GH-50316: [C++][CI] Install libboost-process-dev on Debian experiment… #58963

Job	Run time
AMD64 Conda Python 3.11 Without Pandas	8m 41s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.11 Sphinx & Numpydoc	18m 34s
AMD64 Windows 2022 Python 3.13	13m 51s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.10 Pandas 1.3.4	10m 58s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.12 without NumPy	7m 54s
AMD64 Conda Python 3.13 Pandas latest	10m 18s
ARM64 macOS 14 Python 3	28m 19s
AMD64 macOS 15-intel Python 3	20m 18s
	1h 58m 53s

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