diff --git a/Source/ARTRealtimeAnnotations.m b/Source/ARTRealtimeAnnotations.m
index 62dee31f1..57881450e 100644
--- a/Source/ARTRealtimeAnnotations.m
+++ b/Source/ARTRealtimeAnnotations.m
@@ -98,7 +98,6 @@ @implementation ARTRealtimeAnnotationsInternal {
     __weak ARTRealtimeInternal *_realtime;
     dispatch_queue_t _userQueue;
     ARTEventEmitter<ARTEvent *, ARTAnnotation *> *_eventEmitter;
-    ARTDataEncoder *_dataEncoder;
 }
 
 - (instancetype)initWithChannel:(ARTRealtimeChannelInternal *)channel logger:(ARTInternalLog *)logger {
@@ -109,7 +108,6 @@ - (instancetype)initWithChannel:(ARTRealtimeChannelInternal *)channel logger:(AR
         _queue = _realtime.rest.queue;
         _logger = logger;
         _eventEmitter = [[ARTInternalEventEmitter alloc] initWithQueue:_queue timeProvider:_realtime.rest.timeProvider];
-        _dataEncoder = _channel.dataEncoder;
     }
     return self;
 }
@@ -150,7 +148,8 @@ - (void)publishAnnotation:(ARTOutboundAnnotation *)outboundAnnotation
                                                            extras:outboundAnnotation.extras];
 art_dispatch_sync(_queue, ^{
     NSError *error = nil;
-    ARTAnnotation *annotationToPublish = _dataEncoder ? [annotation encodeDataWithEncoder:_dataEncoder error:&error] : annotation; // RSAN1c3
+    ARTDataEncoder *dataEncoder = self->_channel.dataEncoder;
+    ARTAnnotation *annotationToPublish = dataEncoder ? [annotation encodeDataWithEncoder:dataEncoder error:&error] : annotation; // RSAN1c3
     if (error) {
         if (callback) {
             callback([ARTErrorInfo createFromNSError:error]);
@@ -301,11 +300,12 @@ - (void)unsubscribe:(NSString *)type listener:(ARTEventListener *)listener {
 }
 
 - (void)onMessage:(ARTProtocolMessage *)message {
+    ARTDataEncoder *dataEncoder = _channel.dataEncoder;
     for (ARTAnnotation *a in message.annotations) {
         ARTAnnotation *annotation = a;
-        if (annotation.data && _dataEncoder) {
+        if (annotation.data && dataEncoder) {
             NSError *decodeError = nil;
-            annotation = [a decodeDataWithEncoder:_dataEncoder error:&decodeError];
+            annotation = [a decodeDataWithEncoder:dataEncoder error:&decodeError];
             if (decodeError != nil) {
                 ARTErrorInfo *errorInfo = [ARTErrorInfo wrap:[ARTErrorInfo createWithCode:ARTErrorUnableToDecodeMessage message:decodeError.localizedFailureReason] prepend:@"Failed to decode data: "];
                 ARTLogError(self.logger, @"RT:%p C:%p (%@) %@", _realtime, _channel, _channel.name, errorInfo.message);
diff --git a/Source/ARTRestAnnotations.m b/Source/ARTRestAnnotations.m
index 2517cd4b2..6c17f843d 100644
--- a/Source/ARTRestAnnotations.m
+++ b/Source/ARTRestAnnotations.m
@@ -100,7 +100,6 @@ @implementation ARTRestAnnotationsInternal {
     __weak ARTRestChannelInternal *_channel; // weak because channel owns self
     dispatch_queue_t _userQueue;
     dispatch_queue_t _queue;
-    ARTDataEncoder *_dataEncoder;
 }
 
 - (instancetype)initWithChannel:(ARTRestChannelInternal *)channel logger:(ARTInternalLog *)logger {
@@ -109,7 +108,6 @@ - (instancetype)initWithChannel:(ARTRestChannelInternal *)channel logger:(ARTInt
         _userQueue = channel.rest.userQueue;
         _queue = channel.rest.queue;
         _logger = logger;
-        _dataEncoder = _channel.dataEncoder;
     }
     return self;
 }
@@ -158,7 +156,8 @@ - (void)publishAnnotation:(ARTOutboundAnnotation *)outboundAnnotation
 art_dispatch_async(_queue, ^{
     // RSAN1c3: encode annotation data
     NSError *encodeError = nil;
-    ARTAnnotation *annotationToPublish = self->_dataEncoder ? [annotation encodeDataWithEncoder:self->_dataEncoder error:&encodeError] : annotation;
+    ARTDataEncoder *dataEncoder = self->_channel.dataEncoder;
+    ARTAnnotation *annotationToPublish = dataEncoder ? [annotation encodeDataWithEncoder:dataEncoder error:&encodeError] : annotation;
     if (encodeError) {
         if (callback) {
             callback([ARTErrorInfo createFromNSError:encodeError]);
diff --git a/Test/AblyTests/Tests/RealtimeAnnotationsTests.swift b/Test/AblyTests/Tests/RealtimeAnnotationsTests.swift
index 413f767bd..2e97cb73a 100644
--- a/Test/AblyTests/Tests/RealtimeAnnotationsTests.swift
+++ b/Test/AblyTests/Tests/RealtimeAnnotationsTests.swift
@@ -379,4 +379,75 @@ class RealtimeAnnotationsTests: XCTestCase {
             }
         }
     }
+
+    // The annotations object must read the channel's data encoder at encode/decode time
+    // rather than capturing it at construction, so that a cipher added by setOptions
+    // after the channel was created is still applied to annotation data.
+    func test__annotation_data_uses_a_cipher_added_by_setOptions_after_channel_creation() throws {
+        let test = Test()
+        let options = try AblyTests.commonAppSetup(for: test)
+        options.testOptions.channelNamePrefix = nil
+
+        let realtimeClient = ARTRealtime(options: options)
+        defer { realtimeClient.dispose(); realtimeClient.close() }
+
+        let channelName = test.uniqueChannelName(prefix: "mutable:")
+
+        // Create the channel with no cipher, so the annotations object would capture a
+        // cipher-less encoder if it cached one.
+        let initialOptions = ARTRealtimeChannelOptions()
+        initialOptions.modes = [.publish, .subscribe, .annotationPublish, .annotationSubscribe]
+        let channel = realtimeClient.channels.get(channelName, options: initialOptions)
+
+        // Now add a cipher.
+        let key = ARTCrypto.generateRandomKey()
+        let encryptedOptions = ARTRealtimeChannelOptions(cipherKey: key as ARTCipherKeyCompatible)
+        encryptedOptions.modes = [.publish, .subscribe, .annotationPublish, .annotationSubscribe]
+        waitUntil(timeout: testTimeout) { done in
+            channel.setOptions(encryptedOptions) { error in
+                XCTAssertNil(error)
+                done()
+            }
+        }
+
+        let annotationData = "secret annotation data"
+        var receivedAnnotation: ARTAnnotation!
+
+        waitUntil(timeout: testTimeout) { done in
+            channel.subscribe { message in
+                guard message.action == .create else {
+                    return
+                }
+                // multiple.v1 because an anonymous client may only publish the
+                // multiple.v1 and total.v1 aggregation methods
+                let annotation = ARTOutboundAnnotation(
+                    id: nil,
+                    type: "reaction:multiple.v1",
+                    clientId: nil,
+                    name: "👍",
+                    count: 1,
+                    data: annotationData,
+                    extras: nil
+                )
+                channel.annotations.publish(for: message, annotation: annotation) { error in
+                    XCTAssertNil(error)
+                }
+            }
+
+            channel.annotations.subscribe { annotation in
+                receivedAnnotation = annotation
+                done()
+            }
+
+            channel.publish([ARTMessage(name: "test", data: "test message")])
+        }
+
+        // Decrypted with the cipher set by setOptions; if the stale encoder were used the
+        // data would have been published as plaintext and arrive as ciphertext.
+        guard let receivedAnnotation else {
+            XCTFail("No annotation received")
+            return
+        }
+        XCTAssertEqual(receivedAnnotation.data as? String, annotationData)
+    }
 }