diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h
index 195cdc843ac6..41ab68969b7f 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing.h
@@ -826,10 +826,12 @@ static inline bool ParseTimestampStrptime(const char* buf, size_t length,
   if (!allow_trailing_chars && static_cast<size_t>(ret - clean_copy.c_str()) != length) {
     return false;
   }
-  // ignore the time part
-  arrow_vendored::date::sys_seconds secs =
-      arrow_vendored::date::sys_days(arrow_vendored::date::year(result.tm_year + 1900) /
-                                     (result.tm_mon + 1) / std::max(result.tm_mday, 1));
+  const auto ymd = arrow_vendored::date::year(result.tm_year + 1900) /
+                   (result.tm_mon + 1) / std::max(result.tm_mday, 1);
+  if (ARROW_PREDICT_FALSE(!ymd.ok())) {
+    return false;
+  }
+  arrow_vendored::date::sys_seconds secs = arrow_vendored::date::sys_days(ymd);
   if (!ignore_time_in_day) {
     secs += (std::chrono::hours(result.tm_hour) + std::chrono::minutes(result.tm_min) +
              std::chrono::seconds(result.tm_sec));
diff --git a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
index b61f777685b7..d19726680d33 100644
--- a/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
+++ b/cpp/src/arrow/util/value_parsing_test.cc
@@ -876,6 +876,27 @@ TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeParser) {
   }
 }
 
+TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeParserCalendarDateValidation) {
+  std::string format = "%Y-%m-%d";
+  auto parser = TimestampParser::MakeStrptime(format);
+
+  for (const std::string& value : {"1999-02-30", "1999-02-29", "1900-02-29",
+                                   "2024-04-31"}) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(value);
+    int64_t converted;
+    ASSERT_FALSE((*parser)(value.c_str(), value.size(), TimeUnit::SECOND, &converted));
+  }
+
+  for (const std::string& value : {"2000-02-29", "2024-04-30"}) {
+    SCOPED_TRACE(value);
+    int64_t converted, expected;
+    ASSERT_TRUE((*parser)(value.c_str(), value.size(), TimeUnit::SECOND, &converted));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ParseTimestampISO8601(value.c_str(), value.size(), TimeUnit::SECOND,
+                                      &expected));
+    ASSERT_EQ(expected, converted);
+  }
+}
+
 TEST(TimestampParser, StrptimeZoneOffset) {
   if (!kStrptimeSupportsZone) {
     GTEST_SKIP() << "strptime does not support %z on this platform";