diff --git a/src/dynamics/Body.java b/src/dynamics/Body.java
index 57dacf0..4bcea03 100644
--- a/src/dynamics/Body.java
+++ b/src/dynamics/Body.java
@@ -48,68 +48,63 @@ public class Body {
     boolean paint_it = true;
 
     /* default constructor */
-    public Body(){}
-
-    /* body constructor - MKS units */
-    public Body( Dynamics a, int bn, double jd, double x, double y, double z, double vx, double vy, double vz, double bm, double radius, boolean ifm, boolean mapped ) {
-        this.unique = uniqueNumber++;
-        this.ap = a;
-        this.currentState = new StateVector( x, y, z, vx, vy, vz );
-        this.num = bn;
-        this.m = bm;
-        this.r = radius;
-        this.inFreeMotion = ifm;
-
-//      setBodyCharacteristics(  name, x, y, z, vx, vy, vz, m, ifm );
-        for ( int n=0; n<=2; n++ ) advanced[n] = new StateVector();
-
-        lastState = new StateVector();
-
-        this.status = 3;
-        this.activated = true;
-
-        if ( mapped ) {
-            bmap = new Map( ap, bn, radius );
+    public Body(){
+        ap = null;
+        currentState = new StateVector( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
+        unique = uniqueNumber;
+
+        // Increment uniqueNumber, but don't allow max int value to be exceeded
+        if ( uniqueNumber < Integer.MAX_VALUE ) {
+            uniqueNumber++;
+        } else {
+            uniqueNumber = 0;
         }
-
     }
 
-    /* body constructor - MKS units */
-    public Body( Dynamics a, int bn, StateVector v, double bm, double radius, boolean ifm, boolean mapped  ) {
-        this.unique = uniqueNumber++;
-        this.ap = a;
-        this.currentState = new StateVector( 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
+        /* body constructor - MKS units */
+    public Body( Dynamics a, int bn, StateVector v, double bm, double radius, boolean ifm, boolean mapped ) {
+        this(); // Call default constructor
+
+        ap = a;
         currentState.copyStateVectors( v );
 
-        this.num = bn;
-        this.m = bm;
-        this.r = radius;
-        this.inFreeMotion = ifm;
+        num = bn;
+        m = bm;
+        r = radius;
+        inFreeMotion = ifm;
+
+//      setBodyCharacteristics(  name, v.x, v.y, v.z, v.vx, v.vy, v.vz, m, ifm );
 
         for ( int n=0; n<=2; n++ ) advanced[n] = new StateVector();
+
         lastState = new StateVector();
 
-        this.status = 3;
-        this.activated = true;
+        status = 3;
+        activated = true;
 
         if ( mapped ) {
             bmap = new Map( ap, bn, radius );
         }
+    }
 
+    /* body constructor - MKS units */
+    public Body( Dynamics a, int bn, double jd, double x, double y, double z, double vx, double vy, double vz, double bm, double radius, boolean ifm, boolean mapped ) {
+        this( a, bn, new StateVector(x, y, z, vx, vy, vz), bm, radius, ifm, mapped );
+
+        this.jd = jd;
     }
 
-    void setBodyCharacteristics(  String name, double x, double y, double z, double vx, double vy, double vz, double m, boolean ifm ) {
+    void setBodyCharacteristics( String name, double x, double y, double z, double vx, double vy, double vz, double m, boolean ifm ) {
         this.name = name;
         this.m = m;
-        this.r = 1.0;
-        this.jd = jd;
-        this.currentState.x = x;
-        this.currentState.y = y;
-        this.currentState.z = z;
-        this.currentState.vx = vx;
-        this.currentState.vy = vy;
-        this.currentState.vz = vz;
-        this.inFreeMotion = ifm;
+        r = 1.0;
+        currentState.x = x;
+        currentState.y = y;
+        currentState.z = z;
+        currentState.vx = vx;
+        currentState.vy = vy;
+        currentState.vz = vz;
+        inFreeMotion = ifm;
     }
 
 
diff --git a/src/dynamics/DispersedPolygon.java b/src/dynamics/DispersedPolygon.java
index 75c9d3c..bc01cf3 100644
--- a/src/dynamics/DispersedPolygon.java
+++ b/src/dynamics/DispersedPolygon.java
@@ -26,21 +26,23 @@ public class DispersedPolygon {
     DispersedPolygon nextPolygon;       // next polygon in linked list
 
     DispersedPolygon() {
+        uniqueID = 0;
+        vertexCount = 0;
         npoints = 0;
     }
 
-    DispersedPolygon( int id, int vcount ){
+    DispersedPolygon( int id, int vcount ) {
+        this(); // Call default constructor
+
         uniqueID = id;
         vertexCount = vcount;
-        npoints = 0;
     }
 
-    DispersedPolygon( double zdepth, DispersedPolygon nextp, int polygonID, int vcount ) {
-        this.uniqueID = polygonID;
-        this.vertexCount = vcount;
-        this.depth = zdepth;
-        this.nextPolygon = nextp;
-        this.npoints = 0;
+    DispersedPolygon( double zdepth, DispersedPolygon nextp, int id, int vcount ) {
+        this( id, vcount );
+
+        depth = zdepth;
+        nextPolygon = nextp;
     }
 
     void setColors( Color a, Color b ) {
diff --git a/src/dynamics/Eye.java b/src/dynamics/Eye.java
index 504d5a6..37b8d92 100644
--- a/src/dynamics/Eye.java
+++ b/src/dynamics/Eye.java
@@ -68,8 +68,11 @@ public class Eye {
     int uniqueDispersedPolygonID = 0;
     boolean polygonPaintingInProcess;
 
-
+    // Default constructor
     public Eye() {
+        bSubject = null;    // no assigned subject body
+        bObject = null;     // no assigned object body
+
         // create empty linked list of paintstrokes
         nearPaintStroke = new PaintStroke( -1, null, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
         farPaintStroke = new PaintStroke( (int)1E20, nearPaintStroke, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
@@ -82,26 +85,21 @@ public Eye() {
     }
 
     public Eye( Dynamics app, double x, double y, double z, double vx, double vy, double vz, double sd  ) {
-        double a, lx, ly, lz, l;
-        int width, height;
+        this(); // Call default constructor
 
-        width = app.canvasSize.width;
-        height = app.canvasSize.height;
-        eyeImage = app.createImage( width, height);
+        eyeImage = app.createImage( app.canvasSize.width, app.canvasSize.height );
         eyeGraphics = eyeImage.getGraphics();
 
-        this.num = 233;
+        num = 233;
         this.app = app;
-        bSubject = null;                       // no assigned subject body
-        bObject = null;                        // no assigned object body
         locus = new StateVector( x, y, z, vx, vy, vz );
         udjat = new StateVector( 0, 0, -1E13, 0, 0, 0 );
 //      System.out.println( "eye locus " + locus.x + " " + + locus.y + " " + + locus.z + " " +" v " + locus.vx + " " + + locus.vy + " " + + locus.vz + " "  );
         printEyeLocus();
 
 //      screen = new StateVector();
-//      this.screen.z = sd;
-//        this.screen.z = 1E12;
+//      screen.z = sd;
+//        screen.z = 1E12;
 
         setEyeDimensions();
         typeOfEye = 0;
@@ -111,23 +109,14 @@ public Eye( Dynamics app, double x, double y, double z, double vx, double vy, do
 
         absRel = 0;
         relLocus = new StateVector( locus.x, locus.y, locus.z, locus.vx, locus.vy, locus.vz );
-
-        // create empty linked list
-        nearPaintStroke = new PaintStroke( -1, null, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
-        farPaintStroke = new PaintStroke( (int)1E20, nearPaintStroke, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
-        paintedPolygon =  new DispersedPolygon( 2, 64 );
-        // create empty linked list of dispersed polygons
-        nearPolygon = new DispersedPolygon( -1, null, nextUniqueDispersedPolygonID(), 0 );
-        farPolygon = new DispersedPolygon( 1E20, nearPolygon, nextUniqueDispersedPolygonID(), 0 );
-        polygonPaintingInProcess = false;
     }
 
     public Eye( Dynamics app, Body sbody, Body obody, double sd ) {
-        double a, lx, ly, lz, l;
+        this(); // Call default constructor
 
         this.app = app;
-        this.bSubject = sbody;
-        this.bObject = obody;
+        bSubject = sbody;
+        bObject = obody;
 
         locus = new StateVector( sbody.currentState.x, sbody.currentState.y, sbody.currentState.z, sbody.currentState.vx, sbody.currentState.vy, sbody.currentState.vz );
         udjat = new StateVector( 0, 0, -1E13, 0, 0, 0 );
@@ -140,15 +129,6 @@ public Eye( Dynamics app, Body sbody, Body obody, double sd ) {
 
         absRel = 0;  // absolute view = 0, relative view = 1
         relLocus = new StateVector( locus.x, locus.y, locus.z, locus.vx, locus.vy, locus.vz );
-
-        // create empty linked list
-        nearPaintStroke = new PaintStroke( -1, null, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
-        farPaintStroke = new PaintStroke( (int)1E20, nearPaintStroke, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 );
-        paintedPolygon =  new DispersedPolygon( 2, 64 );
-        // create empty linked list of dispersed polygons
-        nearPolygon = new DispersedPolygon( -1, null, nextUniqueDispersedPolygonID(), 0 );
-        farPolygon = new DispersedPolygon( 1E20, nearPolygon, nextUniqueDispersedPolygonID(), 0 );
-        polygonPaintingInProcess = false;
     }
 
 /*
@@ -218,12 +198,12 @@ public Eye( Dynamics app, int parent, double latitude, double longitude, double
 */
 
     int nextUniqueDispersedPolygonID() {
-        int id = this.uniqueDispersedPolygonID;
+        int id = uniqueDispersedPolygonID;
         // don't allow max int value to be exceeded
-        if ( uniqueDispersedPolygonID < 2147483647 ) {
+        if ( uniqueDispersedPolygonID < Integer.MAX_VALUE ) {
             uniqueDispersedPolygonID++;
         } else {
-            uniqueDispersedPolygonID = 2;           // 0 = nearPolygon uniqueID, 1 = farPolygon unniqueID, so start at 2
+            uniqueDispersedPolygonID = 2; // 0 = nearPolygon uniqueID, 1 = farPolygon unniqueID, so start at 2
         }
         return( id );
     }
diff --git a/src/dynamics/PaintStroke.java b/src/dynamics/PaintStroke.java
index a973483..36da735 100644
--- a/src/dynamics/PaintStroke.java
+++ b/src/dynamics/PaintStroke.java
@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ public class PaintStroke {
     int xor;                      // XOR on = 1, off = 0
     int colourIndex;              // colour index
     int param[] = new int[4];     // params (e.g. points)
-    static Color XORcolor = Color.white ;
+    static Color XORcolor = Color.white;
     static Color colorpalette[] = new Color[10];
     boolean PolygonInProcess;
     int polygonUniqueID;          // each polygon has an unique ID
@@ -31,60 +31,35 @@ public class PaintStroke {
 
     // default constructor
     PaintStroke() {
+        graphics = null;
+        layer = 0;
         PolygonInProcess = false;
         setColorPalette();
     }
 
-    PaintStroke( int gtype, Graphics g, int gxor, int gcolor, int p0, int p1, int p2, int p3) {
-        graphicType = gtype;
+    PaintStroke( int gtype, Graphics g, int gxor, int gcolor, int p0, int p1, int p2, int p3 ) {
+        this(); // Call default constructor
+
+        setPaintStroke( gtype, 0, gxor, gcolor, p0, p1, p2, p3 );
         graphics = g;
-        xor = gxor;
-        colourIndex = gcolor;
-        param[0] = p0;
-        param[1] = p1;
-        param[2] = p2;
-        param[3] = p3;
-        PolygonInProcess = false;
-        setColorPalette();
     }
 
-    PaintStroke( int gtype, int glayer, int gxor, int gcolor, int p0, int p1, int p2, int p3) {
-        graphicType = gtype;
-        layer = 0;
-        layer = glayer;
-        xor = gxor;
-        colourIndex = gcolor;
-        param[0] = p0;
-        param[1] = p1;
-        param[2] = p2;
-        param[3] = p3;
-        PolygonInProcess = false;
-        setColorPalette();
+    PaintStroke( int gtype, int glayer, int gxor, int gcolor, int p0, int p1, int p2, int p3 ) {
+        this(); // Call default constructor
+
+        setPaintStroke( gtype, glayer, gxor, gcolor, p0, p1, p2, p3 );
     }
 
     PaintStroke( double zdepth, PaintStroke nextp, int gtype, int glayer, int gxor, int gcolor, int p0, int p1, int p2, int p3, int polygonID, int polygonVcount, int vn ) {
+        this( gtype, glayer, gxor, gcolor, p0, p1, p2, p3 );
 
         // linked list parameters
-        this.depth = zdepth;
-        this.nextPaintStroke = nextp;
-
-        // paintstroke parameters
-        graphicType = gtype;
-        layer = 0;
-        layer = glayer;
-        xor = gxor;
-        colourIndex = gcolor;
-        param[0] = p0;
-        param[1] = p1;
-        param[2] = p2;
-        param[3] = p3;
-        setColorPalette();
-        PolygonInProcess = false;
+        depth = zdepth;
+        nextPaintStroke = nextp;
 
         polygonUniqueID = polygonID;          // (if present) each polygon has an unique ID
         polygonVertexCount = polygonVcount;   // number of vertices in polygon
         polygonVertexNum = vn;                // vertex number (0-63)
-
     }
 
     void setPaintStroke( int gtype, int glayer, int gxor, int gcolor, int p0, int p1, int p2, int p3) {
diff --git a/src/dynamics/VectorMap.java b/src/dynamics/VectorMap.java
index b2ca876..6ccdd7a 100644
--- a/src/dynamics/VectorMap.java
+++ b/src/dynamics/VectorMap.java
@@ -35,63 +35,63 @@ public class VectorMap extends Body {
     VectorMap() {
     }
 
-    VectorMap( Dynamics a) {
-        this.ap = a;
+    VectorMap( Dynamics a ) {
+        ap = a;
     }
 
     // read in planet vectorMap
     VectorMap( Dynamics a, int bnum ) {
-        this.ap = a;
-        int nrows;
-        StateVector v = new StateVector();
+        this( a );
+
         EarthMap simpleEarthMap = new EarthMap();
-        nrows = simpleEarthMap.findNrows();
+        int nrows = simpleEarthMap.findNrows();
 
-        for ( int n=0; n<nrows; n++ ) {
+        for ( int n = 0; n < nrows; n++ ) {
             vector[n] = simpleEarthMap.readNextRow();
         }
+
         vpoints = nrows;
 
         mapPresent = true;
-        createFlyVectorMap( );
+        createFlyVectorMap();
         setColorPalette();
-
     }
 
     // create XYZ axes vectorMap at lat-long-rmul on planet b0
     VectorMap( Dynamics a, int b0, double lat, double lon, double rmul, double scale ) {
-        this.ap = a;
+        this( a );
+
         this.bnum = b0;
-        AxisMap ax = new AxisMap( this.ap, bnum, lat, lon, rmul, scale);
+        AxisMap ax = new AxisMap( this.ap, bnum, lat, lon, rmul, scale );
         int nVectors = ax.findNvectors();
 
-        for ( int n=0; n<nVectors; n++ ) {
+        for ( int n = 0; n < nVectors; n++ ) {
             vector[n] = ax.readNextVector();
         }
 
         vpoints = nVectors;
 
         mapPresent = true;
-        createFlyVectorMap( );
+        createFlyVectorMap();
         setColorPalette();
-
     }
 
     // create a latitude-longitude vector map, maybe including tropics and degree labels
     VectorMap( Dynamics a, double mapRadius, double degreeStep, boolean tropics, boolean textOn ) {
+        this( a );
+
         int i, j, m, n, nsteps, nhalfsteps;
         double x, y, z, vectorStepAngle, vectorHalfStepAngle, latitude, angle;
 
-        ap = a;
-        sunXYZ = new StateVector(  );
-        earthXYZ = new StateVector(  );
-        eyeXYZ = new StateVector(  );
+        sunXYZ = new StateVector();
+        earthXYZ = new StateVector();
+        eyeXYZ = new StateVector();
 
         // first vector is from equator in positive latitude, same longitude
         nsteps = (int)( 360.0 / degreeStep );
-        vectorStepAngle = (degreeStep) * Mathut.degreesToRadians;
+        vectorStepAngle = degreeStep * Mathut.degreesToRadians;
         nhalfsteps = nsteps * 2;
-        vectorHalfStepAngle =  vectorStepAngle * 0.5;
+        vectorHalfStepAngle = vectorStepAngle * 0.5;
         y = mapRadius * Math.cos( vectorHalfStepAngle );
         z = mapRadius * Math.sin( vectorHalfStepAngle );