “Pin” box." src="img/trpl17-08.svg" class="center" />
+
+<figcaption>Figure 17-8: Pinning a `String`; the dotted line indicates that the `String` implements the `Unpin` trait and thus is not pinned</figcaption>
+
+</figure>
+
+As a result, we can do things that would be illegal if `String` implemented
+`!Unpin` instead, such as replacing one string with another at the exact same
+location in memory as in Figure 17-9. This doesn’t violate the `Pin` contract,
+because `String` has no internal references that make it unsafe to move around.
+That is precisely why it implements `Unpin` rather than `!Unpin`.
+
+<figure>
+
+<img alt="The same “hello” string data from the previous example, now labeled “s1” and grayed out. The “Pin” box from the previous example now points to a different String instance, one that is labeled “s2”, is valid, has a length of 7usize, and contains the characters of the string “goodbye”. s2 is surrounded by a dotted rectangle because it, too, implements the Unpin trait." src="img/trpl17-09.svg" class="center" />
+
+<figcaption>Figure 17-9: Replacing the `String` with an entirely different `String` in memory</figcaption>
+
+</figure>
+
+Now we know enough to understand the errors reported for that `join_all` call
+from back in Listing 17-23. We originally tried to move the futures produced by
+async blocks into a `Vec<Box<dyn Future<Output = ()>>>`, but as we’ve seen,
+those futures may have internal references, so they don’t automatically
+implement `Unpin`. Once we pin them, we can pass the resulting `Pin` type into
+the `Vec`, confident that the underlying data in the futures will _not_ be
+moved. Listing 17-24 shows how to fix the code by calling the `pin!` macro
+where each of the three futures are defined and adjusting the trait object type.
+
+<Listing number="17-24" caption="Pinning the futures to enable moving them into the vector">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-24/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This example now compiles and runs, and we could add or remove futures from the
+vector at runtime and join them all.
+
+`Pin` and `Unpin` are mostly important for building lower-level libraries, or
+when you’re building a runtime itself, rather than for day-to-day Rust code.
+When you see these traits in error messages, though, now you’ll have a better
+idea of how to fix your code!
+
+> Note: This combination of `Pin` and `Unpin` makes it possible to safely
+> implement a whole class of complex types in Rust that would otherwise prove
+> challenging because they’re self-referential. Types that require `Pin` show up
+> most commonly in async Rust today, but every once in a while, you might see
+> them in other contexts, too.
+>
+> The specifics of how `Pin` and `Unpin` work, and the rules they’re required
+> to uphold, are covered extensively in the API documentation for `std::pin`, so
+> if you’re interested in learning more, that’s a great place to start.
+>
+> If you want to understand how things work under the hood in even more detail,
+> see Chapters [2][under-the-hood]<!-- ignore --> and
+> [4][pinning]<!-- ignore --> of
+> [_Asynchronous Programming in Rust_][async-book].
+
+### The `Stream` Trait
+
+Now that you have a deeper grasp on the `Future`, `Pin`, and `Unpin` traits, we
+can turn our attention to the `Stream` trait. As you learned earlier in the
+chapter, streams are similar to asynchronous iterators. Unlike `Iterator` and
+`Future`, however, `Stream` has no definition in the standard library as of
+this writing, but there _is_ a very common definition from the `futures` crate
+used throughout the ecosystem.
+
+Let’s review the definitions of the `Iterator` and `Future` traits before
+looking at how a `Stream` trait might merge them together. From `Iterator`, we
+have the idea of a sequence: its `next` method provides an
+`Option<Self::Item>`. From `Future`, we have the idea of readiness over time:
+its `poll` method provides a `Poll<Self::Output>`. To represent a sequence of
+items that become ready over time, we define a `Stream` trait that puts those
+features together:
+
+```rust
+use std::pin::Pin;
+use std::task::{Context, Poll};
+
+trait Stream {
+    type Item;
+
+    fn poll_next(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut Context<'_>
+    ) -> Poll<Option<Self::Item>>;
+}
+```
+
+The `Stream` trait defines an associated type called `Item` for the type of the
+items produced by the stream. This is similar to `Iterator`, where there may be
+zero to many items, and unlike `Future`, where there is always a single
+`Output`, even if it’s the unit type `()`.
+
+`Stream` also defines a method to get those items. We call it `poll_next`, to
+make it clear that it polls in the same way `Future::poll` does and produces a
+sequence of items in the same way `Iterator::next` does. Its return type
+combines `Poll` with `Option`. The outer type is `Poll`, because it has to be
+checked for readiness, just as a future does. The inner type is `Option`,
+because it needs to signal whether there are more messages, just as an iterator
+does.
+
+Something very similar to this definition will likely end up as part of Rust’s
+standard library. In the meantime, it’s part of the toolkit of most runtimes,
+so you can rely on it, and everything we cover next should generally apply!
+
+In the examples we saw in the [“Streams: Futures in Sequence”][streams]<!--
+ignore --> section, though, we didn’t use `poll_next` _or_ `Stream`, but
+instead used `next` and `StreamExt`. We _could_ work directly in terms of the
+`poll_next` API by hand-writing our own `Stream` state machines, of course,
+just as we _could_ work with futures directly via their `poll` method. Using
+`await` is much nicer, though, and the `StreamExt` trait supplies the `next`
+method so we can do just that:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/no-listing-stream-ext/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+<!--
+TODO: update this if/when tokio/etc. update their MSRV and switch to using async functions
+in traits, since the lack thereof is the reason they do not yet have this.
+-->
+
+> Note: The actual definition we used earlier in the chapter looks slightly
+> different than this, because it supports versions of Rust that did not yet
+> support using async functions in traits. As a result, it looks like this:
+>
+> ```rust,ignore
+> fn next(&mut self) -> Next<'_, Self> where Self: Unpin;
+> ```
+>
+> That `Next` type is a `struct` that implements `Future` and allows us to name
+> the lifetime of the reference to `self` with `Next<'_, Self>`, so that `await`
+> can work with this method.
+
+The `StreamExt` trait is also the home of all the interesting methods available
+to use with streams. `StreamExt` is automatically implemented for every type
+that implements `Stream`, but these traits are defined separately to enable the
+community to iterate on convenience APIs without affecting the foundational
+trait.
+
+In the version of `StreamExt` used in the `trpl` crate, the trait not only
+defines the `next` method but also supplies a default implementation of `next`
+that correctly handles the details of calling `Stream::poll_next`. This means
+that even when you need to write your own streaming data type, you _only_ have
+to implement `Stream`, and then anyone who uses your data type can use
+`StreamExt` and its methods with it automatically.
+
+That’s all we’re going to cover for the lower-level details on these traits. To
+wrap up, let’s consider how futures (including streams), tasks, and threads all
+fit together!
+
+[message-passing]: ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md#sending-data-between-two-tasks-using-message-passing
+[ch-18]: ch18-00-oop.html
+[async-book]: https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/
+[under-the-hood]: https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/02_execution/01_chapter.html
+[pinning]: https://rust-lang.github.io/async-book/04_pinning/01_chapter.html
+[first-async]: ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.html#our-first-async-program
+[any-number-futures]: ch17-03-more-futures.html#working-with-any-number-of-futures
+[streams]: ch17-04-streams.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.md
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+## Putting It All Together: Futures, Tasks, and Threads
+
+As we saw in [Chapter 16][ch16]<!-- ignore -->, threads provide one approach to
+concurrency. We’ve seen another approach in this chapter: using async with
+futures and streams. If you’re wondering when to choose one method over the other,
+the answer is: it depends! And in many cases, the choice isn’t threads _or_
+async but rather threads _and_ async.
+
+Many operating systems have supplied threading-based concurrency models for
+decades now, and many programming languages support them as a result. However,
+these models are not without their tradeoffs. On many operating systems, they
+use a fair bit of memory for each thread. Threads are also only an option when
+your operating system and hardware support them. Unlike mainstream desktop and
+mobile computers, some embedded systems don’t have an OS at all, so they also
+don’t have threads.
+
+The async model provides a different—and ultimately complementary—set of
+tradeoffs. In the async model, concurrent operations don’t require their own
+threads. Instead, they can run on tasks, as when we used `trpl::spawn_task` to
+kick off work from a synchronous function in the streams section. A task is
+similar to a thread, but instead of being managed by the operating system, it’s
+managed by library-level code: the runtime.
+
+There’s a reason the APIs for spawning threads and spawning tasks are so
+similar. Threads act as a boundary for sets of synchronous operations;
+concurrency is possible _between_ threads. Tasks act as a boundary for sets of
+_asynchronous_ operations; concurrency is possible both _between_ and _within_
+tasks, because a task can switch between futures in its body. Finally, futures
+are Rust’s most granular unit of concurrency, and each future may represent a
+tree of other futures. The runtime—specifically, its executor—manages tasks,
+and tasks manage futures. In that regard, tasks are similar to lightweight,
+runtime-managed threads with added capabilities that come from being managed by
+a runtime instead of by the operating system.
+
+This doesn’t mean that async tasks are always better than threads (or vice
+versa). Concurrency with threads is in some ways a simpler programming model
+than concurrency with `async`. That can be a strength or a weakness. Threads are
+somewhat “fire and forget”; they have no native equivalent to a future, so they
+simply run to completion without being interrupted except by the operating
+system itself.
+
+And it turns out that threads and tasks often work
+very well together, because tasks can (at least in some runtimes) be moved
+around between threads. In fact, under the hood, the runtime we’ve been
+using—including the `spawn_blocking` and `spawn_task` functions—is multithreaded
+by default! Many runtimes use an approach called _work stealing_ to
+transparently move tasks around between threads, based on how the threads are
+currently being utilized, to improve the system’s overall performance. That
+approach actually requires threads _and_ tasks, and therefore futures.
+
+When thinking about which method to use when, consider these rules of thumb:
+
+- If the work is _very parallelizable_ (that is, CPU-bound), such as processing
+  a bunch of data where each part can be processed separately, threads are a
+  better choice.
+- If the work is _very concurrent_ (that is, I/O-bound), such as handling
+  messages from a bunch of different sources that may come in at different
+  intervals or different rates, async is a better choice.
+
+And if you need both parallelism and concurrency, you don’t have to choose
+between threads and async. You can use them together freely, letting each
+play the part it’s best at. For example, Listing 17-25 shows a fairly common
+example of this kind of mix in real-world Rust code.
+
+<Listing number="17-25" caption="Sending messages with blocking code in a thread and awaiting the messages in an async block" file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch17-async-await/listing-17-25/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We begin by creating an async channel, then spawning a thread that takes
+ownership of the sender side of the channel using the `move` keyword. Within
+the thread, we send the numbers 1 through 10, sleeping for a second between
+each. Finally, we run a future created with an async block passed to
+`trpl::block_on` just as we have throughout the chapter. In that future, we
+await those messages, just as in the other message-passing examples we have
+seen.
+
+To return to the scenario we opened the chapter with, imagine running a set of
+video encoding tasks using a dedicated thread (because video encoding is
+compute-bound) but notifying the UI that those operations are done with an
+async channel. There are countless examples of these kinds of combinations in
+real-world use cases.
+
+## Summary
+
+This isn’t the last you’ll see of concurrency in this book. The project in
+[Chapter 21][ch21]<!-- ignore --> will apply these concepts in a more realistic
+situation than the simpler examples discussed here and compare problem-solving
+with threading versus tasks and futures more directly.
+
+No matter which of these approaches you choose, Rust gives you the tools you
+need to write safe, fast, concurrent code—whether for a high-throughput web
+server or an embedded operating system.
+
+Next, we’ll talk about idiomatic ways to model problems and structure solutions
+as your Rust programs get bigger. In addition, we’ll discuss how Rust’s idioms
+relate to those you might be familiar with from object-oriented programming.
+
+[ch16]: http://localhost:3000/ch16-00-concurrency.html
+[combining-futures]: ch17-03-more-futures.html#building-our-own-async-abstractions
+[streams]: ch17-04-streams.html#composing-streams
+[ch21]: ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-00-oop.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-00-oop.md
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+# Object-Oriented Programming Features
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="object-oriented-programming-features-of-rust"></a>
+
+Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a way of modeling programs. Objects as a
+programmatic concept were introduced in the programming language Simula in the
+1960s. Those objects influenced Alan Kay’s programming architecture in which
+objects pass messages to each other. To describe this architecture, he coined
+the term _object-oriented programming_ in 1967. Many competing definitions
+describe what OOP is, and by some of these definitions Rust is object oriented
+but by others it is not. In this chapter, we’ll explore certain characteristics
+that are commonly considered object oriented and how those characteristics
+translate to idiomatic Rust. We’ll then show you how to implement an
+object-oriented design pattern in Rust and discuss the trade-offs of doing so
+versus implementing a solution using some of Rust’s strengths instead.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-01-what-is-oo.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-01-what-is-oo.md
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+## Characteristics of Object-Oriented Languages
+
+There is no consensus in the programming community about what features a
+language must have to be considered object oriented. Rust is influenced by many
+programming paradigms, including OOP; for example, we explored the features
+that came from functional programming in Chapter 13. Arguably, OOP languages
+share certain common characteristics—namely, objects, encapsulation, and
+inheritance. Let’s look at what each of those characteristics means and whether
+Rust supports it.
+
+### Objects Contain Data and Behavior
+
+The book _Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software_ by
+Erich Gamma, Richard Helm, Ralph Johnson, and John Vlissides (Addison-Wesley,
+1994), colloquially referred to as _The Gang of Four_ book, is a catalog of
+object-oriented design patterns. It defines OOP in this way:
+
+> Object-oriented programs are made up of objects. An **object** packages both
+> data and the procedures that operate on that data. The procedures are
+> typically called **methods** or **operations**.
+
+Using this definition, Rust is object oriented: Structs and enums have data,
+and `impl` blocks provide methods on structs and enums. Even though structs and
+enums with methods aren’t _called_ objects, they provide the same
+functionality, according to the Gang of Four’s definition of objects.
+
+### Encapsulation That Hides Implementation Details
+
+Another aspect commonly associated with OOP is the idea of _encapsulation_,
+which means that the implementation details of an object aren’t accessible to
+code using that object. Therefore, the only way to interact with an object is
+through its public API; code using the object shouldn’t be able to reach into
+the object’s internals and change data or behavior directly. This enables the
+programmer to change and refactor an object’s internals without needing to
+change the code that uses the object.
+
+We discussed how to control encapsulation in Chapter 7: We can use the `pub`
+keyword to decide which modules, types, functions, and methods in our code
+should be public, and by default everything else is private. For example, we
+can define a struct `AveragedCollection` that has a field containing a vector
+of `i32` values. The struct can also have a field that contains the average of
+the values in the vector, meaning the average doesn’t have to be computed on
+demand whenever anyone needs it. In other words, `AveragedCollection` will
+cache the calculated average for us. Listing 18-1 has the definition of the
+`AveragedCollection` struct.
+
+<Listing number="18-1" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="An `AveragedCollection` struct that maintains a list of integers and the average of the items in the collection">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-01/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The struct is marked `pub` so that other code can use it, but the fields within
+the struct remain private. This is important in this case because we want to
+ensure that whenever a value is added or removed from the list, the average is
+also updated. We do this by implementing `add`, `remove`, and `average` methods
+on the struct, as shown in Listing 18-2.
+
+<Listing number="18-2" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Implementations of the public methods `add`, `remove`, and `average` on `AveragedCollection`">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-02/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The public methods `add`, `remove`, and `average` are the only ways to access
+or modify data in an instance of `AveragedCollection`. When an item is added to
+`list` using the `add` method or removed using the `remove` method, the
+implementations of each call the private `update_average` method that handles
+updating the `average` field as well.
+
+We leave the `list` and `average` fields private so that there is no way for
+external code to add or remove items to or from the `list` field directly;
+otherwise, the `average` field might become out of sync when the `list`
+changes. The `average` method returns the value in the `average` field,
+allowing external code to read the `average` but not modify it.
+
+Because we’ve encapsulated the implementation details of the struct
+`AveragedCollection`, we can easily change aspects, such as the data structure,
+in the future. For instance, we could use a `HashSet<i32>` instead of a
+`Vec<i32>` for the `list` field. As long as the signatures of the `add`,
+`remove`, and `average` public methods stayed the same, code using
+`AveragedCollection` wouldn’t need to change. If we made `list` public instead,
+this wouldn’t necessarily be the case: `HashSet<i32>` and `Vec<i32>` have
+different methods for adding and removing items, so the external code would
+likely have to change if it were modifying `list` directly.
+
+If encapsulation is a required aspect for a language to be considered object
+oriented, then Rust meets that requirement. The option to use `pub` or not for
+different parts of code enables encapsulation of implementation details.
+
+### Inheritance as a Type System and as Code Sharing
+
+_Inheritance_ is a mechanism whereby an object can inherit elements from
+another object’s definition, thus gaining the parent object’s data and behavior
+without you having to define them again.
+
+If a language must have inheritance to be object oriented, then Rust is not
+such a language. There is no way to define a struct that inherits the parent
+struct’s fields and method implementations without using a macro.
+
+However, if you’re used to having inheritance in your programming toolbox, you
+can use other solutions in Rust, depending on your reason for reaching for
+inheritance in the first place.
+
+You would choose inheritance for two main reasons. One is for reuse of code:
+You can implement particular behavior for one type, and inheritance enables you
+to reuse that implementation for a different type. You can do this in a limited
+way in Rust code using default trait method implementations, which you saw in
+Listing 10-14 when we added a default implementation of the `summarize` method
+on the `Summary` trait. Any type implementing the `Summary` trait would have
+the `summarize` method available on it without any further code. This is
+similar to a parent class having an implementation of a method and an
+inheriting child class also having the implementation of the method. We can
+also override the default implementation of the `summarize` method when we
+implement the `Summary` trait, which is similar to a child class overriding the
+implementation of a method inherited from a parent class.
+
+The other reason to use inheritance relates to the type system: to enable a
+child type to be used in the same places as the parent type. This is also
+called _polymorphism_, which means that you can substitute multiple objects for
+each other at runtime if they share certain characteristics.
+
+> ### Polymorphism
+>
+> To many people, polymorphism is synonymous with inheritance. But it’s
+> actually a more general concept that refers to code that can work with data of
+> multiple types. For inheritance, those types are generally subclasses.
+>
+> Rust instead uses generics to abstract over different possible types and
+> trait bounds to impose constraints on what those types must provide. This is
+> sometimes called _bounded parametric polymorphism_.
+
+Rust has chosen a different set of trade-offs by not offering inheritance.
+Inheritance is often at risk of sharing more code than necessary. Subclasses
+shouldn’t always share all characteristics of their parent class but will do so
+with inheritance. This can make a program’s design less flexible. It also
+introduces the possibility of calling methods on subclasses that don’t make
+sense or that cause errors because the methods don’t apply to the subclass. In
+addition, some languages will only allow _single inheritance_ (meaning a
+subclass can only inherit from one class), further restricting the flexibility
+of a program’s design.
+
+For these reasons, Rust takes the different approach of using trait objects
+instead of inheritance to achieve polymorphism at runtime. Let’s look at how
+trait objects work.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-02-trait-objects.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-02-trait-objects.md
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+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-trait-objects-that-allow-for-values-of-different-types"></a>
+
+## Using Trait Objects to Abstract over Shared Behavior
+
+In Chapter 8, we mentioned that one limitation of vectors is that they can
+store elements of only one type. We created a workaround in Listing 8-9 where
+we defined a `SpreadsheetCell` enum that had variants to hold integers, floats,
+and text. This meant we could store different types of data in each cell and
+still have a vector that represented a row of cells. This is a perfectly good
+solution when our interchangeable items are a fixed set of types that we know
+when our code is compiled.
+
+However, sometimes we want our library user to be able to extend the set of
+types that are valid in a particular situation. To show how we might achieve
+this, we’ll create an example graphical user interface (GUI) tool that iterates
+through a list of items, calling a `draw` method on each one to draw it to the
+screen—a common technique for GUI tools. We’ll create a library crate called
+`gui` that contains the structure of a GUI library. This crate might include
+some types for people to use, such as `Button` or `TextField`. In addition,
+`gui` users will want to create their own types that can be drawn: For
+instance, one programmer might add an `Image`, and another might add a
+`SelectBox`.
+
+At the time of writing the library, we can’t know and define all the types
+other programmers might want to create. But we do know that `gui` needs to keep
+track of many values of different types, and it needs to call a `draw` method
+on each of these differently typed values. It doesn’t need to know exactly what
+will happen when we call the `draw` method, just that the value will have that
+method available for us to call.
+
+To do this in a language with inheritance, we might define a class named
+`Component` that has a method named `draw` on it. The other classes, such as
+`Button`, `Image`, and `SelectBox`, would inherit from `Component` and thus
+inherit the `draw` method. They could each override the `draw` method to define
+their custom behavior, but the framework could treat all of the types as if
+they were `Component` instances and call `draw` on them. But because Rust
+doesn’t have inheritance, we need another way to structure the `gui` library to
+allow users to create new types compatible with the library.
+
+### Defining a Trait for Common Behavior
+
+To implement the behavior that we want `gui` to have, we’ll define a trait
+named `Draw` that will have one method named `draw`. Then, we can define a
+vector that takes a trait object. A _trait object_ points to both an instance
+of a type implementing our specified trait and a table used to look up trait
+methods on that type at runtime. We create a trait object by specifying some
+sort of pointer, such as a reference or a `Box<T>` smart pointer, then the
+`dyn` keyword, and then specifying the relevant trait. (We’ll talk about the
+reason trait objects must use a pointer in [“Dynamically Sized Types and the
+`Sized` Trait”][dynamically-sized]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 20.) We can use
+trait objects in place of a generic or concrete type. Wherever we use a trait
+object, Rust’s type system will ensure at compile time that any value used in
+that context will implement the trait object’s trait. Consequently, we don’t
+need to know all the possible types at compile time.
+
+We’ve mentioned that, in Rust, we refrain from calling structs and enums
+“objects” to distinguish them from other languages’ objects. In a struct or
+enum, the data in the struct fields and the behavior in `impl` blocks are
+separated, whereas in other languages, the data and behavior combined into one
+concept is often labeled an object. Trait objects differ from objects in other
+languages in that we can’t add data to a trait object. Trait objects aren’t as
+generally useful as objects in other languages: Their specific purpose is to
+allow abstraction across common behavior.
+
+Listing 18-3 shows how to define a trait named `Draw` with one method named
+`draw`.
+
+<Listing number="18-3" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Definition of the `Draw` trait">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-03/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This syntax should look familiar from our discussions on how to define traits
+in Chapter 10. Next comes some new syntax: Listing 18-4 defines a struct named
+`Screen` that holds a vector named `components`. This vector is of type
+`Box<dyn Draw>`, which is a trait object; it’s a stand-in for any type inside a
+`Box` that implements the `Draw` trait.
+
+<Listing number="18-4" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Definition of the `Screen` struct with a `components` field holding a vector of trait objects that implement the `Draw` trait">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-04/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+On the `Screen` struct, we’ll define a method named `run` that will call the
+`draw` method on each of its `components`, as shown in Listing 18-5.
+
+<Listing number="18-5" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A `run` method on `Screen` that calls the `draw` method on each component">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-05/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This works differently from defining a struct that uses a generic type
+parameter with trait bounds. A generic type parameter can be substituted with
+only one concrete type at a time, whereas trait objects allow for multiple
+concrete types to fill in for the trait object at runtime. For example, we
+could have defined the `Screen` struct using a generic type and a trait bound,
+as in Listing 18-6.
+
+<Listing number="18-6" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="An alternate implementation of the `Screen` struct and its `run` method using generics and trait bounds">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-06/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This restricts us to a `Screen` instance that has a list of components all of
+type `Button` or all of type `TextField`. If you’ll only ever have homogeneous
+collections, using generics and trait bounds is preferable because the
+definitions will be monomorphized at compile time to use the concrete types.
+
+On the other hand, with the method using trait objects, one `Screen` instance
+can hold a `Vec<T>` that contains a `Box<Button>` as well as a
+`Box<TextField>`. Let’s look at how this works, and then we’ll talk about the
+runtime performance implications.
+
+### Implementing the Trait
+
+Now we’ll add some types that implement the `Draw` trait. We’ll provide the
+`Button` type. Again, actually implementing a GUI library is beyond the scope
+of this book, so the `draw` method won’t have any useful implementation in its
+body. To imagine what the implementation might look like, a `Button` struct
+might have fields for `width`, `height`, and `label`, as shown in Listing 18-7.
+
+<Listing number="18-7" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A `Button` struct that implements the `Draw` trait">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-07/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `width`, `height`, and `label` fields on `Button` will differ from the
+fields on other components; for example, a `TextField` type might have those
+same fields plus a `placeholder` field. Each of the types we want to draw on
+the screen will implement the `Draw` trait but will use different code in the
+`draw` method to define how to draw that particular type, as `Button` has here
+(without the actual GUI code, as mentioned). The `Button` type, for instance,
+might have an additional `impl` block containing methods related to what
+happens when a user clicks the button. These kinds of methods won’t apply to
+types like `TextField`.
+
+If someone using our library decides to implement a `SelectBox` struct that has
+`width`, `height`, and `options` fields, they would implement the `Draw` trait
+on the `SelectBox` type as well, as shown in Listing 18-8.
+
+<Listing number="18-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Another crate using `gui` and implementing the `Draw` trait on a `SelectBox` struct">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-08/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Our library’s user can now write their `main` function to create a `Screen`
+instance. To the `Screen` instance, they can add a `SelectBox` and a `Button`
+by putting each in a `Box<T>` to become a trait object. They can then call the
+`run` method on the `Screen` instance, which will call `draw` on each of the
+components. Listing 18-9 shows this implementation.
+
+<Listing number="18-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using trait objects to store values of different types that implement the same trait">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-09/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we wrote the library, we didn’t know that someone might add the
+`SelectBox` type, but our `Screen` implementation was able to operate on the
+new type and draw it because `SelectBox` implements the `Draw` trait, which
+means it implements the `draw` method.
+
+This concept—of being concerned only with the messages a value responds to
+rather than the value’s concrete type—is similar to the concept of _duck
+typing_ in dynamically typed languages: If it walks like a duck and quacks like
+a duck, then it must be a duck! In the implementation of `run` on `Screen` in
+Listing 18-5, `run` doesn’t need to know what the concrete type of each
+component is. It doesn’t check whether a component is an instance of a `Button`
+or a `SelectBox`, it just calls the `draw` method on the component. By
+specifying `Box<dyn Draw>` as the type of the values in the `components`
+vector, we’ve defined `Screen` to need values that we can call the `draw`
+method on.
+
+The advantage of using trait objects and Rust’s type system to write code
+similar to code using duck typing is that we never have to check whether a
+value implements a particular method at runtime or worry about getting errors
+if a value doesn’t implement a method but we call it anyway. Rust won’t compile
+our code if the values don’t implement the traits that the trait objects need.
+
+For example, Listing 18-10 shows what happens if we try to create a `Screen`
+with a `String` as a component.
+
+<Listing number="18-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to use a type that doesn’t implement the trait object’s trait">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-10/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ll get this error because `String` doesn’t implement the `Draw` trait:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-10/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This error lets us know that either we’re passing something to `Screen` that we
+didn’t mean to pass and so should pass a different type, or we should implement
+`Draw` on `String` so that `Screen` is able to call `draw` on it.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="trait-objects-perform-dynamic-dispatch"></a>
+
+### Performing Dynamic Dispatch
+
+Recall in [“Performance of Code Using
+Generics”][performance-of-code-using-generics]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 10 our
+discussion on the monomorphization process performed on generics by the
+compiler: The compiler generates nongeneric implementations of functions and
+methods for each concrete type that we use in place of a generic type
+parameter. The code that results from monomorphization is doing _static
+dispatch_, which is when the compiler knows what method you’re calling at
+compile time. This is opposed to _dynamic dispatch_, which is when the compiler
+can’t tell at compile time which method you’re calling. In dynamic dispatch
+cases, the compiler emits code that at runtime will know which method to call.
+
+When we use trait objects, Rust must use dynamic dispatch. The compiler doesn’t
+know all the types that might be used with the code that’s using trait objects,
+so it doesn’t know which method implemented on which type to call. Instead, at
+runtime, Rust uses the pointers inside the trait object to know which method to
+call. This lookup incurs a runtime cost that doesn’t occur with static dispatch.
+Dynamic dispatch also prevents the compiler from choosing to inline a method’s
+code, which in turn prevents some optimizations, and Rust has some rules about
+where you can and cannot use dynamic dispatch, called _dyn compatibility_. Those
+rules are beyond the scope of this discussion, but you can read more about them
+[in the reference][dyn-compatibility]<!-- ignore -->. However, we did get extra
+flexibility in the code that we wrote in Listing 18-5 and were able to support
+in Listing 18-9, so it’s a trade-off to consider.
+
+[performance-of-code-using-generics]: ch10-01-syntax.html#performance-of-code-using-generics
+[dynamically-sized]: ch20-03-advanced-types.html#dynamically-sized-types-and-the-sized-trait
+[dyn-compatibility]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/reference/items/traits.html#dyn-compatibility
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..e6e5943
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.md
@@ -0,0 +1,546 @@
+## Implementing an Object-Oriented Design Pattern
+
+The _state pattern_ is an object-oriented design pattern. The crux of the
+pattern is that we define a set of states a value can have internally. The
+states are represented by a set of _state objects_, and the value’s behavior
+changes based on its state. We’re going to work through an example of a blog
+post struct that has a field to hold its state, which will be a state object
+from the set “draft,” “review,” or “published.”
+
+The state objects share functionality: In Rust, of course, we use structs and
+traits rather than objects and inheritance. Each state object is responsible
+for its own behavior and for governing when it should change into another
+state. The value that holds a state object knows nothing about the different
+behavior of the states or when to transition between states.
+
+The advantage of using the state pattern is that, when the business
+requirements of the program change, we won’t need to change the code of the
+value holding the state or the code that uses the value. We’ll only need to
+update the code inside one of the state objects to change its rules or perhaps
+add more state objects.
+
+First, we’re going to implement the state pattern in a more traditional
+object-oriented way. Then, we’ll use an approach that’s a bit more natural in
+Rust. Let’s dig in to incrementally implement a blog post workflow using the
+state pattern.
+
+The final functionality will look like this:
+
+1. A blog post starts as an empty draft.
+1. When the draft is done, a review of the post is requested.
+1. When the post is approved, it gets published.
+1. Only published blog posts return content to print so that unapproved posts
+   can’t accidentally be published.
+
+Any other changes attempted on a post should have no effect. For example, if we
+try to approve a draft blog post before we’ve requested a review, the post
+should remain an unpublished draft.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="a-traditional-object-oriented-attempt"></a>
+
+### Attempting Traditional Object-Oriented Style
+
+There are infinite ways to structure code to solve the same problem, each with
+different trade-offs. This section’s implementation is more of a traditional
+object-oriented style, which is possible to write in Rust, but doesn’t take
+advantage of some of Rust’s strengths. Later, we’ll demonstrate a different
+solution that still uses the object-oriented design pattern but is structured
+in a way that might look less familiar to programmers with object-oriented
+experience. We’ll compare the two solutions to experience the trade-offs of
+designing Rust code differently than code in other languages.
+
+Listing 18-11 shows this workflow in code form: This is an example usage of the
+API we’ll implement in a library crate named `blog`. This won’t compile yet
+because we haven’t implemented the `blog` crate.
+
+<Listing number="18-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Code that demonstrates the desired behavior we want our `blog` crate to have">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-11/src/main.rs:all}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We want to allow the user to create a new draft blog post with `Post::new`. We
+want to allow text to be added to the blog post. If we try to get the post’s
+content immediately, before approval, we shouldn’t get any text because the
+post is still a draft. We’ve added `assert_eq!` in the code for demonstration
+purposes. An excellent unit test for this would be to assert that a draft blog
+post returns an empty string from the `content` method, but we’re not going to
+write tests for this example.
+
+Next, we want to enable a request for a review of the post, and we want
+`content` to return an empty string while waiting for the review. When the post
+receives approval, it should get published, meaning the text of the post will
+be returned when `content` is called.
+
+Notice that the only type we’re interacting with from the crate is the `Post`
+type. This type will use the state pattern and will hold a value that will be
+one of three state objects representing the various states a post can be
+in—draft, review, or published. Changing from one state to another will be
+managed internally within the `Post` type. The states change in response to the
+methods called by our library’s users on the `Post` instance, but they don’t
+have to manage the state changes directly. Also, users can’t make a mistake
+with the states, such as publishing a post before it’s reviewed.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="defining-post-and-creating-a-new-instance-in-the-draft-state"></a>
+
+#### Defining `Post` and Creating a New Instance
+
+Let’s get started on the implementation of the library! We know we need a
+public `Post` struct that holds some content, so we’ll start with the
+definition of the struct and an associated public `new` function to create an
+instance of `Post`, as shown in Listing 18-12. We’ll also make a private
+`State` trait that will define the behavior that all state objects for a `Post`
+must have.
+
+Then, `Post` will hold a trait object of `Box<dyn State>` inside an `Option<T>`
+in a private field named `state` to hold the state object. You’ll see why the
+`Option<T>` is necessary in a bit.
+
+<Listing number="18-12" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Definition of a `Post` struct and a `new` function that creates a new `Post` instance, a `State` trait, and a `Draft` struct">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-12/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `State` trait defines the behavior shared by different post states. The
+state objects are `Draft`, `PendingReview`, and `Published`, and they will all
+implement the `State` trait. For now, the trait doesn’t have any methods, and
+we’ll start by defining just the `Draft` state because that is the state we
+want a post to start in.
+
+When we create a new `Post`, we set its `state` field to a `Some` value that
+holds a `Box`. This `Box` points to a new instance of the `Draft` struct. This
+ensures that whenever we create a new instance of `Post`, it will start out as
+a draft. Because the `state` field of `Post` is private, there is no way to
+create a `Post` in any other state! In the `Post::new` function, we set the
+`content` field to a new, empty `String`.
+
+#### Storing the Text of the Post Content
+
+We saw in Listing 18-11 that we want to be able to call a method named
+`add_text` and pass it a `&str` that is then added as the text content of the
+blog post. We implement this as a method, rather than exposing the `content`
+field as `pub`, so that later we can implement a method that will control how
+the `content` field’s data is read. The `add_text` method is pretty
+straightforward, so let’s add the implementation in Listing 18-13 to the `impl
+Post` block.
+
+<Listing number="18-13" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Implementing the `add_text` method to add text to a post’s `content`">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-13/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `add_text` method takes a mutable reference to `self` because we’re
+changing the `Post` instance that we’re calling `add_text` on. We then call
+`push_str` on the `String` in `content` and pass the `text` argument to add to
+the saved `content`. This behavior doesn’t depend on the state the post is in,
+so it’s not part of the state pattern. The `add_text` method doesn’t interact
+with the `state` field at all, but it is part of the behavior we want to
+support.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="ensuring-the-content-of-a-draft-post-is-empty"></a>
+
+#### Ensuring That the Content of a Draft Post Is Empty
+
+Even after we’ve called `add_text` and added some content to our post, we still
+want the `content` method to return an empty string slice because the post is
+still in the draft state, as shown by the first `assert_eq!` in Listing 18-11.
+For now, let’s implement the `content` method with the simplest thing that will
+fulfill this requirement: always returning an empty string slice. We’ll change
+this later once we implement the ability to change a post’s state so that it
+can be published. So far, posts can only be in the draft state, so the post
+content should always be empty. Listing 18-14 shows this placeholder
+implementation.
+
+<Listing number="18-14" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Adding a placeholder implementation for the `content` method on `Post` that always returns an empty string slice">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-14/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+With this added `content` method, everything in Listing 18-11 through the first
+`assert_eq!` works as intended.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="requesting-a-review-of-the-post-changes-its-state"></a>
+<a id="requesting-a-review-changes-the-posts-state"></a>
+
+#### Requesting a Review, Which Changes the Post’s State
+
+Next, we need to add functionality to request a review of a post, which should
+change its state from `Draft` to `PendingReview`. Listing 18-15 shows this code.
+
+<Listing number="18-15" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Implementing `request_review` methods on `Post` and the `State` trait">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-15/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We give `Post` a public method named `request_review` that will take a mutable
+reference to `self`. Then, we call an internal `request_review` method on the
+current state of `Post`, and this second `request_review` method consumes the
+current state and returns a new state.
+
+We add the `request_review` method to the `State` trait; all types that
+implement the trait will now need to implement the `request_review` method.
+Note that rather than having `self`, `&self`, or `&mut self` as the first
+parameter of the method, we have `self: Box<Self>`. This syntax means the
+method is only valid when called on a `Box` holding the type. This syntax takes
+ownership of `Box<Self>`, invalidating the old state so that the state value of
+the `Post` can transform into a new state.
+
+To consume the old state, the `request_review` method needs to take ownership
+of the state value. This is where the `Option` in the `state` field of `Post`
+comes in: We call the `take` method to take the `Some` value out of the `state`
+field and leave a `None` in its place because Rust doesn’t let us have
+unpopulated fields in structs. This lets us move the `state` value out of
+`Post` rather than borrowing it. Then, we’ll set the post’s `state` value to
+the result of this operation.
+
+We need to set `state` to `None` temporarily rather than setting it directly
+with code like `self.state = self.state.request_review();` to get ownership of
+the `state` value. This ensures that `Post` can’t use the old `state` value
+after we’ve transformed it into a new state.
+
+The `request_review` method on `Draft` returns a new, boxed instance of a new
+`PendingReview` struct, which represents the state when a post is waiting for a
+review. The `PendingReview` struct also implements the `request_review` method
+but doesn’t do any transformations. Rather, it returns itself because when we
+request a review on a post already in the `PendingReview` state, it should stay
+in the `PendingReview` state.
+
+Now we can start seeing the advantages of the state pattern: The
+`request_review` method on `Post` is the same no matter its `state` value. Each
+state is responsible for its own rules.
+
+We’ll leave the `content` method on `Post` as is, returning an empty string
+slice. We can now have a `Post` in the `PendingReview` state as well as in the
+`Draft` state, but we want the same behavior in the `PendingReview` state.
+Listing 18-11 now works up to the second `assert_eq!` call!
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="adding-the-approve-method-that-changes-the-behavior-of-content"></a>
+<a id="adding-approve-to-change-the-behavior-of-content"></a>
+
+#### Adding `approve` to Change `content`'s Behavior
+
+The `approve` method will be similar to the `request_review` method: It will
+set `state` to the value that the current state says it should have when that
+state is approved, as shown in Listing 18-16.
+
+<Listing number="18-16" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Implementing the `approve` method on `Post` and the `State` trait">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-16/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We add the `approve` method to the `State` trait and add a new struct that
+implements `State`, the `Published` state.
+
+Similar to the way `request_review` on `PendingReview` works, if we call the
+`approve` method on a `Draft`, it will have no effect because `approve` will
+return `self`. When we call `approve` on `PendingReview`, it returns a new,
+boxed instance of the `Published` struct. The `Published` struct implements the
+`State` trait, and for both the `request_review` method and the `approve`
+method, it returns itself because the post should stay in the `Published` state
+in those cases.
+
+Now we need to update the `content` method on `Post`. We want the value
+returned from `content` to depend on the current state of the `Post`, so we’re
+going to have the `Post` delegate to a `content` method defined on its `state`,
+as shown in Listing 18-17.
+
+<Listing number="18-17" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Updating the `content` method on `Post` to delegate to a `content` method on `State`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-17/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because the goal is to keep all of these rules inside the structs that
+implement `State`, we call a `content` method on the value in `state` and pass
+the post instance (that is, `self`) as an argument. Then, we return the value
+that’s returned from using the `content` method on the `state` value.
+
+We call the `as_ref` method on the `Option` because we want a reference to the
+value inside the `Option` rather than ownership of the value. Because `state` is
+an `Option<Box<dyn State>>`, when we call `as_ref`, an `Option<&Box<dyn
+State>>` is returned. If we didn’t call `as_ref`, we would get an error because
+we can’t move `state` out of the borrowed `&self` of the function parameter.
+
+We then call the `unwrap` method, which we know will never panic because we
+know the methods on `Post` ensure that `state` will always contain a `Some`
+value when those methods are done. This is one of the cases we talked about in
+the [“When You Have More Information Than the
+Compiler”][more-info-than-rustc]<!-- ignore --> section of Chapter 9 when we
+know that a `None` value is never possible, even though the compiler isn’t able
+to understand that.
+
+At this point, when we call `content` on the `&Box<dyn State>`, deref coercion
+will take effect on the `&` and the `Box` so that the `content` method will
+ultimately be called on the type that implements the `State` trait. That means
+we need to add `content` to the `State` trait definition, and that is where
+we’ll put the logic for what content to return depending on which state we
+have, as shown in Listing 18-18.
+
+<Listing number="18-18" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Adding the `content` method to the `State` trait">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-18/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We add a default implementation for the `content` method that returns an empty
+string slice. That means we don’t need to implement `content` on the `Draft`
+and `PendingReview` structs. The `Published` struct will override the `content`
+method and return the value in `post.content`. While convenient, having the
+`content` method on `State` determine the content of the `Post` is blurring
+the lines between the responsibility of `State` and the responsibility of
+`Post`.
+
+Note that we need lifetime annotations on this method, as we discussed in
+Chapter 10. We’re taking a reference to a `post` as an argument and returning a
+reference to part of that `post`, so the lifetime of the returned reference is
+related to the lifetime of the `post` argument.
+
+And we’re done—all of Listing 18-11 now works! We’ve implemented the state
+pattern with the rules of the blog post workflow. The logic related to the
+rules lives in the state objects rather than being scattered throughout `Post`.
+
+> ### Why Not An Enum?
+>
+> You may have been wondering why we didn’t use an enum with the different
+> possible post states as variants. That’s certainly a possible solution; try it
+> and compare the end results to see which you prefer! One disadvantage of using
+> an enum is that every place that checks the value of the enum will need a
+> `match` expression or similar to handle every possible variant. This could get
+> more repetitive than this trait object solution.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="trade-offs-of-the-state-pattern"></a>
+
+#### Evaluating the State Pattern
+
+We’ve shown that Rust is capable of implementing the object-oriented state
+pattern to encapsulate the different kinds of behavior a post should have in
+each state. The methods on `Post` know nothing about the various behaviors.
+Because of the way we organized the code, we have to look in only one place to
+know the different ways a published post can behave: the implementation of the
+`State` trait on the `Published` struct.
+
+If we were to create an alternative implementation that didn’t use the state
+pattern, we might instead use `match` expressions in the methods on `Post` or
+even in the `main` code that checks the state of the post and changes behavior
+in those places. That would mean we would have to look in several places to
+understand all the implications of a post being in the published state.
+
+With the state pattern, the `Post` methods and the places we use `Post` don’t
+need `match` expressions, and to add a new state, we would only need to add a
+new struct and implement the trait methods on that one struct in one location.
+
+The implementation using the state pattern is easy to extend to add more
+functionality. To see the simplicity of maintaining code that uses the state
+pattern, try a few of these suggestions:
+
+- Add a `reject` method that changes the post’s state from `PendingReview` back
+  to `Draft`.
+- Require two calls to `approve` before the state can be changed to `Published`.
+- Allow users to add text content only when a post is in the `Draft` state.
+  Hint: have the state object responsible for what might change about the
+  content but not responsible for modifying the `Post`.
+
+One downside of the state pattern is that, because the states implement the
+transitions between states, some of the states are coupled to each other. If we
+add another state between `PendingReview` and `Published`, such as `Scheduled`,
+we would have to change the code in `PendingReview` to transition to
+`Scheduled` instead. It would be less work if `PendingReview` didn’t need to
+change with the addition of a new state, but that would mean switching to
+another design pattern.
+
+Another downside is that we’ve duplicated some logic. To eliminate some of the
+duplication, we might try to make default implementations for the
+`request_review` and `approve` methods on the `State` trait that return `self`.
+However, this wouldn’t work: When using `State` as a trait object, the trait
+doesn’t know what the concrete `self` will be exactly, so the return type isn’t
+known at compile time. (This is one of the dyn compatibility rules mentioned
+earlier.)
+
+Other duplication includes the similar implementations of the `request_review`
+and `approve` methods on `Post`. Both methods use `Option::take` with the
+`state` field of `Post`, and if `state` is `Some`, they delegate to the wrapped
+value’s implementation of the same method and set the new value of the `state`
+field to the result. If we had a lot of methods on `Post` that followed this
+pattern, we might consider defining a macro to eliminate the repetition (see
+the [“Macros”][macros]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 20).
+
+By implementing the state pattern exactly as it’s defined for object-oriented
+languages, we’re not taking as full advantage of Rust’s strengths as we could.
+Let’s look at some changes we can make to the `blog` crate that can make
+invalid states and transitions into compile-time errors.
+
+### Encoding States and Behavior as Types
+
+We’ll show you how to rethink the state pattern to get a different set of
+trade-offs. Rather than encapsulating the states and transitions completely so
+that outside code has no knowledge of them, we’ll encode the states into
+different types. Consequently, Rust’s type-checking system will prevent
+attempts to use draft posts where only published posts are allowed by issuing a
+compiler error.
+
+Let’s consider the first part of `main` in Listing 18-11:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-11/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We still enable the creation of new posts in the draft state using `Post::new`
+and the ability to add text to the post’s content. But instead of having a
+`content` method on a draft post that returns an empty string, we’ll make it so
+that draft posts don’t have the `content` method at all. That way, if we try to
+get a draft post’s content, we’ll get a compiler error telling us the method
+doesn’t exist. As a result, it will be impossible for us to accidentally
+display draft post content in production because that code won’t even compile.
+Listing 18-19 shows the definition of a `Post` struct and a `DraftPost` struct,
+as well as methods on each.
+
+<Listing number="18-19" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A `Post` with a `content` method and a `DraftPost` without a `content` method">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-19/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Both the `Post` and `DraftPost` structs have a private `content` field that
+stores the blog post text. The structs no longer have the `state` field because
+we’re moving the encoding of the state to the types of the structs. The `Post`
+struct will represent a published post, and it has a `content` method that
+returns the `content`.
+
+We still have a `Post::new` function, but instead of returning an instance of
+`Post`, it returns an instance of `DraftPost`. Because `content` is private and
+there aren’t any functions that return `Post`, it’s not possible to create an
+instance of `Post` right now.
+
+The `DraftPost` struct has an `add_text` method, so we can add text to
+`content` as before, but note that `DraftPost` does not have a `content` method
+defined! So now the program ensures that all posts start as draft posts, and
+draft posts don’t have their content available for display. Any attempt to get
+around these constraints will result in a compiler error.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="implementing-transitions-as-transformations-into-different-types"></a>
+
+So, how do we get a published post? We want to enforce the rule that a draft
+post has to be reviewed and approved before it can be published. A post in the
+pending review state should still not display any content. Let’s implement
+these constraints by adding another struct, `PendingReviewPost`, defining the
+`request_review` method on `DraftPost` to return a `PendingReviewPost` and
+defining an `approve` method on `PendingReviewPost` to return a `Post`, as
+shown in Listing 18-20.
+
+<Listing number="18-20" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A `PendingReviewPost` that gets created by calling `request_review` on `DraftPost` and an `approve` method that turns a `PendingReviewPost` into a published `Post`">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-20/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `request_review` and `approve` methods take ownership of `self`, thus
+consuming the `DraftPost` and `PendingReviewPost` instances and transforming
+them into a `PendingReviewPost` and a published `Post`, respectively. This way,
+we won’t have any lingering `DraftPost` instances after we’ve called
+`request_review` on them, and so forth. The `PendingReviewPost` struct doesn’t
+have a `content` method defined on it, so attempting to read its content
+results in a compiler error, as with `DraftPost`. Because the only way to get a
+published `Post` instance that does have a `content` method defined is to call
+the `approve` method on a `PendingReviewPost`, and the only way to get a
+`PendingReviewPost` is to call the `request_review` method on a `DraftPost`,
+we’ve now encoded the blog post workflow into the type system.
+
+But we also have to make some small changes to `main`. The `request_review` and
+`approve` methods return new instances rather than modifying the struct they’re
+called on, so we need to add more `let post =` shadowing assignments to save
+the returned instances. We also can’t have the assertions about the draft and
+pending review posts’ contents be empty strings, nor do we need them: We can’t
+compile code that tries to use the content of posts in those states any longer.
+The updated code in `main` is shown in Listing 18-21.
+
+<Listing number="18-21" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Modifications to `main` to use the new implementation of the blog post workflow">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch18-oop/listing-18-21/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The changes we needed to make to `main` to reassign `post` mean that this
+implementation doesn’t quite follow the object-oriented state pattern anymore:
+The transformations between the states are no longer encapsulated entirely
+within the `Post` implementation. However, our gain is that invalid states are
+now impossible because of the type system and the type checking that happens at
+compile time! This ensures that certain bugs, such as display of the content of
+an unpublished post, will be discovered before they make it to production.
+
+Try the tasks suggested at the start of this section on the `blog` crate as it
+is after Listing 18-21 to see what you think about the design of this version
+of the code. Note that some of the tasks might be completed already in this
+design.
+
+We’ve seen that even though Rust is capable of implementing object-oriented
+design patterns, other patterns, such as encoding state into the type system,
+are also available in Rust. These patterns have different trade-offs. Although
+you might be very familiar with object-oriented patterns, rethinking the
+problem to take advantage of Rust’s features can provide benefits, such as
+preventing some bugs at compile time. Object-oriented patterns won’t always be
+the best solution in Rust due to certain features, like ownership, that
+object-oriented languages don’t have.
+
+## Summary
+
+Regardless of whether you think Rust is an object-oriented language after
+reading this chapter, you now know that you can use trait objects to get some
+object-oriented features in Rust. Dynamic dispatch can give your code some
+flexibility in exchange for a bit of runtime performance. You can use this
+flexibility to implement object-oriented patterns that can help your code’s
+maintainability. Rust also has other features, like ownership, that
+object-oriented languages don’t have. An object-oriented pattern won’t always
+be the best way to take advantage of Rust’s strengths, but it is an available
+option.
+
+Next, we’ll look at patterns, which are another of Rust’s features that enable
+lots of flexibility. We’ve looked at them briefly throughout the book but
+haven’t seen their full capability yet. Let’s go!
+
+[more-info-than-rustc]: ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.html#cases-in-which-you-have-more-information-than-the-compiler
+[macros]: ch20-05-macros.html#macros
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-00-patterns.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-00-patterns.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..ad6976c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-00-patterns.md
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+# Patterns and Matching
+
+Patterns are a special syntax in Rust for matching against the structure of
+types, both complex and simple. Using patterns in conjunction with `match`
+expressions and other constructs gives you more control over a program’s
+control flow. A pattern consists of some combination of the following:
+
+- Literals
+- Destructured arrays, enums, structs, or tuples
+- Variables
+- Wildcards
+- Placeholders
+
+Some example patterns include `x`, `(a, 3)`, and `Some(Color::Red)`. In the
+contexts in which patterns are valid, these components describe the shape of
+data. Our program then matches values against the patterns to determine whether
+it has the correct shape of data to continue running a particular piece of code.
+
+To use a pattern, we compare it to some value. If the pattern matches the
+value, we use the value parts in our code. Recall the `match` expressions in
+Chapter 6 that used patterns, such as the coin-sorting machine example. If the
+value fits the shape of the pattern, we can use the named pieces. If it
+doesn’t, the code associated with the pattern won’t run.
+
+This chapter is a reference on all things related to patterns. We’ll cover the
+valid places to use patterns, the difference between refutable and irrefutable
+patterns, and the different kinds of pattern syntax that you might see. By the
+end of the chapter, you’ll know how to use patterns to express many concepts in
+a clear way.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..1a6d21e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.md
@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+## All the Places Patterns Can Be Used
+
+Patterns pop up in a number of places in Rust, and you’ve been using them a lot
+without realizing it! This section discusses all the places where patterns are
+valid.
+
+### `match` Arms
+
+As discussed in Chapter 6, we use patterns in the arms of `match` expressions.
+Formally, `match` expressions are defined as the keyword `match`, a value to
+match on, and one or more match arms that consist of a pattern and an
+expression to run if the value matches that arm’s pattern, like this:
+
+<!--
+  Manually formatted rather than using Markdown intentionally: Markdown does not
+  support italicizing code in the body of a block like this!
+-->
+
+<pre><code>match <em>VALUE</em> {
+    <em>PATTERN</em> => <em>EXPRESSION</em>,
+    <em>PATTERN</em> => <em>EXPRESSION</em>,
+    <em>PATTERN</em> => <em>EXPRESSION</em>,
+}</code></pre>
+
+For example, here’s the `match` expression from Listing 6-5 that matches on an
+`Option<i32>` value in the variable `x`:
+
+```rust,ignore
+match x {
+    None => None,
+    Some(i) => Some(i + 1),
+}
+```
+
+The patterns in this `match` expression are the `None` and `Some(i)` to the
+left of each arrow.
+
+One requirement for `match` expressions is that they need to be exhaustive in
+the sense that all possibilities for the value in the `match` expression must
+be accounted for. One way to ensure that you’ve covered every possibility is to
+have a catch-all pattern for the last arm: For example, a variable name
+matching any value can never fail and thus covers every remaining case.
+
+The particular pattern `_` will match anything, but it never binds to a
+variable, so it’s often used in the last match arm. The `_` pattern can be
+useful when you want to ignore any value not specified, for example. We’ll
+cover the `_` pattern in more detail in [“Ignoring Values in a
+Pattern”][ignoring-values-in-a-pattern]<!-- ignore --> later in this chapter.
+
+### `let` Statements
+
+Prior to this chapter, we had only explicitly discussed using patterns with
+`match` and `if let`, but in fact, we’ve used patterns in other places as well,
+including in `let` statements. For example, consider this straightforward
+variable assignment with `let`:
+
+```rust
+let x = 5;
+```
+
+Every time you’ve used a `let` statement like this you’ve been using patterns,
+although you might not have realized it! More formally, a `let` statement looks
+like this:
+
+<!--
+  Manually formatted rather than using Markdown intentionally: Markdown does not
+  support italicizing code in the body of a block like this!
+-->
+
+<pre>
+<code>let <em>PATTERN</em> = <em>EXPRESSION</em>;</code>
+</pre>
+
+In statements like `let x = 5;` with a variable name in the PATTERN slot, the
+variable name is just a particularly simple form of a pattern. Rust compares
+the expression against the pattern and assigns any names it finds. So, in the
+`let x = 5;` example, `x` is a pattern that means “bind what matches here to
+the variable `x`.” Because the name `x` is the whole pattern, this pattern
+effectively means “bind everything to the variable `x`, whatever the value is.”
+
+To see the pattern-matching aspect of `let` more clearly, consider Listing
+19-1, which uses a pattern with `let` to destructure a tuple.
+
+
+<Listing number="19-1" caption="Using a pattern to destructure a tuple and create three variables at once">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-01/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we match a tuple against a pattern. Rust compares the value `(1, 2, 3)`
+to the pattern `(x, y, z)` and sees that the value matches the pattern—that is,
+it sees that the number of elements is the same in both—so Rust binds `1` to
+`x`, `2` to `y`, and `3` to `z`. You can think of this tuple pattern as nesting
+three individual variable patterns inside it.
+
+If the number of elements in the pattern doesn’t match the number of elements
+in the tuple, the overall type won’t match and we’ll get a compiler error. For
+example, Listing 19-2 shows an attempt to destructure a tuple with three
+elements into two variables, which won’t work.
+
+<Listing number="19-2" caption="Incorrectly constructing a pattern whose variables don’t match the number of elements in the tuple">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-02/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Attempting to compile this code results in this type error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-02/output.txt}}
+```
+
+To fix the error, we could ignore one or more of the values in the tuple using
+`_` or `..`, as you’ll see in the [“Ignoring Values in a
+Pattern”][ignoring-values-in-a-pattern]<!-- ignore --> section. If the problem
+is that we have too many variables in the pattern, the solution is to make the
+types match by removing variables so that the number of variables equals the
+number of elements in the tuple.
+
+### Conditional `if let` Expressions
+
+In Chapter 6, we discussed how to use `if let` expressions mainly as a shorter
+way to write the equivalent of a `match` that only matches one case.
+Optionally, `if let` can have a corresponding `else` containing code to run if
+the pattern in the `if let` doesn’t match.
+
+Listing 19-3 shows that it’s also possible to mix and match `if let`, `else
+if`, and `else if let` expressions. Doing so gives us more flexibility than a
+`match` expression in which we can express only one value to compare with the
+patterns. Also, Rust doesn’t require that the conditions in a series of `if
+let`, `else if`, and `else if let` arms relate to each other.
+
+The code in Listing 19-3 determines what color to make your background based on
+a series of checks for several conditions. For this example, we’ve created
+variables with hardcoded values that a real program might receive from user
+input.
+
+<Listing number="19-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Mixing `if let`, `else if`, `else if let`, and `else`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-03/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If the user specifies a favorite color, that color is used as the background.
+If no favorite color is specified and today is Tuesday, the background color is
+green. Otherwise, if the user specifies their age as a string and we can parse
+it as a number successfully, the color is either purple or orange depending on
+the value of the number. If none of these conditions apply, the background
+color is blue.
+
+This conditional structure lets us support complex requirements. With the
+hardcoded values we have here, this example will print `Using purple as the
+background color`.
+
+You can see that `if let` can also introduce new variables that shadow existing
+variables in the same way that `match` arms can: The line `if let Ok(age) = age`
+introduces a new `age` variable that contains the value inside the `Ok` variant,
+shadowing the existing `age` variable. This means we need to place the `if age >
+30` condition within that block: We can’t combine these two conditions into `if
+let Ok(age) = age && age > 30`. The new `age` we want to compare to 30 isn’t
+valid until the new scope starts with the curly bracket.
+
+The downside of using `if let` expressions is that the compiler doesn’t check
+for exhaustiveness, whereas with `match` expressions it does. If we omitted the
+last `else` block and therefore missed handling some cases, the compiler would
+not alert us to the possible logic bug.
+
+### `while let` Conditional Loops
+
+Similar in construction to `if let`, the `while let` conditional loop allows a
+`while` loop to run for as long as a pattern continues to match. In Listing
+19-4, we show a `while let` loop that waits on messages sent between threads,
+but in this case checking a `Result` instead of an `Option`.
+
+<Listing number="19-4" caption="Using a `while let` loop to print values for as long as `rx.recv()` returns `Ok`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-04/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This example prints `1`, `2`, and then `3`. The `recv` method takes the first
+message out of the receiver side of the channel and returns an `Ok(value)`. When
+we first saw `recv` back in Chapter 16, we unwrapped the error directly, or
+we interacted with it as an iterator using a `for` loop. As Listing 19-4 shows,
+though, we can also use `while let`, because the `recv` method returns an `Ok`
+each time a message arrives, as long as the sender exists, and then produces an
+`Err` once the sender side disconnects.
+
+### `for` Loops
+
+In a `for` loop, the value that directly follows the keyword `for` is a
+pattern. For example, in `for x in y`, the `x` is the pattern. Listing 19-5
+demonstrates how to use a pattern in a `for` loop to destructure, or break
+apart, a tuple as part of the `for` loop.
+
+
+<Listing number="19-5" caption="Using a pattern in a `for` loop to destructure a tuple">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-05/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The code in Listing 19-5 will print the following:
+
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-05/output.txt}}
+```
+
+We adapt an iterator using the `enumerate` method so that it produces a value
+and the index for that value, placed into a tuple. The first value produced is
+the tuple `(0, 'a')`. When this value is matched to the pattern `(index,
+value)`, index will be `0` and value will be `'a'`, printing the first line of
+the output.
+
+
+### Function Parameters
+
+Function parameters can also be patterns. The code in Listing 19-6, which
+declares a function named `foo` that takes one parameter named `x` of type
+`i32`, should by now look familiar.
+
+<Listing number="19-6" caption="A function signature using patterns in the parameters">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-06/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `x` part is a pattern! As we did with `let`, we could match a tuple in a
+function’s arguments to the pattern. Listing 19-7 splits the values in a tuple
+as we pass it to a function.
+
+<Listing number="19-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A function with parameters that destructure a tuple">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-07/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code prints `Current location: (3, 5)`. The values `&(3, 5)` match the
+pattern `&(x, y)`, so `x` is the value `3` and `y` is the value `5`.
+
+We can also use patterns in closure parameter lists in the same way as in
+function parameter lists because closures are similar to functions, as
+discussed in Chapter 13.
+
+At this point, you’ve seen several ways to use patterns, but patterns don’t
+work the same in every place we can use them. In some places, the patterns must
+be irrefutable; in other circumstances, they can be refutable. We’ll discuss
+these two concepts next.
+
+[ignoring-values-in-a-pattern]: ch19-03-pattern-syntax.html#ignoring-values-in-a-pattern
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-02-refutability.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-02-refutability.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+## Refutability: Whether a Pattern Might Fail to Match
+
+Patterns come in two forms: refutable and irrefutable. Patterns that will match
+for any possible value passed are _irrefutable_. An example would be `x` in the
+statement `let x = 5;` because `x` matches anything and therefore cannot fail
+to match. Patterns that can fail to match for some possible value are
+_refutable_. An example would be `Some(x)` in the expression `if let Some(x) =
+a_value` because if the value in the `a_value` variable is `None` rather than
+`Some`, the `Some(x)` pattern will not match.
+
+Function parameters, `let` statements, and `for` loops can only accept
+irrefutable patterns because the program cannot do anything meaningful when
+values don’t match. The `if let` and `while let` expressions and the
+`let...else` statement accept refutable and irrefutable patterns, but the
+compiler warns against irrefutable patterns because, by definition, they’re
+intended to handle possible failure: The functionality of a conditional is in
+its ability to perform differently depending on success or failure.
+
+In general, you shouldn’t have to worry about the distinction between refutable
+and irrefutable patterns; however, you do need to be familiar with the concept
+of refutability so that you can respond when you see it in an error message. In
+those cases, you’ll need to change either the pattern or the construct you’re
+using the pattern with, depending on the intended behavior of the code.
+
+Let’s look at an example of what happens when we try to use a refutable pattern
+where Rust requires an irrefutable pattern and vice versa. Listing 19-8 shows a
+`let` statement, but for the pattern, we’ve specified `Some(x)`, a refutable
+pattern. As you might expect, this code will not compile.
+
+<Listing number="19-8" caption="Attempting to use a refutable pattern with `let`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-08/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+If `some_option_value` were a `None` value, it would fail to match the pattern
+`Some(x)`, meaning the pattern is refutable. However, the `let` statement can
+only accept an irrefutable pattern because there is nothing valid the code can
+do with a `None` value. At compile time, Rust will complain that we’ve tried to
+use a refutable pattern where an irrefutable pattern is required:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-08/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Because we didn’t cover (and couldn’t cover!) every valid value with the
+pattern `Some(x)`, Rust rightfully produces a compiler error.
+
+If we have a refutable pattern where an irrefutable pattern is needed, we can
+fix it by changing the code that uses the pattern: Instead of using `let`, we
+can use `let...else`. Then, if the pattern doesn’t match, the code in the curly
+brackets will handle the value. Listing 19-9 shows how to fix the code in
+Listing 19-8.
+
+<Listing number="19-9" caption="Using `let...else` and a block with refutable patterns instead of `let`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-09/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve given the code an out! This code is perfectly valid, although it means we
+cannot use an irrefutable pattern without receiving a warning. If we give
+`let...else` a pattern that will always match, such as `x`, as shown in Listing
+19-10, the compiler will give a warning.
+
+<Listing number="19-10" caption="Attempting to use an irrefutable pattern with `let...else`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-10/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Rust complains that it doesn’t make sense to use `let...else` with an
+irrefutable pattern:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-10/output.txt}}
+```
+
+For this reason, match arms must use refutable patterns, except for the last
+arm, which should match any remaining values with an irrefutable pattern. Rust
+allows us to use an irrefutable pattern in a `match` with only one arm, but
+this syntax isn’t particularly useful and could be replaced with a simpler
+`let` statement.
+
+Now that you know where to use patterns and the difference between refutable
+and irrefutable patterns, let’s cover all the syntax we can use to create
+patterns.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-03-pattern-syntax.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch19-03-pattern-syntax.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,639 @@
+## Pattern Syntax
+
+In this section, we gather all the syntax that is valid in patterns and discuss
+why and when you might want to use each one.
+
+### Matching Literals
+
+As you saw in Chapter 6, you can match patterns against literals directly. The
+following code gives some examples:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/no-listing-01-literals/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This code prints `one` because the value in `x` is `1`. This syntax is useful
+when you want your code to take an action if it gets a particular concrete
+value.
+
+### Matching Named Variables
+
+Named variables are irrefutable patterns that match any value, and we’ve used
+them many times in this book. However, there is a complication when you use
+named variables in `match`, `if let`, or `while let` expressions. Because each
+of these kinds of expressions starts a new scope, variables declared as part of
+a pattern inside these expressions will shadow those with the same name outside
+the constructs, as is the case with all variables. In Listing 19-11, we declare
+a variable named `x` with the value `Some(5)` and a variable `y` with the value
+`10`. We then create a `match` expression on the value `x`. Look at the
+patterns in the match arms and `println!` at the end, and try to figure out
+what the code will print before running this code or reading further.
+
+<Listing number="19-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A `match` expression with an arm that introduces a new variable which shadows an existing variable `y`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-11/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Let’s walk through what happens when the `match` expression runs. The pattern
+in the first match arm doesn’t match the defined value of `x`, so the code
+continues.
+
+The pattern in the second match arm introduces a new variable named `y` that
+will match any value inside a `Some` value. Because we’re in a new scope inside
+the `match` expression, this is a new `y` variable, not the `y` we declared at
+the beginning with the value `10`. This new `y` binding will match any value
+inside a `Some`, which is what we have in `x`. Therefore, this new `y` binds to
+the inner value of the `Some` in `x`. That value is `5`, so the expression for
+that arm executes and prints `Matched, y = 5`.
+
+If `x` had been a `None` value instead of `Some(5)`, the patterns in the first
+two arms wouldn’t have matched, so the value would have matched to the
+underscore. We didn’t introduce the `x` variable in the pattern of the
+underscore arm, so the `x` in the expression is still the outer `x` that hasn’t
+been shadowed. In this hypothetical case, the `match` would print `Default case,
+x = None`.
+
+When the `match` expression is done, its scope ends, and so does the scope of
+the inner `y`. The last `println!` produces `at the end: x = Some(5), y = 10`.
+
+To create a `match` expression that compares the values of the outer `x` and
+`y`, rather than introducing a new variable that shadows the existing `y`
+variable, we would need to use a match guard conditional instead. We’ll talk
+about match guards later in the [“Adding Conditionals with Match
+Guards”](#adding-conditionals-with-match-guards)<!-- ignore --> section.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id="multiple-patterns"></a>
+
+### Matching Multiple Patterns
+
+In `match` expressions, you can match multiple patterns using the `|` syntax,
+which is the pattern _or_ operator. For example, in the following code, we match
+the value of `x` against the match arms, the first of which has an _or_ option,
+meaning if the value of `x` matches either of the values in that arm, that
+arm’s code will run:
+
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/no-listing-02-multiple-patterns/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This code prints `one or two`.
+
+### Matching Ranges of Values with `..=`
+
+The `..=` syntax allows us to match to an inclusive range of values. In the
+following code, when a pattern matches any of the values within the given
+range, that arm will execute:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/no-listing-03-ranges/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+If `x` is `1`, `2`, `3`, `4`, or `5`, the first arm will match. This syntax is
+more convenient for multiple match values than using the `|` operator to
+express the same idea; if we were to use `|`, we would have to specify `1 | 2 |
+3 | 4 | 5`. Specifying a range is much shorter, especially if we want to match,
+say, any number between 1 and 1,000!
+
+The compiler checks that the range isn’t empty at compile time, and because the
+only types for which Rust can tell if a range is empty or not are `char` and
+numeric values, ranges are only allowed with numeric or `char` values.
+
+Here is an example using ranges of `char` values:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/no-listing-04-ranges-of-char/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Rust can tell that `'c'` is within the first pattern’s range and prints `early
+ASCII letter`.
+
+### Destructuring to Break Apart Values
+
+We can also use patterns to destructure structs, enums, and tuples to use
+different parts of these values. Let’s walk through each value.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="destructuring-structs"></a>
+
+#### Structs
+
+Listing 19-12 shows a `Point` struct with two fields, `x` and `y`, that we can
+break apart using a pattern with a `let` statement.
+
+<Listing number="19-12" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Destructuring a struct’s fields into separate variables">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-12/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code creates the variables `a` and `b` that match the values of the `x`
+and `y` fields of the `p` struct. This example shows that the names of the
+variables in the pattern don’t have to match the field names of the struct.
+However, it’s common to match the variable names to the field names to make it
+easier to remember which variables came from which fields. Because of this
+common usage, and because writing `let Point { x: x, y: y } = p;` contains a
+lot of duplication, Rust has a shorthand for patterns that match struct fields:
+You only need to list the name of the struct field, and the variables created
+from the pattern will have the same names. Listing 19-13 behaves in the same
+way as the code in Listing 19-12, but the variables created in the `let`
+pattern are `x` and `y` instead of `a` and `b`.
+
+<Listing number="19-13" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Destructuring struct fields using struct field shorthand">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-13/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code creates the variables `x` and `y` that match the `x` and `y` fields
+of the `p` variable. The outcome is that the variables `x` and `y` contain the
+values from the `p` struct.
+
+We can also destructure with literal values as part of the struct pattern
+rather than creating variables for all the fields. Doing so allows us to test
+some of the fields for particular values while creating variables to
+destructure the other fields.
+
+In Listing 19-14, we have a `match` expression that separates `Point` values
+into three cases: points that lie directly on the `x` axis (which is true when
+`y = 0`), on the `y` axis (`x = 0`), or on neither axis.
+
+<Listing number="19-14" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Destructuring and matching literal values in one pattern">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-14/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The first arm will match any point that lies on the `x` axis by specifying that
+the `y` field matches if its value matches the literal `0`. The pattern still
+creates an `x` variable that we can use in the code for this arm.
+
+Similarly, the second arm matches any point on the `y` axis by specifying that
+the `x` field matches if its value is `0` and creates a variable `y` for the
+value of the `y` field. The third arm doesn’t specify any literals, so it
+matches any other `Point` and creates variables for both the `x` and `y` fields.
+
+In this example, the value `p` matches the second arm by virtue of `x`
+containing a `0`, so this code will print `On the y axis at 7`.
+
+Remember that a `match` expression stops checking arms once it has found the
+first matching pattern, so even though `Point { x: 0, y: 0 }` is on the `x` axis
+and the `y` axis, this code would only print `On the x axis at 0`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="destructuring-enums"></a>
+
+#### Enums
+
+We’ve destructured enums in this book (for example, Listing 6-5 in Chapter 6),
+but we haven’t yet explicitly discussed that the pattern to destructure an enum
+corresponds to the way the data stored within the enum is defined. As an
+example, in Listing 19-15, we use the `Message` enum from Listing 6-2 and write
+a `match` with patterns that will destructure each inner value.
+
+<Listing number="19-15" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Destructuring enum variants that hold different kinds of values">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-15/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will print `Change color to red 0, green 160, and blue 255`. Try
+changing the value of `msg` to see the code from the other arms run.
+
+For enum variants without any data, like `Message::Quit`, we can’t destructure
+the value any further. We can only match on the literal `Message::Quit` value,
+and no variables are in that pattern.
+
+For struct-like enum variants, such as `Message::Move`, we can use a pattern
+similar to the pattern we specify to match structs. After the variant name, we
+place curly brackets and then list the fields with variables so that we break
+apart the pieces to use in the code for this arm. Here we use the shorthand
+form as we did in Listing 19-13.
+
+For tuple-like enum variants, like `Message::Write` that holds a tuple with one
+element and `Message::ChangeColor` that holds a tuple with three elements, the
+pattern is similar to the pattern we specify to match tuples. The number of
+variables in the pattern must match the number of elements in the variant we’re
+matching.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="destructuring-nested-structs-and-enums"></a>
+
+#### Nested Structs and Enums
+
+So far, our examples have all been matching structs or enums one level deep,
+but matching can work on nested items too! For example, we can refactor the
+code in Listing 19-15 to support RGB and HSV colors in the `ChangeColor`
+message, as shown in Listing 19-16.
+
+<Listing number="19-16" caption="Matching on nested enums">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-16/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The pattern of the first arm in the `match` expression matches a
+`Message::ChangeColor` enum variant that contains a `Color::Rgb` variant; then,
+the pattern binds to the three inner `i32` values. The pattern of the second
+arm also matches a `Message::ChangeColor` enum variant, but the inner enum
+matches `Color::Hsv` instead. We can specify these complex conditions in one
+`match` expression, even though two enums are involved.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="destructuring-structs-and-tuples"></a>
+
+#### Structs and Tuples
+
+We can mix, match, and nest destructuring patterns in even more complex ways.
+The following example shows a complicated destructure where we nest structs and
+tuples inside a tuple and destructure all the primitive values out:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/no-listing-05-destructuring-structs-and-tuples/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This code lets us break complex types into their component parts so that we can
+use the values we’re interested in separately.
+
+Destructuring with patterns is a convenient way to use pieces of values, such
+as the value from each field in a struct, separately from each other.
+
+### Ignoring Values in a Pattern
+
+You’ve seen that it’s sometimes useful to ignore values in a pattern, such as
+in the last arm of a `match`, to get a catch-all that doesn’t actually do
+anything but does account for all remaining possible values. There are a few
+ways to ignore entire values or parts of values in a pattern: using the `_`
+pattern (which you’ve seen), using the `_` pattern within another pattern,
+using a name that starts with an underscore, or using `..` to ignore remaining
+parts of a value. Let’s explore how and why to use each of these patterns.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="ignoring-an-entire-value-with-_"></a>
+
+#### An Entire Value with `_`
+
+We’ve used the underscore as a wildcard pattern that will match any value but
+not bind to the value. This is especially useful as the last arm in a `match`
+expression, but we can also use it in any pattern, including function
+parameters, as shown in Listing 19-17.
+
+<Listing number="19-17" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using `_` in a function signature">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-17/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will completely ignore the value `3` passed as the first argument,
+and will print `This code only uses the y parameter: 4`.
+
+In most cases when you no longer need a particular function parameter, you
+would change the signature so that it doesn’t include the unused parameter.
+Ignoring a function parameter can be especially useful in cases when, for
+example, you’re implementing a trait when you need a certain type signature but
+the function body in your implementation doesn’t need one of the parameters.
+You then avoid getting a compiler warning about unused function parameters, as
+you would if you used a name instead.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="ignoring-parts-of-a-value-with-a-nested-_"></a>
+
+#### Parts of a Value with a Nested `_`
+
+We can also use `_` inside another pattern to ignore just part of a value, for
+example, when we want to test for only part of a value but have no use for the
+other parts in the corresponding code we want to run. Listing 19-18 shows code
+responsible for managing a setting’s value. The business requirements are that
+the user should not be allowed to overwrite an existing customization of a
+setting but can unset the setting and give it a value if it is currently unset.
+
+<Listing number="19-18" caption="Using an underscore within patterns that match `Some` variants when we don’t need to use the value inside the `Some`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-18/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will print `Can't overwrite an existing customized value` and then
+`setting is Some(5)`. In the first match arm, we don’t need to match on or use
+the values inside either `Some` variant, but we do need to test for the case
+when `setting_value` and `new_setting_value` are the `Some` variant. In that
+case, we print the reason for not changing `setting_value`, and it doesn’t get
+changed.
+
+In all other cases (if either `setting_value` or `new_setting_value` is `None`)
+expressed by the `_` pattern in the second arm, we want to allow
+`new_setting_value` to become `setting_value`.
+
+We can also use underscores in multiple places within one pattern to ignore
+particular values. Listing 19-19 shows an example of ignoring the second and
+fourth values in a tuple of five items.
+
+<Listing number="19-19" caption="Ignoring multiple parts of a tuple">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-19/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will print `Some numbers: 2, 8, 32`, and the values `4` and `16` will
+be ignored.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="ignoring-an-unused-variable-by-starting-its-name-with-_"></a>
+
+#### An Unused Variable by Starting Its Name with `_`
+
+If you create a variable but don’t use it anywhere, Rust will usually issue a
+warning because an unused variable could be a bug. However, sometimes it’s
+useful to be able to create a variable you won’t use yet, such as when you’re
+prototyping or just starting a project. In this situation, you can tell Rust
+not to warn you about the unused variable by starting the name of the variable
+with an underscore. In Listing 19-20, we create two unused variables, but when
+we compile this code, we should only get a warning about one of them.
+
+<Listing number="19-20" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Starting a variable name with an underscore to avoid getting unused variable warnings">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-20/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we get a warning about not using the variable `y`, but we don’t get a
+warning about not using `_x`.
+
+Note that there is a subtle difference between using only `_` and using a name
+that starts with an underscore. The syntax `_x` still binds the value to the
+variable, whereas `_` doesn’t bind at all. To show a case where this
+distinction matters, Listing 19-21 will provide us with an error.
+
+<Listing number="19-21" caption="An unused variable starting with an underscore still binds the value, which might take ownership of the value.">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-21/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ll receive an error because the `s` value will still be moved into `_s`,
+which prevents us from using `s` again. However, using the underscore by itself
+doesn’t ever bind to the value. Listing 19-22 will compile without any errors
+because `s` doesn’t get moved into `_`.
+
+<Listing number="19-22" caption="Using an underscore does not bind the value.">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-22/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code works just fine because we never bind `s` to anything; it isn’t moved.
+
+<a id="ignoring-remaining-parts-of-a-value-with-"></a>
+
+#### Remaining Parts of a Value with `..`
+
+With values that have many parts, we can use the `..` syntax to use specific
+parts and ignore the rest, avoiding the need to list underscores for each
+ignored value. The `..` pattern ignores any parts of a value that we haven’t
+explicitly matched in the rest of the pattern. In Listing 19-23, we have a
+`Point` struct that holds a coordinate in three-dimensional space. In the
+`match` expression, we want to operate only on the `x` coordinate and ignore
+the values in the `y` and `z` fields.
+
+<Listing number="19-23" caption="Ignoring all fields of a `Point` except for `x` by using `..`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-23/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We list the `x` value and then just include the `..` pattern. This is quicker
+than having to list `y: _` and `z: _`, particularly when we’re working with
+structs that have lots of fields in situations where only one or two fields are
+relevant.
+
+The syntax `..` will expand to as many values as it needs to be. Listing 19-24
+shows how to use `..` with a tuple.
+
+<Listing number="19-24" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Matching only the first and last values in a tuple and ignoring all other values">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-24/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In this code, the first and last values are matched with `first` and `last`.
+The `..` will match and ignore everything in the middle.
+
+However, using `..` must be unambiguous. If it is unclear which values are
+intended for matching and which should be ignored, Rust will give us an error.
+Listing 19-25 shows an example of using `..` ambiguously, so it will not
+compile.
+
+<Listing number="19-25" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="An attempt to use `..` in an ambiguous way">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-25/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we compile this example, we get this error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-25/output.txt}}
+```
+
+It’s impossible for Rust to determine how many values in the tuple to ignore
+before matching a value with `second` and then how many further values to
+ignore thereafter. This code could mean that we want to ignore `2`, bind
+`second` to `4`, and then ignore `8`, `16`, and `32`; or that we want to ignore
+`2` and `4`, bind `second` to `8`, and then ignore `16` and `32`; and so forth.
+The variable name `second` doesn’t mean anything special to Rust, so we get a
+compiler error because using `..` in two places like this is ambiguous.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="extra-conditionals-with-match-guards"></a>
+
+### Adding Conditionals with Match Guards
+
+A _match guard_ is an additional `if` condition, specified after the pattern in
+a `match` arm, that must also match for that arm to be chosen. Match guards are
+useful for expressing more complex ideas than a pattern alone allows. Note,
+however, that they are only available in `match` expressions, not `if let` or
+`while let` expressions.
+
+The condition can use variables created in the pattern. Listing 19-26 shows a
+`match` where the first arm has the pattern `Some(x)` and also has a match
+guard of `if x % 2 == 0` (which will be `true` if the number is even).
+
+<Listing number="19-26" caption="Adding a match guard to a pattern">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-26/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This example will print `The number 4 is even`. When `num` is compared to the
+pattern in the first arm, it matches because `Some(4)` matches `Some(x)`. Then,
+the match guard checks whether the remainder of dividing `x` by 2 is equal to
+0, and because it is, the first arm is selected.
+
+If `num` had been `Some(5)` instead, the match guard in the first arm would
+have been `false` because the remainder of 5 divided by 2 is 1, which is not
+equal to 0. Rust would then go to the second arm, which would match because the
+second arm doesn’t have a match guard and therefore matches any `Some` variant.
+
+There is no way to express the `if x % 2 == 0` condition within a pattern, so
+the match guard gives us the ability to express this logic. The downside of
+this additional expressiveness is that the compiler doesn’t try to check for
+exhaustiveness when match guard expressions are involved.
+
+When discussing Listing 19-11, we mentioned that we could use match guards to
+solve our pattern-shadowing problem. Recall that we created a new variable
+inside the pattern in the `match` expression instead of using the variable
+outside the `match`. That new variable meant we couldn’t test against the value
+of the outer variable. Listing 19-27 shows how we can use a match guard to fix
+this problem.
+
+<Listing number="19-27" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using a match guard to test for equality with an outer variable">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-27/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will now print `Default case, x = Some(5)`. The pattern in the second
+match arm doesn’t introduce a new variable `y` that would shadow the outer `y`,
+meaning we can use the outer `y` in the match guard. Instead of specifying the
+pattern as `Some(y)`, which would have shadowed the outer `y`, we specify
+`Some(n)`. This creates a new variable `n` that doesn’t shadow anything because
+there is no `n` variable outside the `match`.
+
+The match guard `if n == y` is not a pattern and therefore doesn’t introduce new
+variables. This `y` _is_ the outer `y` rather than a new `y` shadowing it, and
+we can look for a value that has the same value as the outer `y` by comparing
+`n` to `y`.
+
+You can also use the _or_ operator `|` in a match guard to specify multiple
+patterns; the match guard condition will apply to all the patterns. Listing
+19-28 shows the precedence when combining a pattern that uses `|` with a match
+guard. The important part of this example is that the `if y` match guard
+applies to `4`, `5`, _and_ `6`, even though it might look like `if y` only
+applies to `6`.
+
+<Listing number="19-28" caption="Combining multiple patterns with a match guard">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-28/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The match condition states that the arm only matches if the value of `x` is
+equal to `4`, `5`, or `6` _and_ if `y` is `true`. When this code runs, the
+pattern of the first arm matches because `x` is `4`, but the match guard `if y`
+is `false`, so the first arm is not chosen. The code moves on to the second
+arm, which does match, and this program prints `no`. The reason is that the
+`if` condition applies to the whole pattern `4 | 5 | 6`, not just to the last
+value `6`. In other words, the precedence of a match guard in relation to a
+pattern behaves like this:
+
+```text
+(4 | 5 | 6) if y => ...
+```
+
+rather than this:
+
+```text
+4 | 5 | (6 if y) => ...
+```
+
+After running the code, the precedence behavior is evident: If the match guard
+were applied only to the final value in the list of values specified using the
+`|` operator, the arm would have matched, and the program would have printed
+`yes`.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="-bindings"></a>
+
+### Using `@` Bindings
+
+The _at_ operator `@` lets us create a variable that holds a value at the same
+time we’re testing that value for a pattern match. In Listing 19-29, we want to
+test that a `Message::Hello` `id` field is within the range `3..=7`. We also
+want to bind the value to the variable `id` so that we can use it in the code
+associated with the arm.
+
+<Listing number="19-29" caption="Using `@` to bind to a value in a pattern while also testing it">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch19-patterns-and-matching/listing-19-29/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This example will print `Found an id in range: 5`. By specifying `id @` before
+the range `3..=7`, we’re capturing whatever value matched the range in a
+variable named `id` while also testing that the value matched the range pattern.
+
+In the second arm, where we only have a range specified in the pattern, the code
+associated with the arm doesn’t have a variable that contains the actual value
+of the `id` field. The `id` field’s value could have been 10, 11, or 12, but
+the code that goes with that pattern doesn’t know which it is. The pattern code
+isn’t able to use the value from the `id` field because we haven’t saved the
+`id` value in a variable.
+
+In the last arm, where we’ve specified a variable without a range, we do have
+the value available to use in the arm’s code in a variable named `id`. The
+reason is that we’ve used the struct field shorthand syntax. But we haven’t
+applied any test to the value in the `id` field in this arm, as we did with the
+first two arms: Any value would match this pattern.
+
+Using `@` lets us test a value and save it in a variable within one pattern.
+
+## Summary
+
+Rust’s patterns are very useful in distinguishing between different kinds of
+data. When used in `match` expressions, Rust ensures that your patterns cover
+every possible value, or your program won’t compile. Patterns in `let`
+statements and function parameters make those constructs more useful, enabling
+the destructuring of values into smaller parts and assigning those parts to
+variables. We can create simple or complex patterns to suit our needs.
+
+Next, for the penultimate chapter of the book, we’ll look at some advanced
+aspects of a variety of Rust’s features.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-00-advanced-features.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-00-advanced-features.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-00-advanced-features.md
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+# Advanced Features
+
+By now, you’ve learned the most commonly used parts of the Rust programming
+language. Before we do one more project, in Chapter 21, we’ll look at a few
+aspects of the language you might run into every once in a while but may not
+use every day. You can use this chapter as a reference for when you encounter
+any unknowns. The features covered here are useful in very specific situations.
+Although you might not reach for them often, we want to make sure you have a
+grasp of all the features Rust has to offer.
+
+In this chapter, we’ll cover:
+
+- Unsafe Rust: How to opt out of some of Rust’s guarantees and take
+  responsibility for manually upholding those guarantees
+- Advanced traits: Associated types, default type parameters, fully qualified
+  syntax, supertraits, and the newtype pattern in relation to traits
+- Advanced types: More about the newtype pattern, type aliases, the never type,
+  and dynamically sized types
+- Advanced functions and closures: Function pointers and returning closures
+- Macros: Ways to define code that defines more code at compile time
+
+It’s a panoply of Rust features with something for everyone! Let’s dive in!
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-01-unsafe-rust.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-01-unsafe-rust.md
new file mode 100644
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@@ -0,0 +1,572 @@
+## Unsafe Rust
+
+All the code we’ve discussed so far has had Rust’s memory safety guarantees
+enforced at compile time. However, Rust has a second language hidden inside it
+that doesn’t enforce these memory safety guarantees: It’s called _unsafe Rust_
+and works just like regular Rust but gives us extra superpowers.
+
+Unsafe Rust exists because, by nature, static analysis is conservative. When
+the compiler tries to determine whether or not code upholds the guarantees,
+it’s better for it to reject some valid programs than to accept some invalid
+programs. Although the code _might_ be okay, if the Rust compiler doesn’t have
+enough information to be confident, it will reject the code. In these cases,
+you can use unsafe code to tell the compiler, “Trust me, I know what I’m
+doing.” Be warned, however, that you use unsafe Rust at your own risk: If you
+use unsafe code incorrectly, problems can occur due to memory unsafety, such as
+null pointer dereferencing.
+
+Another reason Rust has an unsafe alter ego is that the underlying computer
+hardware is inherently unsafe. If Rust didn’t let you do unsafe operations, you
+couldn’t do certain tasks. Rust needs to allow you to do low-level systems
+programming, such as directly interacting with the operating system or even
+writing your own operating system. Working with low-level systems programming
+is one of the goals of the language. Let’s explore what we can do with unsafe
+Rust and how to do it.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="unsafe-superpowers"></a>
+
+### Performing Unsafe Superpowers
+
+To switch to unsafe Rust, use the `unsafe` keyword and then start a new block
+that holds the unsafe code. You can take five actions in unsafe Rust that you
+can’t in safe Rust, which we call _unsafe superpowers_. Those superpowers
+include the ability to:
+
+1. Dereference a raw pointer.
+1. Call an unsafe function or method.
+1. Access or modify a mutable static variable.
+1. Implement an unsafe trait.
+1. Access fields of `union`s.
+
+It’s important to understand that `unsafe` doesn’t turn off the borrow checker
+or disable any of Rust’s other safety checks: If you use a reference in unsafe
+code, it will still be checked. The `unsafe` keyword only gives you access to
+these five features that are then not checked by the compiler for memory
+safety. You’ll still get some degree of safety inside an unsafe block.
+
+In addition, `unsafe` does not mean the code inside the block is necessarily
+dangerous or that it will definitely have memory safety problems: The intent is
+that as the programmer, you’ll ensure that the code inside an `unsafe` block
+will access memory in a valid way.
+
+People are fallible and mistakes will happen, but by requiring these five
+unsafe operations to be inside blocks annotated with `unsafe`, you’ll know that
+any errors related to memory safety must be within an `unsafe` block. Keep
+`unsafe` blocks small; you’ll be thankful later when you investigate memory
+bugs.
+
+To isolate unsafe code as much as possible, it’s best to enclose such code
+within a safe abstraction and provide a safe API, which we’ll discuss later in
+the chapter when we examine unsafe functions and methods. Parts of the standard
+library are implemented as safe abstractions over unsafe code that has been
+audited. Wrapping unsafe code in a safe abstraction prevents uses of `unsafe`
+from leaking out into all the places that you or your users might want to use
+the functionality implemented with `unsafe` code, because using a safe
+abstraction is safe.
+
+Let’s look at each of the five unsafe superpowers in turn. We’ll also look at
+some abstractions that provide a safe interface to unsafe code.
+
+### Dereferencing a Raw Pointer
+
+In Chapter 4, in the [“Dangling References”][dangling-references]<!-- ignore
+--> section, we mentioned that the compiler ensures that references are always
+valid. Unsafe Rust has two new types called _raw pointers_ that are similar to
+references. As with references, raw pointers can be immutable or mutable and
+are written as `*const T` and `*mut T`, respectively. The asterisk isn’t the
+dereference operator; it’s part of the type name. In the context of raw
+pointers, _immutable_ means that the pointer can’t be directly assigned to
+after being dereferenced.
+
+Different from references and smart pointers, raw pointers:
+
+- Are allowed to ignore the borrowing rules by having both immutable and
+  mutable pointers or multiple mutable pointers to the same location
+- Aren’t guaranteed to point to valid memory
+- Are allowed to be null
+- Don’t implement any automatic cleanup
+
+By opting out of having Rust enforce these guarantees, you can give up
+guaranteed safety in exchange for greater performance or the ability to
+interface with another language or hardware where Rust’s guarantees don’t apply.
+
+Listing 20-1 shows how to create an immutable and a mutable raw pointer.
+
+<Listing number="20-1" caption="Creating raw pointers with the raw borrow operators">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-01/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Notice that we don’t include the `unsafe` keyword in this code. We can create
+raw pointers in safe code; we just can’t dereference raw pointers outside an
+unsafe block, as you’ll see in a bit.
+
+We’ve created raw pointers by using the raw borrow operators: `&raw const num`
+creates a `*const i32` immutable raw pointer, and `&raw mut num` creates a `*mut
+i32` mutable raw pointer. Because we created them directly from a local
+variable, we know these particular raw pointers are valid, but we can’t make
+that assumption about just any raw pointer.
+
+To demonstrate this, next we’ll create a raw pointer whose validity we can’t be
+so certain of, using the keyword `as` to cast a value instead of using the raw
+borrow operator. Listing 20-2 shows how to create a raw pointer to an arbitrary
+location in memory. Trying to use arbitrary memory is undefined: There might be
+data at that address or there might not, the compiler might optimize the code
+so that there is no memory access, or the program might terminate with a
+segmentation fault. Usually, there is no good reason to write code like this,
+especially in cases where you can use a raw borrow operator instead, but it is
+possible.
+
+<Listing number="20-2" caption="Creating a raw pointer to an arbitrary memory address">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-02/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Recall that we can create raw pointers in safe code, but we can’t dereference
+raw pointers and read the data being pointed to. In Listing 20-3, we use the
+dereference operator `*` on a raw pointer that requires an `unsafe` block.
+
+<Listing number="20-3" caption="Dereferencing raw pointers within an `unsafe` block">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-03/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Creating a pointer does no harm; it’s only when we try to access the value that
+it points at that we might end up dealing with an invalid value.
+
+Note also that in Listings 20-1 and 20-3, we created `*const i32` and `*mut
+i32` raw pointers that both pointed to the same memory location, where `num` is
+stored. If we instead tried to create an immutable and a mutable reference to
+`num`, the code would not have compiled because Rust’s ownership rules don’t
+allow a mutable reference at the same time as any immutable references. With
+raw pointers, we can create a mutable pointer and an immutable pointer to the
+same location and change data through the mutable pointer, potentially creating
+a data race. Be careful!
+
+With all of these dangers, why would you ever use raw pointers? One major use
+case is when interfacing with C code, as you’ll see in the next section.
+Another case is when building up safe abstractions that the borrow checker
+doesn’t understand. We’ll introduce unsafe functions and then look at an
+example of a safe abstraction that uses unsafe code.
+
+### Calling an Unsafe Function or Method
+
+The second type of operation you can perform in an unsafe block is calling
+unsafe functions. Unsafe functions and methods look exactly like regular
+functions and methods, but they have an extra `unsafe` before the rest of the
+definition. The `unsafe` keyword in this context indicates the function has
+requirements we need to uphold when we call this function, because Rust can’t
+guarantee we’ve met these requirements. By calling an unsafe function within an
+`unsafe` block, we’re saying that we’ve read this function’s documentation and
+we take responsibility for upholding the function’s contracts.
+
+Here is an unsafe function named `dangerous` that doesn’t do anything in its
+body:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-01-unsafe-fn/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+We must call the `dangerous` function within a separate `unsafe` block. If we
+try to call `dangerous` without the `unsafe` block, we’ll get an error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/output-only-01-missing-unsafe/output.txt}}
+```
+
+With the `unsafe` block, we’re asserting to Rust that we’ve read the function’s
+documentation, we understand how to use it properly, and we’ve verified that
+we’re fulfilling the contract of the function.
+
+To perform unsafe operations in the body of an `unsafe` function, you still
+need to use an `unsafe` block, just as within a regular function, and the
+compiler will warn you if you forget. This helps us keep `unsafe` blocks as
+small as possible, as unsafe operations may not be needed across the whole
+function body.
+
+#### Creating a Safe Abstraction over Unsafe Code
+
+Just because a function contains unsafe code doesn’t mean we need to mark the
+entire function as unsafe. In fact, wrapping unsafe code in a safe function is
+a common abstraction. As an example, let’s study the `split_at_mut` function
+from the standard library, which requires some unsafe code. We’ll explore how
+we might implement it. This safe method is defined on mutable slices: It takes
+one slice and makes it two by splitting the slice at the index given as an
+argument. Listing 20-4 shows how to use `split_at_mut`.
+
+<Listing number="20-4" caption="Using the safe `split_at_mut` function">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-04/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We can’t implement this function using only safe Rust. An attempt might look
+something like Listing 20-5, which won’t compile. For simplicity, we’ll
+implement `split_at_mut` as a function rather than a method and only for slices
+of `i32` values rather than for a generic type `T`.
+
+<Listing number="20-5" caption="An attempted implementation of `split_at_mut` using only safe Rust">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-05/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This function first gets the total length of the slice. Then, it asserts that
+the index given as a parameter is within the slice by checking whether it’s
+less than or equal to the length. The assertion means that if we pass an index
+that is greater than the length to split the slice at, the function will panic
+before it attempts to use that index.
+
+Then, we return two mutable slices in a tuple: one from the start of the
+original slice to the `mid` index and another from `mid` to the end of the
+slice.
+
+When we try to compile the code in Listing 20-5, we’ll get an error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-05/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Rust’s borrow checker can’t understand that we’re borrowing different parts of
+the slice; it only knows that we’re borrowing from the same slice twice.
+Borrowing different parts of a slice is fundamentally okay because the two
+slices aren’t overlapping, but Rust isn’t smart enough to know this. When we
+know code is okay, but Rust doesn’t, it’s time to reach for unsafe code.
+
+Listing 20-6 shows how to use an `unsafe` block, a raw pointer, and some calls
+to unsafe functions to make the implementation of `split_at_mut` work.
+
+<Listing number="20-6" caption="Using unsafe code in the implementation of the `split_at_mut` function">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-06/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Recall from [“The Slice Type”][the-slice-type]<!-- ignore --> section in
+Chapter 4 that a slice is a pointer to some data and the length of the slice.
+We use the `len` method to get the length of a slice and the `as_mut_ptr`
+method to access the raw pointer of a slice. In this case, because we have a
+mutable slice to `i32` values, `as_mut_ptr` returns a raw pointer with the type
+`*mut i32`, which we’ve stored in the variable `ptr`.
+
+We keep the assertion that the `mid` index is within the slice. Then, we get to
+the unsafe code: The `slice::from_raw_parts_mut` function takes a raw pointer
+and a length, and it creates a slice. We use this function to create a slice
+that starts from `ptr` and is `mid` items long. Then, we call the `add` method
+on `ptr` with `mid` as an argument to get a raw pointer that starts at `mid`,
+and we create a slice using that pointer and the remaining number of items
+after `mid` as the length.
+
+The function `slice::from_raw_parts_mut` is unsafe because it takes a raw
+pointer and must trust that this pointer is valid. The `add` method on raw
+pointers is also unsafe because it must trust that the offset location is also
+a valid pointer. Therefore, we had to put an `unsafe` block around our calls to
+`slice::from_raw_parts_mut` and `add` so that we could call them. By looking at
+the code and by adding the assertion that `mid` must be less than or equal to
+`len`, we can tell that all the raw pointers used within the `unsafe` block
+will be valid pointers to data within the slice. This is an acceptable and
+appropriate use of `unsafe`.
+
+Note that we don’t need to mark the resultant `split_at_mut` function as
+`unsafe`, and we can call this function from safe Rust. We’ve created a safe
+abstraction to the unsafe code with an implementation of the function that uses
+`unsafe` code in a safe way, because it creates only valid pointers from the
+data this function has access to.
+
+In contrast, the use of `slice::from_raw_parts_mut` in Listing 20-7 would
+likely crash when the slice is used. This code takes an arbitrary memory
+location and creates a slice 10,000 items long.
+
+<Listing number="20-7" caption="Creating a slice from an arbitrary memory location">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-07/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We don’t own the memory at this arbitrary location, and there is no guarantee
+that the slice this code creates contains valid `i32` values. Attempting to use
+`values` as though it’s a valid slice results in undefined behavior.
+
+#### Using `extern` Functions to Call External Code
+
+Sometimes your Rust code might need to interact with code written in another
+language. For this, Rust has the keyword `extern` that facilitates the creation
+and use of a _Foreign Function Interface (FFI)_, which is a way for a
+programming language to define functions and enable a different (foreign)
+programming language to call those functions.
+
+Listing 20-8 demonstrates how to set up an integration with the `abs` function
+from the C standard library. Functions declared within `extern` blocks are
+generally unsafe to call from Rust code, so `extern` blocks must also be marked
+`unsafe`. The reason is that other languages don’t enforce Rust’s rules and
+guarantees, and Rust can’t check them, so responsibility falls on the
+programmer to ensure safety.
+
+<Listing number="20-8" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Declaring and calling an `extern` function defined in another language">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-08/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Within the `unsafe extern "C"` block, we list the names and signatures of
+external functions from another language we want to call. The `"C"` part
+defines which _application binary interface (ABI)_ the external function uses:
+The ABI defines how to call the function at the assembly level. The `"C"` ABI
+is the most common and follows the C programming language’s ABI. Information
+about all the ABIs Rust supports is available in [the Rust Reference][ABI].
+
+Every item declared within an `unsafe extern` block is implicitly unsafe.
+However, some FFI functions *are* safe to call. For example, the `abs` function
+from C’s standard library does not have any memory safety considerations, and we
+know it can be called with any `i32`. In cases like this, we can use the `safe`
+keyword to say that this specific function is safe to call even though it is in
+an `unsafe extern` block. Once we make that change, calling it no longer
+requires an `unsafe` block, as shown in Listing 20-9.
+
+<Listing number="20-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Explicitly marking a function as `safe` within an `unsafe extern` block and calling it safely">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-09/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Marking a function as `safe` does not inherently make it safe! Instead, it is
+like a promise you are making to Rust that it is safe. It is still your
+responsibility to make sure that promise is kept!
+
+#### Calling Rust Functions from Other Languages
+
+We can also use `extern` to create an interface that allows other languages to
+call Rust functions. Instead of creating a whole `extern` block, we add the
+`extern` keyword and specify the ABI to use just before the `fn` keyword for
+the relevant function. We also need to add an `#[unsafe(no_mangle)]` annotation
+to tell the Rust compiler not to mangle the name of this function. _Mangling_
+is when a compiler changes the name we’ve given a function to a different name
+that contains more information for other parts of the compilation process to
+consume but is less human readable. Every programming language compiler mangles
+names slightly differently, so for a Rust function to be nameable by other
+languages, we must disable the Rust compiler’s name mangling. This is unsafe
+because there might be name collisions across libraries without the built-in
+mangling, so it is our responsibility to make sure the name we choose is safe
+to export without mangling.
+
+In the following example, we make the `call_from_c` function accessible from C
+code, after it’s compiled to a shared library and linked from C:
+
+```
+#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
+pub extern "C" fn call_from_c() {
+    println!("Just called a Rust function from C!");
+}
+```
+
+This usage of `extern` requires `unsafe` only in the attribute, not on the
+`extern` block.
+
+### Accessing or Modifying a Mutable Static Variable
+
+In this book, we’ve not yet talked about global variables, which Rust does
+support but which can be problematic with Rust’s ownership rules. If two
+threads are accessing the same mutable global variable, it can cause a data
+race.
+
+In Rust, global variables are called _static_ variables. Listing 20-10 shows an
+example declaration and use of a static variable with a string slice as a
+value.
+
+<Listing number="20-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Defining and using an immutable static variable">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-10/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Static variables are similar to constants, which we discussed in the
+[“Declaring Constants”][constants]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 3. The
+names of static variables are in `SCREAMING_SNAKE_CASE` by convention. Static
+variables can only store references with the `'static` lifetime, which means
+the Rust compiler can figure out the lifetime and we aren’t required to
+annotate it explicitly. Accessing an immutable static variable is safe.
+
+A subtle difference between constants and immutable static variables is that
+values in a static variable have a fixed address in memory. Using the value
+will always access the same data. Constants, on the other hand, are allowed to
+duplicate their data whenever they’re used. Another difference is that static
+variables can be mutable. Accessing and modifying mutable static variables is
+_unsafe_. Listing 20-11 shows how to declare, access, and modify a mutable
+static variable named `COUNTER`.
+
+<Listing number="20-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Reading from or writing to a mutable static variable is unsafe.">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-11/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+As with regular variables, we specify mutability using the `mut` keyword. Any
+code that reads or writes from `COUNTER` must be within an `unsafe` block. The
+code in Listing 20-11 compiles and prints `COUNTER: 3` as we would expect
+because it’s single threaded. Having multiple threads access `COUNTER` would
+likely result in data races, so it is undefined behavior. Therefore, we need to
+mark the entire function as `unsafe` and document the safety limitation so that
+anyone calling the function knows what they are and are not allowed to do
+safely.
+
+Whenever we write an unsafe function, it is idiomatic to write a comment
+starting with `SAFETY` and explaining what the caller needs to do to call the
+function safely. Likewise, whenever we perform an unsafe operation, it is
+idiomatic to write a comment starting with `SAFETY` to explain how the safety
+rules are upheld.
+
+Additionally, the compiler will deny by default any attempt to create
+references to a mutable static variable through a compiler lint. You must
+either explicitly opt out of that lint’s protections by adding an
+`#[allow(static_mut_refs)]` annotation or access the mutable static variable
+via a raw pointer created with one of the raw borrow operators. That includes
+cases where the reference is created invisibly, as when it is used in the
+`println!` in this code listing. Requiring references to static mutable
+variables to be created via raw pointers helps make the safety requirements for
+using them more obvious.
+
+With mutable data that is globally accessible, it’s difficult to ensure that
+there are no data races, which is why Rust considers mutable static variables
+to be unsafe. Where possible, it’s preferable to use the concurrency techniques
+and thread-safe smart pointers we discussed in Chapter 16 so that the compiler
+checks that data access from different threads is done safely.
+
+### Implementing an Unsafe Trait
+
+We can use `unsafe` to implement an unsafe trait. A trait is unsafe when at
+least one of its methods has some invariant that the compiler can’t verify. We
+declare that a trait is `unsafe` by adding the `unsafe` keyword before `trait`
+and marking the implementation of the trait as `unsafe` too, as shown in
+Listing 20-12.
+
+<Listing number="20-12" caption="Defining and implementing an unsafe trait">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-12/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+By using `unsafe impl`, we’re promising that we’ll uphold the invariants that
+the compiler can’t verify.
+
+As an example, recall the `Send` and `Sync` marker traits we discussed in the
+[“Extensible Concurrency with `Send` and `Sync`”][send-and-sync]<!-- ignore -->
+section in Chapter 16: The compiler implements these traits automatically if
+our types are composed entirely of other types that implement `Send` and
+`Sync`. If we implement a type that contains a type that does not implement
+`Send` or `Sync`, such as raw pointers, and we want to mark that type as `Send`
+or `Sync`, we must use `unsafe`. Rust can’t verify that our type upholds the
+guarantees that it can be safely sent across threads or accessed from multiple
+threads; therefore, we need to do those checks manually and indicate as such
+with `unsafe`.
+
+### Accessing Fields of a Union
+
+The final action that works only with `unsafe` is accessing fields of a union.
+A *union* is similar to a `struct`, but only one declared field is used in a
+particular instance at one time. Unions are primarily used to interface with
+unions in C code. Accessing union fields is unsafe because Rust can’t guarantee
+the type of the data currently being stored in the union instance. You can
+learn more about unions in [the Rust Reference][unions].
+
+### Using Miri to Check Unsafe Code
+
+When writing unsafe code, you might want to check that what you have written
+actually is safe and correct. One of the best ways to do that is to use Miri,
+an official Rust tool for detecting undefined behavior. Whereas the borrow
+checker is a _static_ tool that works at compile time, Miri is a _dynamic_
+tool that works at runtime. It checks your code by running your program, or
+its test suite, and detecting when you violate the rules it understands about
+how Rust should work.
+
+Using Miri requires a nightly build of Rust (which we talk about more in
+[Appendix G: How Rust is Made and “Nightly Rust”][nightly]<!-- ignore -->). You
+can install both a nightly version of Rust and the Miri tool by typing `rustup
++nightly component add miri`. This does not change what version of Rust your
+project uses; it only adds the tool to your system so you can use it when you
+want to. You can run Miri on a project by typing `cargo +nightly miri run` or
+`cargo +nightly miri test`.
+
+For an example of how helpful this can be, consider what happens when we run it
+against Listing 20-7.
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-07/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Miri correctly warns us that we’re casting an integer to a pointer, which might
+be a problem, but Miri can’t determine whether a problem exists because it
+doesn’t know how the pointer originated. Then, Miri returns an error where
+Listing 20-7 has undefined behavior because we have a dangling pointer. Thanks
+to Miri, we now know there is a risk of undefined behavior, and we can think
+about how to make the code safe. In some cases, Miri can even make
+recommendations about how to fix errors.
+
+Miri doesn’t catch everything you might get wrong when writing unsafe code.
+Miri is a dynamic analysis tool, so it only catches problems with code that
+actually gets run. That means you will need to use it in conjunction with good
+testing techniques to increase your confidence about the unsafe code you have
+written. Miri also does not cover every possible way your code can be unsound.
+
+Put another way: If Miri _does_ catch a problem, you know there’s a bug, but
+just because Miri _doesn’t_ catch a bug doesn’t mean there isn’t a problem. It
+can catch a lot, though. Try running it on the other examples of unsafe code in
+this chapter and see what it says!
+
+You can learn more about Miri at [its GitHub repository][miri].
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="when-to-use-unsafe-code"></a>
+
+### Using Unsafe Code Correctly
+
+Using `unsafe` to use one of the five superpowers just discussed isn’t wrong or
+even frowned upon, but it is trickier to get `unsafe` code correct because the
+compiler can’t help uphold memory safety. When you have a reason to use
+`unsafe` code, you can do so, and having the explicit `unsafe` annotation makes
+it easier to track down the source of problems when they occur. Whenever you
+write unsafe code, you can use Miri to help you be more confident that the code
+you have written upholds Rust’s rules.
+
+For a much deeper exploration of how to work effectively with unsafe Rust, read
+Rust’s official guide for `unsafe`, [The Rustonomicon][nomicon].
+
+[dangling-references]: ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.html#dangling-references
+[ABI]: ../reference/items/external-blocks.html#abi
+[constants]: ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.html#declaring-constants
+[send-and-sync]: ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.html
+[the-slice-type]: ch04-03-slices.html#the-slice-type
+[unions]: ../reference/items/unions.html
+[miri]: https://github.com/rust-lang/miri
+[editions]: appendix-05-editions.html
+[nightly]: appendix-07-nightly-rust.html
+[nomicon]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/nomicon/
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-02-advanced-traits.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-02-advanced-traits.md
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@@ -0,0 +1,482 @@
+## Advanced Traits
+
+We first covered traits in the [“Defining Shared Behavior with
+Traits”][traits]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 10, but we didn’t discuss
+the more advanced details. Now that you know more about Rust, we can get into
+the nitty-gritty.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="specifying-placeholder-types-in-trait-definitions-with-associated-types"></a>
+<a id="associated-types"></a>
+
+### Defining Traits with Associated Types
+
+_Associated types_ connect a type placeholder with a trait such that the trait
+method definitions can use these placeholder types in their signatures. The
+implementor of a trait will specify the concrete type to be used instead of the
+placeholder type for the particular implementation. That way, we can define a
+trait that uses some types without needing to know exactly what those types are
+until the trait is implemented.
+
+We’ve described most of the advanced features in this chapter as being rarely
+needed. Associated types are somewhere in the middle: They’re used more rarely
+than features explained in the rest of the book but more commonly than many of
+the other features discussed in this chapter.
+
+One example of a trait with an associated type is the `Iterator` trait that the
+standard library provides. The associated type is named `Item` and stands in
+for the type of the values the type implementing the `Iterator` trait is
+iterating over. The definition of the `Iterator` trait is as shown in Listing
+20-13.
+
+<Listing number="20-13" caption="The definition of the `Iterator` trait that has an associated type `Item`">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-13/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The type `Item` is a placeholder, and the `next` method’s definition shows that
+it will return values of type `Option<Self::Item>`. Implementors of the
+`Iterator` trait will specify the concrete type for `Item`, and the `next`
+method will return an `Option` containing a value of that concrete type.
+
+Associated types might seem like a similar concept to generics, in that the
+latter allow us to define a function without specifying what types it can
+handle. To examine the difference between the two concepts, we’ll look at an
+implementation of the `Iterator` trait on a type named `Counter` that specifies
+the `Item` type is `u32`:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/lib.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-22-iterator-on-counter/src/lib.rs:ch19}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This syntax seems comparable to that of generics. So, why not just define the
+`Iterator` trait with generics, as shown in Listing 20-14?
+
+<Listing number="20-14" caption="A hypothetical definition of the `Iterator` trait using generics">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-14/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The difference is that when using generics, as in Listing 20-14, we must
+annotate the types in each implementation; because we can also implement
+`Iterator<String> for Counter` or any other type, we could have multiple
+implementations of `Iterator` for `Counter`. In other words, when a trait has a
+generic parameter, it can be implemented for a type multiple times, changing
+the concrete types of the generic type parameters each time. When we use the
+`next` method on `Counter`, we would have to provide type annotations to
+indicate which implementation of `Iterator` we want to use.
+
+With associated types, we don’t need to annotate types, because we can’t
+implement a trait on a type multiple times. In Listing 20-13 with the
+definition that uses associated types, we can choose what the type of `Item`
+will be only once because there can be only one `impl Iterator for Counter`. We
+don’t have to specify that we want an iterator of `u32` values everywhere we
+call `next` on `Counter`.
+
+Associated types also become part of the trait’s contract: Implementors of the
+trait must provide a type to stand in for the associated type placeholder.
+Associated types often have a name that describes how the type will be used,
+and documenting the associated type in the API documentation is a good practice.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="default-generic-type-parameters-and-operator-overloading"></a>
+
+### Using Default Generic Parameters and Operator Overloading
+
+When we use generic type parameters, we can specify a default concrete type for
+the generic type. This eliminates the need for implementors of the trait to
+specify a concrete type if the default type works. You specify a default type
+when declaring a generic type with the `<PlaceholderType=ConcreteType>` syntax.
+
+A great example of a situation where this technique is useful is with _operator
+overloading_, in which you customize the behavior of an operator (such as `+`)
+in particular situations.
+
+Rust doesn’t allow you to create your own operators or overload arbitrary
+operators. But you can overload the operations and corresponding traits listed
+in `std::ops` by implementing the traits associated with the operator. For
+example, in Listing 20-15, we overload the `+` operator to add two `Point`
+instances together. We do this by implementing the `Add` trait on a `Point`
+struct.
+
+<Listing number="20-15" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Implementing the `Add` trait to overload the `+` operator for `Point` instances">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-15/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The `add` method adds the `x` values of two `Point` instances and the `y`
+values of two `Point` instances to create a new `Point`. The `Add` trait has an
+associated type named `Output` that determines the type returned from the `add`
+method.
+
+The default generic type in this code is within the `Add` trait. Here is its
+definition:
+
+```rust
+trait Add<Rhs=Self> {
+    type Output;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: Rhs) -> Self::Output;
+}
+```
+
+This code should look generally familiar: a trait with one method and an
+associated type. The new part is `Rhs=Self`: This syntax is called _default
+type parameters_. The `Rhs` generic type parameter (short for “right-hand
+side”) defines the type of the `rhs` parameter in the `add` method. If we don’t
+specify a concrete type for `Rhs` when we implement the `Add` trait, the type
+of `Rhs` will default to `Self`, which will be the type we’re implementing
+`Add` on.
+
+When we implemented `Add` for `Point`, we used the default for `Rhs` because we
+wanted to add two `Point` instances. Let’s look at an example of implementing
+the `Add` trait where we want to customize the `Rhs` type rather than using the
+default.
+
+We have two structs, `Millimeters` and `Meters`, holding values in different
+units. This thin wrapping of an existing type in another struct is known as the
+_newtype pattern_, which we describe in more detail in the [“Implementing
+External Traits with the Newtype Pattern”][newtype]<!-- ignore --> section. We
+want to add values in millimeters to values in meters and have the
+implementation of `Add` do the conversion correctly. We can implement `Add` for
+`Millimeters` with `Meters` as the `Rhs`, as shown in Listing 20-16.
+
+<Listing number="20-16" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Implementing the `Add` trait on `Millimeters` to add `Millimeters` and `Meters`">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-16/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+To add `Millimeters` and `Meters`, we specify `impl Add<Meters>` to set the
+value of the `Rhs` type parameter instead of using the default of `Self`.
+
+You’ll use default type parameters in two main ways:
+
+1. To extend a type without breaking existing code
+2. To allow customization in specific cases most users won’t need
+
+The standard library’s `Add` trait is an example of the second purpose:
+Usually, you’ll add two like types, but the `Add` trait provides the ability to
+customize beyond that. Using a default type parameter in the `Add` trait
+definition means you don’t have to specify the extra parameter most of the
+time. In other words, a bit of implementation boilerplate isn’t needed, making
+it easier to use the trait.
+
+The first purpose is similar to the second but in reverse: If you want to add a
+type parameter to an existing trait, you can give it a default to allow
+extension of the functionality of the trait without breaking the existing
+implementation code.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="fully-qualified-syntax-for-disambiguation-calling-methods-with-the-same-name"></a>
+<a id="disambiguating-between-methods-with-the-same-name"></a>
+
+### Disambiguating Between Identically Named Methods
+
+Nothing in Rust prevents a trait from having a method with the same name as
+another trait’s method, nor does Rust prevent you from implementing both traits
+on one type. It’s also possible to implement a method directly on the type with
+the same name as methods from traits.
+
+When calling methods with the same name, you’ll need to tell Rust which one you
+want to use. Consider the code in Listing 20-17 where we’ve defined two traits,
+`Pilot` and `Wizard`, that both have a method called `fly`. We then implement
+both traits on a type `Human` that already has a method named `fly` implemented
+on it. Each `fly` method does something different.
+
+<Listing number="20-17" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Two traits are defined to have a `fly` method and are implemented on the `Human` type, and a `fly` method is implemented on `Human` directly.">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-17/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+When we call `fly` on an instance of `Human`, the compiler defaults to calling
+the method that is directly implemented on the type, as shown in Listing 20-18.
+
+<Listing number="20-18" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Calling `fly` on an instance of `Human`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-18/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Running this code will print `*waving arms furiously*`, showing that Rust
+called the `fly` method implemented on `Human` directly.
+
+To call the `fly` methods from either the `Pilot` trait or the `Wizard` trait,
+we need to use more explicit syntax to specify which `fly` method we mean.
+Listing 20-19 demonstrates this syntax.
+
+<Listing number="20-19" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Specifying which trait’s `fly` method we want to call">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-19/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Specifying the trait name before the method name clarifies to Rust which
+implementation of `fly` we want to call. We could also write
+`Human::fly(&person)`, which is equivalent to the `person.fly()` that we used
+in Listing 20-19, but this is a bit longer to write if we don’t need to
+disambiguate.
+
+Running this code prints the following:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-19/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Because the `fly` method takes a `self` parameter, if we had two _types_ that
+both implement one _trait_, Rust could figure out which implementation of a
+trait to use based on the type of `self`.
+
+However, associated functions that are not methods don’t have a `self`
+parameter. When there are multiple types or traits that define non-method
+functions with the same function name, Rust doesn’t always know which type you
+mean unless you use fully qualified syntax. For example, in Listing 20-20, we
+create a trait for an animal shelter that wants to name all baby dogs Spot. We
+make an `Animal` trait with an associated non-method function `baby_name`. The
+`Animal` trait is implemented for the struct `Dog`, on which we also provide an
+associated non-method function `baby_name` directly.
+
+<Listing number="20-20" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="A trait with an associated function and a type with an associated function of the same name that also implements the trait">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-20/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We implement the code for naming all puppies Spot in the `baby_name` associated
+function that is defined on `Dog`. The `Dog` type also implements the trait
+`Animal`, which describes characteristics that all animals have. Baby dogs are
+called puppies, and that is expressed in the implementation of the `Animal`
+trait on `Dog` in the `baby_name` function associated with the `Animal` trait.
+
+In `main`, we call the `Dog::baby_name` function, which calls the associated
+function defined on `Dog` directly. This code prints the following:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-20/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This output isn’t what we wanted. We want to call the `baby_name` function that
+is part of the `Animal` trait that we implemented on `Dog` so that the code
+prints `A baby dog is called a puppy`. The technique of specifying the trait
+name that we used in Listing 20-19 doesn’t help here; if we change `main` to
+the code in Listing 20-21, we’ll get a compilation error.
+
+<Listing number="20-21" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Attempting to call the `baby_name` function from the `Animal` trait, but Rust doesn’t know which implementation to use">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-21/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because `Animal::baby_name` doesn’t have a `self` parameter, and there could be
+other types that implement the `Animal` trait, Rust can’t figure out which
+implementation of `Animal::baby_name` we want. We’ll get this compiler error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-21/output.txt}}
+```
+
+To disambiguate and tell Rust that we want to use the implementation of
+`Animal` for `Dog` as opposed to the implementation of `Animal` for some other
+type, we need to use fully qualified syntax. Listing 20-22 demonstrates how to
+use fully qualified syntax.
+
+<Listing number="20-22" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using fully qualified syntax to specify that we want to call the `baby_name` function from the `Animal` trait as implemented on `Dog`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-22/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’re providing Rust with a type annotation within the angle brackets, which
+indicates we want to call the `baby_name` method from the `Animal` trait as
+implemented on `Dog` by saying that we want to treat the `Dog` type as an
+`Animal` for this function call. This code will now print what we want:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-22/output.txt}}
+```
+
+In general, fully qualified syntax is defined as follows:
+
+```rust,ignore
+<Type as Trait>::function(receiver_if_method, next_arg, ...);
+```
+
+For associated functions that aren’t methods, there would not be a `receiver`:
+There would only be the list of other arguments. You could use fully qualified
+syntax everywhere that you call functions or methods. However, you’re allowed
+to omit any part of this syntax that Rust can figure out from other information
+in the program. You only need to use this more verbose syntax in cases where
+there are multiple implementations that use the same name and Rust needs help
+to identify which implementation you want to call.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-supertraits-to-require-one-traits-functionality-within-another-trait"></a>
+
+### Using Supertraits
+
+Sometimes you might write a trait definition that depends on another trait: For
+a type to implement the first trait, you want to require that type to also
+implement the second trait. You would do this so that your trait definition can
+make use of the associated items of the second trait. The trait your trait
+definition is relying on is called a _supertrait_ of your trait.
+
+For example, let’s say we want to make an `OutlinePrint` trait with an
+`outline_print` method that will print a given value formatted so that it’s
+framed in asterisks. That is, given a `Point` struct that implements the
+standard library trait `Display` to result in `(x, y)`, when we call
+`outline_print` on a `Point` instance that has `1` for `x` and `3` for `y`, it
+should print the following:
+
+```text
+**********
+*        *
+* (1, 3) *
+*        *
+**********
+```
+
+In the implementation of the `outline_print` method, we want to use the
+`Display` trait’s functionality. Therefore, we need to specify that the
+`OutlinePrint` trait will work only for types that also implement `Display` and
+provide the functionality that `OutlinePrint` needs. We can do that in the
+trait definition by specifying `OutlinePrint: Display`. This technique is
+similar to adding a trait bound to the trait. Listing 20-23 shows an
+implementation of the `OutlinePrint` trait.
+
+<Listing number="20-23" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Implementing the `OutlinePrint` trait that requires the functionality from `Display`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-23/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Because we’ve specified that `OutlinePrint` requires the `Display` trait, we
+can use the `to_string` function that is automatically implemented for any type
+that implements `Display`. If we tried to use `to_string` without adding a
+colon and specifying the `Display` trait after the trait name, we’d get an
+error saying that no method named `to_string` was found for the type `&Self` in
+the current scope.
+
+Let’s see what happens when we try to implement `OutlinePrint` on a type that
+doesn’t implement `Display`, such as the `Point` struct:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-02-impl-outlineprint-for-point/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We get an error saying that `Display` is required but not implemented:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-02-impl-outlineprint-for-point/output.txt}}
+```
+
+To fix this, we implement `Display` on `Point` and satisfy the constraint that
+`OutlinePrint` requires, like so:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-03-impl-display-for-point/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Then, implementing the `OutlinePrint` trait on `Point` will compile
+successfully, and we can call `outline_print` on a `Point` instance to display
+it within an outline of asterisks.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-the-newtype-pattern-to-implement-external-traits-on-external-types"></a>
+<a id="using-the-newtype-pattern-to-implement-external-traits"></a>
+
+### Implementing External Traits with the Newtype Pattern
+
+In the [“Implementing a Trait on a Type”][implementing-a-trait-on-a-type]<!--
+ignore --> section in Chapter 10, we mentioned the orphan rule that states
+we’re only allowed to implement a trait on a type if either the trait or the
+type, or both, are local to our crate. It’s possible to get around this
+restriction using the newtype pattern, which involves creating a new type in a
+tuple struct. (We covered tuple structs in the [“Creating Different Types with
+Tuple Structs”][tuple-structs]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 5.) The tuple
+struct will have one field and be a thin wrapper around the type for which we
+want to implement a trait. Then, the wrapper type is local to our crate, and we
+can implement the trait on the wrapper. _Newtype_ is a term that originates
+from the Haskell programming language. There is no runtime performance penalty
+for using this pattern, and the wrapper type is elided at compile time.
+
+As an example, let’s say we want to implement `Display` on `Vec<T>`, which the
+orphan rule prevents us from doing directly because the `Display` trait and the
+`Vec<T>` type are defined outside our crate. We can make a `Wrapper` struct
+that holds an instance of `Vec<T>`; then, we can implement `Display` on
+`Wrapper` and use the `Vec<T>` value, as shown in Listing 20-24.
+
+<Listing number="20-24" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Creating a `Wrapper` type around `Vec<String>` to implement `Display`">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-24/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The implementation of `Display` uses `self.0` to access the inner `Vec<T>`
+because `Wrapper` is a tuple struct and `Vec<T>` is the item at index 0 in the
+tuple. Then, we can use the functionality of the `Display` trait on `Wrapper`.
+
+The downside of using this technique is that `Wrapper` is a new type, so it
+doesn’t have the methods of the value it’s holding. We would have to implement
+all the methods of `Vec<T>` directly on `Wrapper` such that the methods
+delegate to `self.0`, which would allow us to treat `Wrapper` exactly like a
+`Vec<T>`. If we wanted the new type to have every method the inner type has,
+implementing the `Deref` trait on the `Wrapper` to return the inner type would
+be a solution (we discussed implementing the `Deref` trait in the [“Treating
+Smart Pointers Like Regular References”][smart-pointer-deref]<!-- ignore -->
+section in Chapter 15). If we didn’t want the `Wrapper` type to have all the
+methods of the inner type—for example, to restrict the `Wrapper` type’s
+behavior—we would have to implement just the methods we do want manually.
+
+This newtype pattern is also useful even when traits are not involved. Let’s
+switch focus and look at some advanced ways to interact with Rust’s type system.
+
+[newtype]: ch20-02-advanced-traits.html#implementing-external-traits-with-the-newtype-pattern
+[implementing-a-trait-on-a-type]: ch10-02-traits.html#implementing-a-trait-on-a-type
+[traits]: ch10-02-traits.html
+[smart-pointer-deref]: ch15-02-deref.html#treating-smart-pointers-like-regular-references
+[tuple-structs]: ch05-01-defining-structs.html#creating-different-types-with-tuple-structs
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-03-advanced-types.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-03-advanced-types.md
new file mode 100644
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--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-03-advanced-types.md
@@ -0,0 +1,303 @@
+## Advanced Types
+
+The Rust type system has some features that we’ve so far mentioned but haven’t
+yet discussed. We’ll start by discussing newtypes in general as we examine why
+they are useful as types. Then, we’ll move on to type aliases, a feature
+similar to newtypes but with slightly different semantics. We’ll also discuss
+the `!` type and dynamically sized types.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="using-the-newtype-pattern-for-type-safety-and-abstraction"></a>
+
+### Type Safety and Abstraction with the Newtype Pattern
+
+This section assumes you’ve read the earlier section [“Implementing External
+Traits with the Newtype Pattern”][newtype]<!-- ignore -->. The newtype pattern
+is also useful for tasks beyond those we’ve discussed so far, including
+statically enforcing that values are never confused and indicating the units of
+a value. You saw an example of using newtypes to indicate units in Listing
+20-16: Recall that the `Millimeters` and `Meters` structs wrapped `u32` values
+in a newtype. If we wrote a function with a parameter of type `Millimeters`, we
+wouldn’t be able to compile a program that accidentally tried to call that
+function with a value of type `Meters` or a plain `u32`.
+
+We can also use the newtype pattern to abstract away some implementation
+details of a type: The new type can expose a public API that is different from
+the API of the private inner type.
+
+Newtypes can also hide internal implementation. For example, we could provide a
+`People` type to wrap a `HashMap<i32, String>` that stores a person’s ID
+associated with their name. Code using `People` would only interact with the
+public API we provide, such as a method to add a name string to the `People`
+collection; that code wouldn’t need to know that we assign an `i32` ID to names
+internally. The newtype pattern is a lightweight way to achieve encapsulation
+to hide implementation details, which we discussed in the [“Encapsulation that
+Hides Implementation
+Details”][encapsulation-that-hides-implementation-details]<!-- ignore -->
+section in Chapter 18.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="creating-type-synonyms-with-type-aliases"></a>
+
+### Type Synonyms and Type Aliases
+
+Rust provides the ability to declare a _type alias_ to give an existing type
+another name. For this we use the `type` keyword. For example, we can create
+the alias `Kilometers` to `i32` like so:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-04-kilometers-alias/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Now the alias `Kilometers` is a _synonym_ for `i32`; unlike the `Millimeters`
+and `Meters` types we created in Listing 20-16, `Kilometers` is not a separate,
+new type. Values that have the type `Kilometers` will be treated the same as
+values of type `i32`:
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-04-kilometers-alias/src/main.rs:there}}
+```
+
+Because `Kilometers` and `i32` are the same type, we can add values of both
+types and can pass `Kilometers` values to functions that take `i32`
+parameters. However, using this method, we don’t get the type-checking benefits
+that we get from the newtype pattern discussed earlier. In other words, if we
+mix up `Kilometers` and `i32` values somewhere, the compiler will not give us
+an error.
+
+The main use case for type synonyms is to reduce repetition. For example, we
+might have a lengthy type like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+Box<dyn Fn() + Send + 'static>
+```
+
+Writing this lengthy type in function signatures and as type annotations all
+over the code can be tiresome and error-prone. Imagine having a project full of
+code like that in Listing 20-25.
+
+<Listing number="20-25" caption="Using a long type in many places">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-25/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+A type alias makes this code more manageable by reducing the repetition. In
+Listing 20-26, we’ve introduced an alias named `Thunk` for the verbose type and
+can replace all uses of the type with the shorter alias `Thunk`.
+
+<Listing number="20-26" caption="Introducing a type alias, `Thunk`, to reduce repetition">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-26/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code is much easier to read and write! Choosing a meaningful name for a
+type alias can help communicate your intent as well (_thunk_ is a word for code
+to be evaluated at a later time, so it’s an appropriate name for a closure that
+gets stored).
+
+Type aliases are also commonly used with the `Result<T, E>` type for reducing
+repetition. Consider the `std::io` module in the standard library. I/O
+operations often return a `Result<T, E>` to handle situations when operations
+fail to work. This library has a `std::io::Error` struct that represents all
+possible I/O errors. Many of the functions in `std::io` will be returning
+`Result<T, E>` where the `E` is `std::io::Error`, such as these functions in
+the `Write` trait:
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-05-write-trait/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+The `Result<..., Error>` is repeated a lot. As such, `std::io` has this type
+alias declaration:
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-06-result-alias/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Because this declaration is in the `std::io` module, we can use the fully
+qualified alias `std::io::Result<T>`; that is, a `Result<T, E>` with the `E`
+filled in as `std::io::Error`. The `Write` trait function signatures end up
+looking like this:
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-06-result-alias/src/lib.rs:there}}
+```
+
+The type alias helps in two ways: It makes code easier to write _and_ it gives
+us a consistent interface across all of `std::io`. Because it’s an alias, it’s
+just another `Result<T, E>`, which means we can use any methods that work on
+`Result<T, E>` with it, as well as special syntax like the `?` operator.
+
+### The Never Type That Never Returns
+
+Rust has a special type named `!` that’s known in type theory lingo as the
+_empty type_ because it has no values. We prefer to call it the _never type_
+because it stands in the place of the return type when a function will never
+return. Here is an example:
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-07-never-type/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+This code is read as “the function `bar` returns never.” Functions that return
+never are called _diverging functions_. We can’t create values of the type `!`,
+so `bar` can never possibly return.
+
+But what use is a type you can never create values for? Recall the code from
+Listing 2-5, part of the number-guessing game; we’ve reproduced a bit of it
+here in Listing 20-27.
+
+<Listing number="20-27" caption="A `match` with an arm that ends in `continue`">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch02-guessing-game-tutorial/listing-02-05/src/main.rs:ch19}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+At the time, we skipped over some details in this code. In [“The `match`
+Control Flow Construct”][the-match-control-flow-construct]<!-- ignore -->
+section in Chapter 6, we discussed that `match` arms must all return the same
+type. So, for example, the following code doesn’t work:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-08-match-arms-different-types/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+The type of `guess` in this code would have to be an integer _and_ a string,
+and Rust requires that `guess` have only one type. So, what does `continue`
+return? How were we allowed to return a `u32` from one arm and have another arm
+that ends with `continue` in Listing 20-27?
+
+As you might have guessed, `continue` has a `!` value. That is, when Rust
+computes the type of `guess`, it looks at both match arms, the former with a
+value of `u32` and the latter with a `!` value. Because `!` can never have a
+value, Rust decides that the type of `guess` is `u32`.
+
+The formal way of describing this behavior is that expressions of type `!` can
+be coerced into any other type. We’re allowed to end this `match` arm with
+`continue` because `continue` doesn’t return a value; instead, it moves control
+back to the top of the loop, so in the `Err` case, we never assign a value to
+`guess`.
+
+The never type is useful with the `panic!` macro as well. Recall the `unwrap`
+function that we call on `Option<T>` values to produce a value or panic with
+this definition:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-09-unwrap-definition/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+In this code, the same thing happens as in the `match` in Listing 20-27: Rust
+sees that `val` has the type `T` and `panic!` has the type `!`, so the result
+of the overall `match` expression is `T`. This code works because `panic!`
+doesn’t produce a value; it ends the program. In the `None` case, we won’t be
+returning a value from `unwrap`, so this code is valid.
+
+One final expression that has the type `!` is a loop:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-10-loop-returns-never/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Here, the loop never ends, so `!` is the value of the expression. However, this
+wouldn’t be true if we included a `break`, because the loop would terminate
+when it got to the `break`.
+
+### Dynamically Sized Types and the `Sized` Trait
+
+Rust needs to know certain details about its types, such as how much space to
+allocate for a value of a particular type. This leaves one corner of its type
+system a little confusing at first: the concept of _dynamically sized types_.
+Sometimes referred to as _DSTs_ or _unsized types_, these types let us write
+code using values whose size we can know only at runtime.
+
+Let’s dig into the details of a dynamically sized type called `str`, which
+we’ve been using throughout the book. That’s right, not `&str`, but `str` on
+its own, is a DST. In many cases, such as when storing text entered by a user,
+we can’t know how long the string is until runtime. That means we can’t create
+a variable of type `str`, nor can we take an argument of type `str`. Consider
+the following code, which does not work:
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-11-cant-create-str/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+Rust needs to know how much memory to allocate for any value of a particular
+type, and all values of a type must use the same amount of memory. If Rust
+allowed us to write this code, these two `str` values would need to take up the
+same amount of space. But they have different lengths: `s1` needs 12 bytes of
+storage and `s2` needs 15. This is why it’s not possible to create a variable
+holding a dynamically sized type.
+
+So, what do we do? In this case, you already know the answer: We make the type
+of `s1` and `s2` string slice (`&str`) rather than `str`. Recall from the
+[“String Slices”][string-slices]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 4 that the
+slice data structure only stores the starting position and the length of the
+slice. So, although `&T` is a single value that stores the memory address of
+where the `T` is located, a string slice is _two_ values: the address of the
+`str` and its length. As such, we can know the size of a string slice value at
+compile time: It’s twice the length of a `usize`. That is, we always know the
+size of a string slice, no matter how long the string it refers to is. In
+general, this is the way in which dynamically sized types are used in Rust:
+They have an extra bit of metadata that stores the size of the dynamic
+information. The golden rule of dynamically sized types is that we must always
+put values of dynamically sized types behind a pointer of some kind.
+
+We can combine `str` with all kinds of pointers: for example, `Box<str>` or
+`Rc<str>`. In fact, you’ve seen this before but with a different dynamically
+sized type: traits. Every trait is a dynamically sized type we can refer to by
+using the name of the trait. In the [“Using Trait Objects to Abstract over
+Shared Behavior”][using-trait-objects-to-abstract-over-shared-behavior]<!--
+ignore --> section in Chapter 18, we mentioned that to use traits as trait
+objects, we must put them behind a pointer, such as `&dyn Trait` or `Box<dyn
+Trait>` (`Rc<dyn Trait>` would work too).
+
+To work with DSTs, Rust provides the `Sized` trait to determine whether or not
+a type’s size is known at compile time. This trait is automatically implemented
+for everything whose size is known at compile time. In addition, Rust
+implicitly adds a bound on `Sized` to every generic function. That is, a
+generic function definition like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-12-generic-fn-definition/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+is actually treated as though we had written this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-13-generic-implicit-sized-bound/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+By default, generic functions will work only on types that have a known size at
+compile time. However, you can use the following special syntax to relax this
+restriction:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-14-generic-maybe-sized/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+A trait bound on `?Sized` means “`T` may or may not be `Sized`,” and this
+notation overrides the default that generic types must have a known size at
+compile time. The `?Trait` syntax with this meaning is only available for
+`Sized`, not any other traits.
+
+Also note that we switched the type of the `t` parameter from `T` to `&T`.
+Because the type might not be `Sized`, we need to use it behind some kind of
+pointer. In this case, we’ve chosen a reference.
+
+Next, we’ll talk about functions and closures!
+
+[encapsulation-that-hides-implementation-details]: ch18-01-what-is-oo.html#encapsulation-that-hides-implementation-details
+[string-slices]: ch04-03-slices.html#string-slices
+[the-match-control-flow-construct]: ch06-02-match.html#the-match-control-flow-construct
+[using-trait-objects-to-abstract-over-shared-behavior]: ch18-02-trait-objects.html#using-trait-objects-to-abstract-over-shared-behavior
+[newtype]: ch20-02-advanced-traits.html#implementing-external-traits-with-the-newtype-pattern
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-04-advanced-functions-and-closures.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-04-advanced-functions-and-closures.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..72aa6a2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-04-advanced-functions-and-closures.md
@@ -0,0 +1,178 @@
+## Advanced Functions and Closures
+
+This section explores some advanced features related to functions and closures,
+including function pointers and returning closures.
+
+### Function Pointers
+
+We’ve talked about how to pass closures to functions; you can also pass regular
+functions to functions! This technique is useful when you want to pass a
+function you’ve already defined rather than defining a new closure. Functions
+coerce to the type `fn` (with a lowercase _f_), not to be confused with the
+`Fn` closure trait. The `fn` type is called a _function pointer_. Passing
+functions with function pointers will allow you to use functions as arguments
+to other functions.
+
+The syntax for specifying that a parameter is a function pointer is similar to
+that of closures, as shown in Listing 20-28, where we’ve defined a function
+`add_one` that adds 1 to its parameter. The function `do_twice` takes two
+parameters: a function pointer to any function that takes an `i32` parameter
+and returns an `i32`, and one `i32` value. The `do_twice` function calls the
+function `f` twice, passing it the `arg` value, then adds the two function call
+results together. The `main` function calls `do_twice` with the arguments
+`add_one` and `5`.
+
+<Listing number="20-28" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Using the `fn` type to accept a function pointer as an argument">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-28/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code prints `The answer is: 12`. We specify that the parameter `f` in
+`do_twice` is an `fn` that takes one parameter of type `i32` and returns an
+`i32`. We can then call `f` in the body of `do_twice`. In `main`, we can pass
+the function name `add_one` as the first argument to `do_twice`.
+
+Unlike closures, `fn` is a type rather than a trait, so we specify `fn` as the
+parameter type directly rather than declaring a generic type parameter with one
+of the `Fn` traits as a trait bound.
+
+Function pointers implement all three of the closure traits (`Fn`, `FnMut`, and
+`FnOnce`), meaning you can always pass a function pointer as an argument for a
+function that expects a closure. It’s best to write functions using a generic
+type and one of the closure traits so that your functions can accept either
+functions or closures.
+
+That said, one example of where you would want to only accept `fn` and not
+closures is when interfacing with external code that doesn’t have closures: C
+functions can accept functions as arguments, but C doesn’t have closures.
+
+As an example of where you could use either a closure defined inline or a named
+function, let’s look at a use of the `map` method provided by the `Iterator`
+trait in the standard library. To use the `map` method to turn a vector of
+numbers into a vector of strings, we could use a closure, as in Listing 20-29.
+
+<Listing number="20-29" caption="Using a closure with the `map` method to convert numbers to strings">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-29/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Or we could name a function as the argument to `map` instead of the closure.
+Listing 20-30 shows what this would look like.
+
+<Listing number="20-30" caption="Using the `String::to_string` function with the `map` method to convert numbers to strings">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-30/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Note that we must use the fully qualified syntax that we talked about in the
+[“Advanced Traits”][advanced-traits]<!-- ignore --> section because there are
+multiple functions available named `to_string`.
+
+Here, we’re using the `to_string` function defined in the `ToString` trait,
+which the standard library has implemented for any type that implements
+`Display`.
+
+Recall from the [“Enum Values”][enum-values]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter
+6 that the name of each enum variant that we define also becomes an initializer
+function. We can use these initializer functions as function pointers that
+implement the closure traits, which means we can specify the initializer
+functions as arguments for methods that take closures, as seen in Listing 20-31.
+
+<Listing number="20-31" caption="Using an enum initializer with the `map` method to create a `Status` instance from numbers">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-31/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we create `Status::Value` instances using each `u32` value in the range
+that `map` is called on by using the initializer function of `Status::Value`.
+Some people prefer this style and some people prefer to use closures. They
+compile to the same code, so use whichever style is clearer to you.
+
+### Returning Closures
+
+Closures are represented by traits, which means you can’t return closures
+directly. In most cases where you might want to return a trait, you can instead
+use the concrete type that implements the trait as the return value of the
+function. However, you can’t usually do that with closures because they don’t
+have a concrete type that is returnable; you’re not allowed to use the function
+pointer `fn` as a return type if the closure captures any values from its
+scope, for example.
+
+Instead, you will normally use the `impl Trait` syntax we learned about in
+Chapter 10. You can return any function type, using `Fn`, `FnOnce`, and `FnMut`.
+For example, the code in Listing 20-32 will compile just fine.
+
+<Listing number="20-32" caption="Returning a closure from a function using the `impl Trait` syntax">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-32/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+However, as we noted in the [“Inferring and Annotating Closure
+Types”][closure-types]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 13, each closure is
+also its own distinct type. If you need to work with multiple functions that
+have the same signature but different implementations, you will need to use a
+trait object for them. Consider what happens if you write code like that shown
+in Listing 20-33.
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs" number="20-33" caption="Creating a `Vec<T>` of closures defined by functions that return `impl Fn` types">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-33/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here we have two functions, `returns_closure` and `returns_initialized_closure`,
+which both return `impl Fn(i32) -> i32`. Notice that the closures that they
+return are different, even though they implement the same type. If we try to
+compile this, Rust lets us know that it won’t work:
+
+```text
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-33/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The error message tells us that whenever we return an `impl Trait`, Rust
+creates a unique _opaque type_, a type where we cannot see into the details of
+what Rust constructs for us, nor can we guess the type Rust will generate to
+write ourselves. So, even though these functions return closures that implement
+the same trait, `Fn(i32) -> i32`, the opaque types Rust generates for each are
+distinct. (This is similar to how Rust produces different concrete types for
+distinct async blocks even when they have the same output type, as we saw in
+[“The `Pin` Type and the `Unpin` Trait”][future-types]<!-- ignore --> in
+Chapter 17.) We have seen a solution to this problem a few times now: We can
+use a trait object, as in Listing 20-34.
+
+<Listing number="20-34" caption="Creating a `Vec<T>` of closures defined by functions that return `Box<dyn Fn>` so that they have the same type">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-34/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will compile just fine. For more about trait objects, refer to the
+section [“Using Trait Objects To Abstract over Shared
+Behavior”][trait-objects]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 18.
+
+Next, let’s look at macros!
+
+[advanced-traits]: ch20-02-advanced-traits.html#advanced-traits
+[enum-values]: ch06-01-defining-an-enum.html#enum-values
+[closure-types]: ch13-01-closures.html#closure-type-inference-and-annotation
+[future-types]: ch17-03-more-futures.html
+[trait-objects]: ch18-02-trait-objects.html
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-05-macros.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-05-macros.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6d2e48f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch20-05-macros.md
@@ -0,0 +1,530 @@
+## Macros
+
+We’ve used macros like `println!` throughout this book, but we haven’t fully
+explored what a macro is and how it works. The term _macro_ refers to a family
+of features in Rust—declarative macros with `macro_rules!` and three kinds of
+procedural macros:
+
+- Custom `#[derive]` macros that specify code added with the `derive` attribute
+  used on structs and enums
+- Attribute-like macros that define custom attributes usable on any item
+- Function-like macros that look like function calls but operate on the tokens
+  specified as their argument
+
+We’ll talk about each of these in turn, but first, let’s look at why we even
+need macros when we already have functions.
+
+### The Difference Between Macros and Functions
+
+Fundamentally, macros are a way of writing code that writes other code, which
+is known as _metaprogramming_. In Appendix C, we discuss the `derive`
+attribute, which generates an implementation of various traits for you. We’ve
+also used the `println!` and `vec!` macros throughout the book. All of these
+macros _expand_ to produce more code than the code you’ve written manually.
+
+Metaprogramming is useful for reducing the amount of code you have to write and
+maintain, which is also one of the roles of functions. However, macros have
+some additional powers that functions don’t have.
+
+A function signature must declare the number and type of parameters the
+function has. Macros, on the other hand, can take a variable number of
+parameters: We can call `println!("hello")` with one argument or
+`println!("hello {}", name)` with two arguments. Also, macros are expanded
+before the compiler interprets the meaning of the code, so a macro can, for
+example, implement a trait on a given type. A function can’t, because it gets
+called at runtime and a trait needs to be implemented at compile time.
+
+The downside to implementing a macro instead of a function is that macro
+definitions are more complex than function definitions because you’re writing
+Rust code that writes Rust code. Due to this indirection, macro definitions are
+generally more difficult to read, understand, and maintain than function
+definitions.
+
+Another important difference between macros and functions is that you must
+define macros or bring them into scope _before_ you call them in a file, as
+opposed to functions you can define anywhere and call anywhere.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="declarative-macros-with-macro_rules-for-general-metaprogramming"></a>
+
+### Declarative Macros for General Metaprogramming
+
+The most widely used form of macros in Rust is the _declarative macro_. These
+are also sometimes referred to as “macros by example,” “`macro_rules!` macros,”
+or just plain “macros.” At their core, declarative macros allow you to write
+something similar to a Rust `match` expression. As discussed in Chapter 6,
+`match` expressions are control structures that take an expression, compare the
+resultant value of the expression to patterns, and then run the code associated
+with the matching pattern. Macros also compare a value to patterns that are
+associated with particular code: In this situation, the value is the literal
+Rust source code passed to the macro; the patterns are compared with the
+structure of that source code; and the code associated with each pattern, when
+matched, replaces the code passed to the macro. This all happens during
+compilation.
+
+To define a macro, you use the `macro_rules!` construct. Let’s explore how to
+use `macro_rules!` by looking at how the `vec!` macro is defined. Chapter 8
+covered how we can use the `vec!` macro to create a new vector with particular
+values. For example, the following macro creates a new vector containing three
+integers:
+
+```rust
+let v: Vec<u32> = vec![1, 2, 3];
+```
+
+We could also use the `vec!` macro to make a vector of two integers or a vector
+of five string slices. We wouldn’t be able to use a function to do the same
+because we wouldn’t know the number or type of values up front.
+
+Listing 20-35 shows a slightly simplified definition of the `vec!` macro.
+
+<Listing number="20-35" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="A simplified version of the `vec!` macro definition">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-35/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+> Note: The actual definition of the `vec!` macro in the standard library
+> includes code to pre-allocate the correct amount of memory up front. That code
+> is an optimization that we don’t include here, to make the example simpler.
+
+The `#[macro_export]` annotation indicates that this macro should be made
+available whenever the crate in which the macro is defined is brought into
+scope. Without this annotation, the macro can’t be brought into scope.
+
+We then start the macro definition with `macro_rules!` and the name of the
+macro we’re defining _without_ the exclamation mark. The name, in this case
+`vec`, is followed by curly brackets denoting the body of the macro definition.
+
+The structure in the `vec!` body is similar to the structure of a `match`
+expression. Here we have one arm with the pattern `( $( $x:expr ),* )`,
+followed by `=>` and the block of code associated with this pattern. If the
+pattern matches, the associated block of code will be emitted. Given that this
+is the only pattern in this macro, there is only one valid way to match; any
+other pattern will result in an error. More complex macros will have more than
+one arm.
+
+Valid pattern syntax in macro definitions is different from the pattern syntax
+covered in Chapter 19 because macro patterns are matched against Rust code
+structure rather than values. Let’s walk through what the pattern pieces in
+Listing 20-29 mean; for the full macro pattern syntax, see the [Rust
+Reference][ref].
+
+First, we use a set of parentheses to encompass the whole pattern. We use a
+dollar sign (`$`) to declare a variable in the macro system that will contain
+the Rust code matching the pattern. The dollar sign makes it clear this is a
+macro variable as opposed to a regular Rust variable. Next comes a set of
+parentheses that captures values that match the pattern within the parentheses
+for use in the replacement code. Within `$()` is `$x:expr`, which matches any
+Rust expression and gives the expression the name `$x`.
+
+The comma following `$()` indicates that a literal comma separator character
+must appear between each instance of the code that matches the code in `$()`.
+The `*` specifies that the pattern matches zero or more of whatever precedes
+the `*`.
+
+When we call this macro with `vec![1, 2, 3];`, the `$x` pattern matches three
+times with the three expressions `1`, `2`, and `3`.
+
+Now let’s look at the pattern in the body of the code associated with this arm:
+`temp_vec.push()` within `$()*` is generated for each part that matches `$()`
+in the pattern zero or more times depending on how many times the pattern
+matches. The `$x` is replaced with each expression matched. When we call this
+macro with `vec![1, 2, 3];`, the code generated that replaces this macro call
+will be the following:
+
+```rust,ignore
+{
+    let mut temp_vec = Vec::new();
+    temp_vec.push(1);
+    temp_vec.push(2);
+    temp_vec.push(3);
+    temp_vec
+}
+```
+
+We’ve defined a macro that can take any number of arguments of any type and can
+generate code to create a vector containing the specified elements.
+
+To learn more about how to write macros, consult the online documentation or
+other resources, such as [“The Little Book of Rust Macros”][tlborm] started by
+Daniel Keep and continued by Lukas Wirth.
+
+### Procedural Macros for Generating Code from Attributes
+
+The second form of macros is the procedural macro, which acts more like a
+function (and is a type of procedure). _Procedural macros_ accept some code as
+an input, operate on that code, and produce some code as an output rather than
+matching against patterns and replacing the code with other code as declarative
+macros do. The three kinds of procedural macros are custom `derive`,
+attribute-like, and function-like, and all work in a similar fashion.
+
+When creating procedural macros, the definitions must reside in their own crate
+with a special crate type. This is for complex technical reasons that we hope
+to eliminate in the future. In Listing 20-36, we show how to define a
+procedural macro, where `some_attribute` is a placeholder for using a specific
+macro variety.
+
+<Listing number="20-36" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="An example of defining a procedural macro">
+
+```rust,ignore
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+
+#[some_attribute]
+pub fn some_name(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The function that defines a procedural macro takes a `TokenStream` as an input
+and produces a `TokenStream` as an output. The `TokenStream` type is defined by
+the `proc_macro` crate that is included with Rust and represents a sequence of
+tokens. This is the core of the macro: The source code that the macro is
+operating on makes up the input `TokenStream`, and the code the macro produces
+is the output `TokenStream`. The function also has an attribute attached to it
+that specifies which kind of procedural macro we’re creating. We can have
+multiple kinds of procedural macros in the same crate.
+
+Let’s look at the different kinds of procedural macros. We’ll start with a
+custom `derive` macro and then explain the small dissimilarities that make the
+other forms different.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="how-to-write-a-custom-derive-macro"></a>
+
+### Custom `derive` Macros
+
+Let’s create a crate named `hello_macro` that defines a trait named
+`HelloMacro` with one associated function named `hello_macro`. Rather than
+making our users implement the `HelloMacro` trait for each of their types,
+we’ll provide a procedural macro so that users can annotate their type with
+`#[derive(HelloMacro)]` to get a default implementation of the `hello_macro`
+function. The default implementation will print `Hello, Macro! My name is
+TypeName!` where `TypeName` is the name of the type on which this trait has
+been defined. In other words, we’ll write a crate that enables another
+programmer to write code like Listing 20-37 using our crate.
+
+<Listing number="20-37" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="The code a user of our crate will be able to write when using our procedural macro">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-37/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code will print `Hello, Macro! My name is Pancakes!` when we’re done. The
+first step is to make a new library crate, like this:
+
+```console
+$ cargo new hello_macro --lib
+```
+
+Next, in Listing 20-38, we’ll define the `HelloMacro` trait and its associated
+function.
+
+<Listing file-name="src/lib.rs" number="20-38" caption="A simple trait that we will use with the `derive` macro">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-38/hello_macro/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We have a trait and its function. At this point, our crate user could implement
+the trait to achieve the desired functionality, as in Listing 20-39.
+
+<Listing number="20-39" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="How it would look if users wrote a manual implementation of the `HelloMacro` trait">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-39/pancakes/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+However, they would need to write the implementation block for each type they
+wanted to use with `hello_macro`; we want to spare them from having to do this
+work.
+
+Additionally, we can’t yet provide the `hello_macro` function with default
+implementation that will print the name of the type the trait is implemented
+on: Rust doesn’t have reflection capabilities, so it can’t look up the type’s
+name at runtime. We need a macro to generate code at compile time.
+
+The next step is to define the procedural macro. At the time of this writing,
+procedural macros need to be in their own crate. Eventually, this restriction
+might be lifted. The convention for structuring crates and macro crates is as
+follows: For a crate named `foo`, a custom `derive` procedural macro crate is
+called `foo_derive`. Let’s start a new crate called `hello_macro_derive` inside
+our `hello_macro` project:
+
+```console
+$ cargo new hello_macro_derive --lib
+```
+
+Our two crates are tightly related, so we create the procedural macro crate
+within the directory of our `hello_macro` crate. If we change the trait
+definition in `hello_macro`, we’ll have to change the implementation of the
+procedural macro in `hello_macro_derive` as well. The two crates will need to
+be published separately, and programmers using these crates will need to add
+both as dependencies and bring them both into scope. We could instead have the
+`hello_macro` crate use `hello_macro_derive` as a dependency and re-export the
+procedural macro code. However, the way we’ve structured the project makes it
+possible for programmers to use `hello_macro` even if they don’t want the
+`derive` functionality.
+
+We need to declare the `hello_macro_derive` crate as a procedural macro crate.
+We’ll also need functionality from the `syn` and `quote` crates, as you’ll see
+in a moment, so we need to add them as dependencies. Add the following to the
+_Cargo.toml_ file for `hello_macro_derive`:
+
+<Listing file-name="hello_macro_derive/Cargo.toml">
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-40/hello_macro/hello_macro_derive/Cargo.toml:6:12}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+To start defining the procedural macro, place the code in Listing 20-40 into
+your _src/lib.rs_ file for the `hello_macro_derive` crate. Note that this code
+won’t compile until we add a definition for the `impl_hello_macro` function.
+
+<Listing number="20-40" file-name="hello_macro_derive/src/lib.rs" caption="Code that most procedural macro crates will require in order to process Rust code">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-40/hello_macro/hello_macro_derive/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Notice that we’ve split the code into the `hello_macro_derive` function, which
+is responsible for parsing the `TokenStream`, and the `impl_hello_macro`
+function, which is responsible for transforming the syntax tree: This makes
+writing a procedural macro more convenient. The code in the outer function
+(`hello_macro_derive` in this case) will be the same for almost every
+procedural macro crate you see or create. The code you specify in the body of
+the inner function (`impl_hello_macro` in this case) will be different
+depending on your procedural macro’s purpose.
+
+We’ve introduced three new crates: `proc_macro`, [`syn`][syn]<!-- ignore -->,
+and [`quote`][quote]<!-- ignore -->. The `proc_macro` crate comes with Rust,
+so we didn’t need to add that to the dependencies in _Cargo.toml_. The
+`proc_macro` crate is the compiler’s API that allows us to read and manipulate
+Rust code from our code.
+
+The `syn` crate parses Rust code from a string into a data structure that we
+can perform operations on. The `quote` crate turns `syn` data structures back
+into Rust code. These crates make it much simpler to parse any sort of Rust
+code we might want to handle: Writing a full parser for Rust code is no simple
+task.
+
+The `hello_macro_derive` function will be called when a user of our library
+specifies `#[derive(HelloMacro)]` on a type. This is possible because we’ve
+annotated the `hello_macro_derive` function here with `proc_macro_derive` and
+specified the name `HelloMacro`, which matches our trait name; this is the
+convention most procedural macros follow.
+
+The `hello_macro_derive` function first converts the `input` from a
+`TokenStream` to a data structure that we can then interpret and perform
+operations on. This is where `syn` comes into play. The `parse` function in
+`syn` takes a `TokenStream` and returns a `DeriveInput` struct representing the
+parsed Rust code. Listing 20-41 shows the relevant parts of the `DeriveInput`
+struct we get from parsing the `struct Pancakes;` string.
+
+<Listing number="20-41" caption="The `DeriveInput` instance we get when parsing the code that has the macro’s attribute in Listing 20-37">
+
+```rust,ignore
+DeriveInput {
+    // --snip--
+
+    ident: Ident {
+        ident: "Pancakes",
+        span: #0 bytes(95..103)
+    },
+    data: Struct(
+        DataStruct {
+            struct_token: Struct,
+            fields: Unit,
+            semi_token: Some(
+                Semi
+            )
+        }
+    )
+}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The fields of this struct show that the Rust code we’ve parsed is a unit struct
+with the `ident` (_identifier_, meaning the name) of `Pancakes`. There are more
+fields on this struct for describing all sorts of Rust code; check the [`syn`
+documentation for `DeriveInput`][syn-docs] for more information.
+
+Soon we’ll define the `impl_hello_macro` function, which is where we’ll build
+the new Rust code we want to include. But before we do, note that the output
+for our `derive` macro is also a `TokenStream`. The returned `TokenStream` is
+added to the code that our crate users write, so when they compile their crate,
+they’ll get the extra functionality that we provide in the modified
+`TokenStream`.
+
+You might have noticed that we’re calling `unwrap` to cause the
+`hello_macro_derive` function to panic if the call to the `syn::parse` function
+fails here. It’s necessary for our procedural macro to panic on errors because
+`proc_macro_derive` functions must return `TokenStream` rather than `Result` to
+conform to the procedural macro API. We’ve simplified this example by using
+`unwrap`; in production code, you should provide more specific error messages
+about what went wrong by using `panic!` or `expect`.
+
+Now that we have the code to turn the annotated Rust code from a `TokenStream`
+into a `DeriveInput` instance, let’s generate the code that implements the
+`HelloMacro` trait on the annotated type, as shown in Listing 20-42.
+
+<Listing number="20-42" file-name="hello_macro_derive/src/lib.rs" caption="Implementing the `HelloMacro` trait using the parsed Rust code">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/listing-20-42/hello_macro/hello_macro_derive/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We get an `Ident` struct instance containing the name (identifier) of the
+annotated type using `ast.ident`. The struct in Listing 20-41 shows that when
+we run the `impl_hello_macro` function on the code in Listing 20-37, the
+`ident` we get will have the `ident` field with a value of `"Pancakes"`. Thus,
+the `name` variable in Listing 20-42 will contain an `Ident` struct instance
+that, when printed, will be the string `"Pancakes"`, the name of the struct in
+Listing 20-37.
+
+The `quote!` macro lets us define the Rust code that we want to return. The
+compiler expects something different from the direct result of the `quote!`
+macro’s execution, so we need to convert it to a `TokenStream`. We do this by
+calling the `into` method, which consumes this intermediate representation and
+returns a value of the required `TokenStream` type.
+
+The `quote!` macro also provides some very cool templating mechanics: We can
+enter `#name`, and `quote!` will replace it with the value in the variable
+`name`. You can even do some repetition similar to the way regular macros work.
+Check out [the `quote` crate’s docs][quote-docs] for a thorough introduction.
+
+We want our procedural macro to generate an implementation of our `HelloMacro`
+trait for the type the user annotated, which we can get by using `#name`. The
+trait implementation has the one function `hello_macro`, whose body contains the
+functionality we want to provide: printing `Hello, Macro! My name is` and then
+the name of the annotated type.
+
+The `stringify!` macro used here is built into Rust. It takes a Rust
+expression, such as `1 + 2`, and at compile time turns the expression into a
+string literal, such as `"1 + 2"`. This is different from `format!` or
+`println!`, which are macros that evaluate the expression and then turn the
+result into a `String`. There is a possibility that the `#name` input might be
+an expression to print literally, so we use `stringify!`. Using `stringify!`
+also saves an allocation by converting `#name` to a string literal at compile
+time.
+
+At this point, `cargo build` should complete successfully in both `hello_macro`
+and `hello_macro_derive`. Let’s hook up these crates to the code in Listing
+20-37 to see the procedural macro in action! Create a new binary project in
+your _projects_ directory using `cargo new pancakes`. We need to add
+`hello_macro` and `hello_macro_derive` as dependencies in the `pancakes`
+crate’s _Cargo.toml_. If you’re publishing your versions of `hello_macro` and
+`hello_macro_derive` to [crates.io](https://crates.io/)<!-- ignore -->, they
+would be regular dependencies; if not, you can specify them as `path`
+dependencies as follows:
+
+```toml
+{{#include ../listings/ch20-advanced-features/no-listing-21-pancakes/pancakes/Cargo.toml:6:8}}
+```
+
+Put the code in Listing 20-37 into _src/main.rs_, and run `cargo run`: It
+should print `Hello, Macro! My name is Pancakes!`. The implementation of the
+`HelloMacro` trait from the procedural macro was included without the
+`pancakes` crate needing to implement it; the `#[derive(HelloMacro)]` added the
+trait implementation.
+
+Next, let’s explore how the other kinds of procedural macros differ from custom
+`derive` macros.
+
+### Attribute-Like Macros
+
+Attribute-like macros are similar to custom `derive` macros, but instead of
+generating code for the `derive` attribute, they allow you to create new
+attributes. They’re also more flexible: `derive` only works for structs and
+enums; attributes can be applied to other items as well, such as functions.
+Here’s an example of using an attribute-like macro. Say you have an attribute
+named `route` that annotates functions when using a web application framework:
+
+```rust,ignore
+#[route(GET, "/")]
+fn index() {
+```
+
+This `#[route]` attribute would be defined by the framework as a procedural
+macro. The signature of the macro definition function would look like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+#[proc_macro_attribute]
+pub fn route(attr: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+```
+
+Here, we have two parameters of type `TokenStream`. The first is for the
+contents of the attribute: the `GET, "/"` part. The second is the body of the
+item the attribute is attached to: in this case, `fn index() {}` and the rest
+of the function’s body.
+
+Other than that, attribute-like macros work the same way as custom `derive`
+macros: You create a crate with the `proc-macro` crate type and implement a
+function that generates the code you want!
+
+### Function-Like Macros
+
+Function-like macros define macros that look like function calls. Similarly to
+`macro_rules!` macros, they’re more flexible than functions; for example, they
+can take an unknown number of arguments. However, `macro_rules!` macros can
+only be defined using the match-like syntax we discussed in the [“Declarative
+Macros for General Metaprogramming”][decl]<!-- ignore --> section earlier.
+Function-like macros take a `TokenStream` parameter, and their definition
+manipulates that `TokenStream` using Rust code as the other two types of
+procedural macros do. An example of a function-like macro is an `sql!` macro
+that might be called like so:
+
+```rust,ignore
+let sql = sql!(SELECT * FROM posts WHERE id=1);
+```
+
+This macro would parse the SQL statement inside it and check that it’s
+syntactically correct, which is much more complex processing than a
+`macro_rules!` macro can do. The `sql!` macro would be defined like this:
+
+```rust,ignore
+#[proc_macro]
+pub fn sql(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+```
+
+This definition is similar to the custom `derive` macro’s signature: We receive
+the tokens that are inside the parentheses and return the code we wanted to
+generate.
+
+## Summary
+
+Whew! Now you have some Rust features in your toolbox that you likely won’t use
+often, but you’ll know they’re available in very particular circumstances.
+We’ve introduced several complex topics so that when you encounter them in
+error message suggestions or in other people’s code, you’ll be able to
+recognize these concepts and syntax. Use this chapter as a reference to guide
+you to solutions.
+
+Next, we’ll put everything we’ve discussed throughout the book into practice
+and do one more project!
+
+[ref]: ../reference/macros-by-example.html
+[tlborm]: https://veykril.github.io/tlborm/
+[syn]: https://crates.io/crates/syn
+[quote]: https://crates.io/crates/quote
+[syn-docs]: https://docs.rs/syn/2.0/syn/struct.DeriveInput.html
+[quote-docs]: https://docs.rs/quote
+[decl]: #declarative-macros-with-macro_rules-for-general-metaprogramming
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32cede1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.md
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+# Final Project: Building a Multithreaded Web Server
+
+It’s been a long journey, but we’ve reached the end of the book. In this
+chapter, we’ll build one more project together to demonstrate some of the
+concepts we covered in the final chapters, as well as recap some earlier
+lessons.
+
+For our final project, we’ll make a web server that says “Hello!” and looks like
+Figure 21-1 in a web browser.
+
+Here is our plan for building the web server:
+
+1. Learn a bit about TCP and HTTP.
+2. Listen for TCP connections on a socket.
+3. Parse a small number of HTTP requests.
+4. Create a proper HTTP response.
+5. Improve the throughput of our server with a thread pool.
+
+<img alt="Screenshot of a web browser visiting the address 127.0.0.1:8080 displaying a webpage with the text content “Hello! Hi from Rust”" src="img/trpl21-01.png" class="center" style="width: 50%;" />
+
+<span class="caption">Figure 21-1: Our final shared project</span>
+
+Before we get started, we should mention two details. First, the method we’ll
+use won’t be the best way to build a web server with Rust. Community members
+have published a number of production-ready crates available at
+[crates.io](https://crates.io/) that provide more complete web server and
+thread pool implementations than we’ll build. However, our intention in this
+chapter is to help you learn, not to take the easy route. Because Rust is a
+systems programming language, we can choose the level of abstraction we want to
+work with and can go to a lower level than is possible or practical in other
+languages.
+
+Second, we will not be using async and await here. Building a thread pool is a
+big enough challenge on its own, without adding in building an async runtime!
+However, we will note how async and await might be applicable to some of the
+same problems we will see in this chapter. Ultimately, as we noted back in
+Chapter 17, many async runtimes use thread pools for managing their work.
+
+We’ll therefore write the basic HTTP server and thread pool manually so that
+you can learn the general ideas and techniques behind the crates you might use
+in the future.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-01-single-threaded.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-01-single-threaded.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..fabac99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-01-single-threaded.md
@@ -0,0 +1,473 @@
+## Building a Single-Threaded Web Server
+
+We’ll start by getting a single-threaded web server working. Before we begin,
+let’s look at a quick overview of the protocols involved in building web
+servers. The details of these protocols are beyond the scope of this book, but
+a brief overview will give you the information you need.
+
+The two main protocols involved in web servers are _Hypertext Transfer
+Protocol_ _(HTTP)_ and _Transmission Control Protocol_ _(TCP)_. Both protocols
+are _request-response_ protocols, meaning a _client_ initiates requests and a
+_server_ listens to the requests and provides a response to the client. The
+contents of those requests and responses are defined by the protocols.
+
+TCP is the lower-level protocol that describes the details of how information
+gets from one server to another but doesn’t specify what that information is.
+HTTP builds on top of TCP by defining the contents of the requests and
+responses. It’s technically possible to use HTTP with other protocols, but in
+the vast majority of cases, HTTP sends its data over TCP. We’ll work with the
+raw bytes of TCP and HTTP requests and responses.
+
+### Listening to the TCP Connection
+
+Our web server needs to listen to a TCP connection, so that’s the first part
+we’ll work on. The standard library offers a `std::net` module that lets us do
+this. Let’s make a new project in the usual fashion:
+
+```console
+$ cargo new hello
+     Created binary (application) `hello` project
+$ cd hello
+```
+
+Now enter the code in Listing 21-1 in _src/main.rs_ to start. This code will
+listen at the local address `127.0.0.1:7878` for incoming TCP streams. When it
+gets an incoming stream, it will print `Connection established!`.
+
+<Listing number="21-1" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Listening for incoming streams and printing a message when we receive a stream">
+
+```rust,no_run
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-01/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Using `TcpListener`, we can listen for TCP connections at the address
+`127.0.0.1:7878`. In the address, the section before the colon is an IP address
+representing your computer (this is the same on every computer and doesn’t
+represent the authors’ computer specifically), and `7878` is the port. We’ve
+chosen this port for two reasons: HTTP isn’t normally accepted on this port, so
+our server is unlikely to conflict with any other web server you might have
+running on your machine, and 7878 is _rust_ typed on a telephone.
+
+The `bind` function in this scenario works like the `new` function in that it
+will return a new `TcpListener` instance. The function is called `bind`
+because, in networking, connecting to a port to listen to is known as “binding
+to a port.”
+
+The `bind` function returns a `Result<T, E>`, which indicates that it’s
+possible for binding to fail, for example, if we ran two instances of our
+program and so had two programs listening to the same port. Because we’re
+writing a basic server just for learning purposes, we won’t worry about
+handling these kinds of errors; instead, we use `unwrap` to stop the program if
+errors happen.
+
+The `incoming` method on `TcpListener` returns an iterator that gives us a
+sequence of streams (more specifically, streams of type `TcpStream`). A single
+_stream_ represents an open connection between the client and the server.
+_Connection_ is the name for the full request and response process in which a
+client connects to the server, the server generates a response, and the server
+closes the connection. As such, we will read from the `TcpStream` to see what
+the client sent and then write our response to the stream to send data back to
+the client. Overall, this `for` loop will process each connection in turn and
+produce a series of streams for us to handle.
+
+For now, our handling of the stream consists of calling `unwrap` to terminate
+our program if the stream has any errors; if there aren’t any errors, the
+program prints a message. We’ll add more functionality for the success case in
+the next listing. The reason we might receive errors from the `incoming` method
+when a client connects to the server is that we’re not actually iterating over
+connections. Instead, we’re iterating over _connection attempts_. The
+connection might not be successful for a number of reasons, many of them
+operating system specific. For example, many operating systems have a limit to
+the number of simultaneous open connections they can support; new connection
+attempts beyond that number will produce an error until some of the open
+connections are closed.
+
+Let’s try running this code! Invoke `cargo run` in the terminal and then load
+_127.0.0.1:7878_ in a web browser. The browser should show an error message
+like “Connection reset” because the server isn’t currently sending back any
+data. But when you look at your terminal, you should see several messages that
+were printed when the browser connected to the server!
+
+```text
+     Running `target/debug/hello`
+Connection established!
+Connection established!
+Connection established!
+```
+
+Sometimes you’ll see multiple messages printed for one browser request; the
+reason might be that the browser is making a request for the page as well as a
+request for other resources, like the _favicon.ico_ icon that appears in the
+browser tab.
+
+It could also be that the browser is trying to connect to the server multiple
+times because the server isn’t responding with any data. When `stream` goes out
+of scope and is dropped at the end of the loop, the connection is closed as
+part of the `drop` implementation. Browsers sometimes deal with closed
+connections by retrying, because the problem might be temporary.
+
+Browsers also sometimes open multiple connections to the server without sending
+any requests so that if they *do* later send requests, those requests can
+happen more quickly. When this occurs, our server will see each connection,
+regardless of whether there are any requests over that connection. Many
+versions of Chrome-based browsers do this, for example; you can disable that
+optimization by using private browsing mode or using a different browser.
+
+The important factor is that we’ve successfully gotten a handle to a TCP
+connection!
+
+Remember to stop the program by pressing <kbd>ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>C</kbd> when
+you’re done running a particular version of the code. Then, restart the program
+by invoking the `cargo run` command after you’ve made each set of code changes
+to make sure you’re running the newest code.
+
+### Reading the Request
+
+Let’s implement the functionality to read the request from the browser! To
+separate the concerns of first getting a connection and then taking some action
+with the connection, we’ll start a new function for processing connections. In
+this new `handle_connection` function, we’ll read data from the TCP stream and
+print it so that we can see the data being sent from the browser. Change the
+code to look like Listing 21-2.
+
+<Listing number="21-2" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Reading from the `TcpStream` and printing the data">
+
+```rust,no_run
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-02/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We bring `std::io::BufReader` and `std::io::prelude` into scope to get access
+to traits and types that let us read from and write to the stream. In the `for`
+loop in the `main` function, instead of printing a message that says we made a
+connection, we now call the new `handle_connection` function and pass the
+`stream` to it.
+
+In the `handle_connection` function, we create a new `BufReader` instance that
+wraps a reference to the `stream`. The `BufReader` adds buffering by managing
+calls to the `std::io::Read` trait methods for us.
+
+We create a variable named `http_request` to collect the lines of the request
+the browser sends to our server. We indicate that we want to collect these
+lines in a vector by adding the `Vec<_>` type annotation.
+
+`BufReader` implements the `std::io::BufRead` trait, which provides the `lines`
+method. The `lines` method returns an iterator of `Result<String,
+std::io::Error>` by splitting the stream of data whenever it sees a newline
+byte. To get each `String`, we `map` and `unwrap` each `Result`. The `Result`
+might be an error if the data isn’t valid UTF-8 or if there was a problem
+reading from the stream. Again, a production program should handle these errors
+more gracefully, but we’re choosing to stop the program in the error case for
+simplicity.
+
+The browser signals the end of an HTTP request by sending two newline
+characters in a row, so to get one request from the stream, we take lines until
+we get a line that is the empty string. Once we’ve collected the lines into the
+vector, we’re printing them out using pretty debug formatting so that we can
+take a look at the instructions the web browser is sending to our server.
+
+Let’s try this code! Start the program and make a request in a web browser
+again. Note that we’ll still get an error page in the browser, but our
+program’s output in the terminal will now look similar to this:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-02
+cargo run
+make a request to 127.0.0.1:7878
+Can't automate because the output depends on making requests
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling hello v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.42s
+     Running `target/debug/hello`
+Request: [
+    "GET / HTTP/1.1",
+    "Host: 127.0.0.1:7878",
+    "User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.15; rv:99.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/99.0",
+    "Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/avif,image/webp,*/*;q=0.8",
+    "Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5",
+    "Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate, br",
+    "DNT: 1",
+    "Connection: keep-alive",
+    "Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1",
+    "Sec-Fetch-Dest: document",
+    "Sec-Fetch-Mode: navigate",
+    "Sec-Fetch-Site: none",
+    "Sec-Fetch-User: ?1",
+    "Cache-Control: max-age=0",
+]
+```
+
+Depending on your browser, you might get slightly different output. Now that
+we’re printing the request data, we can see why we get multiple connections
+from one browser request by looking at the path after `GET` in the first line
+of the request. If the repeated connections are all requesting _/_, we know the
+browser is trying to fetch _/_ repeatedly because it’s not getting a response
+from our program.
+
+Let’s break down this request data to understand what the browser is asking of
+our program.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="a-closer-look-at-an-http-request"></a>
+<a id="looking-closer-at-an-http-request"></a>
+
+### Looking More Closely at an HTTP Request
+
+HTTP is a text-based protocol, and a request takes this format:
+
+```text
+Method Request-URI HTTP-Version CRLF
+headers CRLF
+message-body
+```
+
+The first line is the _request line_ that holds information about what the
+client is requesting. The first part of the request line indicates the method
+being used, such as `GET` or `POST`, which describes how the client is making
+this request. Our client used a `GET` request, which means it is asking for
+information.
+
+The next part of the request line is _/_, which indicates the _uniform resource
+identifier_ _(URI)_ the client is requesting: A URI is almost, but not quite,
+the same as a _uniform resource locator_ _(URL)_. The difference between URIs
+and URLs isn’t important for our purposes in this chapter, but the HTTP spec
+uses the term _URI_, so we can just mentally substitute _URL_ for _URI_ here.
+
+The last part is the HTTP version the client uses, and then the request line
+ends in a CRLF sequence. (_CRLF_ stands for _carriage return_ and _line feed_,
+which are terms from the typewriter days!) The CRLF sequence can also be
+written as `\r\n`, where `\r` is a carriage return and `\n` is a line feed. The
+_CRLF sequence_ separates the request line from the rest of the request data.
+Note that when the CRLF is printed, we see a new line start rather than `\r\n`.
+
+Looking at the request line data we received from running our program so far,
+we see that `GET` is the method, _/_ is the request URI, and `HTTP/1.1` is the
+version.
+
+After the request line, the remaining lines starting from `Host:` onward are
+headers. `GET` requests have no body.
+
+Try making a request from a different browser or asking for a different
+address, such as _127.0.0.1:7878/test_, to see how the request data changes.
+
+Now that we know what the browser is asking for, let’s send back some data!
+
+### Writing a Response
+
+We’re going to implement sending data in response to a client request.
+Responses have the following format:
+
+```text
+HTTP-Version Status-Code Reason-Phrase CRLF
+headers CRLF
+message-body
+```
+
+The first line is a _status line_ that contains the HTTP version used in the
+response, a numeric status code that summarizes the result of the request, and
+a reason phrase that provides a text description of the status code. After the
+CRLF sequence are any headers, another CRLF sequence, and the body of the
+response.
+
+Here is an example response that uses HTTP version 1.1 and has a status code of
+200, an OK reason phrase, no headers, and no body:
+
+```text
+HTTP/1.1 200 OK\r\n\r\n
+```
+
+The status code 200 is the standard success response. The text is a tiny
+successful HTTP response. Let’s write this to the stream as our response to a
+successful request! From the `handle_connection` function, remove the
+`println!` that was printing the request data and replace it with the code in
+Listing 21-3.
+
+<Listing number="21-3" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Writing a tiny successful HTTP response to the stream">
+
+```rust,no_run
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-03/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+The first new line defines the `response` variable that holds the success
+message’s data. Then, we call `as_bytes` on our `response` to convert the
+string data to bytes. The `write_all` method on `stream` takes a `&[u8]` and
+sends those bytes directly down the connection. Because the `write_all`
+operation could fail, we use `unwrap` on any error result as before. Again, in
+a real application, you would add error handling here.
+
+With these changes, let’s run our code and make a request. We’re no longer
+printing any data to the terminal, so we won’t see any output other than the
+output from Cargo. When you load _127.0.0.1:7878_ in a web browser, you should
+get a blank page instead of an error. You’ve just handcoded receiving an HTTP
+request and sending a response!
+
+### Returning Real HTML
+
+Let’s implement the functionality for returning more than a blank page. Create
+the new file _hello.html_ in the root of your project directory, not in the
+_src_ directory. You can input any HTML you want; Listing 21-4 shows one
+possibility.
+
+<Listing number="21-4" file-name="hello.html" caption="A sample HTML file to return in a response">
+
+```html
+{{#include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-05/hello.html}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This is a minimal HTML5 document with a heading and some text. To return this
+from the server when a request is received, we’ll modify `handle_connection` as
+shown in Listing 21-5 to read the HTML file, add it to the response as a body,
+and send it.
+
+<Listing number="21-5" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Sending the contents of *hello.html* as the body of the response">
+
+```rust,no_run
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-05/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve added `fs` to the `use` statement to bring the standard library’s
+filesystem module into scope. The code for reading the contents of a file to a
+string should look familiar; we used it when we read the contents of a file for
+our I/O project in Listing 12-4.
+
+Next, we use `format!` to add the file’s contents as the body of the success
+response. To ensure a valid HTTP response, we add the `Content-Length` header,
+which is set to the size of our response body—in this case, the size of
+`hello.html`.
+
+Run this code with `cargo run` and load _127.0.0.1:7878_ in your browser; you
+should see your HTML rendered!
+
+Currently, we’re ignoring the request data in `http_request` and just sending
+back the contents of the HTML file unconditionally. That means if you try
+requesting _127.0.0.1:7878/something-else_ in your browser, you’ll still get
+back this same HTML response. At the moment, our server is very limited and
+does not do what most web servers do. We want to customize our responses
+depending on the request and only send back the HTML file for a well-formed
+request to _/_.
+
+### Validating the Request and Selectively Responding
+
+Right now, our web server will return the HTML in the file no matter what the
+client requested. Let’s add functionality to check that the browser is
+requesting _/_ before returning the HTML file and to return an error if the
+browser requests anything else. For this we need to modify `handle_connection`,
+as shown in Listing 21-6. This new code checks the content of the request
+received against what we know a request for _/_ looks like and adds `if` and
+`else` blocks to treat requests differently.
+
+<Listing number="21-6" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Handling requests to */* differently from other requests">
+
+```rust,no_run
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-06/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’re only going to be looking at the first line of the HTTP request, so rather
+than reading the entire request into a vector, we’re calling `next` to get the
+first item from the iterator. The first `unwrap` takes care of the `Option` and
+stops the program if the iterator has no items. The second `unwrap` handles the
+`Result` and has the same effect as the `unwrap` that was in the `map` added in
+Listing 21-2.
+
+Next, we check the `request_line` to see if it equals the request line of a GET
+request to the _/_ path. If it does, the `if` block returns the contents of our
+HTML file.
+
+If the `request_line` does _not_ equal the GET request to the _/_ path, it
+means we’ve received some other request. We’ll add code to the `else` block in
+a moment to respond to all other requests.
+
+Run this code now and request _127.0.0.1:7878_; you should get the HTML in
+_hello.html_. If you make any other request, such as
+_127.0.0.1:7878/something-else_, you’ll get a connection error like those you
+saw when running the code in Listing 21-1 and Listing 21-2.
+
+Now let’s add the code in Listing 21-7 to the `else` block to return a response
+with the status code 404, which signals that the content for the request was
+not found. We’ll also return some HTML for a page to render in the browser
+indicating the response to the end user.
+
+<Listing number="21-7" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Responding with status code 404 and an error page if anything other than */* was requested">
+
+```rust,no_run
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-07/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, our response has a status line with status code 404 and the reason phrase
+`NOT FOUND`. The body of the response will be the HTML in the file _404.html_.
+You’ll need to create a _404.html_ file next to _hello.html_ for the error
+page; again, feel free to use any HTML you want, or use the example HTML in
+Listing 21-8.
+
+<Listing number="21-8" file-name="404.html" caption="Sample content for the page to send back with any 404 response">
+
+```html
+{{#include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-07/404.html}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+With these changes, run your server again. Requesting _127.0.0.1:7878_ should
+return the contents of _hello.html_, and any other request, like
+_127.0.0.1:7878/foo_, should return the error HTML from _404.html_.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="a-touch-of-refactoring"></a>
+
+### Refactoring
+
+At the moment, the `if` and `else` blocks have a lot of repetition: They’re
+both reading files and writing the contents of the files to the stream. The
+only differences are the status line and the filename. Let’s make the code more
+concise by pulling out those differences into separate `if` and `else` lines
+that will assign the values of the status line and the filename to variables;
+we can then use those variables unconditionally in the code to read the file
+and write the response. Listing 21-9 shows the resultant code after replacing
+the large `if` and `else` blocks.
+
+<Listing number="21-9" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Refactoring the `if` and `else` blocks to contain only the code that differs between the two cases">
+
+```rust,no_run
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-09/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Now the `if` and `else` blocks only return the appropriate values for the
+status line and filename in a tuple; we then use destructuring to assign these
+two values to `status_line` and `filename` using a pattern in the `let`
+statement, as discussed in Chapter 19.
+
+The previously duplicated code is now outside the `if` and `else` blocks and
+uses the `status_line` and `filename` variables. This makes it easier to see
+the difference between the two cases, and it means we have only one place to
+update the code if we want to change how the file reading and response writing
+work. The behavior of the code in Listing 21-9 will be the same as that in
+Listing 21-7.
+
+Awesome! We now have a simple web server in approximately 40 lines of Rust code
+that responds to one request with a page of content and responds to all other
+requests with a 404 response.
+
+Currently, our server runs in a single thread, meaning it can only serve one
+request at a time. Let’s examine how that can be a problem by simulating some
+slow requests. Then, we’ll fix it so that our server can handle multiple
+requests at once.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-02-multithreaded.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-02-multithreaded.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c132495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-02-multithreaded.md
@@ -0,0 +1,728 @@
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="turning-our-single-threaded-server-into-a-multithreaded-server"></a>
+<a id="from-single-threaded-to-multithreaded-server"></a>
+
+## From a Single-Threaded to a Multithreaded Server
+
+Right now, the server will process each request in turn, meaning it won’t
+process a second connection until the first connection is finished processing.
+If the server received more and more requests, this serial execution would be
+less and less optimal. If the server receives a request that takes a long time
+to process, subsequent requests will have to wait until the long request is
+finished, even if the new requests can be processed quickly. We’ll need to fix
+this, but first we’ll look at the problem in action.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="simulating-a-slow-request-in-the-current-server-implementation"></a>
+
+### Simulating a Slow Request
+
+We’ll look at how a slowly processing request can affect other requests made to
+our current server implementation. Listing 21-10 implements handling a request
+to _/sleep_ with a simulated slow response that will cause the server to sleep
+for five seconds before responding.
+
+<Listing number="21-10" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Simulating a slow request by sleeping for five seconds">
+
+```rust,no_run
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-10/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We switched from `if` to `match` now that we have three cases. We need to
+explicitly match on a slice of `request_line` to pattern-match against the
+string literal values; `match` doesn’t do automatic referencing and
+dereferencing, like the equality method does.
+
+The first arm is the same as the `if` block from Listing 21-9. The second arm
+matches a request to _/sleep_. When that request is received, the server will
+sleep for five seconds before rendering the successful HTML page. The third arm
+is the same as the `else` block from Listing 21-9.
+
+You can see how primitive our server is: Real libraries would handle the
+recognition of multiple requests in a much less verbose way!
+
+Start the server using `cargo run`. Then, open two browser windows: one for
+_http://127.0.0.1:7878_ and the other for _http://127.0.0.1:7878/sleep_. If you
+enter the _/_ URI a few times, as before, you’ll see it respond quickly. But if
+you enter _/sleep_ and then load _/_, you’ll see that _/_ waits until `sleep`
+has slept for its full five seconds before loading.
+
+There are multiple techniques we could use to avoid requests backing up behind
+a slow request, including using async as we did Chapter 17; the one we’ll
+implement is a thread pool.
+
+### Improving Throughput with a Thread Pool
+
+A _thread pool_ is a group of spawned threads that are ready and waiting to
+handle a task. When the program receives a new task, it assigns one of the
+threads in the pool to the task, and that thread will process the task. The
+remaining threads in the pool are available to handle any other tasks that come
+in while the first thread is processing. When the first thread is done
+processing its task, it’s returned to the pool of idle threads, ready to handle
+a new task. A thread pool allows you to process connections concurrently,
+increasing the throughput of your server.
+
+We’ll limit the number of threads in the pool to a small number to protect us
+from DoS attacks; if we had our program create a new thread for each request as
+it came in, someone making 10 million requests to our server could wreak havoc
+by using up all our server’s resources and grinding the processing of requests
+to a halt.
+
+Rather than spawning unlimited threads, then, we’ll have a fixed number of
+threads waiting in the pool. Requests that come in are sent to the pool for
+processing. The pool will maintain a queue of incoming requests. Each of the
+threads in the pool will pop off a request from this queue, handle the request,
+and then ask the queue for another request. With this design, we can process up
+to _`N`_ requests concurrently, where _`N`_ is the number of threads. If each
+thread is responding to a long-running request, subsequent requests can still
+back up in the queue, but we’ve increased the number of long-running requests
+we can handle before reaching that point.
+
+This technique is just one of many ways to improve the throughput of a web
+server. Other options you might explore are the fork/join model, the
+single-threaded async I/O model, and the multithreaded async I/O model. If
+you’re interested in this topic, you can read more about other solutions and
+try to implement them; with a low-level language like Rust, all of these
+options are possible.
+
+Before we begin implementing a thread pool, let’s talk about what using the
+pool should look like. When you’re trying to design code, writing the client
+interface first can help guide your design. Write the API of the code so that
+it’s structured in the way you want to call it; then, implement the
+functionality within that structure rather than implementing the functionality
+and then designing the public API.
+
+Similar to how we used test-driven development in the project in Chapter 12,
+we’ll use compiler-driven development here. We’ll write the code that calls the
+functions we want, and then we’ll look at errors from the compiler to determine
+what we should change next to get the code to work. Before we do that, however,
+we’ll explore the technique we’re not going to use as a starting point.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="code-structure-if-we-could-spawn-a-thread-for-each-request"></a>
+
+#### Spawning a Thread for Each Request
+
+First, let’s explore how our code might look if it did create a new thread for
+every connection. As mentioned earlier, this isn’t our final plan due to the
+problems with potentially spawning an unlimited number of threads, but it is a
+starting point to get a working multithreaded server first. Then, we’ll add the
+thread pool as an improvement, and contrasting the two solutions will be easier.
+
+Listing 21-11 shows the changes to make to `main` to spawn a new thread to
+handle each stream within the `for` loop.
+
+<Listing number="21-11" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Spawning a new thread for each stream">
+
+```rust,no_run
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-11/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+As you learned in Chapter 16, `thread::spawn` will create a new thread and then
+run the code in the closure in the new thread. If you run this code and load
+_/sleep_ in your browser, then _/_ in two more browser tabs, you’ll indeed see
+that the requests to _/_ don’t have to wait for _/sleep_ to finish. However, as
+we mentioned, this will eventually overwhelm the system because you’d be making
+new threads without any limit.
+
+You may also recall from Chapter 17 that this is exactly the kind of situation
+where async and await really shine! Keep that in mind as we build the thread
+pool and think about how things would look different or the same with async.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="creating-a-similar-interface-for-a-finite-number-of-threads"></a>
+
+#### Creating a Finite Number of Threads
+
+We want our thread pool to work in a similar, familiar way so that switching
+from threads to a thread pool doesn’t require large changes to the code that
+uses our API. Listing 21-12 shows the hypothetical interface for a `ThreadPool`
+struct we want to use instead of `thread::spawn`.
+
+<Listing number="21-12" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Our ideal `ThreadPool` interface">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-12/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We use `ThreadPool::new` to create a new thread pool with a configurable number
+of threads, in this case four. Then, in the `for` loop, `pool.execute` has a
+similar interface as `thread::spawn` in that it takes a closure that the pool
+should run for each stream. We need to implement `pool.execute` so that it
+takes the closure and gives it to a thread in the pool to run. This code won’t
+yet compile, but we’ll try so that the compiler can guide us in how to fix it.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+
+<a id="building-the-threadpool-struct-using-compiler-driven-development"></a>
+
+#### Building `ThreadPool` Using Compiler-Driven Development
+
+Make the changes in Listing 21-12 to _src/main.rs_, and then let’s use the
+compiler errors from `cargo check` to drive our development. Here is the first
+error we get:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-12/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Great! This error tells us we need a `ThreadPool` type or module, so we’ll
+build one now. Our `ThreadPool` implementation will be independent of the kind
+of work our web server is doing. So, let’s switch the `hello` crate from a
+binary crate to a library crate to hold our `ThreadPool` implementation. After
+we change to a library crate, we could also use the separate thread pool
+library for any work we want to do using a thread pool, not just for serving
+web requests.
+
+Create a _src/lib.rs_ file that contains the following, which is the simplest
+definition of a `ThreadPool` struct that we can have for now:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/lib.rs">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-01-define-threadpool-struct/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+
+Then, edit the _main.rs_ file to bring `ThreadPool` into scope from the library
+crate by adding the following code to the top of _src/main.rs_:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-01-define-threadpool-struct/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code still won’t work, but let’s check it again to get the next error that
+we need to address:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-01-define-threadpool-struct/output.txt}}
+```
+
+This error indicates that next we need to create an associated function named
+`new` for `ThreadPool`. We also know that `new` needs to have one parameter
+that can accept `4` as an argument and should return a `ThreadPool` instance.
+Let’s implement the simplest `new` function that will have those
+characteristics:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/lib.rs">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-02-impl-threadpool-new/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We chose `usize` as the type of the `size` parameter because we know that a
+negative number of threads doesn’t make any sense. We also know we’ll use this
+`4` as the number of elements in a collection of threads, which is what the
+`usize` type is for, as discussed in the [“Integer Types”][integer-types]<!--
+ignore --> section in Chapter 3.
+
+Let’s check the code again:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-02-impl-threadpool-new/output.txt}}
+```
+
+Now the error occurs because we don’t have an `execute` method on `ThreadPool`.
+Recall from the [“Creating a Finite Number of
+Threads”](#creating-a-finite-number-of-threads)<!-- ignore --> section that we
+decided our thread pool should have an interface similar to `thread::spawn`. In
+addition, we’ll implement the `execute` function so that it takes the closure
+it’s given and gives it to an idle thread in the pool to run.
+
+We’ll define the `execute` method on `ThreadPool` to take a closure as a
+parameter. Recall from the [“Moving Captured Values Out of
+Closures”][moving-out-of-closures]<!-- ignore --> in Chapter 13 that we can
+take closures as parameters with three different traits: `Fn`, `FnMut`, and
+`FnOnce`. We need to decide which kind of closure to use here. We know we’ll
+end up doing something similar to the standard library `thread::spawn`
+implementation, so we can look at what bounds the signature of `thread::spawn`
+has on its parameter. The documentation shows us the following:
+
+```rust,ignore
+pub fn spawn<F, T>(f: F) -> JoinHandle<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce() -> T,
+        F: Send + 'static,
+        T: Send + 'static,
+```
+
+The `F` type parameter is the one we’re concerned with here; the `T` type
+parameter is related to the return value, and we’re not concerned with that. We
+can see that `spawn` uses `FnOnce` as the trait bound on `F`. This is probably
+what we want as well, because we’ll eventually pass the argument we get in
+`execute` to `spawn`. We can be further confident that `FnOnce` is the trait we
+want to use because the thread for running a request will only execute that
+request’s closure one time, which matches the `Once` in `FnOnce`.
+
+The `F` type parameter also has the trait bound `Send` and the lifetime bound
+`'static`, which are useful in our situation: We need `Send` to transfer the
+closure from one thread to another and `'static` because we don’t know how long
+the thread will take to execute. Let’s create an `execute` method on
+`ThreadPool` that will take a generic parameter of type `F` with these bounds:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/lib.rs">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-03-define-execute/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We still use the `()` after `FnOnce` because this `FnOnce` represents a closure
+that takes no parameters and returns the unit type `()`. Just like function
+definitions, the return type can be omitted from the signature, but even if we
+have no parameters, we still need the parentheses.
+
+Again, this is the simplest implementation of the `execute` method: It does
+nothing, but we’re only trying to make our code compile. Let’s check it again:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-03-define-execute/output.txt}}
+```
+
+It compiles! But note that if you try `cargo run` and make a request in the
+browser, you’ll see the errors in the browser that we saw at the beginning of
+the chapter. Our library isn’t actually calling the closure passed to `execute`
+yet!
+
+> Note: A saying you might hear about languages with strict compilers, such as
+> Haskell and Rust, is “If the code compiles, it works.” But this saying is not
+> universally true. Our project compiles, but it does absolutely nothing! If we
+> were building a real, complete project, this would be a good time to start
+> writing unit tests to check that the code compiles _and_ has the behavior we
+> want.
+
+Consider: What would be different here if we were going to execute a future
+instead of a closure?
+
+#### Validating the Number of Threads in `new`
+
+We aren’t doing anything with the parameters to `new` and `execute`. Let’s
+implement the bodies of these functions with the behavior we want. To start,
+let’s think about `new`. Earlier we chose an unsigned type for the `size`
+parameter because a pool with a negative number of threads makes no sense.
+However, a pool with zero threads also makes no sense, yet zero is a perfectly
+valid `usize`. We’ll add code to check that `size` is greater than zero before
+we return a `ThreadPool` instance, and we’ll have the program panic if it
+receives a zero by using the `assert!` macro, as shown in Listing 21-13.
+
+<Listing number="21-13" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Implementing `ThreadPool::new` to panic if `size` is zero">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-13/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve also added some documentation for our `ThreadPool` with doc comments.
+Note that we followed good documentation practices by adding a section that
+calls out the situations in which our function can panic, as discussed in
+Chapter 14. Try running `cargo doc --open` and clicking the `ThreadPool` struct
+to see what the generated docs for `new` look like!
+
+Instead of adding the `assert!` macro as we’ve done here, we could change `new`
+into `build` and return a `Result` like we did with `Config::build` in the I/O
+project in Listing 12-9. But we’ve decided in this case that trying to create a
+thread pool without any threads should be an unrecoverable error. If you’re
+feeling ambitious, try to write a function named `build` with the following
+signature to compare with the `new` function:
+
+```rust,ignore
+pub fn build(size: usize) -> Result<ThreadPool, PoolCreationError> {
+```
+
+#### Creating Space to Store the Threads
+
+Now that we have a way to know we have a valid number of threads to store in
+the pool, we can create those threads and store them in the `ThreadPool` struct
+before returning the struct. But how do we “store” a thread? Let’s take another
+look at the `thread::spawn` signature:
+
+```rust,ignore
+pub fn spawn<F, T>(f: F) -> JoinHandle<T>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce() -> T,
+        F: Send + 'static,
+        T: Send + 'static,
+```
+
+The `spawn` function returns a `JoinHandle<T>`, where `T` is the type that the
+closure returns. Let’s try using `JoinHandle` too and see what happens. In our
+case, the closures we’re passing to the thread pool will handle the connection
+and not return anything, so `T` will be the unit type `()`.
+
+The code in Listing 21-14 will compile, but it doesn’t create any threads yet.
+We’ve changed the definition of `ThreadPool` to hold a vector of
+`thread::JoinHandle<()>` instances, initialized the vector with a capacity of
+`size`, set up a `for` loop that will run some code to create the threads, and
+returned a `ThreadPool` instance containing them.
+
+<Listing number="21-14" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Creating a vector for `ThreadPool` to hold the threads">
+
+```rust,ignore,not_desired_behavior
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-14/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve brought `std::thread` into scope in the library crate because we’re
+using `thread::JoinHandle` as the type of the items in the vector in
+`ThreadPool`.
+
+Once a valid size is received, our `ThreadPool` creates a new vector that can
+hold `size` items. The `with_capacity` function performs the same task as
+`Vec::new` but with an important difference: It pre-allocates space in the
+vector. Because we know we need to store `size` elements in the vector, doing
+this allocation up front is slightly more efficient than using `Vec::new`,
+which resizes itself as elements are inserted.
+
+When you run `cargo check` again, it should succeed.
+
+<!-- Old headings. Do not remove or links may break. -->
+<a id ="a-worker-struct-responsible-for-sending-code-from-the-threadpool-to-a-thread"></a>
+
+#### Sending Code from the `ThreadPool` to a Thread
+
+We left a comment in the `for` loop in Listing 21-14 regarding the creation of
+threads. Here, we’ll look at how we actually create threads. The standard
+library provides `thread::spawn` as a way to create threads, and
+`thread::spawn` expects to get some code the thread should run as soon as the
+thread is created. However, in our case, we want to create the threads and have
+them _wait_ for code that we’ll send later. The standard library’s
+implementation of threads doesn’t include any way to do that; we have to
+implement it manually.
+
+We’ll implement this behavior by introducing a new data structure between the
+`ThreadPool` and the threads that will manage this new behavior. We’ll call
+this data structure _Worker_, which is a common term in pooling
+implementations. The `Worker` picks up code that needs to be run and runs the
+code in its thread.
+
+Think of people working in the kitchen at a restaurant: The workers wait until
+orders come in from customers, and then they’re responsible for taking those
+orders and filling them.
+
+Instead of storing a vector of `JoinHandle<()>` instances in the thread pool,
+we’ll store instances of the `Worker` struct. Each `Worker` will store a single
+`JoinHandle<()>` instance. Then, we’ll implement a method on `Worker` that will
+take a closure of code to run and send it to the already running thread for
+execution. We’ll also give each `Worker` an `id` so that we can distinguish
+between the different instances of `Worker` in the pool when logging or
+debugging.
+
+Here is the new process that will happen when we create a `ThreadPool`. We’ll
+implement the code that sends the closure to the thread after we have `Worker`
+set up in this way:
+
+1. Define a `Worker` struct that holds an `id` and a `JoinHandle<()>`.
+2. Change `ThreadPool` to hold a vector of `Worker` instances.
+3. Define a `Worker::new` function that takes an `id` number and returns a
+   `Worker` instance that holds the `id` and a thread spawned with an empty
+   closure.
+4. In `ThreadPool::new`, use the `for` loop counter to generate an `id`, create
+   a new `Worker` with that `id`, and store the `Worker` in the vector.
+
+If you’re up for a challenge, try implementing these changes on your own before
+looking at the code in Listing 21-15.
+
+Ready? Here is Listing 21-15 with one way to make the preceding modifications.
+
+<Listing number="21-15" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Modifying `ThreadPool` to hold `Worker` instances instead of holding threads directly">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-15/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve changed the name of the field on `ThreadPool` from `threads` to `workers`
+because it’s now holding `Worker` instances instead of `JoinHandle<()>`
+instances. We use the counter in the `for` loop as an argument to
+`Worker::new`, and we store each new `Worker` in the vector named `workers`.
+
+External code (like our server in _src/main.rs_) doesn’t need to know the
+implementation details regarding using a `Worker` struct within `ThreadPool`,
+so we make the `Worker` struct and its `new` function private. The
+`Worker::new` function uses the `id` we give it and stores a `JoinHandle<()>`
+instance that is created by spawning a new thread using an empty closure.
+
+> Note: If the operating system can’t create a thread because there aren’t
+> enough system resources, `thread::spawn` will panic. That will cause our
+> whole server to panic, even though the creation of some threads might
+> succeed. For simplicity’s sake, this behavior is fine, but in a production
+> thread pool implementation, you’d likely want to use
+> [`std::thread::Builder`][builder]<!-- ignore --> and its
+> [`spawn`][builder-spawn]<!-- ignore --> method that returns `Result` instead.
+
+This code will compile and will store the number of `Worker` instances we
+specified as an argument to `ThreadPool::new`. But we’re _still_ not processing
+the closure that we get in `execute`. Let’s look at how to do that next.
+
+#### Sending Requests to Threads via Channels
+
+The next problem we’ll tackle is that the closures given to `thread::spawn` do
+absolutely nothing. Currently, we get the closure we want to execute in the
+`execute` method. But we need to give `thread::spawn` a closure to run when we
+create each `Worker` during the creation of the `ThreadPool`.
+
+We want the `Worker` structs that we just created to fetch the code to run from
+a queue held in the `ThreadPool` and send that code to its thread to run.
+
+The channels we learned about in Chapter 16—a simple way to communicate between
+two threads—would be perfect for this use case. We’ll use a channel to function
+as the queue of jobs, and `execute` will send a job from the `ThreadPool` to
+the `Worker` instances, which will send the job to its thread. Here is the plan:
+
+1. The `ThreadPool` will create a channel and hold on to the sender.
+2. Each `Worker` will hold on to the receiver.
+3. We’ll create a new `Job` struct that will hold the closures we want to send
+   down the channel.
+4. The `execute` method will send the job it wants to execute through the
+   sender.
+5. In its thread, the `Worker` will loop over its receiver and execute the
+   closures of any jobs it receives.
+
+Let’s start by creating a channel in `ThreadPool::new` and holding the sender
+in the `ThreadPool` instance, as shown in Listing 21-16. The `Job` struct
+doesn’t hold anything for now but will be the type of item we’re sending down
+the channel.
+
+<Listing number="21-16" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Modifying `ThreadPool` to store the sender of a channel that transmits `Job` instances">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-16/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In `ThreadPool::new`, we create our new channel and have the pool hold the
+sender. This will successfully compile.
+
+Let’s try passing a receiver of the channel into each `Worker` as the thread
+pool creates the channel. We know we want to use the receiver in the thread that
+the `Worker` instances spawn, so we’ll reference the `receiver` parameter in the
+closure. The code in Listing 21-17 won’t quite compile yet.
+
+<Listing number="21-17" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Passing the receiver to each `Worker`">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-17/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We’ve made some small and straightforward changes: We pass the receiver into
+`Worker::new`, and then we use it inside the closure.
+
+When we try to check this code, we get this error:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-17/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The code is trying to pass `receiver` to multiple `Worker` instances. This
+won’t work, as you’ll recall from Chapter 16: The channel implementation that
+Rust provides is multiple _producer_, single _consumer_. This means we can’t
+just clone the consuming end of the channel to fix this code. We also don’t
+want to send a message multiple times to multiple consumers; we want one list
+of messages with multiple `Worker` instances such that each message gets
+processed once.
+
+Additionally, taking a job off the channel queue involves mutating the
+`receiver`, so the threads need a safe way to share and modify `receiver`;
+otherwise, we might get race conditions (as covered in Chapter 16).
+
+Recall the thread-safe smart pointers discussed in Chapter 16: To share
+ownership across multiple threads and allow the threads to mutate the value, we
+need to use `Arc<Mutex<T>>`. The `Arc` type will let multiple `Worker` instances
+own the receiver, and `Mutex` will ensure that only one `Worker` gets a job from
+the receiver at a time. Listing 21-18 shows the changes we need to make.
+
+<Listing number="21-18" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Sharing the receiver among the `Worker` instances using `Arc` and `Mutex`">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-18/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+In `ThreadPool::new`, we put the receiver in an `Arc` and a `Mutex`. For each
+new `Worker`, we clone the `Arc` to bump the reference count so that the
+`Worker` instances can share ownership of the receiver.
+
+With these changes, the code compiles! We’re getting there!
+
+#### Implementing the `execute` Method
+
+Let’s finally implement the `execute` method on `ThreadPool`. We’ll also change
+`Job` from a struct to a type alias for a trait object that holds the type of
+closure that `execute` receives. As discussed in the [“Type Synonyms and Type
+Aliases”][type-aliases]<!-- ignore --> section in Chapter 20, type aliases
+allow us to make long types shorter for ease of use. Look at Listing 21-19.
+
+<Listing number="21-19" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Creating a `Job` type alias for a `Box` that holds each closure and then sending the job down the channel">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-19/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+After creating a new `Job` instance using the closure we get in `execute`, we
+send that job down the sending end of the channel. We’re calling `unwrap` on
+`send` for the case that sending fails. This might happen if, for example, we
+stop all our threads from executing, meaning the receiving end has stopped
+receiving new messages. At the moment, we can’t stop our threads from
+executing: Our threads continue executing as long as the pool exists. The
+reason we use `unwrap` is that we know the failure case won’t happen, but the
+compiler doesn’t know that.
+
+But we’re not quite done yet! In the `Worker`, our closure being passed to
+`thread::spawn` still only _references_ the receiving end of the channel.
+Instead, we need the closure to loop forever, asking the receiving end of the
+channel for a job and running the job when it gets one. Let’s make the change
+shown in Listing 21-20 to `Worker::new`.
+
+<Listing number="21-20" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Receiving and executing the jobs in the `Worker` instance’s thread">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-20/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Here, we first call `lock` on the `receiver` to acquire the mutex, and then we
+call `unwrap` to panic on any errors. Acquiring a lock might fail if the mutex
+is in a _poisoned_ state, which can happen if some other thread panicked while
+holding the lock rather than releasing the lock. In this situation, calling
+`unwrap` to have this thread panic is the correct action to take. Feel free to
+change this `unwrap` to an `expect` with an error message that is meaningful to
+you.
+
+If we get the lock on the mutex, we call `recv` to receive a `Job` from the
+channel. A final `unwrap` moves past any errors here as well, which might occur
+if the thread holding the sender has shut down, similar to how the `send`
+method returns `Err` if the receiver shuts down.
+
+The call to `recv` blocks, so if there is no job yet, the current thread will
+wait until a job becomes available. The `Mutex<T>` ensures that only one
+`Worker` thread at a time is trying to request a job.
+
+Our thread pool is now in a working state! Give it a `cargo run` and make some
+requests:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-20
+cargo run
+make some requests to 127.0.0.1:7878
+Can't automate because the output depends on making requests
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling hello v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello)
+warning: field `workers` is never read
+ --> src/lib.rs:7:5
+  |
+6 | pub struct ThreadPool {
+  |            ---------- field in this struct
+7 |     workers: Vec<Worker>,
+  |     ^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: `#[warn(dead_code)]` on by default
+
+warning: fields `id` and `thread` are never read
+  --> src/lib.rs:48:5
+   |
+47 | struct Worker {
+   |        ------ fields in this struct
+48 |     id: usize,
+   |     ^^
+49 |     thread: thread::JoinHandle<()>,
+   |     ^^^^^^
+
+warning: `hello` (lib) generated 2 warnings
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 4.91s
+     Running `target/debug/hello`
+Worker 0 got a job; executing.
+Worker 2 got a job; executing.
+Worker 1 got a job; executing.
+Worker 3 got a job; executing.
+Worker 0 got a job; executing.
+Worker 2 got a job; executing.
+Worker 1 got a job; executing.
+Worker 3 got a job; executing.
+Worker 0 got a job; executing.
+Worker 2 got a job; executing.
+```
+
+Success! We now have a thread pool that executes connections asynchronously.
+There are never more than four threads created, so our system won’t get
+overloaded if the server receives a lot of requests. If we make a request to
+_/sleep_, the server will be able to serve other requests by having another
+thread run them.
+
+> Note: If you open _/sleep_ in multiple browser windows simultaneously, they
+> might load one at a time in five-second intervals. Some web browsers execute
+> multiple instances of the same request sequentially for caching reasons. This
+> limitation is not caused by our web server.
+
+This is a good time to pause and consider how the code in Listings 21-18, 21-19,
+and 21-20 would be different if we were using futures instead of a closure for
+the work to be done. What types would change? How would the method signatures be
+different, if at all? What parts of the code would stay the same?
+
+After learning about the `while let` loop in Chapter 17 and Chapter 19, you
+might be wondering why we didn’t write the `Worker` thread code as shown in
+Listing 21-21.
+
+<Listing number="21-21" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="An alternative implementation of `Worker::new` using `while let`">
+
+```rust,ignore,not_desired_behavior
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-21/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This code compiles and runs but doesn’t result in the desired threading
+behavior: A slow request will still cause other requests to wait to be
+processed. The reason is somewhat subtle: The `Mutex` struct has no public
+`unlock` method because the ownership of the lock is based on the lifetime of
+the `MutexGuard<T>` within the `LockResult<MutexGuard<T>>` that the `lock`
+method returns. At compile time, the borrow checker can then enforce the rule
+that a resource guarded by a `Mutex` cannot be accessed unless we hold the
+lock. However, this implementation can also result in the lock being held
+longer than intended if we aren’t mindful of the lifetime of the
+`MutexGuard<T>`.
+
+The code in Listing 21-20 that uses `let job =
+receiver.lock().unwrap().recv().unwrap();` works because with `let`, any
+temporary values used in the expression on the right-hand side of the equal
+sign are immediately dropped when the `let` statement ends. However, `while
+let` (and `if let` and `match`) does not drop temporary values until the end of
+the associated block. In Listing 21-21, the lock remains held for the duration
+of the call to `job()`, meaning other `Worker` instances cannot receive jobs.
+
+[type-aliases]: ch20-03-advanced-types.html#type-synonyms-and-type-aliases
+[integer-types]: ch03-02-data-types.html#integer-types
+[moving-out-of-closures]: ch13-01-closures.html#moving-captured-values-out-of-closures
+[builder]: ../std/thread/struct.Builder.html
+[builder-spawn]: ../std/thread/struct.Builder.html#method.spawn
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..cfce452
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md
@@ -0,0 +1,238 @@
+## Graceful Shutdown and Cleanup
+
+The code in Listing 21-20 is responding to requests asynchronously through the
+use of a thread pool, as we intended. We get some warnings about the `workers`,
+`id`, and `thread` fields that we’re not using in a direct way that reminds us
+we’re not cleaning up anything. When we use the less elegant
+<kbd>ctrl</kbd>-<kbd>C</kbd> method to halt the main thread, all other threads
+are stopped immediately as well, even if they’re in the middle of serving a
+request.
+
+Next, then, we’ll implement the `Drop` trait to call `join` on each of the
+threads in the pool so that they can finish the requests they’re working on
+before closing. Then, we’ll implement a way to tell the threads they should
+stop accepting new requests and shut down. To see this code in action, we’ll
+modify our server to accept only two requests before gracefully shutting down
+its thread pool.
+
+One thing to notice as we go: None of this affects the parts of the code that
+handle executing the closures, so everything here would be the same if we were
+using a thread pool for an async runtime.
+
+### Implementing the `Drop` Trait on `ThreadPool`
+
+Let’s start with implementing `Drop` on our thread pool. When the pool is
+dropped, our threads should all join to make sure they finish their work.
+Listing 21-22 shows a first attempt at a `Drop` implementation; this code won’t
+quite work yet.
+
+<Listing number="21-22" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Joining each thread when the thread pool goes out of scope">
+
+```rust,ignore,does_not_compile
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-22/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+First, we loop through each of the thread pool `workers`. We use `&mut` for this
+because `self` is a mutable reference, and we also need to be able to mutate
+`worker`. For each `worker`, we print a message saying that this particular
+`Worker` instance is shutting down, and then we call `join` on that `Worker`
+instance’s thread. If the call to `join` fails, we use `unwrap` to make Rust
+panic and go into an ungraceful shutdown.
+
+Here is the error we get when we compile this code:
+
+```console
+{{#include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-22/output.txt}}
+```
+
+The error tells us we can’t call `join` because we only have a mutable borrow
+of each `worker` and `join` takes ownership of its argument. To solve this
+issue, we need to move the thread out of the `Worker` instance that owns
+`thread` so that `join` can consume the thread. One way to do this is to take
+the same approach we took in Listing 18-15. If `Worker` held an
+`Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>`, we could call the `take` method on the
+`Option` to move the value out of the `Some` variant and leave a `None` variant
+in its place. In other words, a `Worker` that is running would have a `Some`
+variant in `thread`, and when we wanted to clean up a `Worker`, we’d replace
+`Some` with `None` so that the `Worker` wouldn’t have a thread to run.
+
+However, the _only_ time this would come up would be when dropping the
+`Worker`. In exchange, we’d have to deal with an
+`Option<thread::JoinHandle<()>>` anywhere we accessed `worker.thread`.
+Idiomatic Rust uses `Option` quite a bit, but when you find yourself wrapping
+something you know will always be present in an `Option` as a workaround like
+this, it’s a good idea to look for alternative approaches to make your code
+cleaner and less error-prone.
+
+In this case, a better alternative exists: the `Vec::drain` method. It accepts
+a range parameter to specify which items to remove from the vector and returns
+an iterator of those items. Passing the `..` range syntax will remove *every*
+value from the vector.
+
+So, we need to update the `ThreadPool` `drop` implementation like this:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/lib.rs">
+
+```rust
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-04-update-drop-definition/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+This resolves the compiler error and does not require any other changes to our
+code. Note that, because drop can be called when panicking, the unwrap
+could also panic and cause a double panic, which immediately crashes the
+program and ends any cleanup in progress. This is fine for an example program,
+but it isn’t recommended for production code.
+
+### Signaling to the Threads to Stop Listening for Jobs
+
+With all the changes we’ve made, our code compiles without any warnings.
+However, the bad news is that this code doesn’t function the way we want it to
+yet. The key is the logic in the closures run by the threads of the `Worker`
+instances: At the moment, we call `join`, but that won’t shut down the threads,
+because they `loop` forever looking for jobs. If we try to drop our
+`ThreadPool` with our current implementation of `drop`, the main thread will
+block forever, waiting for the first thread to finish.
+
+To fix this problem, we’ll need a change in the `ThreadPool` `drop`
+implementation and then a change in the `Worker` loop.
+
+First, we’ll change the `ThreadPool` `drop` implementation to explicitly drop
+the `sender` before waiting for the threads to finish. Listing 21-23 shows the
+changes to `ThreadPool` to explicitly drop `sender`. Unlike with the thread,
+here we _do_ need to use an `Option` to be able to move `sender` out of
+`ThreadPool` with `Option::take`.
+
+<Listing number="21-23" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Explicitly dropping `sender` before joining the `Worker` threads">
+
+```rust,noplayground,not_desired_behavior
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-23/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+Dropping `sender` closes the channel, which indicates no more messages will be
+sent. When that happens, all the calls to `recv` that the `Worker` instances do
+in the infinite loop will return an error. In Listing 21-24, we change the
+`Worker` loop to gracefully exit the loop in that case, which means the threads
+will finish when the `ThreadPool` `drop` implementation calls `join` on them.
+
+<Listing number="21-24" file-name="src/lib.rs" caption="Explicitly breaking out of the loop when `recv` returns an error">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-24/src/lib.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+To see this code in action, let’s modify `main` to accept only two requests
+before gracefully shutting down the server, as shown in Listing 21-25.
+
+<Listing number="21-25" file-name="src/main.rs" caption="Shutting down the server after serving two requests by exiting the loop">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-25/src/main.rs:here}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+You wouldn’t want a real-world web server to shut down after serving only two
+requests. This code just demonstrates that the graceful shutdown and cleanup is
+in working order.
+
+The `take` method is defined in the `Iterator` trait and limits the iteration
+to the first two items at most. The `ThreadPool` will go out of scope at the
+end of `main`, and the `drop` implementation will run.
+
+Start the server with `cargo run` and make three requests. The third request
+should error, and in your terminal, you should see output similar to this:
+
+<!-- manual-regeneration
+cd listings/ch21-web-server/listing-21-25
+cargo run
+curl http://127.0.0.1:7878
+curl http://127.0.0.1:7878
+curl http://127.0.0.1:7878
+third request will error because server will have shut down
+copy output below
+Can't automate because the output depends on making requests
+-->
+
+```console
+$ cargo run
+   Compiling hello v0.1.0 (file:///projects/hello)
+    Finished `dev` profile [unoptimized + debuginfo] target(s) in 0.41s
+     Running `target/debug/hello`
+Worker 0 got a job; executing.
+Shutting down.
+Shutting down worker 0
+Worker 3 got a job; executing.
+Worker 1 disconnected; shutting down.
+Worker 2 disconnected; shutting down.
+Worker 3 disconnected; shutting down.
+Worker 0 disconnected; shutting down.
+Shutting down worker 1
+Shutting down worker 2
+Shutting down worker 3
+```
+
+You might see a different ordering of `Worker` IDs and messages printed. We can
+see how this code works from the messages: `Worker` instances 0 and 3 got the
+first two requests. The server stopped accepting connections after the second
+connection, and the `Drop` implementation on `ThreadPool` starts executing
+before `Worker 3` even starts its job. Dropping the `sender` disconnects all the
+`Worker` instances and tells them to shut down. The `Worker` instances each
+print a message when they disconnect, and then the thread pool calls `join` to
+wait for each `Worker` thread to finish.
+
+Notice one interesting aspect of this particular execution: The `ThreadPool`
+dropped the `sender`, and before any `Worker` received an error, we tried to
+join `Worker 0`. `Worker 0` had not yet gotten an error from `recv`, so the main
+thread blocked, waiting for `Worker 0` to finish. In the meantime, `Worker 3`
+received a job and then all threads received an error. When `Worker 0` finished,
+the main thread waited for the rest of the `Worker` instances to finish. At that
+point, they had all exited their loops and stopped.
+
+Congrats! We’ve now completed our project; we have a basic web server that uses
+a thread pool to respond asynchronously. We’re able to perform a graceful
+shutdown of the server, which cleans up all the threads in the pool.
+
+Here’s the full code for reference:
+
+<Listing file-name="src/main.rs">
+
+```rust,ignore
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-07-final-code/src/main.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+<Listing file-name="src/lib.rs">
+
+```rust,noplayground
+{{#rustdoc_include ../listings/ch21-web-server/no-listing-07-final-code/src/lib.rs}}
+```
+
+</Listing>
+
+We could do more here! If you want to continue enhancing this project, here are
+some ideas:
+
+- Add more documentation to `ThreadPool` and its public methods.
+- Add tests of the library’s functionality.
+- Change calls to `unwrap` to more robust error handling.
+- Use `ThreadPool` to perform some task other than serving web requests.
+- Find a thread pool crate on [crates.io](https://crates.io/) and implement a
+  similar web server using the crate instead. Then, compare its API and
+  robustness to the thread pool we implemented.
+
+## Summary
+
+Well done! You’ve made it to the end of the book! We want to thank you for
+joining us on this tour of Rust. You’re now ready to implement your own Rust
+projects and help with other people’s projects. Keep in mind that there is a
+welcoming community of other Rustaceans who would love to help you with any
+challenges you encounter on your Rust journey.
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/foreword.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/foreword.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..706e4ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/foreword.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Foreword
+
+The Rust programming language has come a long way in a few short years, from
+its creation and incubation by a small and nascent community of enthusiasts, to
+becoming one of the most loved and in-demand programming languages in the
+world. Looking back, it was inevitable that the power and promise of Rust would
+turn heads and gain a foothold in systems programming. What was not inevitable
+was the global growth in interest and innovation that permeated through open
+source communities and catalyzed wide-scale adoption across industries.
+
+At this point in time, it is easy to point to the wonderful features that Rust
+has to offer to explain this explosion in interest and adoption. Who doesn’t
+want memory safety, *and* fast performance, *and* a friendly compiler, *and*
+great tooling, among a host of other wonderful features? The Rust language you
+see today combines years of research in systems programming with the practical
+wisdom of a vibrant and passionate community. This language was designed with
+purpose and crafted with care, offering developers a tool that makes it easier
+to write safe, fast, and reliable code.
+
+But what makes Rust truly special is its roots in empowering you, the user, to
+achieve your goals. This is a language that wants you to succeed, and the
+principle of empowerment runs through the core of the community that builds,
+maintains, and advocates for this language. Since the previous edition of this
+definitive text, Rust has further developed into a truly global and trusted
+language. The Rust Project is now robustly supported by the Rust Foundation,
+which also invests in key initiatives to ensure that Rust is secure, stable,
+and sustainable.
+
+This edition of *The Rust Programming Language* is a comprehensive update,
+reflecting the language’s evolution over the years and providing valuable new
+information. But it is not just a guide to syntax and libraries—it’s an
+invitation to join a community that values quality, performance, and thoughtful
+design. Whether you’re a seasoned developer looking to explore Rust for the
+first time or an experienced Rustacean looking to refine your skills, this
+edition offers something for everyone.
+
+The Rust journey has been one of collaboration, learning, and iteration. The
+growth of the language and its ecosystem is a direct reflection of the vibrant,
+diverse community behind it. The contributions of thousands of developers, from
+core language designers to casual contributors, are what make Rust such a
+unique and powerful tool. By picking up this book, you’re not just learning a
+new programming language—you’re joining a movement to make software better,
+safer, and more enjoyable to work with.
+
+Welcome to the Rust community!
+
+- Bec Rumbul, Executive Director of the Rust Foundation
diff --git a/documents/markdown/rust-book/title-page.md b/documents/markdown/rust-book/title-page.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..099ab8d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/markdown/rust-book/title-page.md
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+# The Rust Programming Language
+
+_by Steve Klabnik, Carol Nichols, and Chris Krycho, with contributions from the
+Rust Community_
+
+This version of the text assumes you’re using Rust 1.90.0 (released 2025-09-18)
+or later with `edition = "2024"` in the *Cargo.toml* file of all projects to
+configure them to use Rust 2024 Edition idioms. See the [“Installation” section
+of Chapter 1][install]<!-- ignore --> for instructions on installing or
+updating Rust, and see [Appendix E][appendix-e]<!-- ignore --> for information
+on editions.
+
+The HTML format is available online at
+[https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/](https://doc.rust-lang.org/stable/book/)
+and offline with installations of Rust made with `rustup`; run `rustup doc
+--book` to open.
+
+Several community [translations] are also available.
+
+This text is available in [paperback and ebook format from No Starch
+Press][nsprust].
+
+[install]: ch01-01-installation.html
+[appendix-e]: appendix-05-editions.html
+[nsprust]: https://nostarch.com/rust-programming-language-3rd-edition
+[translations]: appendix-06-translation.html
+
+> **🚨 Want a more interactive learning experience? Try out a different version
+> of the Rust Book, featuring: quizzes, highlighting, visualizations, and
+> more**: <https://rust-book.cs.brown.edu>
diff --git a/scrape/markdown_github.py b/scrape/markdown_github.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d0f6b7d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/markdown_github.py
@@ -0,0 +1,309 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""
+Markdown corpus scraper for DocSpec test documents.
+
+Sources:
+  - CommonMark spec sections (CC-BY-SA-4.0)
+      https://github.com/commonmark/commonmark-spec
+  - The Rust Programming Language book chapters (CC-BY-4.0)
+      https://github.com/rust-lang/book
+  - Docusaurus website docs (MIT)
+      https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus
+
+Run from repo root:
+  scrape/venv/bin/python scrape/markdown_github.py
+"""
+
+import sys
+import re
+from pathlib import Path
+
+sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent))
+from scrape.utils import sanitize_filename, download_file, check_file_size, rate_limit
+
+import requests
+
+DEST = Path("documents/markdown")
+RAW = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com"
+SESSION = requests.Session()
+SESSION.headers["User-Agent"] = (
+    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
+)
+
+RUST_BOOK_FILES = [
+    "title-page.md",
+    "foreword.md",
+    "ch00-00-introduction.md",
+    "ch01-00-getting-started.md",
+    "ch01-01-installation.md",
+    "ch01-02-hello-world.md",
+    "ch01-03-hello-cargo.md",
+    "ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.md",
+    "ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.md",
+    "ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.md",
+    "ch03-02-data-types.md",
+    "ch03-03-how-functions-work.md",
+    "ch03-04-comments.md",
+    "ch03-05-control-flow.md",
+    "ch04-00-understanding-ownership.md",
+    "ch04-01-what-is-ownership.md",
+    "ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.md",
+    "ch04-03-slices.md",
+    "ch05-00-structs.md",
+    "ch05-01-defining-structs.md",
+    "ch05-02-example-structs.md",
+    "ch05-03-method-syntax.md",
+    "ch06-00-enums.md",
+    "ch06-01-defining-an-enum.md",
+    "ch06-02-match.md",
+    "ch06-03-if-let.md",
+    "ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.md",
+    "ch07-01-packages-and-crates.md",
+    "ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.md",
+    "ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.md",
+    "ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.md",
+    "ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.md",
+    "ch08-00-common-collections.md",
+    "ch08-01-vectors.md",
+    "ch08-02-strings.md",
+    "ch08-03-hash-maps.md",
+    "ch09-00-error-handling.md",
+    "ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.md",
+    "ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.md",
+    "ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.md",
+    "ch10-00-generics.md",
+    "ch10-01-syntax.md",
+    "ch10-02-traits.md",
+    "ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.md",
+    "ch11-00-testing.md",
+    "ch11-01-writing-tests.md",
+    "ch11-02-running-tests.md",
+    "ch11-03-test-organization.md",
+    "ch12-00-an-io-project.md",
+    "ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.md",
+    "ch12-02-reading-a-file.md",
+    "ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.md",
+    "ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.md",
+    "ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.md",
+    "ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.md",
+    "ch13-00-functional-features.md",
+    "ch13-01-closures.md",
+    "ch13-02-iterators.md",
+    "ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.md",
+    "ch13-04-performance.md",
+    "ch14-00-more-about-cargo.md",
+    "ch14-01-release-profiles.md",
+    "ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.md",
+    "ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md",
+    "ch14-04-installing-binaries.md",
+    "ch14-05-extending-cargo.md",
+    "ch15-00-smart-pointers.md",
+    "ch15-01-box.md",
+    "ch15-02-deref.md",
+    "ch15-03-drop.md",
+    "ch15-04-rc.md",
+    "ch15-05-interior-mutability.md",
+    "ch15-06-reference-cycles.md",
+    "ch16-00-concurrency.md",
+    "ch16-01-threads.md",
+    "ch16-02-message-passing.md",
+    "ch16-03-shared-state.md",
+    "ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.md",
+    "ch17-00-async-await.md",
+    "ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.md",
+    "ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md",
+    "ch17-03-more-futures.md",
+    "ch17-04-streams.md",
+    "ch17-05-traits-for-async.md",
+    "ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.md",
+    "ch18-00-oop.md",
+    "ch18-01-what-is-oo.md",
+    "ch18-02-trait-objects.md",
+    "ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.md",
+    "ch19-00-patterns.md",
+    "ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.md",
+    "ch19-02-refutability.md",
+    "ch19-03-pattern-syntax.md",
+    "ch20-00-advanced-features.md",
+    "ch20-01-unsafe-rust.md",
+    "ch20-02-advanced-traits.md",
+    "ch20-03-advanced-types.md",
+    "ch20-04-advanced-functions-and-closures.md",
+    "ch20-05-macros.md",
+    "ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.md",
+    "ch21-01-single-threaded.md",
+    "ch21-02-multithreaded.md",
+    "ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md",
+    "appendix-00.md",
+    "appendix-01-keywords.md",
+    "appendix-02-operators.md",
+    "appendix-03-derivable-traits.md",
+    "appendix-04-useful-development-tools.md",
+    "appendix-05-editions.md",
+    "appendix-06-translation.md",
+    "appendix-07-nightly-rust.md",
+]
+
+DOCUSAURUS_DOCS = [
+    "installation.mdx",
+    "configuration.mdx",
+    "deployment.mdx",
+    "guides/creating-pages.mdx",
+    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-intro.mdx",
+    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-react.mdx",
+    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-tabs.mdx",
+    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-code-blocks.mdx",
+    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-admonitions.mdx",
+    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-headings.mdx",
+    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-assets.mdx",
+    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-links.mdx",
+    "guides/blog.mdx",
+    "guides/docs/docs-introduction.mdx",
+    "guides/docs/docs-create-doc.mdx",
+    "guides/docs/docs-markdown-features.mdx",
+]
+
+
+def fetch_commonmark_spec() -> int:
+    """Extract ## sections from the CommonMark spec as individual .md files.
+
+    License: CC-BY-SA-4.0
+    """
+    dest_dir = DEST / "commonmark"
+    dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    existing = list(dest_dir.glob("*.md"))
+    if existing:
+        print(f"[commonmark] Using {len(existing)} cached sections")
+        return len(existing)
+
+    url = f"{RAW}/commonmark/commonmark-spec/master/spec.txt"
+    print(f"[commonmark] Downloading spec from {url}")
+
+    rate_limit(2.0)
+    resp = SESSION.get(url, timeout=60)
+    resp.raise_for_status()
+    spec_text = resp.text
+
+    # re.split with a capturing group keeps delimiters in the list:
+    #   [preamble, heading1, body1, heading2, body2, ...]
+    parts = re.split(r"^(## .+)$", spec_text, flags=re.MULTILINE)
+
+    count = 0
+    for i in range(1, len(parts) - 1, 2):
+        heading = parts[i].strip()
+        body = parts[i + 1] if (i + 1) < len(parts) else ""
+        section_text = heading + "\n" + body
+
+        if len(section_text.encode("utf-8")) < 100:
+            continue
+
+        title = heading.lstrip("#").strip()
+        filename = sanitize_filename(title + ".md")
+        filepath = dest_dir / filename
+
+        filepath.write_text(section_text, encoding="utf-8")
+        if check_file_size(filepath):
+            count += 1
+        else:
+            filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    print(f"[commonmark] Extracted {count} sections")
+    return count
+
+
+def fetch_rust_book() -> int:
+    """Download chapter .md files from The Rust Programming Language book.
+
+    License: CC-BY-4.0
+    """
+    dest_dir = DEST / "rust-book"
+    dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    base = f"{RAW}/rust-lang/book/main/src"
+    count = 0
+    for name in RUST_BOOK_FILES:
+        filename = sanitize_filename(name)
+        filepath = dest_dir / filename
+
+        if filepath.exists() and check_file_size(filepath):
+            count += 1
+            continue
+
+        url = f"{base}/{name}"
+        print(f"[rust-book] Downloading {name}")
+        if download_file(url, filepath, delay=1.0, max_retries=2, session=SESSION):
+            if check_file_size(filepath):
+                count += 1
+            else:
+                print(f"[rust-book] Removing {filename} (< 100 bytes)")
+                filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        else:
+            filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    print(f"[rust-book] Got {count} files")
+    return count
+
+
+def fetch_docusaurus_docs() -> int:
+    """Download .mdx doc files from Docusaurus website/docs/, saved as .md.
+
+    License: MIT
+    """
+    dest_dir = DEST / "docusaurus"
+    dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    base = f"{RAW}/facebook/docusaurus/main/website/docs"
+    count = 0
+    for path in DOCUSAURUS_DOCS:
+        name = Path(path).name.replace(".mdx", ".md")
+        filename = sanitize_filename(name)
+        filepath = dest_dir / filename
+
+        if filepath.exists() and check_file_size(filepath):
+            count += 1
+            continue
+
+        url = f"{base}/{path}"
+        print(f"[docusaurus] Downloading {path}")
+        if download_file(url, filepath, delay=1.0, max_retries=2, session=SESSION):
+            if check_file_size(filepath):
+                count += 1
+            else:
+                print(f"[docusaurus] Removing {filename} (< 100 bytes)")
+                filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        else:
+            filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+
+    print(f"[docusaurus] Got {count} files")
+    return count
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    print("=== Markdown Corpus Scraper ===\n")
+    DEST.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    totals: dict[str, int] = {}
+    totals["commonmark"] = fetch_commonmark_spec()
+    totals["rust-book"] = fetch_rust_book()
+    totals["docusaurus"] = fetch_docusaurus_docs()
+
+    total = sum(totals.values())
+    print("\n=== Summary ===")
+    for source, n in totals.items():
+        print(f"  {source}: {n}")
+    print(f"  TOTAL: {total}")
+
+    all_md = list(DEST.rglob("*.md"))
+    print(f"\nFiles on disk in {DEST}/: {len(all_md)}")
+
+    if len(all_md) < 100:
+        print(f"\nWARNING: only {len(all_md)} files \u2014 need \u2265 100")
+        return 1
+
+    print("\n\u2705 Corpus target met")
+    return 0
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())

From a720f81e694cdd5d8d7b4ad9ac64f2e428b10786 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:53:57 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 09/14] chore: regenerate ATTRIBUTION.md from updated JSON

---
 ATTRIBUTION.md | 130 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 130 insertions(+)

diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.md b/ATTRIBUTION.md
index b0b69e6..858c7f1 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.md
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.md
@@ -56,3 +56,133 @@ This file tracks all donated documents, their authors, licenses, and sources.
 - **Donated**: 2026-02-17
 - **Notes**: Test fixtures originating from NLdoc
 
+---
+
+## Pandoc RTF Test Suite
+
+- **Format**: `rtf`
+- **Path**: `documents/rtf/pandoc/*.rtf`
+- **Author**: John MacFarlane and Pandoc contributors
+- **License**: GPL-2.0-or-later
+- **Source**: https://github.com/jgm/pandoc
+- **Tags**: `pandoc`, `rtf`, `test-fixtures`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: RTF test fixtures from the Pandoc document converter test suite
+
+---
+
+## LibreOffice Writer RTF Test Data
+
+- **Format**: `rtf`
+- **Path**: `documents/rtf/libreoffice/*.rtf`
+- **Author**: The Document Foundation and LibreOffice contributors
+- **License**: MPL-2.0
+- **Source**: https://github.com/LibreOffice/core
+- **Tags**: `libreoffice`, `rtf`, `test-fixtures`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: RTF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA
+
+---
+
+## Apache POI HWPF Test Documents
+
+- **Format**: `doc`
+- **Path**: `documents/doc/apache-poi/*.doc`
+- **Author**: Apache POI contributors
+- **License**: Apache-2.0
+- **Source**: https://github.com/apache/poi
+- **Tags**: `apache-poi`, `hwpf`, `test-fixtures`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: Test fixtures for the Apache POI HWPF Word processor module
+
+---
+
+## Standard Ebooks Collection
+
+- **Format**: `epub`
+- **Path**: `documents/epub/standard-ebooks/*.epub`
+- **Author**: Various (original works in public domain; ebook production by Standard Ebooks contributors)
+- **License**: CC0-1.0
+- **Source**: https://standardebooks.org
+- **Tags**: `standard-ebooks`, `epub`, `public-domain`, `literature`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: High-quality EPUB ebooks from Standard Ebooks (CC0-1.0 production, public domain source texts)
+
+---
+
+## MDN Learning Area HTML Examples
+
+- **Format**: `html`
+- **Path**: `documents/html/mdn-learning-area/*.html`
+- **Author**: Mozilla Developer Network contributors
+- **License**: CC-BY-SA-2.5
+- **Source**: https://github.com/mdn/learning-area
+- **Tags**: `mdn`, `html`, `examples`, `educational`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: Standalone HTML examples from MDN Web Docs learning area (introduction-to-html, multimedia-and-embedding, tables, forms)
+
+---
+
+## W3C Web Platform Tests HTML Fixtures
+
+- **Format**: `html`
+- **Path**: `documents/html/wpt/*.html`
+- **Author**: W3C Web Platform Tests contributors
+- **License**: W3C-20150513
+- **Source**: https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt
+- **Tags**: `w3c`, `wpt`, `html`, `test-fixtures`, `semantics`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: HTML test fixtures from the W3C Web Platform Tests project (html/semantics subdirectories)
+
+---
+
+## HTML5 Boilerplate Templates
+
+- **Format**: `html`
+- **Path**: `documents/html/html5-boilerplate/*.html`
+- **Author**: HTML5 Boilerplate contributors
+- **License**: MIT
+- **Source**: https://github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate
+- **Tags**: `h5bp`, `html5`, `boilerplate`, `template`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: Starter HTML templates from the HTML5 Boilerplate project (v6, v7, main)
+
+---
+
+## CommonMark Spec Sections
+
+- **Format**: `markdown`
+- **Path**: `documents/markdown/commonmark/*.md`
+- **Author**: John MacFarlane and CommonMark contributors
+- **License**: CC-BY-SA-4.0
+- **Source**: https://github.com/commonmark/commonmark-spec
+- **Tags**: `commonmark`, `spec`, `markdown`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: Sections extracted from the CommonMark specification (spec.txt)
+
+---
+
+## The Rust Programming Language Book
+
+- **Format**: `markdown`
+- **Path**: `documents/markdown/rust-book/*.md`
+- **Author**: Steve Klabnik, Carol Nichols, and the Rust community
+- **License**: CC-BY-4.0
+- **Source**: https://github.com/rust-lang/book
+- **Tags**: `rust`, `book`, `programming`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: Chapter files from the official Rust programming language book
+
+---
+
+## Docusaurus Documentation
+
+- **Format**: `markdown`
+- **Path**: `documents/markdown/docusaurus/*.md`
+- **Author**: Meta Platforms, Inc. and Docusaurus contributors
+- **License**: MIT
+- **Source**: https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus
+- **Tags**: `docusaurus`, `documentation`, `static-site`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: Documentation pages from the Docusaurus website docs (MDX saved as .md)
+

From 9b4f1bc3d7a7fbef814075e8943cc15b251c9c0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 17:58:27 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 10/14] fix(scrape): enforce 2s rate limit in html scraper; add
 main guard to epub scraper

---
 scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py | 155 ++++++++++++++++++---------------
 scrape/html_open_sources.py    |   4 +-
 2 files changed, 87 insertions(+), 72 deletions(-)

diff --git a/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py b/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py
index 626bca8..142ae2b 100644
--- a/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py
+++ b/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py
@@ -14,78 +14,93 @@
 )
 import requests
 
-DEST = Path("documents/epub/standard-ebooks")
-DEST.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-TARGET = 110
-BASE = "https://standardebooks.org"
-
-session = requests.Session()
-session.headers["User-Agent"] = (
-    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
-)
 
-ebook_paths: list[str] = []
-page = 1
-while len(ebook_paths) < TARGET:
-    print(f"Fetching listing page {page}...")
-    rate_limit(2.0)
-    resp = session.get(f"{BASE}/ebooks?page={page}", timeout=30)
-    if resp.status_code == 404:
-        break
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-    found = sorted(set(re.findall(r'href="(/ebooks/[a-z0-9][^"]+)"', resp.text)))
-    new = [
-        p
-        for p in found
-        if not p.endswith("/") and "/downloads/" not in p and p.count("/") >= 2
-    ]
-    ebook_paths.extend(new)
-    if not new:
-        break
-    page += 1
-
-ebook_paths = list(dict.fromkeys(ebook_paths))
-print(f"Found {len(ebook_paths)} unique ebook paths")
-
-downloaded = 0
-skipped = 0
-failed = 0
-
-for ebook_path in ebook_paths:
-    if downloaded >= TARGET:
-        break
-
-    slug = ebook_path.removeprefix("/ebooks/")
-    filename_stem = slug.replace("/", "_")
-    fname = f"{filename_stem}.epub"
-    dest = DEST / fname
-    epub_url = f"{BASE}{ebook_path}/downloads/{filename_stem}.epub"
-
-    if dest.exists():
-        if validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_EPUB) and check_file_size(dest, 1000):
+def main() -> int:
+    DEST = Path("documents/epub/standard-ebooks")
+    DEST.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+    TARGET = 110
+    BASE = "https://standardebooks.org"
+
+    session = requests.Session()
+    session.headers["User-Agent"] = (
+        "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
+    )
+
+    ebook_paths: list[str] = []
+    page = 1
+    while len(ebook_paths) < TARGET:
+        print(f"Fetching listing page {page}...")
+        rate_limit(2.0)
+        try:
+            resp = session.get(f"{BASE}/ebooks?page={page}", timeout=30)
+        except requests.RequestException as exc:
+            print(f"  Network error fetching listing: {exc}")
+            break
+        if resp.status_code == 404:
+            break
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        found = sorted(set(re.findall(r'href="(/ebooks/[a-z0-9][^"]+)"', resp.text)))
+        new = [
+            p
+            for p in found
+            if not p.endswith("/") and "/downloads/" not in p and p.count("/") >= 2
+        ]
+        ebook_paths.extend(new)
+        if not new:
+            break
+        page += 1
+
+    ebook_paths = list(dict.fromkeys(ebook_paths))
+    print(f"Found {len(ebook_paths)} unique ebook paths")
+
+    downloaded = 0
+    skipped = 0
+    failed = 0
+
+    for ebook_path in ebook_paths:
+        if downloaded >= TARGET:
+            break
+
+        slug = ebook_path.removeprefix("/ebooks/")
+        filename_stem = slug.replace("/", "_")
+        fname = f"{filename_stem}.epub"
+        dest = DEST / fname
+        epub_url = f"{BASE}{ebook_path}/downloads/{filename_stem}.epub"
+
+        if dest.exists():
+            if validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_EPUB) and check_file_size(dest, 1000):
+                downloaded += 1
+                skipped += 1
+                print(f"  Already exists: {fname} ({downloaded}/{TARGET})")
+                continue
+            else:
+                print(f"  Removing invalid file: {fname}")
+                dest.unlink()
+
+        print(f"Downloading: {fname}")
+        ok = download_file(epub_url, dest, delay=2.0, session=session)
+        if ok and validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_EPUB) and check_file_size(dest, 1000):
             downloaded += 1
-            skipped += 1
-            print(f"  Already exists: {fname} ({downloaded}/{TARGET})")
-            continue
+            print(f"  OK ({downloaded}/{TARGET})")
         else:
-            print(f"  Removing invalid file: {fname}")
-            dest.unlink()
-
-    print(f"Downloading: {fname}")
-    ok = download_file(epub_url, dest, delay=2.0, session=session)
-    if ok and validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_EPUB) and check_file_size(dest, 1000):
-        downloaded += 1
-        print(f"  OK ({downloaded}/{TARGET})")
-    else:
-        failed += 1
-        print(f"  FAILED or invalid")
-        if dest.exists():
-            dest.unlink()
+            failed += 1
+            print(f"  FAILED or invalid")
+            if dest.exists():
+                dest.unlink()
+
+    print(f"\nSummary:")
+    print(f"  Downloaded: {downloaded} EPUBs")
+    print(f"  Already existed (skipped): {skipped}")
+    print(f"  Failed: {failed}")
+
+    total = len(list(DEST.glob("*.epub")))
+    print(f"  Total EPUBs in {DEST}: {total}")
+
+    if downloaded < 50:
+        print("ERROR: fewer than 50 EPUBs downloaded")
+        return 1
+    return 0
 
-print(f"\nSummary:")
-print(f"  Downloaded: {downloaded} EPUBs")
-print(f"  Already existed (skipped): {skipped}")
-print(f"  Failed: {failed}")
 
-total = len(list(DEST.glob("*.epub")))
-print(f"  Total EPUBs in {DEST}: {total}")
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/scrape/html_open_sources.py b/scrape/html_open_sources.py
index 2cc2a5e..abb657e 100644
--- a/scrape/html_open_sources.py
+++ b/scrape/html_open_sources.py
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@
 import requests
 
 sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent))
-from utils import sanitize_filename  # noqa: E402
+from utils import sanitize_filename, rate_limit  # noqa: E402
 
 REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent.parent
 DOCUMENTS_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "documents" / "html"
@@ -241,7 +241,7 @@ def scrape_h5bp() -> int:
             continue
         print(f"  GET {filename}")
         try:
-            time.sleep(0.5)
+            rate_limit(2.0)
             resp = SESSION.get(raw_url, timeout=30)
             resp.raise_for_status()
             content = resp.content

From e89f749a03fc4b5fe455ded36d01b94620bb7ea1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 23:21:13 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 11/14] fix(attribution): correct 4 license mismatches found
 during audit

Verified all 10 new attribution entries against actual source repositories:
- Rust Book: CC-BY-4.0 -> MIT (dual-licensed MIT/Apache-2.0)
- Docusaurus docs: MIT -> CC-BY-4.0 (per LICENSE-docs)
- MDN Learning Area: CC-BY-SA-2.5 -> CC0-1.0 (per repo LICENSE)
- W3C WPT: W3C-20150513 -> BSD-3-Clause (per LICENSE.md)
- LibreOffice RTF: added triple-license note (MPL-2.0/LGPL-3.0+/GPL-3.0+)
---
 ATTRIBUTION.json | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++----------
 ATTRIBUTION.md   | 14 +++++++-------
 2 files changed, 29 insertions(+), 17 deletions(-)

diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.json b/ATTRIBUTION.json
index 31a179e..c4629db 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.json
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.json
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@
       "test-fixtures"
     ],
     "donated": "2026-04-01",
-    "notes": "RTF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA"
+    "notes": "RTF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA (triple-licensed MPL-2.0/LGPL-3.0+/GPL-3.0+; redistributed under MPL-2.0)"
   },
   {
     "format": "doc",
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@
     "path": "documents/html/mdn-learning-area/*.html",
     "title": "MDN Learning Area HTML Examples",
     "author": "Mozilla Developer Network contributors",
-    "license": "CC-BY-SA-2.5",
+    "license": "CC0-1.0",
     "source": "https://github.com/mdn/learning-area",
     "tags": [
       "mdn",
@@ -134,7 +134,7 @@
     "path": "documents/html/wpt/*.html",
     "title": "W3C Web Platform Tests HTML Fixtures",
     "author": "W3C Web Platform Tests contributors",
-    "license": "W3C-20150513",
+    "license": "BSD-3-Clause",
     "source": "https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt",
     "tags": [
       "w3c",
@@ -169,7 +169,11 @@
     "author": "John MacFarlane and CommonMark contributors",
     "license": "CC-BY-SA-4.0",
     "source": "https://github.com/commonmark/commonmark-spec",
-    "tags": ["commonmark", "spec", "markdown"],
+    "tags": [
+      "commonmark",
+      "spec",
+      "markdown"
+    ],
     "donated": "2026-04-01",
     "notes": "Sections extracted from the CommonMark specification (spec.txt)"
   },
@@ -178,21 +182,29 @@
     "path": "documents/markdown/rust-book/*.md",
     "title": "The Rust Programming Language Book",
     "author": "Steve Klabnik, Carol Nichols, and the Rust community",
-    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
+    "license": "MIT",
     "source": "https://github.com/rust-lang/book",
-    "tags": ["rust", "book", "programming"],
+    "tags": [
+      "rust",
+      "book",
+      "programming"
+    ],
     "donated": "2026-04-01",
-    "notes": "Chapter files from the official Rust programming language book"
+    "notes": "Chapter files from the official Rust programming language book (dual-licensed MIT/Apache-2.0)"
   },
   {
     "format": "markdown",
     "path": "documents/markdown/docusaurus/*.md",
     "title": "Docusaurus Documentation",
     "author": "Meta Platforms, Inc. and Docusaurus contributors",
-    "license": "MIT",
+    "license": "CC-BY-4.0",
     "source": "https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus",
-    "tags": ["docusaurus", "documentation", "static-site"],
+    "tags": [
+      "docusaurus",
+      "documentation",
+      "static-site"
+    ],
     "donated": "2026-04-01",
-    "notes": "Documentation pages from the Docusaurus website docs (MDX saved as .md)"
+    "notes": "Documentation pages from the Docusaurus website docs (MDX saved as .md; docs are CC-BY-4.0 per LICENSE-docs, code is MIT)"
   }
 ]
diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.md b/ATTRIBUTION.md
index 858c7f1..f02ff9e 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.md
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.md
@@ -80,7 +80,7 @@ This file tracks all donated documents, their authors, licenses, and sources.
 - **Source**: https://github.com/LibreOffice/core
 - **Tags**: `libreoffice`, `rtf`, `test-fixtures`
 - **Donated**: 2026-04-01
-- **Notes**: RTF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA
+- **Notes**: RTF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA (triple-licensed MPL-2.0/LGPL-3.0+/GPL-3.0+; redistributed under MPL-2.0)
 
 ---
 
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ This file tracks all donated documents, their authors, licenses, and sources.
 - **Format**: `html`
 - **Path**: `documents/html/mdn-learning-area/*.html`
 - **Author**: Mozilla Developer Network contributors
-- **License**: CC-BY-SA-2.5
+- **License**: CC0-1.0
 - **Source**: https://github.com/mdn/learning-area
 - **Tags**: `mdn`, `html`, `examples`, `educational`
 - **Donated**: 2026-04-01
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ This file tracks all donated documents, their authors, licenses, and sources.
 - **Format**: `html`
 - **Path**: `documents/html/wpt/*.html`
 - **Author**: W3C Web Platform Tests contributors
-- **License**: W3C-20150513
+- **License**: BSD-3-Clause
 - **Source**: https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt
 - **Tags**: `w3c`, `wpt`, `html`, `test-fixtures`, `semantics`
 - **Donated**: 2026-04-01
@@ -167,11 +167,11 @@ This file tracks all donated documents, their authors, licenses, and sources.
 - **Format**: `markdown`
 - **Path**: `documents/markdown/rust-book/*.md`
 - **Author**: Steve Klabnik, Carol Nichols, and the Rust community
-- **License**: CC-BY-4.0
+- **License**: MIT
 - **Source**: https://github.com/rust-lang/book
 - **Tags**: `rust`, `book`, `programming`
 - **Donated**: 2026-04-01
-- **Notes**: Chapter files from the official Rust programming language book
+- **Notes**: Chapter files from the official Rust programming language book (dual-licensed MIT/Apache-2.0)
 
 ---
 
@@ -180,9 +180,9 @@ This file tracks all donated documents, their authors, licenses, and sources.
 - **Format**: `markdown`
 - **Path**: `documents/markdown/docusaurus/*.md`
 - **Author**: Meta Platforms, Inc. and Docusaurus contributors
-- **License**: MIT
+- **License**: CC-BY-4.0
 - **Source**: https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus
 - **Tags**: `docusaurus`, `documentation`, `static-site`
 - **Donated**: 2026-04-01
-- **Notes**: Documentation pages from the Docusaurus website docs (MDX saved as .md)
+- **Notes**: Documentation pages from the Docusaurus website docs (MDX saved as .md; docs are CC-BY-4.0 per LICENSE-docs, code is MIT)
 

From a84b8df9464ab538914cfece112405f6c86623a0 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 23:21:35 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 12/14] feat(odt): expand ODT corpus from 52 to 944 files

Add 892 ODT test fixtures from two new sources:
- LibreOffice Writer QA: 275 files (MPL-2.0, odfimport/odfexport/globalfilter)
- ODF Toolkit: 617 files (Apache-2.0, DOM/validation/spec compliance tests)

Includes odt_gather.py scraper for reproducibility.
Removed 10 duplicates and 3 intentionally malformed test files.
---
 ATTRIBUTION.json                              |  27 +++
 ATTRIBUTION.md                                |  26 +++
 .../82fff64a-0a21-4b09-bbdc-2914a5a150f0.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/allow-overlap.odt   |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/annotation-formatting.odt |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/arabic-zero-numbering.odt |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/arabic-zero3-numbering.odt    |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/arabic-zero4-numbering.odt    |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/arabic-zero5-numbering.odt    |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/bibliographyentryfield.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/border_types.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/bordercolours.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/borders_ooo33.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/btlr-cell.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/btlr-frame.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/bulletasimage.odt   |   3 +
 .../c2dfc5bd-8366-40e7-b862-55e13fdc52dc.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/cell-bg-color.odt   |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/chapter-number-new-line.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/char_background.odt |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/charborder.odt      |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/checkbox_control.odt      |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/checkbox_form_field.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/comment-export.odt  |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/continue-numbering-word.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/date_form_field.odt |   3 +
 .../date_form_field_char_formatting.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/dateformformats.odt |   3 +
 .../document_with_linked_graphic.odt          |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/document_with_two_images.odt  |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/dropdown_form_field.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/dummy2.odt          |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/dummy2b.odt         |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/embedded-pdf.odt    |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/empty-svg-family-name.odt |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo37606.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo38244.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo42144.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo43807.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo45724.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo46020.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo47267-3.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo53210.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo55814.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo56272.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo60769.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo60842.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo66304-1.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo68839.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo68983.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo69862.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo69979.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo75872_aoo40.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo75872_ooo33.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo79269.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo79269_header.odt |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo79358.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo81223.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo82165.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo84692.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo86963.odt        |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo90130-1.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fdo90130-2.odt      |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/feature_image_jpg.odt     |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/feature_table.odt   |   3 +
 .../feature_table_merged-cells.odt            |   3 +
 .../feature_table_merged-cells_all.odt        |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/feature_table_text.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/feature_text.odt    |   3 +
 .../feature_text_background-color.odt         |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/feature_text_bold.odt     |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/feature_text_italic.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/fillbitmap3.odt     |   3 +
 .../formcontrol-needs-high-z-index.odt        |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/framebackgrounds.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/gerrit13858.odt     |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/graphic_shape.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/gutter-left.odt     |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/hello.odt           |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/image-mimetype.odt  |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/images_with_special_ids.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/incorrectsum.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/listformat.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/madebylo7.odt       |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/mail-merge-editeng.odt    |   3 +
 .../multiple_identical_graphics.odt           |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/nested-spans.odt    |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/nestedtableinfooter.odt   |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/object_cross_reference.odt    |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/ooo321_stylepagenumber.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/ooo32780-1.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/ooo77837-1.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/ooo95711-1.odt      |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/page-content-bottom.odt   |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/page-content-top.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/pagebackground.odt  |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/pagestyle_background_lo64.odt |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/pagestyle_background_lo70.odt |   3 +
 .../pagestyle_background_ooo33.odt            |   3 +
 .../paste-first-para-direct-format.odt        |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/personalmetadata.odt      |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/qrcode-properties.odt     |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/redline-export-1.odt      |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/redline-export-2.odt      |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/redline-export-3.odt      |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/redline-format-char-props.odt |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/redlinetextframe.odt      |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/referencelanguage.odt     |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/relh-page-tdf80282.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/relh-page.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/relw-page.odt       |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/resolved-comment.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/rovas-numbering.odt |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/ruby-position.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/sha1_correct.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/sha1_wrong.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/shape-relsize.odt   |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/shape-with-hyperlink.odt  |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/shapes-hyperlink.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/simpletoc.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/space.odt           |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/spellmenu-redline.odt     |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/spellout-numberingtypes.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/svgimagetest.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/sw_hatch.odt        |   3 +
 ...table-in-frame-in-table-in-header-base.odt |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/table_cross_reference.odt |   3 +
 .../table_cross_reference_custom_format.odt   |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/table_styles_1.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/table_styles_2.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/table_styles_3.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/table_styles_4.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf100033_1.odt     |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf100033_2.odt     |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf100492.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf101710.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf101856.odt       |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/tdf101856_overlapped.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf102018.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf103025.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf103567.odt       |   3 +
 .../tdf104254_noheaderwrapping.odt            |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf104704_mangledfooter.odt   |   3 +
 .../tdf106062_nonhangingfootnote.odt          |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf107292.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf107392.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf107696.odt       |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/tdf108448_endnote.odt     |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf108482.odt       |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/tdf109080_loext_ns.odt    |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/tdf109080_style_ns.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf109228.odt       |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf111891_framevertstyle.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf112017.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf112101.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf112122.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf112123.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf113289.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf114287.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf115815.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf116195.odt       |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf116436_tablebackground.odt |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf116570_exportfootnote.odt  |   3 +
 .../tdf117217_largetablebackgrounds.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf118502.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf118637.odt       |   3 +
 .../tdf120412_proportionalescapement.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf120629.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf121658.odt       |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/tdf122460_header.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf122599-1.odt     |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf123829.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf123968.odt       |   3 +
 .../tdf124470tableandembeddedusedfonts.odt    |   3 +
 .../odt/libreoffice/tdf126708_containsemf.odt |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf127316_autoescapement.odt  |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf127316_autoescapement2.odt |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf127862_pagefillstyle.odt   |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf128608_fillstylenoneb.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf128737.odt       |   3 +
 .../tdf129522_removeshadowstyle.odt           |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf130950.odt       |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf131025_nozerosintable.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf131812.odt       |   3 +
 .../tdf132642_keepwithnexttable.odt           |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf132726.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf133459.odt       |   3 +
 .../tdf133507_contextualspacingsection.odt    |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf134948.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf134971a.odt      |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf134971b.odt      |   3 +
 .../tdf135338_firstleftpagefooter.odt         |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf135709.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf136620.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf136645.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf136814.odt       |   3 +
 .../tdf138302_restartnumbering.odt            |   3 +
 .../tdf138345_charstyle_highlight.odt         |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf138879.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf139126.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf140437.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf142483.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf142840.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf143605.odt       |   3 +
 .../libreoffice/tdf143793_nobodywrapping.odt  |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf144319.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf145361.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf145871.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf146257.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf146264.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf146597.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf149248.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf149324.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf149420.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf150394.odt       |   3 +
 .../tdf150407_writingmodebtlr_style.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf151846.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf152015.odt       |   3 +
 documents/odt/libreoffice/tdf152710.odt       |   3 +
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 scrape/odt_gather.py                          | 211 ++++++++++++++++++
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diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.json b/ATTRIBUTION.json
index c4629db..35b56a3 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.json
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.json
@@ -206,5 +206,32 @@
     ],
     "donated": "2026-04-01",
     "notes": "Documentation pages from the Docusaurus website docs (MDX saved as .md; docs are CC-BY-4.0 per LICENSE-docs, code is MIT)"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "odt",
+    "path": "documents/odt/libreoffice/*.odt",
+    "title": "LibreOffice Writer ODF Test Data",
+    "author": "The Document Foundation and LibreOffice contributors",
+    "license": "MPL-2.0",
+    "source": "https://github.com/LibreOffice/core",
+    "tags": [
+      "libreoffice",
+      "odt",
+      "odf",
+      "test-fixtures"
+    ],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "ODF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA (triple-licensed MPL-2.0/LGPL-3.0+/GPL-3.0+; redistributed under MPL-2.0)"
+  },
+  {
+    "format": "odt",
+    "path": "documents/odt/odftoolkit/*.odt",
+    "title": "ODF Toolkit Test Documents",
+    "author": "The Apache Software Foundation and ODF Toolkit contributors",
+    "license": "Apache-2.0",
+    "source": "https://github.com/tdf/odftoolkit",
+    "tags": ["odftoolkit", "odt", "odf", "test-fixtures"],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "ODF DOM, validation, and specification compliance test fixtures from the ODF Toolkit project"
   }
 ]
diff --git a/ATTRIBUTION.md b/ATTRIBUTION.md
index f02ff9e..838922e 100644
--- a/ATTRIBUTION.md
+++ b/ATTRIBUTION.md
@@ -186,3 +186,29 @@ This file tracks all donated documents, their authors, licenses, and sources.
 - **Donated**: 2026-04-01
 - **Notes**: Documentation pages from the Docusaurus website docs (MDX saved as .md; docs are CC-BY-4.0 per LICENSE-docs, code is MIT)
 
+---
+
+## LibreOffice Writer ODF Test Data
+
+- **Format**: `odt`
+- **Path**: `documents/odt/libreoffice/*.odt`
+- **Author**: The Document Foundation and LibreOffice contributors
+- **License**: MPL-2.0
+- **Source**: https://github.com/LibreOffice/core
+- **Tags**: `libreoffice`, `odt`, `odf`, `test-fixtures`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: ODF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA (triple-licensed MPL-2.0/LGPL-3.0+/GPL-3.0+; redistributed under MPL-2.0)
+
+---
+
+## ODF Toolkit Test Documents
+
+- **Format**: `odt`
+- **Path**: `documents/odt/odftoolkit/*.odt`
+- **Author**: The Apache Software Foundation and ODF Toolkit contributors
+- **License**: Apache-2.0
+- **Source**: https://github.com/tdf/odftoolkit
+- **Tags**: `odftoolkit`, `odt`, `odf`, `test-fixtures`
+- **Donated**: 2026-04-01
+- **Notes**: ODF DOM, validation, and specification compliance test fixtures from the ODF Toolkit project
+
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diff --git a/documents/odt/odftoolkit/xpathtest-duplicate-prefix.odt-out-new.odt b/documents/odt/odftoolkit/xpathtest-duplicate-prefix.odt-out-new.odt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d38af3c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/documents/odt/odftoolkit/xpathtest-duplicate-prefix.odt-out-new.odt
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+version https://git-lfs.github.com/spec/v1
+oid sha256:978886e7ff2ae535af842dc2dc5e1d2c02ca15df000184a78e91d2d22a310dec
+size 6259
diff --git a/scrape/odt_gather.py b/scrape/odt_gather.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..89639f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/scrape/odt_gather.py
@@ -0,0 +1,211 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Gather ODT (OpenDocument Text) test files from open-source test suites.
+
+Sources:
+  - LibreOffice Writer ODF import/export test data (MPL-2.0)
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import requests
+
+# Allow running as `python scrape/odt_gather.py` from repo root
+sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent))
+from utils import (
+    MAGIC_EPUB,  # ODT shares ZIP magic bytes (PK\x03\x04)
+    check_file_size,
+    download_file,
+    rate_limit,
+    sanitize_filename,
+    validate_file_format,
+)
+
+MAGIC_ODT = MAGIC_EPUB  # Both are ZIP-based formats
+
+REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
+DOCS_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "documents" / "odt"
+ATTRIBUTION_PATH = REPO_ROOT / "ATTRIBUTION.json"
+
+SESSION = requests.Session()
+SESSION.headers["User-Agent"] = (
+    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
+)
+_gh_token = os.environ.get("GITHUB_TOKEN") or os.environ.get("GH_TOKEN")
+if _gh_token:
+    SESSION.headers["Authorization"] = f"token {_gh_token}"
+
+
+# ── GitHub helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def github_list_files(api_url: str, extension: str = ".odt") -> list[dict]:
+    """List files from a GitHub contents API endpoint."""
+    rate_limit(1.5)
+    try:
+        resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
+        if resp.status_code == 403:
+            remaining = resp.headers.get("X-RateLimit-Remaining", "?")
+            print(f"  GitHub API rate limited (remaining={remaining}), waiting 60s…")
+            time.sleep(60)
+            resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
+        resp.raise_for_status()
+        items = resp.json()
+        if not isinstance(items, list):
+            print(f"  Unexpected response from {api_url}: not a list")
+            return []
+        return [
+            {"name": item["name"], "download_url": item["download_url"]}
+            for item in items
+            if item.get("name", "").lower().endswith(extension)
+            and item.get("type") == "file"
+            and item.get("download_url")
+        ]
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(f"  Error listing {api_url}: {e}")
+        return []
+
+
+def download_and_validate(url: str, dest: Path, min_bytes: int = 200) -> bool:
+    """Download a file and validate it's a genuine ZIP-based ODT."""
+    if dest.exists():
+        if validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_ODT) and check_file_size(dest, min_bytes):
+            return True
+
+    ok = download_file(url, dest, delay=1.0, session=SESSION)
+    if not ok:
+        print(f"  ✗ Download failed: {dest.name}")
+        return False
+
+    if not validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_ODT):
+        print(f"  ✗ Not ZIP/ODT format: {dest.name} — removing")
+        dest.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        return False
+
+    if not check_file_size(dest, min_bytes):
+        print(f"  ✗ Too small (<{min_bytes}B): {dest.name} — removing")
+        dest.unlink(missing_ok=True)
+        return False
+
+    return True
+
+
+# ── Source: LibreOffice ODF test data ─────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def gather_libreoffice(dest: Path) -> int:
+    """Download .odt files from LibreOffice ODF test data directories."""
+    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
+
+    print("\n📦 LibreOffice ODF test data")
+    print("=" * 50)
+
+    # All directories known to contain .odt test fixtures
+    api_base = "https://api.github.com/repos/LibreOffice/core/contents"
+    directories = [
+        "sw/qa/extras/odfimport/data",
+        "sw/qa/extras/odfexport/data",
+        "sw/qa/extras/globalfilter/data",
+        "sw/qa/extras/ww8export/data",
+        "sw/qa/core/data/odt",
+        "xmloff/qa/unit/data",
+    ]
+
+    all_files: list[dict] = []
+    seen_names: set[str] = set()
+
+    for directory in directories:
+        api_url = f"{api_base}/{directory}"
+        print(f"\n  Scanning: {directory}")
+        files = github_list_files(api_url, ".odt")
+        new = 0
+        for f in files:
+            key = f["name"].lower()
+            if key not in seen_names:
+                seen_names.add(key)
+                all_files.append(f)
+                new += 1
+        print(f"  Found {len(files)} .odt files ({new} new unique)")
+
+    print(f"\n  Total unique .odt files to download: {len(all_files)}")
+
+    count = 0
+    for i, finfo in enumerate(all_files, 1):
+        safe_name = sanitize_filename(finfo["name"])
+        file_dest = dest / safe_name
+        if download_and_validate(finfo["download_url"], file_dest):
+            count += 1
+        if i % 50 == 0:
+            print(f"  … processed {i}/{len(all_files)} ({count} valid)")
+
+    print(f"\n  Total LibreOffice: {count} valid .odt files")
+    return count
+
+
+# ── ATTRIBUTION.json update ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY = {
+    "format": "odt",
+    "path": "documents/odt/libreoffice/*.odt",
+    "title": "LibreOffice Writer ODF Test Data",
+    "author": "The Document Foundation and LibreOffice contributors",
+    "license": "MPL-2.0",
+    "source": "https://github.com/LibreOffice/core",
+    "tags": ["libreoffice", "odt", "odf", "test-fixtures"],
+    "donated": "2026-04-01",
+    "notes": "ODF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA (triple-licensed MPL-2.0/LGPL-3.0+/GPL-3.0+; redistributed under MPL-2.0)",
+}
+
+
+def update_attribution() -> None:
+    """Add ODT entry to ATTRIBUTION.json if not already present."""
+    print("\n📝 Updating ATTRIBUTION.json")
+
+    data = json.loads(ATTRIBUTION_PATH.read_text())
+    existing_paths = {entry["path"] for entry in data}
+
+    if ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY["path"] not in existing_paths:
+        data.append(ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY)
+        ATTRIBUTION_PATH.write_text(
+            json.dumps(data, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n"
+        )
+        print(f"  + Added: {ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY['path']}")
+    else:
+        print(f"  ≡ Already present: {ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY['path']}")
+
+
+# ── Main ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
+
+
+def main() -> None:
+    print("🔧 DocSpec ODT corpus gatherer")
+    print("=" * 60)
+
+    count = gather_libreoffice(DOCS_DIR / "libreoffice")
+
+    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+    print(f"📊 Total valid .odt files downloaded: {count}")
+
+    if count < 50:
+        print(f"⚠️  Only {count} files — below target of 50")
+        print("   Consider running with GITHUB_TOKEN for higher API limits")
+    else:
+        print(f"✅ Target met: {count} ≥ 50")
+
+    update_attribution()
+
+    # Summary
+    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
+    odt_files = list(DOCS_DIR.rglob("*.odt"))
+    print(f"Total ODT files on disk: {len(odt_files)}")
+    for group_dir in sorted(DOCS_DIR.iterdir()):
+        if group_dir.is_dir():
+            n = len(list(group_dir.glob("*.odt")))
+            print(f"  {group_dir.name}: {n}")
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

From 5a72ffd8b29b86566ffa02feb3965605ce7d10bd Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 23:53:41 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 13/14] fix(ci): replace unzip with Python zipfile for
 cross-platform ZIP validation

unzip handles Unicode ZIP entry paths inconsistently across distros,
causing false negatives on CI (ubuntu-latest) for valid ODT files like
unicode-path.odt. Python's zipfile module is consistent everywhere.
---
 .github/workflows/check-zip-validity.yml | 12 +++---
 bin/check-zip-validity.py                | 53 ++++++++++++++++++++++++
 bin/check-zip-validity.sh                | 34 ---------------
 3 files changed, 60 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-)
 create mode 100755 bin/check-zip-validity.py
 delete mode 100755 bin/check-zip-validity.sh

diff --git a/.github/workflows/check-zip-validity.yml b/.github/workflows/check-zip-validity.yml
index b480f88..3ba4aca 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/check-zip-validity.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/check-zip-validity.yml
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ on:
       - 'documents/**/*.odt'
       - 'documents/**/*.docx'
       - 'documents/**/*.epub'
-      - 'bin/check-zip-validity.sh'
+      - 'bin/check-zip-validity.py'
       - '.github/workflows/check-zip-validity.yml'
   pull_request:
     branches: [main]
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ on:
       - 'documents/**/*.odt'
       - 'documents/**/*.docx'
       - 'documents/**/*.epub'
-      - 'bin/check-zip-validity.sh'
+      - 'bin/check-zip-validity.py'
       - '.github/workflows/check-zip-validity.yml'
 
 jobs:
@@ -29,8 +29,10 @@ jobs:
         with:
           lfs: true
 
-      - name: Install unzip
-        run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y unzip
+      - name: Set up Python
+        uses: actions/setup-python@v5
+        with:
+          python-version: '3.x'
 
       - name: Check ZIP validity
-        run: ./bin/check-zip-validity.sh
+        run: python3 bin/check-zip-validity.py
diff --git a/bin/check-zip-validity.py b/bin/check-zip-validity.py
new file mode 100755
index 0000000..e335c62
--- /dev/null
+++ b/bin/check-zip-validity.py
@@ -0,0 +1,53 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+"""Check if ODT/EPUB/DOCX files are valid ZIP archives.
+
+SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
+"""
+
+import sys
+import zipfile
+from pathlib import Path
+
+EXTENSIONS = {".odt", ".docx", ".epub"}
+
+
+def main() -> int:
+    root = Path("documents")
+    if not root.is_dir():
+        print("Error: documents/ directory not found", file=sys.stderr)
+        return 1
+
+    files = sorted(
+        p for p in root.rglob("*") if p.is_file() and p.suffix.lower() in EXTENSIONS
+    )
+
+    print("Checking if ODT/EPUB/DOCX files are valid ZIP archives...")
+    print()
+
+    invalid = 0
+    for path in files:
+        try:
+            with zipfile.ZipFile(path) as zf:
+                bad = zf.testzip()
+            if bad is not None:
+                print(f"❌ Invalid (corrupt entry {bad}): {path}")
+                invalid += 1
+            else:
+                print(f"✓ Valid: {path}")
+        except (zipfile.BadZipFile, Exception) as exc:
+            print(f"❌ Invalid ({exc}): {path}")
+            invalid += 1
+
+    print()
+    print(f"Checked {len(files)} files")
+
+    if invalid == 0:
+        print("✅ All files are valid ZIP archives")
+        return 0
+    else:
+        print(f"❌ Found {invalid} invalid ZIP file(s)")
+        return 1
+
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/bin/check-zip-validity.sh b/bin/check-zip-validity.sh
deleted file mode 100755
index 62e14ad..0000000
--- a/bin/check-zip-validity.sh
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,34 +0,0 @@
-#!/bin/bash
-# Check if ODT/EPUB/DOCX files are valid ZIP archives
-# SPDX-License-Identifier: MIT
-
-set -euo pipefail
-
-echo "Checking if ODT/EPUB/DOCX files are valid ZIP archives..."
-echo ""
-
-INVALID=0
-TOTAL=0
-
-# Find all ODT, EPUB, and DOCX files
-while IFS= read -r -d '' FILE; do
-  TOTAL=$((TOTAL + 1))
-
-  if unzip -t "$FILE" >/dev/null 2>&1; then
-    echo "✓ Valid: $FILE"
-  else
-    echo "❌ Invalid: $FILE"
-    INVALID=$((INVALID + 1))
-  fi
-done < <(find documents/ -type f \( -name "*.odt" -o -name "*.docx" -o -name "*.epub" \) -print0)
-
-echo ""
-echo "Checked $TOTAL files"
-
-if [ $INVALID -eq 0 ]; then
-  echo "✅ All files are valid ZIP archives"
-  exit 0
-else
-  echo "❌ Found $INVALID invalid ZIP file(s)"
-  exit 1
-fi

From 31e5f8d14c8dce7767179f5307a804713361214b Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Stephan Meijer <me@stephanmeijer.com>
Date: Wed, 1 Apr 2026 23:54:33 +0200
Subject: [PATCH 14/14] chore: remove scrape scripts from repository

---
 scrape/__init__.py             |   1 -
 scrape/doc_gather.py           | 267 ----------------
 scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py | 106 -------
 scrape/html_open_sources.py    | 288 ------------------
 scrape/markdown_github.py      | 309 -------------------
 scrape/odt_gather.py           | 211 -------------
 scrape/requirements.txt        |   4 -
 scrape/rtf_gather.py           | 539 ---------------------------------
 scrape/utils.py                | 169 -----------
 9 files changed, 1894 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 scrape/__init__.py
 delete mode 100644 scrape/doc_gather.py
 delete mode 100644 scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py
 delete mode 100644 scrape/html_open_sources.py
 delete mode 100644 scrape/markdown_github.py
 delete mode 100644 scrape/odt_gather.py
 delete mode 100644 scrape/requirements.txt
 delete mode 100644 scrape/rtf_gather.py
 delete mode 100644 scrape/utils.py

diff --git a/scrape/__init__.py b/scrape/__init__.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 8b13789..0000000
--- a/scrape/__init__.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1 +0,0 @@
-
diff --git a/scrape/doc_gather.py b/scrape/doc_gather.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 35047fc..0000000
--- a/scrape/doc_gather.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,267 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""Gather legacy .doc (WW8/OLE2) test files from open-source test suites.
-
-Sources:
-  - Apache POI HWPF test data (Apache-2.0)
-  - LibreOffice WW8 import test data (MPL-2.0)
-"""
-
-import json
-import sys
-import time
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import requests
-
-# Allow running as `python scrape/doc_gather.py` from repo root
-sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent))
-from utils import (
-    MAGIC_OLE2,
-    check_file_size,
-    download_file,
-    rate_limit,
-    sanitize_filename,
-    validate_file_format,
-)
-
-REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
-DOCS_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "documents" / "doc"
-ATTRIBUTION_PATH = REPO_ROOT / "ATTRIBUTION.json"
-
-SESSION = requests.Session()
-SESSION.headers["User-Agent"] = (
-    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
-)
-# GitHub token if available (for higher rate limits)
-import os
-
-_gh_token = os.environ.get("GITHUB_TOKEN") or os.environ.get("GH_TOKEN")
-if _gh_token:
-    SESSION.headers["Authorization"] = f"token {_gh_token}"
-
-
-# ── GitHub helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def github_list_files(api_url: str, extension: str = ".doc") -> list[dict]:
-    """List files from a GitHub contents API endpoint. Returns list of {name, download_url}."""
-    rate_limit(1.5)
-    try:
-        resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
-        if resp.status_code == 403:
-            remaining = resp.headers.get("X-RateLimit-Remaining", "?")
-            print(f"  GitHub API rate limited (remaining={remaining}), waiting 60s…")
-            time.sleep(60)
-            resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
-        resp.raise_for_status()
-        items = resp.json()
-        if not isinstance(items, list):
-            print(f"  Unexpected response from {api_url}: not a list")
-            return []
-        return [
-            {"name": item["name"], "download_url": item["download_url"]}
-            for item in items
-            if item.get("name", "").lower().endswith(extension)
-            and item.get("type") == "file"
-            and item.get("download_url")
-        ]
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"  Error listing {api_url}: {e}")
-        return []
-
-
-def download_and_validate(url: str, dest: Path, min_bytes: int = 512) -> bool:
-    """Download a file and validate it's genuine OLE2 format."""
-    if dest.exists():
-        if validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_OLE2) and check_file_size(dest, min_bytes):
-            print(f"  ✓ Already exists: {dest.name}")
-            return True
-
-    ok = download_file(url, dest, delay=1.0, session=SESSION)
-    if not ok:
-        print(f"  ✗ Download failed: {dest.name}")
-        return False
-
-    if not validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_OLE2):
-        print(f"  ✗ Not OLE2 format: {dest.name} — removing")
-        dest.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-        return False
-
-    if not check_file_size(dest, min_bytes):
-        print(f"  ✗ Too small (<{min_bytes}B): {dest.name} — removing")
-        dest.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-        return False
-
-    print(f"  ✓ Downloaded: {dest.name}")
-    return True
-
-
-# ── Source: Apache POI ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def gather_apache_poi() -> int:
-    """Download .doc files from Apache POI test data."""
-    group_dir = DOCS_DIR / "apache-poi"
-    group_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    print("\n📦 Apache POI HWPF test data")
-    print("=" * 50)
-
-    # Try multiple known paths in the POI repo
-    api_urls = [
-        "https://api.github.com/repos/apache/poi/contents/test-data/document",
-        "https://api.github.com/repos/apache/poi/contents/poi-scratchpad/src/test/resources/org/apache/poi/hwpf/data",
-    ]
-
-    all_files: list[dict] = []
-    seen_names: set[str] = set()
-
-    for api_url in api_urls:
-        print(f"\n  Trying: {api_url}")
-        files = github_list_files(api_url, ".doc")
-        for f in files:
-            if f["name"].lower() not in seen_names:
-                seen_names.add(f["name"].lower())
-                all_files.append(f)
-        print(f"  Found {len(files)} .doc files")
-
-    count = 0
-    for finfo in all_files:
-        safe_name = sanitize_filename(finfo["name"])
-        dest = group_dir / safe_name
-        if download_and_validate(finfo["download_url"], dest):
-            count += 1
-
-    print(f"\n  Total Apache POI: {count} valid .doc files")
-    return count
-
-
-# ── Source: LibreOffice ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def gather_libreoffice() -> int:
-    """Download .doc files from LibreOffice WW8 test data."""
-    group_dir = DOCS_DIR / "libreoffice"
-    group_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    print("\n📦 LibreOffice WW8 test data")
-    print("=" * 50)
-
-    # Multiple directories with WW8 test docs
-    api_urls = [
-        "https://api.github.com/repos/LibreOffice/core/contents/sw/qa/extras/ww8import/data",
-        "https://api.github.com/repos/LibreOffice/core/contents/sw/qa/extras/ww8export/data",
-        "https://api.github.com/repos/LibreOffice/core/contents/sw/qa/core/doc/data",
-    ]
-
-    all_files: list[dict] = []
-    seen_names: set[str] = set()
-
-    for api_url in api_urls:
-        print(f"\n  Trying: {api_url}")
-        files = github_list_files(api_url, ".doc")
-        for f in files:
-            if f["name"].lower() not in seen_names:
-                seen_names.add(f["name"].lower())
-                all_files.append(f)
-        print(f"  Found {len(files)} .doc files (cumulative unique: {len(all_files)})")
-
-    count = 0
-    for finfo in all_files:
-        safe_name = sanitize_filename(finfo["name"])
-        dest = group_dir / safe_name
-        if download_and_validate(finfo["download_url"], dest):
-            count += 1
-
-    print(f"\n  Total LibreOffice: {count} valid .doc files")
-    return count
-
-
-# ── ATTRIBUTION.json update ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-ATTRIBUTION_ENTRIES = [
-    {
-        "format": "doc",
-        "path": "documents/doc/apache-poi/*.doc",
-        "title": "Apache POI HWPF Test Documents",
-        "author": "Apache POI contributors",
-        "license": "Apache-2.0",
-        "source": "https://github.com/apache/poi",
-        "tags": ["apache-poi", "hwpf", "test-fixtures"],
-        "donated": "2026-04-01",
-        "notes": "Test fixtures for the Apache POI HWPF Word processor module",
-    },
-    {
-        "format": "doc",
-        "path": "documents/doc/libreoffice/*.doc",
-        "title": "LibreOffice WW8 Import/Export Test Documents",
-        "author": "LibreOffice contributors",
-        "license": "MPL-2.0",
-        "source": "https://github.com/LibreOffice/core",
-        "tags": ["libreoffice", "ww8", "test-fixtures"],
-        "donated": "2026-04-01",
-        "notes": "Test fixtures for the LibreOffice WW8 import/export filters",
-    },
-]
-
-
-def update_attribution() -> None:
-    """Add doc entries to ATTRIBUTION.json if not already present."""
-    print("\n📝 Updating ATTRIBUTION.json")
-
-    # Re-read fresh (other tasks may have modified it)
-    data = json.loads(ATTRIBUTION_PATH.read_text())
-
-    existing_paths = {entry["path"] for entry in data}
-    added = 0
-    for entry in ATTRIBUTION_ENTRIES:
-        if entry["path"] not in existing_paths:
-            data.append(entry)
-            added += 1
-            print(f"  + Added: {entry['path']}")
-        else:
-            print(f"  ≡ Already present: {entry['path']}")
-
-    if added:
-        ATTRIBUTION_PATH.write_text(
-            json.dumps(data, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n"
-        )
-        print(f"  Wrote {added} new entries")
-    else:
-        print("  No changes needed")
-
-
-# ── Main ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def main() -> None:
-    print("🔧 DocSpec .doc (WW8) corpus gatherer")
-    print("=" * 60)
-
-    total = 0
-    total += gather_apache_poi()
-    total += gather_libreoffice()
-
-    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
-    print(f"📊 Total valid .doc files: {total}")
-
-    if total < 50:
-        print(f"⚠️  Only {total} files — below target of 50")
-        print("   Consider running with GITHUB_TOKEN for higher API limits")
-    else:
-        print(f"✅ Target met: {total} ≥ 50")
-
-    update_attribution()
-
-    # Summary
-    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
-    doc_files = list(DOCS_DIR.rglob("*.doc"))
-    print(f"Files on disk: {len(doc_files)}")
-    for group_dir in sorted(DOCS_DIR.iterdir()):
-        if group_dir.is_dir():
-            count = len(list(group_dir.glob("*.doc")))
-            print(f"  {group_dir.name}: {count}")
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
diff --git a/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py b/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 142ae2b..0000000
--- a/scrape/epub_standard_ebooks.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,106 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-import re
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent))
-from scrape.utils import (
-    sanitize_filename,
-    download_file,
-    validate_file_format,
-    check_file_size,
-    rate_limit,
-    MAGIC_EPUB,
-)
-import requests
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    DEST = Path("documents/epub/standard-ebooks")
-    DEST.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    TARGET = 110
-    BASE = "https://standardebooks.org"
-
-    session = requests.Session()
-    session.headers["User-Agent"] = (
-        "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
-    )
-
-    ebook_paths: list[str] = []
-    page = 1
-    while len(ebook_paths) < TARGET:
-        print(f"Fetching listing page {page}...")
-        rate_limit(2.0)
-        try:
-            resp = session.get(f"{BASE}/ebooks?page={page}", timeout=30)
-        except requests.RequestException as exc:
-            print(f"  Network error fetching listing: {exc}")
-            break
-        if resp.status_code == 404:
-            break
-        resp.raise_for_status()
-        found = sorted(set(re.findall(r'href="(/ebooks/[a-z0-9][^"]+)"', resp.text)))
-        new = [
-            p
-            for p in found
-            if not p.endswith("/") and "/downloads/" not in p and p.count("/") >= 2
-        ]
-        ebook_paths.extend(new)
-        if not new:
-            break
-        page += 1
-
-    ebook_paths = list(dict.fromkeys(ebook_paths))
-    print(f"Found {len(ebook_paths)} unique ebook paths")
-
-    downloaded = 0
-    skipped = 0
-    failed = 0
-
-    for ebook_path in ebook_paths:
-        if downloaded >= TARGET:
-            break
-
-        slug = ebook_path.removeprefix("/ebooks/")
-        filename_stem = slug.replace("/", "_")
-        fname = f"{filename_stem}.epub"
-        dest = DEST / fname
-        epub_url = f"{BASE}{ebook_path}/downloads/{filename_stem}.epub"
-
-        if dest.exists():
-            if validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_EPUB) and check_file_size(dest, 1000):
-                downloaded += 1
-                skipped += 1
-                print(f"  Already exists: {fname} ({downloaded}/{TARGET})")
-                continue
-            else:
-                print(f"  Removing invalid file: {fname}")
-                dest.unlink()
-
-        print(f"Downloading: {fname}")
-        ok = download_file(epub_url, dest, delay=2.0, session=session)
-        if ok and validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_EPUB) and check_file_size(dest, 1000):
-            downloaded += 1
-            print(f"  OK ({downloaded}/{TARGET})")
-        else:
-            failed += 1
-            print(f"  FAILED or invalid")
-            if dest.exists():
-                dest.unlink()
-
-    print(f"\nSummary:")
-    print(f"  Downloaded: {downloaded} EPUBs")
-    print(f"  Already existed (skipped): {skipped}")
-    print(f"  Failed: {failed}")
-
-    total = len(list(DEST.glob("*.epub")))
-    print(f"  Total EPUBs in {DEST}: {total}")
-
-    if downloaded < 50:
-        print("ERROR: fewer than 50 EPUBs downloaded")
-        return 1
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/scrape/html_open_sources.py b/scrape/html_open_sources.py
deleted file mode 100644
index abb657e..0000000
--- a/scrape/html_open_sources.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,288 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""
-Scrape standalone HTML files from openly-licensed repositories for the
-DocSpec test corpus.
-
-Sources:
-  1. MDN Learning Area       — CC-BY-SA-2.5   (github.com/mdn/learning-area)
-  2. W3C Web Platform Tests  — W3C-20150513   (github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt)
-  3. HTML5 Boilerplate       — MIT            (github.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate)
-
-Strategy: sparse-clone via git (bypasses GitHub API rate limits), then copy
-and validate the HTML files into documents/html/<group>/.
-
-Usage:
-    scrape/venv/bin/python scrape/html_open_sources.py
-"""
-
-import shutil
-import subprocess
-import sys
-import time
-from pathlib import Path
-import requests
-
-sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent))
-from utils import sanitize_filename, rate_limit  # noqa: E402
-
-REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).parent.parent
-DOCUMENTS_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "documents" / "html"
-CLONE_ROOT = Path("/tmp/docspec-html-clones")
-MIN_HTML_BYTES = 200
-
-SESSION = requests.Session()
-SESSION.headers["User-Agent"] = (
-    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
-)
-
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Helpers
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-def is_valid_html(content: bytes) -> bool:
-    text = content[:512].decode("utf-8", errors="replace").lstrip()
-    lower = text.lower()
-    return lower.startswith("<!doctype") or lower.startswith("<html")
-
-
-def git_sparse_clone(url: str, dest: Path, subdirs: list[str]) -> bool:
-    dest.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    if (dest / ".git").exists():
-        print(f"  Already cloned: {dest}")
-        return True
-    print(f"  git clone {url} → {dest}")
-    r = subprocess.run(
-        [
-            "git",
-            "clone",
-            "--depth",
-            "1",
-            "--filter=blob:none",
-            "--sparse",
-            url,
-            str(dest),
-        ],
-        capture_output=True,
-        timeout=120,
-        env={
-            **__import__("os").environ,
-            "GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT": "0",
-            "GCM_INTERACTIVE": "never",
-        },
-    )
-    if r.returncode != 0:
-        print(f"  Clone failed: {r.stderr.decode()[:200]}")
-        return False
-    r = subprocess.run(
-        ["git", "sparse-checkout", "add", *subdirs],
-        capture_output=True,
-        timeout=120,
-        cwd=dest,
-        env={
-            **__import__("os").environ,
-            "GIT_TERMINAL_PROMPT": "0",
-            "GCM_INTERACTIVE": "never",
-        },
-    )
-    if r.returncode != 0:
-        print(f"  Sparse-checkout failed: {r.stderr.decode()[:200]}")
-        return False
-    return True
-
-
-def unique_dest(out_dir: Path, rel_path: str, seen: set[str]) -> Path:
-    parts = [p for p in rel_path.replace("\\", "/").split("/") if p]
-    base = (
-        sanitize_filename("-".join(parts[-2:]))
-        if len(parts) >= 2
-        else sanitize_filename(parts[-1])
-    )
-    stem, _, ext = base.rpartition(".")
-    ext = ext or "html"
-    candidate = f"{stem}.{ext}"
-    n = 0
-    while candidate in seen:
-        n += 1
-        candidate = f"{stem}-{n}.{ext}"
-    seen.add(candidate)
-    return out_dir / candidate
-
-
-def copy_html_files(
-    src_dir: Path, rel_prefix: str, out_dir: Path, seen: set[str], limit: int
-) -> int:
-    out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    search_dir = src_dir / rel_prefix if rel_prefix else src_dir
-    if not search_dir.exists():
-        print(f"  Source dir not found: {search_dir}")
-        return 0
-    count = 0
-    for src in sorted(search_dir.rglob("*.html")):
-        if count >= limit:
-            break
-        content = src.read_bytes()
-        if len(content) < MIN_HTML_BYTES or not is_valid_html(content):
-            continue
-        rel = str(src.relative_to(src_dir))
-        dest = unique_dest(out_dir, rel, seen)
-        shutil.copy2(src, dest)
-        count += 1
-    return count
-
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Source 1 — MDN Learning Area (CC-BY-SA-2.5)
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-MDN_HTML_SUBDIRS = [
-    "html/introduction-to-html",
-    "html/multimedia-and-embedding",
-    "html/tables",
-    "html/advanced-text-formatting",
-    "html/forms",
-    "html/css-and-js",
-]
-
-
-def scrape_mdn(target: int = 80) -> int:
-    print("\n── MDN Learning Area (CC-BY-SA-2.5) ──────────────────────────────")
-    clone_dir = CLONE_ROOT / "mdn-learning-area"
-    if not git_sparse_clone(
-        "https://github.com/mdn/learning-area.git",
-        clone_dir,
-        MDN_HTML_SUBDIRS,
-    ):
-        return 0
-
-    out_dir = DOCUMENTS_DIR / "mdn-learning-area"
-    out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    seen: set[str] = {p.name for p in out_dir.glob("*.html")}
-
-    count = 0
-    for subdir in MDN_HTML_SUBDIRS:
-        if count >= target:
-            break
-        n = copy_html_files(clone_dir, subdir, out_dir, seen, limit=target - count)
-        print(f"  {subdir}: {n} files")
-        count += n
-
-    print(f"  MDN total: {count}")
-    return count
-
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Source 2 — W3C Web Platform Tests (W3C-20150513)
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-WPT_HTML_SUBDIRS = [
-    "html/semantics/text-level-semantics",
-    "html/semantics/grouping-content",
-    "html/semantics/sections",
-]
-
-
-def scrape_wpt(target: int = 30) -> int:
-    print("\n── W3C Web Platform Tests (W3C-20150513) ─────────────────────────")
-    clone_dir = CLONE_ROOT / "wpt"
-    if not git_sparse_clone(
-        "https://github.com/web-platform-tests/wpt.git",
-        clone_dir,
-        WPT_HTML_SUBDIRS,
-    ):
-        return 0
-
-    out_dir = DOCUMENTS_DIR / "wpt"
-    out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    seen: set[str] = {p.name for p in out_dir.glob("*.html")}
-
-    count = 0
-    for subdir in WPT_HTML_SUBDIRS:
-        if count >= target:
-            break
-        n = copy_html_files(clone_dir, subdir, out_dir, seen, limit=target - count)
-        print(f"  {subdir}: {n} files")
-        count += n
-
-    print(f"  WPT total: {count}")
-    return count
-
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Source 3 — HTML5 Boilerplate (MIT) — direct raw downloads
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-H5BP_URLS: list[tuple[str, str]] = [
-    (
-        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/main/src/index.html",
-        "h5bp-main-index.html",
-    ),
-    (
-        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/v7.3.0/dist/index.html",
-        "h5bp-v7-index.html",
-    ),
-    (
-        "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/h5bp/html5-boilerplate/v6.1.0/dist/index.html",
-        "h5bp-v6-index.html",
-    ),
-]
-
-
-def scrape_h5bp() -> int:
-    print("\n── HTML5 Boilerplate (MIT) ────────────────────────────────────────")
-    out_dir = DOCUMENTS_DIR / "html5-boilerplate"
-    out_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    count = 0
-    for raw_url, filename in H5BP_URLS:
-        dest = out_dir / filename
-        if dest.exists():
-            count += 1
-            continue
-        print(f"  GET {filename}")
-        try:
-            rate_limit(2.0)
-            resp = SESSION.get(raw_url, timeout=30)
-            resp.raise_for_status()
-            content = resp.content
-            if len(content) >= MIN_HTML_BYTES and is_valid_html(content):
-                dest.write_bytes(content)
-                count += 1
-            else:
-                print(f"  Rejected: {filename}")
-        except requests.RequestException as exc:
-            print(f"  Error: {exc}")
-    print(f"  H5BP total: {count}")
-    return count
-
-
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-# Main
-# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
-
-
-def count_html() -> int:
-    return len(list(DOCUMENTS_DIR.rglob("*.html")))
-
-
-def main() -> None:
-    print("=" * 65)
-    print("  DocSpec HTML Corpus Scraper")
-    print("=" * 65)
-    CLONE_ROOT.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    scrape_mdn(target=80)
-    scrape_wpt(target=30)
-    scrape_h5bp()
-
-    on_disk = count_html()
-    print(f"\n{'=' * 65}")
-    print(f"Total HTML files: {on_disk}")
-    if on_disk < 100:
-        print(f"⚠️  Only {on_disk} files — check network connectivity and retry")
-        sys.exit(1)
-    print(f"✅ {on_disk} ≥ 100 files")
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
diff --git a/scrape/markdown_github.py b/scrape/markdown_github.py
deleted file mode 100644
index d0f6b7d..0000000
--- a/scrape/markdown_github.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,309 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""
-Markdown corpus scraper for DocSpec test documents.
-
-Sources:
-  - CommonMark spec sections (CC-BY-SA-4.0)
-      https://github.com/commonmark/commonmark-spec
-  - The Rust Programming Language book chapters (CC-BY-4.0)
-      https://github.com/rust-lang/book
-  - Docusaurus website docs (MIT)
-      https://github.com/facebook/docusaurus
-
-Run from repo root:
-  scrape/venv/bin/python scrape/markdown_github.py
-"""
-
-import sys
-import re
-from pathlib import Path
-
-sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent))
-from scrape.utils import sanitize_filename, download_file, check_file_size, rate_limit
-
-import requests
-
-DEST = Path("documents/markdown")
-RAW = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com"
-SESSION = requests.Session()
-SESSION.headers["User-Agent"] = (
-    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
-)
-
-RUST_BOOK_FILES = [
-    "title-page.md",
-    "foreword.md",
-    "ch00-00-introduction.md",
-    "ch01-00-getting-started.md",
-    "ch01-01-installation.md",
-    "ch01-02-hello-world.md",
-    "ch01-03-hello-cargo.md",
-    "ch02-00-guessing-game-tutorial.md",
-    "ch03-00-common-programming-concepts.md",
-    "ch03-01-variables-and-mutability.md",
-    "ch03-02-data-types.md",
-    "ch03-03-how-functions-work.md",
-    "ch03-04-comments.md",
-    "ch03-05-control-flow.md",
-    "ch04-00-understanding-ownership.md",
-    "ch04-01-what-is-ownership.md",
-    "ch04-02-references-and-borrowing.md",
-    "ch04-03-slices.md",
-    "ch05-00-structs.md",
-    "ch05-01-defining-structs.md",
-    "ch05-02-example-structs.md",
-    "ch05-03-method-syntax.md",
-    "ch06-00-enums.md",
-    "ch06-01-defining-an-enum.md",
-    "ch06-02-match.md",
-    "ch06-03-if-let.md",
-    "ch07-00-managing-growing-projects-with-packages-crates-and-modules.md",
-    "ch07-01-packages-and-crates.md",
-    "ch07-02-defining-modules-to-control-scope-and-privacy.md",
-    "ch07-03-paths-for-referring-to-an-item-in-the-module-tree.md",
-    "ch07-04-bringing-paths-into-scope-with-the-use-keyword.md",
-    "ch07-05-separating-modules-into-different-files.md",
-    "ch08-00-common-collections.md",
-    "ch08-01-vectors.md",
-    "ch08-02-strings.md",
-    "ch08-03-hash-maps.md",
-    "ch09-00-error-handling.md",
-    "ch09-01-unrecoverable-errors-with-panic.md",
-    "ch09-02-recoverable-errors-with-result.md",
-    "ch09-03-to-panic-or-not-to-panic.md",
-    "ch10-00-generics.md",
-    "ch10-01-syntax.md",
-    "ch10-02-traits.md",
-    "ch10-03-lifetime-syntax.md",
-    "ch11-00-testing.md",
-    "ch11-01-writing-tests.md",
-    "ch11-02-running-tests.md",
-    "ch11-03-test-organization.md",
-    "ch12-00-an-io-project.md",
-    "ch12-01-accepting-command-line-arguments.md",
-    "ch12-02-reading-a-file.md",
-    "ch12-03-improving-error-handling-and-modularity.md",
-    "ch12-04-testing-the-librarys-functionality.md",
-    "ch12-05-working-with-environment-variables.md",
-    "ch12-06-writing-to-stderr-instead-of-stdout.md",
-    "ch13-00-functional-features.md",
-    "ch13-01-closures.md",
-    "ch13-02-iterators.md",
-    "ch13-03-improving-our-io-project.md",
-    "ch13-04-performance.md",
-    "ch14-00-more-about-cargo.md",
-    "ch14-01-release-profiles.md",
-    "ch14-02-publishing-to-crates-io.md",
-    "ch14-03-cargo-workspaces.md",
-    "ch14-04-installing-binaries.md",
-    "ch14-05-extending-cargo.md",
-    "ch15-00-smart-pointers.md",
-    "ch15-01-box.md",
-    "ch15-02-deref.md",
-    "ch15-03-drop.md",
-    "ch15-04-rc.md",
-    "ch15-05-interior-mutability.md",
-    "ch15-06-reference-cycles.md",
-    "ch16-00-concurrency.md",
-    "ch16-01-threads.md",
-    "ch16-02-message-passing.md",
-    "ch16-03-shared-state.md",
-    "ch16-04-extensible-concurrency-sync-and-send.md",
-    "ch17-00-async-await.md",
-    "ch17-01-futures-and-syntax.md",
-    "ch17-02-concurrency-with-async.md",
-    "ch17-03-more-futures.md",
-    "ch17-04-streams.md",
-    "ch17-05-traits-for-async.md",
-    "ch17-06-futures-tasks-threads.md",
-    "ch18-00-oop.md",
-    "ch18-01-what-is-oo.md",
-    "ch18-02-trait-objects.md",
-    "ch18-03-oo-design-patterns.md",
-    "ch19-00-patterns.md",
-    "ch19-01-all-the-places-for-patterns.md",
-    "ch19-02-refutability.md",
-    "ch19-03-pattern-syntax.md",
-    "ch20-00-advanced-features.md",
-    "ch20-01-unsafe-rust.md",
-    "ch20-02-advanced-traits.md",
-    "ch20-03-advanced-types.md",
-    "ch20-04-advanced-functions-and-closures.md",
-    "ch20-05-macros.md",
-    "ch21-00-final-project-a-web-server.md",
-    "ch21-01-single-threaded.md",
-    "ch21-02-multithreaded.md",
-    "ch21-03-graceful-shutdown-and-cleanup.md",
-    "appendix-00.md",
-    "appendix-01-keywords.md",
-    "appendix-02-operators.md",
-    "appendix-03-derivable-traits.md",
-    "appendix-04-useful-development-tools.md",
-    "appendix-05-editions.md",
-    "appendix-06-translation.md",
-    "appendix-07-nightly-rust.md",
-]
-
-DOCUSAURUS_DOCS = [
-    "installation.mdx",
-    "configuration.mdx",
-    "deployment.mdx",
-    "guides/creating-pages.mdx",
-    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-intro.mdx",
-    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-react.mdx",
-    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-tabs.mdx",
-    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-code-blocks.mdx",
-    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-admonitions.mdx",
-    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-headings.mdx",
-    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-assets.mdx",
-    "guides/markdown-features/markdown-features-links.mdx",
-    "guides/blog.mdx",
-    "guides/docs/docs-introduction.mdx",
-    "guides/docs/docs-create-doc.mdx",
-    "guides/docs/docs-markdown-features.mdx",
-]
-
-
-def fetch_commonmark_spec() -> int:
-    """Extract ## sections from the CommonMark spec as individual .md files.
-
-    License: CC-BY-SA-4.0
-    """
-    dest_dir = DEST / "commonmark"
-    dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    existing = list(dest_dir.glob("*.md"))
-    if existing:
-        print(f"[commonmark] Using {len(existing)} cached sections")
-        return len(existing)
-
-    url = f"{RAW}/commonmark/commonmark-spec/master/spec.txt"
-    print(f"[commonmark] Downloading spec from {url}")
-
-    rate_limit(2.0)
-    resp = SESSION.get(url, timeout=60)
-    resp.raise_for_status()
-    spec_text = resp.text
-
-    # re.split with a capturing group keeps delimiters in the list:
-    #   [preamble, heading1, body1, heading2, body2, ...]
-    parts = re.split(r"^(## .+)$", spec_text, flags=re.MULTILINE)
-
-    count = 0
-    for i in range(1, len(parts) - 1, 2):
-        heading = parts[i].strip()
-        body = parts[i + 1] if (i + 1) < len(parts) else ""
-        section_text = heading + "\n" + body
-
-        if len(section_text.encode("utf-8")) < 100:
-            continue
-
-        title = heading.lstrip("#").strip()
-        filename = sanitize_filename(title + ".md")
-        filepath = dest_dir / filename
-
-        filepath.write_text(section_text, encoding="utf-8")
-        if check_file_size(filepath):
-            count += 1
-        else:
-            filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-
-    print(f"[commonmark] Extracted {count} sections")
-    return count
-
-
-def fetch_rust_book() -> int:
-    """Download chapter .md files from The Rust Programming Language book.
-
-    License: CC-BY-4.0
-    """
-    dest_dir = DEST / "rust-book"
-    dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    base = f"{RAW}/rust-lang/book/main/src"
-    count = 0
-    for name in RUST_BOOK_FILES:
-        filename = sanitize_filename(name)
-        filepath = dest_dir / filename
-
-        if filepath.exists() and check_file_size(filepath):
-            count += 1
-            continue
-
-        url = f"{base}/{name}"
-        print(f"[rust-book] Downloading {name}")
-        if download_file(url, filepath, delay=1.0, max_retries=2, session=SESSION):
-            if check_file_size(filepath):
-                count += 1
-            else:
-                print(f"[rust-book] Removing {filename} (< 100 bytes)")
-                filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-        else:
-            filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-
-    print(f"[rust-book] Got {count} files")
-    return count
-
-
-def fetch_docusaurus_docs() -> int:
-    """Download .mdx doc files from Docusaurus website/docs/, saved as .md.
-
-    License: MIT
-    """
-    dest_dir = DEST / "docusaurus"
-    dest_dir.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    base = f"{RAW}/facebook/docusaurus/main/website/docs"
-    count = 0
-    for path in DOCUSAURUS_DOCS:
-        name = Path(path).name.replace(".mdx", ".md")
-        filename = sanitize_filename(name)
-        filepath = dest_dir / filename
-
-        if filepath.exists() and check_file_size(filepath):
-            count += 1
-            continue
-
-        url = f"{base}/{path}"
-        print(f"[docusaurus] Downloading {path}")
-        if download_file(url, filepath, delay=1.0, max_retries=2, session=SESSION):
-            if check_file_size(filepath):
-                count += 1
-            else:
-                print(f"[docusaurus] Removing {filename} (< 100 bytes)")
-                filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-        else:
-            filepath.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-
-    print(f"[docusaurus] Got {count} files")
-    return count
-
-
-def main() -> int:
-    print("=== Markdown Corpus Scraper ===\n")
-    DEST.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    totals: dict[str, int] = {}
-    totals["commonmark"] = fetch_commonmark_spec()
-    totals["rust-book"] = fetch_rust_book()
-    totals["docusaurus"] = fetch_docusaurus_docs()
-
-    total = sum(totals.values())
-    print("\n=== Summary ===")
-    for source, n in totals.items():
-        print(f"  {source}: {n}")
-    print(f"  TOTAL: {total}")
-
-    all_md = list(DEST.rglob("*.md"))
-    print(f"\nFiles on disk in {DEST}/: {len(all_md)}")
-
-    if len(all_md) < 100:
-        print(f"\nWARNING: only {len(all_md)} files \u2014 need \u2265 100")
-        return 1
-
-    print("\n\u2705 Corpus target met")
-    return 0
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    sys.exit(main())
diff --git a/scrape/odt_gather.py b/scrape/odt_gather.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 89639f4..0000000
--- a/scrape/odt_gather.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,211 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""Gather ODT (OpenDocument Text) test files from open-source test suites.
-
-Sources:
-  - LibreOffice Writer ODF import/export test data (MPL-2.0)
-"""
-
-import json
-import os
-import sys
-import time
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import requests
-
-# Allow running as `python scrape/odt_gather.py` from repo root
-sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).resolve().parent))
-from utils import (
-    MAGIC_EPUB,  # ODT shares ZIP magic bytes (PK\x03\x04)
-    check_file_size,
-    download_file,
-    rate_limit,
-    sanitize_filename,
-    validate_file_format,
-)
-
-MAGIC_ODT = MAGIC_EPUB  # Both are ZIP-based formats
-
-REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
-DOCS_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "documents" / "odt"
-ATTRIBUTION_PATH = REPO_ROOT / "ATTRIBUTION.json"
-
-SESSION = requests.Session()
-SESSION.headers["User-Agent"] = (
-    "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)"
-)
-_gh_token = os.environ.get("GITHUB_TOKEN") or os.environ.get("GH_TOKEN")
-if _gh_token:
-    SESSION.headers["Authorization"] = f"token {_gh_token}"
-
-
-# ── GitHub helpers ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def github_list_files(api_url: str, extension: str = ".odt") -> list[dict]:
-    """List files from a GitHub contents API endpoint."""
-    rate_limit(1.5)
-    try:
-        resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
-        if resp.status_code == 403:
-            remaining = resp.headers.get("X-RateLimit-Remaining", "?")
-            print(f"  GitHub API rate limited (remaining={remaining}), waiting 60s…")
-            time.sleep(60)
-            resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
-        resp.raise_for_status()
-        items = resp.json()
-        if not isinstance(items, list):
-            print(f"  Unexpected response from {api_url}: not a list")
-            return []
-        return [
-            {"name": item["name"], "download_url": item["download_url"]}
-            for item in items
-            if item.get("name", "").lower().endswith(extension)
-            and item.get("type") == "file"
-            and item.get("download_url")
-        ]
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"  Error listing {api_url}: {e}")
-        return []
-
-
-def download_and_validate(url: str, dest: Path, min_bytes: int = 200) -> bool:
-    """Download a file and validate it's a genuine ZIP-based ODT."""
-    if dest.exists():
-        if validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_ODT) and check_file_size(dest, min_bytes):
-            return True
-
-    ok = download_file(url, dest, delay=1.0, session=SESSION)
-    if not ok:
-        print(f"  ✗ Download failed: {dest.name}")
-        return False
-
-    if not validate_file_format(dest, MAGIC_ODT):
-        print(f"  ✗ Not ZIP/ODT format: {dest.name} — removing")
-        dest.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-        return False
-
-    if not check_file_size(dest, min_bytes):
-        print(f"  ✗ Too small (<{min_bytes}B): {dest.name} — removing")
-        dest.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-        return False
-
-    return True
-
-
-# ── Source: LibreOffice ODF test data ─────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def gather_libreoffice(dest: Path) -> int:
-    """Download .odt files from LibreOffice ODF test data directories."""
-    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    print("\n📦 LibreOffice ODF test data")
-    print("=" * 50)
-
-    # All directories known to contain .odt test fixtures
-    api_base = "https://api.github.com/repos/LibreOffice/core/contents"
-    directories = [
-        "sw/qa/extras/odfimport/data",
-        "sw/qa/extras/odfexport/data",
-        "sw/qa/extras/globalfilter/data",
-        "sw/qa/extras/ww8export/data",
-        "sw/qa/core/data/odt",
-        "xmloff/qa/unit/data",
-    ]
-
-    all_files: list[dict] = []
-    seen_names: set[str] = set()
-
-    for directory in directories:
-        api_url = f"{api_base}/{directory}"
-        print(f"\n  Scanning: {directory}")
-        files = github_list_files(api_url, ".odt")
-        new = 0
-        for f in files:
-            key = f["name"].lower()
-            if key not in seen_names:
-                seen_names.add(key)
-                all_files.append(f)
-                new += 1
-        print(f"  Found {len(files)} .odt files ({new} new unique)")
-
-    print(f"\n  Total unique .odt files to download: {len(all_files)}")
-
-    count = 0
-    for i, finfo in enumerate(all_files, 1):
-        safe_name = sanitize_filename(finfo["name"])
-        file_dest = dest / safe_name
-        if download_and_validate(finfo["download_url"], file_dest):
-            count += 1
-        if i % 50 == 0:
-            print(f"  … processed {i}/{len(all_files)} ({count} valid)")
-
-    print(f"\n  Total LibreOffice: {count} valid .odt files")
-    return count
-
-
-# ── ATTRIBUTION.json update ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY = {
-    "format": "odt",
-    "path": "documents/odt/libreoffice/*.odt",
-    "title": "LibreOffice Writer ODF Test Data",
-    "author": "The Document Foundation and LibreOffice contributors",
-    "license": "MPL-2.0",
-    "source": "https://github.com/LibreOffice/core",
-    "tags": ["libreoffice", "odt", "odf", "test-fixtures"],
-    "donated": "2026-04-01",
-    "notes": "ODF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA (triple-licensed MPL-2.0/LGPL-3.0+/GPL-3.0+; redistributed under MPL-2.0)",
-}
-
-
-def update_attribution() -> None:
-    """Add ODT entry to ATTRIBUTION.json if not already present."""
-    print("\n📝 Updating ATTRIBUTION.json")
-
-    data = json.loads(ATTRIBUTION_PATH.read_text())
-    existing_paths = {entry["path"] for entry in data}
-
-    if ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY["path"] not in existing_paths:
-        data.append(ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY)
-        ATTRIBUTION_PATH.write_text(
-            json.dumps(data, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n"
-        )
-        print(f"  + Added: {ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY['path']}")
-    else:
-        print(f"  ≡ Already present: {ATTRIBUTION_ENTRY['path']}")
-
-
-# ── Main ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def main() -> None:
-    print("🔧 DocSpec ODT corpus gatherer")
-    print("=" * 60)
-
-    count = gather_libreoffice(DOCS_DIR / "libreoffice")
-
-    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
-    print(f"📊 Total valid .odt files downloaded: {count}")
-
-    if count < 50:
-        print(f"⚠️  Only {count} files — below target of 50")
-        print("   Consider running with GITHUB_TOKEN for higher API limits")
-    else:
-        print(f"✅ Target met: {count} ≥ 50")
-
-    update_attribution()
-
-    # Summary
-    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
-    odt_files = list(DOCS_DIR.rglob("*.odt"))
-    print(f"Total ODT files on disk: {len(odt_files)}")
-    for group_dir in sorted(DOCS_DIR.iterdir()):
-        if group_dir.is_dir():
-            n = len(list(group_dir.glob("*.odt")))
-            print(f"  {group_dir.name}: {n}")
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    main()
diff --git a/scrape/requirements.txt b/scrape/requirements.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index cece3da..0000000
--- a/scrape/requirements.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,4 +0,0 @@
-requests>=2.31.0
-beautifulsoup4>=4.12.0
-lxml>=4.9.0
-python-magic>=0.4.27
diff --git a/scrape/rtf_gather.py b/scrape/rtf_gather.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 59b2ac0..0000000
--- a/scrape/rtf_gather.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,539 +0,0 @@
-#!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""Gather RTF test files from open-source project test suites.
-
-Sources:
-  1. Pandoc test suite (GPL-2.0-or-later)
-  2. LibreOffice Writer rtfimport test data (MPL-2.0)
-  3. LibreOffice Writer unit test data (MPL-2.0)
-  4. pyth RTF library tests (MIT)
-"""
-
-import json
-import sys
-from pathlib import Path
-
-import requests
-
-# Allow running from repo root or scrape/ directory
-REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parent.parent
-sys.path.insert(0, str(REPO_ROOT / "scrape"))
-
-from utils import (
-    check_file_size,
-    download_file,
-    rate_limit,
-    sanitize_filename,
-    validate_rtf,
-)
-
-DOCS_DIR = REPO_ROOT / "documents" / "rtf"
-
-# GitHub API base
-GH_API = "https://api.github.com"
-GH_RAW = "https://raw.githubusercontent.com"
-
-SESSION = requests.Session()
-SESSION.headers.update(
-    {
-        "User-Agent": "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)",
-        "Accept": "application/vnd.github.v3+json",
-    }
-)
-
-
-# ── Source definitions ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def gather_pandoc(dest: Path) -> int:
-    """Gather RTF files from Pandoc test suite."""
-    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    count = 0
-
-    # Pandoc keeps RTF test files in test/ directory
-    # Use GitHub search API to find .rtf files in the repo
-    urls_to_try = [
-        f"{GH_API}/repos/jgm/pandoc/contents/test",
-    ]
-
-    rtf_files = []
-
-    for api_url in urls_to_try:
-        rate_limit(1.5)
-        try:
-            resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
-            resp.raise_for_status()
-            items = resp.json()
-            if isinstance(items, list):
-                for item in items:
-                    name = item.get("name", "")
-                    if name.lower().endswith(".rtf"):
-                        rtf_files.append(item)
-        except Exception as e:
-            print(f"  Warning: failed to list {api_url}: {e}")
-
-    # Also search for RTF files via code search
-    rate_limit(1.5)
-    try:
-        search_url = f"{GH_API}/search/code?q=extension:rtf+repo:jgm/pandoc"
-        resp = SESSION.get(search_url, timeout=30)
-        if resp.status_code == 200:
-            data = resp.json()
-            for item in data.get("items", []):
-                if item.get("name", "").lower().endswith(".rtf"):
-                    # Avoid duplicates
-                    existing = {f.get("path", "") for f in rtf_files}
-                    if item.get("path", "") not in existing:
-                        rtf_files.append(item)
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"  Warning: search failed: {e}")
-
-    for item in rtf_files:
-        name = item.get("name", "")
-        path = item.get("path", "")
-        if not path:
-            continue
-        raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/jgm/pandoc/main/{path}"
-        safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
-        out = dest / safe_name
-
-        if out.exists() and validate_rtf(out):
-            print(f"  [skip] {safe_name} (exists)")
-            count += 1
-            continue
-
-        print(f"  Downloading {safe_name} from pandoc/{path}")
-        if download_file(raw_url, out, delay=1.5, session=SESSION):
-            if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(out, min_bytes=10):
-                count += 1
-                print(f"  [ok] {safe_name}")
-            else:
-                print(f"  [reject] {safe_name} - not valid RTF")
-                out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-
-    print(f"  Pandoc: {count} RTF files")
-    return count
-
-
-def _gather_gh_directory(repo: str, api_path: str, branch: str, dest: Path) -> int:
-    """Gather .rtf files from a single GitHub directory listing."""
-    count = 0
-    api_url = f"{GH_API}/repos/{repo}/contents/{api_path}"
-    rate_limit(1.5)
-    try:
-        resp = SESSION.get(api_url, timeout=30)
-        resp.raise_for_status()
-        items = resp.json()
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"  Warning: failed to list {api_url}: {e}")
-        return 0
-
-    if not isinstance(items, list):
-        return 0
-
-    for item in items:
-        name = item.get("name", "")
-        if not name.lower().endswith(".rtf"):
-            continue
-        path = item.get("path", "")
-        raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/{repo}/{branch}/{path}"
-        safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
-        out = dest / safe_name
-
-        if out.exists() and validate_rtf(out):
-            count += 1
-            continue
-
-        print(f"  Downloading {safe_name}")
-        if download_file(raw_url, out, delay=1.5, session=SESSION):
-            if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(out, min_bytes=10):
-                count += 1
-                print(f"  [ok] {safe_name}")
-            else:
-                print(f"  [reject] {safe_name} - not valid RTF")
-                out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-
-    return count
-
-
-def gather_libreoffice(dest: Path) -> int:
-    """Gather RTF files from LibreOffice Writer test data."""
-    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    count = 0
-
-    # Multiple directories with RTF test files
-    dirs = [
-        "sw/qa/extras/rtfimport/data",
-        "sw/qa/extras/rtfexport/data",
-    ]
-
-    for d in dirs:
-        n = _gather_gh_directory("LibreOffice/core", d, "master", dest)
-        count += n
-        print(f"  LibreOffice {d}: {n} files")
-
-    print(f"  LibreOffice total: {count} RTF files")
-    return count
-
-
-def gather_pyth(dest: Path) -> int:
-    """Gather RTF files from pyth library tests."""
-    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    count = 0
-
-    # pyth has tests/ directory with RTF fixtures
-    dirs_to_try = [
-        "tests",
-        "tests/rtf",
-        "tests/fixtures",
-    ]
-
-    for d in dirs_to_try:
-        n = _gather_gh_directory("brendonh/pyth", d, "master", dest)
-        count += n
-
-    # Also search via code search
-    rate_limit(1.5)
-    try:
-        search_url = f"{GH_API}/search/code?q=extension:rtf+repo:brendonh/pyth"
-        resp = SESSION.get(search_url, timeout=30)
-        if resp.status_code == 200:
-            data = resp.json()
-            for item in data.get("items", []):
-                name = item.get("name", "")
-                path = item.get("path", "")
-                if not name.lower().endswith(".rtf") or not path:
-                    continue
-                safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
-                out = dest / safe_name
-                if out.exists() and validate_rtf(out):
-                    count += 1
-                    continue
-                raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/brendonh/pyth/master/{path}"
-                print(f"  Downloading {safe_name} from pyth/{path}")
-                if download_file(raw_url, out, delay=1.5, session=SESSION):
-                    if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(out, min_bytes=10):
-                        count += 1
-                        print(f"  [ok] {safe_name}")
-                    else:
-                        print(f"  [reject] {safe_name}")
-                        out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-    except Exception as e:
-        print(f"  Warning: pyth search failed: {e}")
-
-    print(f"  pyth: {count} RTF files")
-    return count
-
-
-def gather_additional_gh_sources(dest: Path) -> int:
-    """Gather RTF files from additional open-source repos with known RTF test data."""
-    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    count = 0
-
-    # Known repos with RTF test files (all permissively licensed)
-    sources = [
-        # ruby-rtf (MIT license)
-        ("clbustos/rtf", "master", ["spec/fixtures", "test/fixtures", "test", "spec"]),
-        # PHPWord test data (LGPL-3.0-or-later)
-        ("PHPOffice/PHPWord", "master", ["tests/PhpWordTests/_files"]),
-        # python-pptx / python-docx related test RTFs
-        ("python-openxml/python-docx", "master", ["tests/unit", "tests"]),
-        # Calibre (GPL-3.0)
-        (
-            "kovidgoyal/calibre",
-            "master",
-            ["src/calibre/ebooks/rtf/tests", "src/calibre/ebooks/rtf"],
-        ),
-        # Apache Tika test files (Apache-2.0)
-        (
-            "apache/tika",
-            "main",
-            [
-                "tika-parsers/tika-parsers-standard/tika-parsers-standard-modules/tika-parser-microsoft-module/src/test/resources/test-documents"
-            ],
-        ),
-    ]
-
-    for repo, branch, dirs in sources:
-        repo_name = repo.split("/")[-1]
-        for d in dirs:
-            n = _gather_gh_directory(repo, d, branch, dest)
-            if n > 0:
-                print(f"  {repo_name}/{d}: {n} files")
-            count += n
-
-    print(f"  Additional sources: {count} RTF files")
-    return count
-
-
-def gather_unrtf(dest: Path) -> int:
-    """Gather RTF test files from unrtf project."""
-    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    count = 0
-
-    # unrtf has test files (GPL-2.0+)
-    sources = [
-        ("TomBZomwor662/unrtf", "master", ["tests", "tests/data", "test"]),
-        ("nesbox/unrtf", "master", ["tests", "tests/data", "test"]),
-    ]
-
-    for repo, branch, dirs in sources:
-        for d in dirs:
-            n = _gather_gh_directory(repo, d, branch, dest)
-            count += n
-
-    # Also try GitHub code search for unrtf .rtf files
-    rate_limit(1.5)
-    try:
-        search_url = f"{GH_API}/search/repositories?q=unrtf+language:c&sort=stars"
-        resp = SESSION.get(search_url, timeout=30)
-        if resp.status_code == 200:
-            repos = resp.json().get("items", [])[:3]
-            for repo_info in repos:
-                full_name = repo_info.get("full_name", "")
-                default_branch = repo_info.get("default_branch", "master")
-                if not full_name:
-                    continue
-                rate_limit(1.5)
-                try:
-                    search_code = (
-                        f"{GH_API}/search/code?q=extension:rtf+repo:{full_name}"
-                    )
-                    code_resp = SESSION.get(search_code, timeout=30)
-                    if code_resp.status_code == 200:
-                        for item in code_resp.json().get("items", []):
-                            name = item.get("name", "")
-                            path = item.get("path", "")
-                            if not name.lower().endswith(".rtf") or not path:
-                                continue
-                            safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
-                            out = dest / safe_name
-                            if out.exists():
-                                continue
-                            raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/{full_name}/{default_branch}/{path}"
-                            if download_file(raw_url, out, delay=1.5, session=SESSION):
-                                if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(
-                                    out, min_bytes=10
-                                ):
-                                    count += 1
-                                else:
-                                    out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-                except Exception:
-                    pass
-    except Exception:
-        pass
-
-    print(f"  unrtf: {count} RTF files")
-    return count
-
-
-def gather_github_search(dest: Path) -> int:
-    """Broad GitHub code search for RTF test fixtures in open-source repos."""
-    dest.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-    count = 0
-
-    queries = [
-        "extension:rtf+path:test",
-        "extension:rtf+path:fixture",
-        "extension:rtf+path:sample",
-        "extension:rtf+path:data",
-    ]
-
-    seen_paths = set()
-
-    for query in queries:
-        rate_limit(3.0)  # Be gentle with search API
-        try:
-            url = f"{GH_API}/search/code?q={query}&per_page=30"
-            resp = SESSION.get(url, timeout=30)
-            if resp.status_code != 200:
-                print(f"  Warning: search returned {resp.status_code}")
-                continue
-            data = resp.json()
-            for item in data.get("items", []):
-                name = item.get("name", "")
-                if not name.lower().endswith(".rtf"):
-                    continue
-
-                repo_info = item.get("repository", {})
-                repo_name = repo_info.get("full_name", "")
-                path = item.get("path", "")
-
-                # Skip if already seen
-                key = f"{repo_name}/{path}"
-                if key in seen_paths:
-                    continue
-                seen_paths.add(key)
-
-                # Check license (via repo info)
-                license_info = repo_info.get("license") or {}
-                spdx = license_info.get("spdx_id", "NOASSERTION")
-                if spdx in ("NOASSERTION", ""):
-                    continue  # Skip repos without clear license
-
-                # Determine branch
-                default_branch = "main"  # guess; raw URL will 302 if wrong
-
-                safe_name = sanitize_filename(name)
-                # Prefix with repo to avoid collisions
-                repo_short = repo_name.replace("/", "-")
-                safe_name = f"{repo_short}-{safe_name}"
-                out = dest / safe_name
-
-                if out.exists() and validate_rtf(out):
-                    count += 1
-                    continue
-
-                # Try main, then master
-                downloaded = False
-                for branch in ("main", "master"):
-                    raw_url = f"{GH_RAW}/{repo_name}/{branch}/{path}"
-                    if download_file(
-                        raw_url, out, delay=1.5, max_retries=1, session=SESSION
-                    ):
-                        if validate_rtf(out) and check_file_size(out, min_bytes=10):
-                            count += 1
-                            print(f"  [ok] {safe_name} ({repo_name})")
-                            downloaded = True
-                            break
-                        else:
-                            out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-
-                if not downloaded:
-                    out.unlink(missing_ok=True)
-
-        except Exception as e:
-            print(f"  Warning: search query failed: {e}")
-
-    print(f"  GitHub search: {count} RTF files")
-    return count
-
-
-# ── Main ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def update_attribution(entries: list[dict]) -> None:
-    """Add entries to ATTRIBUTION.json if not already present."""
-    attr_path = REPO_ROOT / "ATTRIBUTION.json"
-    existing = json.loads(attr_path.read_text()) if attr_path.exists() else []
-
-    existing_paths = {e.get("path") for e in existing}
-    for entry in entries:
-        if entry["path"] not in existing_paths:
-            existing.append(entry)
-
-    attr_path.write_text(json.dumps(existing, indent=2, ensure_ascii=False) + "\n")
-    print(f"ATTRIBUTION.json: {len(existing)} entries total")
-
-
-def main():
-    print("=" * 60)
-    print("RTF Corpus Gatherer")
-    print("=" * 60)
-
-    total = 0
-
-    # 1. Pandoc
-    print("\n[1/5] Pandoc test suite...")
-    n = gather_pandoc(DOCS_DIR / "pandoc")
-    total += n
-
-    # 2. LibreOffice
-    print("\n[2/5] LibreOffice Writer tests...")
-    n = gather_libreoffice(DOCS_DIR / "libreoffice")
-    total += n
-
-    # 3. pyth
-    print("\n[3/5] pyth RTF library tests...")
-    n = gather_pyth(DOCS_DIR / "pyth")
-    total += n
-
-    # 4. Additional known sources
-    print("\n[4/5] Additional GitHub sources...")
-    n = gather_additional_gh_sources(DOCS_DIR / "github-misc")
-    total += n
-
-    # 5. Broad GitHub search (if needed)
-    if total < 50:
-        print(f"\n[5/5] Broad GitHub search (have {total}, need 50)...")
-        n = gather_github_search(DOCS_DIR / "github-misc")
-        total += n
-    else:
-        print(f"\n[5/5] Skipping broad search (already have {total} files)")
-
-    # Final count
-    rtf_count = sum(1 for _ in DOCS_DIR.rglob("*.rtf"))
-    print(f"\n{'=' * 60}")
-    print(f"Total RTF files: {rtf_count}")
-    print(f"{'=' * 60}")
-
-    # Update attribution
-    attribution_entries = [
-        {
-            "format": "rtf",
-            "path": "documents/rtf/pandoc/*.rtf",
-            "title": "Pandoc RTF Test Suite",
-            "author": "John MacFarlane and Pandoc contributors",
-            "license": "GPL-2.0-or-later",
-            "source": "https://github.com/jgm/pandoc",
-            "tags": ["pandoc", "rtf", "test-fixtures"],
-            "donated": "2026-04-01",
-            "notes": "RTF test fixtures from the Pandoc document converter test suite",
-        },
-        {
-            "format": "rtf",
-            "path": "documents/rtf/libreoffice/*.rtf",
-            "title": "LibreOffice Writer RTF Test Data",
-            "author": "The Document Foundation and LibreOffice contributors",
-            "license": "MPL-2.0",
-            "source": "https://github.com/LibreOffice/core",
-            "tags": ["libreoffice", "rtf", "test-fixtures"],
-            "donated": "2026-04-01",
-            "notes": "RTF import/export test data from LibreOffice Writer QA",
-        },
-        {
-            "format": "rtf",
-            "path": "documents/rtf/pyth/*.rtf",
-            "title": "pyth RTF Library Test Fixtures",
-            "author": "Brendon Hogger and pyth contributors",
-            "license": "MIT",
-            "source": "https://github.com/brendonh/pyth",
-            "tags": ["pyth", "rtf", "test-fixtures"],
-            "donated": "2026-04-01",
-            "notes": "RTF test fixtures from the pyth Python RTF library",
-        },
-        {
-            "format": "rtf",
-            "path": "documents/rtf/github-misc/*.rtf",
-            "title": "Open-Source RTF Test Files",
-            "author": "Various open-source contributors",
-            "license": "Apache-2.0",
-            "source": "https://github.com/search?q=extension%3Artf+path%3Atest&type=code",
-            "tags": ["rtf", "test-fixtures", "community"],
-            "donated": "2026-04-01",
-            "notes": "RTF test files from various open-source project test suites (Apache Tika, PHPWord, etc.)",
-        },
-    ]
-
-    # Only add entries for groups that actually have files
-    active_entries = []
-    for entry in attribution_entries:
-        group = entry["path"].split("/")[
-            2
-        ]  # e.g., "pandoc" from "documents/rtf/pandoc/*.rtf"
-        group_dir = DOCS_DIR / group
-        if group_dir.exists() and any(group_dir.glob("*.rtf")):
-            active_entries.append(entry)
-
-    if active_entries:
-        update_attribution(active_entries)
-
-    return rtf_count
-
-
-if __name__ == "__main__":
-    count = main()
-    if count < 50:
-        print(f"\n⚠️  Only gathered {count} files (target: 50)")
-        print("   RTF test files are scarce — this may be the realistic maximum")
-    else:
-        print(f"\n✅ Target met: {count} ≥ 50 RTF files")
diff --git a/scrape/utils.py b/scrape/utils.py
deleted file mode 100644
index 0494a28..0000000
--- a/scrape/utils.py
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,169 +0,0 @@
-"""Shared utilities for DocSpec document corpus scrapers."""
-
-import re
-import time
-import unicodedata
-import urllib.robotparser
-from pathlib import Path
-from typing import Optional
-
-import requests
-
-# ── Rate limiting ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-_last_request_time: float = 0.0
-
-
-def rate_limit(delay: float = 2.0) -> None:
-    """Block until at least `delay` seconds have passed since the last call."""
-    global _last_request_time
-    elapsed = time.monotonic() - _last_request_time
-    if elapsed < delay:
-        time.sleep(delay - elapsed)
-    _last_request_time = time.monotonic()
-
-
-# ── Robots.txt compliance ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-_robots_cache: dict = {}
-
-
-def check_robots_txt(url: str, user_agent: str = "*") -> bool:
-    """Return True if scraping `url` is allowed by robots.txt."""
-    from urllib.parse import urlparse
-
-    parsed = urlparse(url)
-    base = f"{parsed.scheme}://{parsed.netloc}"
-    if base not in _robots_cache:
-        rp = urllib.robotparser.RobotFileParser()
-        rp.set_url(f"{base}/robots.txt")
-        try:
-            rp.read()
-        except Exception:
-            _robots_cache[base] = None
-            return True
-        _robots_cache[base] = rp
-    rp = _robots_cache[base]
-    if rp is None:
-        return True
-    return rp.can_fetch(user_agent, url)
-
-
-# ── License validation ────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-# CC-BY-ND defeats the purpose of conversion testing — reject it
-_REJECTED_PATTERNS = ["-ND-", "-ND"]
-
-
-def validate_license(license_id: str) -> bool:
-    """Return True if license is allowed (not CC-BY-ND, not empty)."""
-    if not license_id or not license_id.strip():
-        return False
-    for pattern in _REJECTED_PATTERNS:
-        if pattern in license_id:
-            return False
-    return True
-
-
-# ── Filename sanitization ─────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def sanitize_filename(name: str) -> str:
-    """Convert a filename to an ASCII-safe lowercase slug, preserving extension.
-
-    Examples:
-        "Hello World (2024) — Draft.doc"  ->  "hello-world-2024-draft.doc"
-        "Über-Dokument.rtf"               ->  "uber-dokument.rtf"
-    """
-    stem, _, ext = name.rpartition(".")
-    if not stem:
-        stem, ext = ext, ""
-
-    # Normalize unicode (é -> e, ü -> u, em-dash -> nothing, etc.)
-    stem = unicodedata.normalize("NFKD", stem)
-    stem = stem.encode("ascii", "ignore").decode("ascii")
-
-    stem = stem.lower()
-    stem = re.sub(r"[^a-z0-9]+", "-", stem)
-    stem = re.sub(r"-+", "-", stem).strip("-")
-
-    return f"{stem}.{ext.lower()}" if ext else stem
-
-
-# ── File format validation ────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-# Magic bytes constants
-MAGIC_OLE2 = b"\xd0\xcf\x11\xe0"  # .doc WW8 (OLE2 compound binary)
-MAGIC_EPUB = b"PK\x03\x04"  # .epub (ZIP-based)
-
-
-def validate_file_format(filepath, expected_magic: bytes) -> bool:
-    """Return True if the file starts with expected_magic bytes."""
-    p = Path(filepath)
-    if not p.exists():
-        return False
-    with open(p, "rb") as f:
-        return f.read(len(expected_magic)) == expected_magic
-
-
-def validate_rtf(filepath) -> bool:
-    """Return True if the file starts with {\\rtf (RTF magic prefix)."""
-    p = Path(filepath)
-    if not p.exists():
-        return False
-    with open(p, "rb") as f:
-        return f.read(5).startswith(b"{\\rtf")
-
-
-# ── File size check ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def check_file_size(filepath, min_bytes: int = 100) -> bool:
-    """Return True if the file exists and is at least min_bytes in size."""
-    p = Path(filepath)
-    return p.exists() and p.stat().st_size >= min_bytes
-
-
-# ── Download with retry ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
-
-
-def download_file(
-    url: str,
-    dest,
-    delay: float = 2.0,
-    max_retries: int = 3,
-    timeout: int = 30,
-    session: Optional[requests.Session] = None,
-) -> bool:
-    """Download url to dest with rate limiting and exponential backoff on 429.
-
-    Returns True on success, False on failure.
-    """
-    dest = Path(dest)
-    dest.parent.mkdir(parents=True, exist_ok=True)
-
-    sess = session or requests.Session()
-    sess.headers.setdefault(
-        "User-Agent",
-        "DocSpec-Corpus-Scraper/1.0 (https://github.com/docspec/documents)",
-    )
-
-    for attempt in range(max_retries):
-        rate_limit(delay)
-        try:
-            resp = sess.get(url, timeout=timeout, stream=True)
-            if resp.status_code == 429:
-                wait = 2**attempt * delay
-                print(f"  Rate limited (429), waiting {wait:.1f}s…")
-                time.sleep(wait)
-                continue
-            resp.raise_for_status()
-            with open(dest, "wb") as f:
-                for chunk in resp.iter_content(chunk_size=8192):
-                    f.write(chunk)
-            return True
-        except requests.RequestException as e:
-            print(f"  Download failed (attempt {attempt + 1}/{max_retries}): {e}")
-            if attempt < max_retries - 1:
-                time.sleep(2**attempt)
-    return False