diff --git a/app/build.gradle.kts b/app/build.gradle.kts
index 018bb525..ee2d7d57 100644
--- a/app/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/app/build.gradle.kts
@@ -53,21 +53,17 @@ android {
             isIncludeAndroidResources = true
         }
         managedDevices {
-            devices {
+            allDevices {
                 maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp-atd"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
                 maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
                 maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 27
@@ -76,9 +72,9 @@ android {
             }
             groups {
                 maybeCreate("api27and30").apply {
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30atd"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api27"])
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30atd"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api27"))
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/core/combine/build.gradle.kts b/core/combine/build.gradle.kts
index 71e0c3a8..bd41d5df 100644
--- a/core/combine/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/core/combine/build.gradle.kts
@@ -25,21 +25,17 @@ android {
     }
     testOptions {
         managedDevices {
-            devices {
+            allDevices {
                 maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp-atd"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
                 maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
                 maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 27
@@ -48,9 +44,9 @@ android {
             }
             groups {
                 maybeCreate("api27and30").apply {
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30atd"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api27"])
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30atd"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api27"))
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/core/firebase/build.gradle.kts b/core/firebase/build.gradle.kts
index d108b333..81cc6dc4 100644
--- a/core/firebase/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/core/firebase/build.gradle.kts
@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ android {
     }
     testOptions {
         managedDevices {
-            devices {
+            allDevices {
                 maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
diff --git a/core/work/build.gradle.kts b/core/work/build.gradle.kts
index f146c452..059bebfc 100644
--- a/core/work/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/core/work/build.gradle.kts
@@ -26,21 +26,17 @@ android {
     }
     testOptions {
         managedDevices {
-            devices {
+            allDevices {
                 maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp-atd"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
                 maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
                 maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 27
@@ -49,9 +45,9 @@ android {
             }
             groups {
                 maybeCreate("api27and30").apply {
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30atd"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api27"])
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30atd"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api27"))
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/data/api/build.gradle.kts b/data/api/build.gradle.kts
index 4e322641..2cf9856e 100644
--- a/data/api/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/data/api/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,4 +1,6 @@
+import com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice
 import com.android.build.gradle.internal.cxx.configure.gradleLocalProperties
+import org.gradle.kotlin.dsl.maybeCreate
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
 
 plugins {
@@ -32,22 +34,18 @@ android {
             isReturnDefaultValues = true
         }
         managedDevices {
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
+            allDevices {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp-atd"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 27
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
@@ -55,9 +53,9 @@ android {
             }
             groups {
                 maybeCreate("api27and30").apply {
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30atd"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api27"])
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30atd"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api27"))
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/data/meal/build.gradle.kts b/data/meal/build.gradle.kts
index 55266a13..3eb1245b 100644
--- a/data/meal/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/data/meal/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice
+import org.gradle.kotlin.dsl.maybeCreate
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
 
 plugins {
@@ -23,22 +25,18 @@ android {
     }
     testOptions {
         managedDevices {
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
+            allDevices {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp-atd"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 27
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
@@ -46,9 +44,9 @@ android {
             }
             groups {
                 maybeCreate("api27and30").apply {
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30atd"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api27"])
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30atd"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api27"))
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/data/memo/build.gradle.kts b/data/memo/build.gradle.kts
index d88a590e..db072481 100644
--- a/data/memo/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/data/memo/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
 
 plugins {
@@ -25,15 +26,13 @@ android {
     }
     testOptions {
         managedDevices {
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
+            allDevices {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp-atd"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 27
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
@@ -41,8 +40,8 @@ android {
             }
             groups {
                 maybeCreate("api27and30").apply {
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30atd"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api27"])
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30atd"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api27"))
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/data/preferences/build.gradle.kts b/data/preferences/build.gradle.kts
index 19f5ea33..b38de47b 100644
--- a/data/preferences/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/data/preferences/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice
+import org.gradle.kotlin.dsl.maybeCreate
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
 
 plugins {
@@ -18,22 +20,18 @@ android {
     }
     testOptions {
         managedDevices {
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
+            allDevices {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp-atd"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 27
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
@@ -41,9 +39,9 @@ android {
             }
             groups {
                 maybeCreate("api27and30").apply {
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30atd"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api27"])
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30atd"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api27"))
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/data/schedule/build.gradle.kts b/data/schedule/build.gradle.kts
index 49778676..8f248570 100644
--- a/data/schedule/build.gradle.kts
+++ b/data/schedule/build.gradle.kts
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+import com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice
+import org.gradle.kotlin.dsl.maybeCreate
 import org.jetbrains.kotlin.gradle.dsl.JvmTarget
 
 plugins {
@@ -23,22 +25,18 @@ android {
     }
     testOptions {
         managedDevices {
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
+            allDevices {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30atd").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp-atd"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api30").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 30
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
                 }
-            }
-            devices {
-                maybeCreate<com.android.build.api.dsl.ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
+                maybeCreate<ManagedVirtualDevice>("pixel2api27").apply {
                     device = "Pixel 2"
                     apiLevel = 27
                     systemImageSource = "aosp"
@@ -46,9 +44,9 @@ android {
             }
             groups {
                 maybeCreate("api27and30").apply {
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api30atd"])
-                    targetDevices.add(devices["pixel2api27"])
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api30atd"))
+                    targetDevices.add(allDevices.getByName("pixel2api27"))
                 }
             }
         }
diff --git a/gradle.properties b/gradle.properties
index ba821f74..05009659 100644
--- a/gradle.properties
+++ b/gradle.properties
@@ -21,4 +21,14 @@ kotlin.code.style=official
 # resources declared in the library itself and none from the library's dependencies,
 # thereby reducing the size of the R class for that library
 android.nonTransitiveRClass=true
-android.nonFinalResIds=false
\ No newline at end of file
+android.nonFinalResIds=false
+android.defaults.buildfeatures.resvalues=true
+android.sdk.defaultTargetSdkToCompileSdkIfUnset=false
+android.enableAppCompileTimeRClass=false
+android.usesSdkInManifest.disallowed=false
+android.uniquePackageNames=false
+android.dependency.useConstraints=true
+android.r8.strictFullModeForKeepRules=false
+android.r8.optimizedResourceShrinking=false
+android.builtInKotlin=false
+android.newDsl=false
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gradle/libs.versions.toml b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
index f2935a45..9f5c7c3a 100644
--- a/gradle/libs.versions.toml
+++ b/gradle/libs.versions.toml
@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
 compileSdk = "35"
 minSdk = "26"
 targetSdk = "35"
-versionName = "2.5.4"
+versionName = "2.5.5"
 
 # library
 accompanist = '0.32.0'
@@ -11,19 +11,19 @@ compose-bom = "2025.08.01"
 coroutines = "1.10.2"
 credentials = '1.2.2'
 firebase-bom = "33.1.1"
-hilt = "2.57.1"
+hilt = "2.57.2"
 hsk-ktx = '1.0-beta17'
 junit5 = "5.9.3"
-kotlin = '2.1.20'
+kotlin = "2.2.10"
 lifecycle = '2.8.2'
 retrofit = '2.11.0'
 room = "2.7.2"
 violet-dreams = '0.1.2'
-navigation = '2.8.2'
-work = "2.9.0"
+navigation = '2.8.3'
+work = "2.9.1"
 
 [libraries]
-android-gradle = "com.android.tools.build:gradle:8.12.2"
+android-gradle = "com.android.tools.build:gradle:9.2.0"
 hilt-android-gradle-plugin = { module = 'com.google.dagger:hilt-android-gradle-plugin', version.ref = 'hilt' }
 kotlin-gradle-plugin = { module = 'org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-gradle-plugin', version.ref = 'kotlin' }
 kotlinx-serialization-plugin = { module = 'org.jetbrains.kotlin:kotlin-serialization', version.ref = 'kotlin' }
@@ -40,7 +40,7 @@ accompanist-placeholder-material = { module = 'com.google.accompanist:accompanis
 accompanist-systemuicontroller = { module = 'com.google.accompanist:accompanist-systemuicontroller', version.ref = 'accompanist' }
 accompanist-permission = { module = 'com.google.accompanist:accompanist-permissions', version.ref = 'accompanist' }
 
-androidx-collection-ktx = 'androidx.collection:collection-ktx:1.4.1'
+androidx-collection-ktx = 'androidx.collection:collection-ktx:1.4.4'
 androidx-core-ktx = 'androidx.core:core-ktx:1.13.1'
 androidx-palette-ktx = 'androidx.palette:palette-ktx:1.0.0'
 
@@ -65,8 +65,8 @@ room-testing = { module = 'androidx.room:room-testing', version.ref = 'room' }
 
 androidx-core-splashscreen = 'androidx.core:core-splashscreen:1.0.1'
 androidx-datastore-preferences = 'androidx.datastore:datastore-preferences:1.1.1'
-androidx-profileinstaller = 'androidx.profileinstaller:profileinstaller:1.3.1'
-androidx-startup-runtime = 'androidx.startup:startup-runtime:1.1.1'
+androidx-profileinstaller = 'androidx.profileinstaller:profileinstaller:1.4.1'
+androidx-startup-runtime = 'androidx.startup:startup-runtime:1.2.0'
 
 androidx-credentials = { module = 'androidx.credentials:credentials', version.ref = 'credentials' }
 androidx-credentials-play = { module = 'androidx.credentials:credentials-play-services-auth', version.ref = 'credentials' }
@@ -74,8 +74,8 @@ android-identity = "com.google.android.libraries.identity.googleid:googleid:1.1.
 
 androidx-activity-compose = { module = 'androidx.activity:activity-compose' }
 androidx-hilt-navigation-compose = 'androidx.hilt:hilt-navigation-compose:1.2.0'
-androidx-lifecycle-viewmodel-compose = 'androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-compose:2.8.3'
-androidx-paging-compose = 'androidx.paging:paging-compose:3.3.0'
+androidx-lifecycle-viewmodel-compose = { module = 'androidx.lifecycle:lifecycle-viewmodel-compose', version.ref = 'lifecycle' }
+androidx-paging-compose = 'androidx.paging:paging-compose:3.3.2'
 androidx-navigation-compose = { module = 'androidx.navigation:navigation-compose', version.ref = 'navigation' }
 androidx-constraintlayout-compose = 'androidx.constraintlayout:constraintlayout-compose:1.0.1'
 
@@ -118,17 +118,17 @@ retrofit-coroutines-adapter = 'com.jakewharton.retrofit:retrofit2-kotlin-corouti
 junit-jupiter = { module = 'org.junit.jupiter:junit-jupiter', version.ref = 'junit5' }
 junit-vintage-engine = { module = 'org.junit.vintage:junit-vintage-engine', version.ref = 'junit5' }
 
-androidx-benchmark-macro-junit4 = 'androidx.benchmark:benchmark-macro-junit4:1.2.4'
+androidx-benchmark-macro-junit4 = 'androidx.benchmark:benchmark-macro-junit4:1.3.3'
 androidx-test-uiautomaker = 'androidx.test.uiautomator:uiautomator:2.3.0'
 
-androidx-test-orchestrator = 'androidx.test:orchestrator:1.5.0'
+androidx-test-orchestrator = 'androidx.test:orchestrator:1.5.1'
 assertj-core = 'org.assertj:assertj-core:3.24.2'
 
 androidx-junit = "androidx.test.ext:junit:1.1.5" # 업데이트하지 말 것
 androidx-test-espresso-core = "androidx.test.espresso:espresso-core:3.5.0" # 절대 업데이트하지 말 것
 
 vanniktech-dependency-graph-generator = 'com.vanniktech:gradle-dependency-graph-generator-plugin:0.7.0'
-coil = "io.coil-kt:coil-compose:2.6.0"
+coil = "io.coil-kt:coil-compose:2.7.0"
 
 google-play-auth = 'com.google.android.gms:play-services-auth:21.2.0'
 
@@ -178,4 +178,4 @@ retrofit = ['retrofit', 'retrofit-converter-gson', 'retrofit-coroutines-adapter'
 
 [plugins]
 compose-compiler = { id = 'org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.compose', version.ref = 'kotlin' }
-ksp = { id = 'com.google.devtools.ksp', version = '2.1.20-2.0.1' }
\ No newline at end of file
+ksp = { id = 'com.google.devtools.ksp', version = "2.3.2" }
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties b/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
index 853af104..2a3e4838 100644
--- a/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
+++ b/gradle/wrapper/gradle-wrapper.properties
@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 #Thu Feb 16 15:01:47 KST 2023
 distributionBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 distributionPath=wrapper/dists
-distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-8.13-bin.zip
+distributionUrl=https\://services.gradle.org/distributions/gradle-9.4.1-bin.zip
 zipStoreBase=GRADLE_USER_HOME
 zipStorePath=wrapper/dists