result.json

{"name": "Flare", "children": [{"name": "Analytics and Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Analysis of Errors & Uncertainty", "children": [{"name": "Fuzzy Aggregation Operators", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Mathematical Models of Uncertainty", "children": [{"name": "Compute descriptive statistics and geostatistics of geographic data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the basic principles of randomness and probability", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Devise simple ways to represent probability information in GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Interpret descriptive statistics and geostatistics of geographic data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the assumptions underlying probability and geostatistics and the situations in which they are useful analytical tools", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Problems of Currency, Source, and Scale", "children": [{"name": "Describe the problem of conflation associated with aggregation of data collected at different times, from different sources, and to different scales and accuracy requirements", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how geostatistical techniques might be used to address such problems", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Problems of Scale & Zoning", "children": [{"name": "Define the ecological fallacy.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) and describe its effects on mapping and statistical analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe approaches for addressing problems of scale and zoning, including data disaggregation, ecological inference, and multi-scale analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how punctiform and continuous spatial data may be represented by exhaustively partitioning regions into sets of non-overlapping spatial units.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the issue of scale and zoning in different spatial partitioning schemes.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Propagation of Error in Geospatial Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast error propagation techniques (e.g., Taylor, Monte Carlo)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how some operations can exacerbate error while others dampen it (e.g., mean filter)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Theory of Error Propagation", "children": [{"name": "Describe stochastic error models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify stochastic error models used in GIScience", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Big Data & Geospatial Analysis", "children": [{"name": "Artificial Intelligence Approaches", "children": [{"name": "Describe an example application of AI in geography.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the relations among AI, machine learning, and deep learning.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the general concept of artificial intelligence.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the main difference between supervised learning and unsupervised learning.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "CyberGIS", "children": [{"name": "Assess the importance and roles of cyberinfrastructure to science and engineering", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the conceptual foundations of cyberGIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the history of cyberinfrastructure", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Data Mining Approaches", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Machine Learning Approaches", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Pattern Recognition & Matching", "children": [{"name": "Apply a simple spatial mean filter to an image as a means of recognizing patterns", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Construct an edge-recognition filter", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a simple spatial mean filter", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate among machine learning, data mining, and pattern recognition", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the outcome of an artificial intelligence analysis (e.g., edge recognition), including a discussion of what the human did not see that the computer identified and vice versa", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the principles of pattern recognition", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Problems & with Large Spatial Databases", "children": [{"name": "Describe difficulties in dealing with large spatial databases, especially those arising from spatial heterogeneity. Describe some of the problems of large spatial datasets from social media.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe emerging geocomputation techniques for geospatial big data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the basic types of geospatial big data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the statistical limitations of large spatial databases.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how to recognize contaminated data in large datasets.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and explain primary methods for structuring and modeling geospatial big data.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Rule Learning for Spatial Data Mining", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast co-location rule learning and spatial analysis techniques for co-presence such as overlay.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast SAR learning and spatial regression for correlation analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define the fundamentals of co-location rule learning.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe characteristics of spatial data that affect spatial rule learning.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the fundamentals of spatial association rule learning.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Building Blocks", "children": [{"name": "Areal Interpolation", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Boundaries & Zone Membership", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Buffers", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast how buffers are generated differently in the vector and raster data models.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how buffers can be generated based on the concept of movement cost.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the circumstances in which the buffer operation is useful in different geographic analyses (clipping geographic data, visualization, and performing spatial queries).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use riparian buffer zones as an example to discuss and compare buffer zones used in different application domains such as construction, nature conservation, and biodiversity,", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Classification & Clustering", "children": [{"name": "Apply classification methods in the univariate case.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Categorize classification and clustering methods used in different areas of GIS&T.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare methods used in cartographic classification.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Contrast the results of cartographic classifications.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the difference between classification and clustering.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the use of distance in classification and clustering.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Directional Operations", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast how direction is determined and stated in raster and vector data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compute the mean of directional data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define \u201cdirection\u201d and its measurement in different angular measures", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe operations that can be performed on qualitative representations of direction", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe several different measures of distance between two points (e.g., Euclidean, Manhattan, network distance, spherical)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Estimate the fractal dimension of a sinuous line", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain any differences in the measured direction between two places when the data are presented in a GIS in different projections", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how different measures of distance can be used to calculate the spatial weights matrix", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how fractal dimension can be used in practical applications of GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the differences in the calculated distance between the same two places when data used are in different projections", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why estimating the fractal dimension of a sinuous line has important implications for the measurement of its length", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the implications of differences in distance calculations on real world applications of GIS, such as routing and determining boundary lengths and service areas", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Distance Operations", "children": [{"name": "Describe cases where the output of a distance operation would be a polygon, line, raster surface, or numeric matrix.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how a distance operation can produce a binary variable, an ordinal variable or a continuous variable.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe scenarios when distance operations are required for geographical analysis (creating policy, measuring distance decay, delineating service areas, and defining likelihoods of interaction).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate types of distance (Euclidean, Manhattan, Network, Great Circle Distance) and describe which should be used for point-to-point measurement in different case studies involving travel, animal movement, urban applications and areal diffusion).", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Grid Operations & Map Algebra", "children": [{"name": "Describe a real modeling situation in which map algebra would be used (e.g., site selection, climate classification, least-cost path)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how map algebra performs mathematical functions on raster grids", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between map algebra and matrix algebra using real examples", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the categories of map algebra operations (i.e., local, focal, zonal, and global functions)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why georegistration is a precondition to map algebra", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Perform a map algebra calculation using command line, form-based, and flow charting user interfaces", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Length & Area Operations", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast how direction is determined and stated in raster and vector data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compute the mean of directional data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define \u201cdirection\u201d and its measurement in different angular measures", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe operations that can be performed on qualitative representations of direction", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe several different measures of distance between two points (e.g., Euclidean, Manhattan, network distance, spherical)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Estimate the fractal dimension of a sinuous line", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain any differences in the measured direction between two places when the data are presented in a GIS in different projections", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how different measures of distance can be used to calculate the spatial weights matrix", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how fractal dimension can be used in practical applications of GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the differences in the calculated distance between the same two places when data used are in different projections", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why estimating the fractal dimension of a sinuous line has important implications for the measurement of its length", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the implications of differences in distance calculations on real world applications of GIS, such as routing and determining boundary lengths and service areas", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Overlay & Combination Operations", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the concept of overlay as it is implemented in raster and vector domains", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how the geometric operations of intersection and overlay can be implemented in GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate why the georegistration of datasets is critical to the success of any map overlay operation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify applications in which overlay is useful, such as site suitability analysis", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain what is meant by the term \u201cplanar enforcement\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why the process \u201cdissolve and merge\u201d often follows vector overlay operations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Formalize the operation called map overlay using Boolean logic", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the possible sources of error in overlay operations", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Polyline & Polygon Operations", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial & Spatiotemporal Data Models", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Queries", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Tesselations & Triangulations", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Conceptual Frameworks for Spatial Analysis & Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Basic Primitives", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "First & Second Laws of Geography", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Neighborhoods", "children": [{"name": "Describe the complexity and uncertainty in neighborhood definition, incorporating the idea of no consensus definition to fit all contexts.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the three typical neighborhood definitions in the context of computational geometry, administration and planning, and urban geography.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Within the context of computational geometry, provide key neighborhood concepts for vector (point and polygon) and raster data using the most commonly used methods such as Rook Neighbors, Queen Neighbors, Thiessen polygons, Delaunay triangulations, and local, focal, zonal and global functions.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Within the context of health research, explain the needs, considerations, and use of neighborhoods to characterize social and environmental determinants of health.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Within the context of urban geography, explain neighborhood and community as social clusters.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Relationships", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Statistics", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Data Exploration & Spatial Statistics", "children": [{"name": "Cartographic Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Describe the difference between prescriptive and descriptive cartographic models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop a flowchart of a cartographic model for a site suitability problem", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the origins of cartographic modeling with reference to the work of Ian McHarg", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Classification & Clustering", "children": [{"name": "Apply classification methods in the univariate case.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Categorize classification and clustering methods used in different areas of GIS&T.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare methods used in cartographic classification.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Contrast the results of cartographic classifications.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the difference between classification and clustering.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the use of distance in classification and clustering.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "DEM and Terrain Metrics", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Analysis Resulting in Metrics", "children": [{"name": "Summarize the basic concepts of spatial statistics including Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) testing, Chi-squared testing, spatial autocorrelation, correlation vs. causation, and 2D/3D regression and correlation analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the purpose of spatial auto-correlation and how the results are utilized.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize how the most common tools and methods are used in data analysis (e.g., feature overlays, selections, topological processes, raster processes, data conversion).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how different analytical scripting languages (e.g., JavaScript) are used in data analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how Python is used to analyze geospatial data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize how the spatial statistic results are utilized to manage data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between programming languages (e.g., R and Python) and how they are used to script geospatial analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate standard data science principles and practice to determine how data science can be applied to data management.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design techniques for aggregating data using Voronoi polygons, Thiessen polygons, and Dirichlet regions.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Exploratory Spatial Data Analysis (ESDA)", "children": [{"name": "Describe the statistical characteristics of a set of spatial data using a variety of graphs and plots (including scatterplots, histograms, boxplots, q\u2013q plots)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select the appropriate statistical methods for the analysis of given spatial datasets by first exploring them using graphic methods", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Geographically Weighted Regression", "children": [{"name": "Analyze the number of degrees of freedom in GWR analyses and discuss any possible difficulties with the method based on your results", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast GWR with universal kriging using moving neighborhoods", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the characteristics of the spatial expansion method", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the appropriateness of GWR under various conditions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how allowing the parameters of the model to vary with the spatial location of the sample data can be used to accommodate spatial heterogeneity", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the principles of geographically weighted regression", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Perform an analysis using the geographically weighted regression technique", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Global Measures of Spatial Association", "children": [{"name": "Compute and interpret a Moran scatterplot.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define spatial autocorrelation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how spatial weights are used to calculate measures of spatial autocorrelation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how Moran\u2019s I and Geary\u2019s C are used to measure spatial patterns.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a variogram depicts a global assessment of spatial association.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the proper data type for join count statistics and compute the statistic.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Grid-based Statistics and Metrics", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Kernels & Density Estimation", "children": [{"name": "Create density maps from point datasets using kernels and density estimation techniques using standard software", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the limitations of planar kernel density estimation methods for network point data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how density estimation transforms point data or line data into a field representation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why kernel density is needed", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why, in some cases, an adaptive kernel might be employed", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the likely effects on analysis results of variations in the kernel function used and the bandwidth adopted", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Landscape Metrics", "children": [{"name": "Distinguish between patch-mosaic models and gradient surface models of landscapes", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the appropriateness of different metrics for analysis goals and data models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the levels of analysis at which landscape metrics are computed", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the differences between traditional landscape metrics, graph-based metrics, and surface metrics", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Local Measures of Spatial Association", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast global and local statistics and their uses", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compute the Gi and Gi* statistics", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Decompose Moran\u2019s I and Geary\u2019s c into local measures of spatial association", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the effect of non-stationarity on local indices of spatial association", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a weights matrix can be used to convert any classical statistic into a local measure of spatial association", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how geographically weighted regression provides a local measure of spatial association", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Multi-criteria Evaluation", "children": [{"name": "Calibrate a linear combination model by adjusting weights using a test data set", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast the terms multi-criteria evaluation, weighted linear combination, and site suitability analysis", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create initial weights using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the implementation of an ordered weighting scheme in a multiple-criteria aggregation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine which method to use to combine criteria (e.g., linear, multiplication)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between contributing factors and constraints in a multi-criteria application", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the legacy of multi-criteria evaluation in relation to cartographic modeling", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Point Pattern Analysis", "children": [{"name": "Conduct point pattern analysis (PPA) on a sample point dataset.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe commonly used point pattern analysis (PPA) methods.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Interpret the results of point pattern analysis (PPA) methods.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the role of point pattern analysis (PPA) in conducting exploratory analysis on point data.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Simple Regression & Trend Surface Analysis", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Autoregressive & Bayesian Methods", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast Bayesian methods and classical \u201cfrequentist\u201d statistical methods", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define \u201cprior and posterior distributions\u201d and \u201cMarkov-Chain Monte Carlo\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the Bayesian perspective is a unified framework from which to view uncertainty", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Filtering Models", "children": [{"name": "Demonstrate how spatial autocorrelation can be \u201cremoved\u201d by resampling", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the relationship between factorial kriging and spatial filtering", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how dissolving clusters of blocks with similar values may resolve the spatial correlation problem", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how spatial correlation can result as a side effect of the spatial aggregation in a given dataset", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the Getis and Tiefelsdorf-Griffith spatial filtering techniques incorporate spatial component variables into OLS regression analysis in order to remedy misspecification and the problem of spatially auto-correlated residuals", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify modeling situations where spatial filtering might not be appropriate", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Interaction", "children": [{"name": "Define NP-hard.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the difference between a location-allocation and a pure location problem.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the two basic approaches used to solve location-allocation models.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe why \u201cdistance editing\u201d can be used to solve location problems related to the p-median problem.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe why the following condition will hold when solving the WLP:", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Process Models", "children": [{"name": "Describe a simple process model that would generate a given set of spatial patterns", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between deterministic and stochastic spatial process models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the relationship between spatial processes and spatial patterns", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Sampling for Spatial Analysis", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Terrain and 3D Analysis", "children": [{"name": "Outline geography principles (e.g., location, place, relationships, movement, regions) and how they can be used in other fields of study.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline physical geography principles and how they can be used in other fields of study.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline orienteering/land navigation principles and how they relate to other fields of study.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize how line of sight is used in terrain and 3D analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare/Contrast the significant application spaces (i.e., visual, radio/telecommunications, object flight/trajectory, terrain avoidance) that use line of sight.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish the components of the equation for calculating the slope of terrain.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize how \"aspect\" relates to terrain modeling.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize how \"hillshade\" is used in terrain and 3D analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Interpret the illumination of a hillshade model while considering the effect of increasing light source angles.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize how the increasing light source angle effect influences the illumination of a hillshade model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish the following features on a topographic map: depression, hill, glacial valley, water valley, saddle, ridge, and cliff", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize the relationship between day length, latitude, longitude, and elevation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize the relationship between an object's height, shadow length, time of day, and latitude/longitude.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine the appropriate color ramp for a given terrain sample.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare/Contrast the five basic colors used in topographic maps.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine the correct National System for Geospatial-Intelligence (NSG) symbol for a topographic map feature.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between true north, magnetic north, and grid north.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine the Grid-Magnetic (G-M) angle given a declination diagram.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize how to convert a grid angle to a magnetic angle and vice versa when given the Grid-Magnetic (G-M) angle.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine slope given two elevations.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine an interpolated elevation from two contour lines.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine an appropriate contour line interval given a range of elevations and a corresponding horizontal distance.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Data Manipulation", "children": [{"name": "Coordinate transformations", "children": [{"name": "Cite appropriate applications of several coordinate transformation techniques (e.g., affine, similarity, Molodenski, Helmert)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the impact of map projection transformation on raster and vector data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between polynomial coordinate transformations (including linear) and rubbersheeting", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Data conversion", "children": [{"name": "Convert a data set from the native format of one GIS product to another", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe a workflow for converting and implementing a data model in a GIS involving an Entity-Relationship (E-R) diagram and the Universal Modeling Language (UML)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the role of metadata in facilitating conversation of data models and data structures between systems", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the conceptual and practical difficulties associated with data model and format conversion", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Generalization & Aggregation", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Impacts of transformations", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the impacts of different conversion approaches, including the effect on spatial components", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a flowchart showing the sequence of transformations on a data set (e.g., geometric and radiometric correction and mosaicking of remotely sensed data)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Prioritize a set of algorithms designed to perform transformations based on the need to maintain data integrity (e.g., converting a digital elevation model into a TIN)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Point, Line, and Area Generalization", "children": [{"name": "Describe the basic forms of generalization used in applications in addition to cartography (e.g., selection, simplification)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design an experiment that allows one to evaluate the effect of traditional approaches of cartographic generalization on the quality of digital data sets created from analog originals", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the possible effects on topological integrity of generalizing data sets", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate various line simplification algorithms by their usefulness in different applications", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the logic of the Douglas-Poiker line simplification algorithm", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the pitfalls of using data generalized for small scale display in a large scale application", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why areal generalization is more difficult than line simplification", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Raster resampling", "children": [{"name": "Discuss the consequences of increasing and decreasing resolution", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate methods used by contemporary GIS software to resample raster data on-the-fly during display", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Resample multiple raster data sets to a single resolution to enable overlay", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Resample raster data sets (e.g., terrain, satellite imagery) to a resolution appropriate for a map of a particular scale", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select appropriate interpolation techniques to resample particular types of values in raster data (e.g., nominal using nearest neighbor)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Transaction Management", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Vector-to-raster and raster-to-vector conversions", "children": [{"name": "Convert vector data to raster format and back using GIS software", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create estimated tessellated data sets from point samples or isolines using interpolation operations that are appropriate to the specific situation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the vector/raster/vector conversion process of graphic images and algorithms takes place and how the results are achieved", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Illustrate the impact of vector/raster/vector conversions on the quality of a dataset", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Geocomputational\u00a0Methods & Models", "children": [{"name": "Agent-based Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Create a drawing of a system of interest. Sketch out the agents belonging to this system, the nature in which these agents interact with each other, and how these agents interact with their surrounding landscape.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how local interactions amongst individual agents can lead to emergent spatial patterns.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between top-down and bottom-up modeling approaches.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explore a real agent-based model and define the main modeling components.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Artificial Neural Networks", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Cellular Automata", "children": [{"name": "Critique CA for modeling geographical systems.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how to examine the CA research literature.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe what a cellular automaton is and what its key components are.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how CA evolved through its development in mathematics, computer science, and geography.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify CA principles and patterns using the game of Life and simple software.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize how CA has been adapted for modeling in geography using GIS.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Genetic Algorithms & Evolutionary Computing", "children": [{"name": "Analyze the impact of parameters on the performance of a genetic algorithm.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe simple encoding strategies for genetic algorithms.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the general procedure of a genetic algorithm.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the application of genetic algorithms in solving spatial problems.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Simulation & Modeling Systems for Agent-based Modeling", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Simulation Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast different design choices in developing simulation models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Conduct a simulation experiment using available simulation software", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how optimization methods involving Monte Carlo sampling of parameter space can be used to identify leverage points for policy intervention", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss different ways of simulating space and visualizing model behavior", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the implications of stochastic model assumptions for the design of simulation experiments", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the utility of generating synthetic datasets from simulation experiments to make inferences about system behavior", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how simulation models can be used to provide advance scientific knowledge in different geographic subfields (transportation, health geography, economic geography, urban and regional analysis, earth systems science)", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Methodological Context", "children": [{"name": "Changing Context of GIScience", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Geospatial Analysis & Model Building", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Analysis as a Process", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Network & Location Analysis", "children": [{"name": "Intro to Network & Location Analysis", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Location & Service Area Problems", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Location-allocation Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Analyse the variation in accessibility measures statistically and across space.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the ecological fallacy and modifiable areal unit problem relates to the use of aggregate measures of accessibility.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the four classes of accessibility models and measures. Students can explain the general formulation of each of these models.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Implement and interpret the four basic spatial accessibility measures in a GIS using available tools.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Provide examples of situations where it would be appropriate to use one form of distance measure vs another in the calculation of accessibility measures.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Sketch the different conceptualizations of space (data models) and distance on paper. Identify and discuss limitations associated with each type of analysis, including the necessary data required to utilize a given distance measure.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Modelling Accessibility", "children": [{"name": "Analyse the variation in accessibility measures statistically and across space.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the ecological fallacy and modifiable areal unit problem relates to the use of aggregate measures of accessibility.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the four classes of accessibility models and measures. Students can explain the general formulation of each of these models.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Implement and interpret the four basic spatial accessibility measures in a GIS using available tools.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Provide examples of situations where it would be appropriate to use one form of distance measure vs another in the calculation of accessibility measures.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Sketch the different conceptualizations of space (data models) and distance on paper. Identify and discuss limitations associated with each type of analysis, including the necessary data required to utilize a given distance measure.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Network Route & Tour Problems", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "The Classic Transportation Problem", "children": [{"name": "Define the classic transportation problem analytically using graphs, equations, and matrices.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Delineate two major steps toward solving the classic transportation problem as linear program, and use simplex methods to get the optimal solution.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how to model the real-world transportation problems as linear programs.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the major contributions of GIS to the classic transportation problem, and new opportunities and challenges presented by the 21st century.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between balanced and unbalanced problems, and explain why, if supply equals demand, there will always be a feasible solution.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Space-Time Analysis & Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Accounting for Errors in Space-Time Modeling", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Capturing Spatio-Temporal Dynamics in Computational Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast different options of combining spatiotemporal dynamics modeling with GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe different computational approaches to model spatiotemporal dynamics", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the importance and challenges of capturing spatiotemporal dynamics in computational modeling", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss important concepts related to spatiotemporal dynamics in computational modeling", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate and apply critical thinking to spatiotemporal problems", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain when spatiotemporal dynamics can be employed to study geographical process.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Computational Movement Analysis", "children": [{"name": "Discuss and apply the crucial task of segmentation in Computational Movement Analysis, especially for separating stops from moves.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the importance and implications of the classic spatial data quality concepts precision, accuracy, and vagueness for the movement analysis process.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss why movement should be analyzed in its geographic context. Conceptualize and sketch computational approaches for relating movement data to geographic context data, considering different conceptual models for the movement and the movement spaces.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain and apply basic trajectory operations.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain at least three different trajectory similarity measures in their own words and by drawing simple sketches. Assess the suitability of different trajectory similarity measures for different types of given movement data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why complementing raw movement trajectories with auxiliary sensor data is key for understanding movement processes. List at least 5 additional sensor types that are often used together with location sensors.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List several movement patterns and conceptualize their patterns. Sketch patterns with pen and paper and devise algorithms for detecting movement patterns in movement data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Name key visual analytics approaches for analyzing movement data, and list their properties and limitations.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Sketch the most important conceptual data models and data structures for movement spaces and respective movement traces. Discuss opportunities and limitations of the above models and structures for the conceptualization of specific movement patterns.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "GIS-Based Computational Modeling", "children": [{"name": "Be able to give examples of how models are used in simulations, and how their accuracy and uncertainty can be measured and communicated.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the critical phases of modeling: design, implementation, calibration, sensitivity analysis, validation and error analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Know that GIS and computational models are linked in different ways, from tight to loose coupling.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize that models can be both static (in place) and dynamic (in time) and give examples of each.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "See why scenario-based planning, informed by modeling, is an important tool across Geography.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand that models have a range of meaning, from conceptual to mathematical and computational.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the different model types, and their application methods.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Value the importance of tools that make models more shared, such as open source software and common code libraries.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Time Geography", "children": [{"name": "Choose appropriate representations of time based on the behavior type of a dynamic system (among static, oscillating, chaotic and stochastic).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast discrete, continuous, and spacetime perspectives of time to model dynamics in geographical phenomena and human-environment interactions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare different temporal resolutions of spatio-temporal data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate awareness of current advance in collecting, managing and analyzing spatio-temporal data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how calendar time, clock time, and world time is defined and measured", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between phenomenological and mathematical theories of the nature of time", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify ordinal, linear, cyclical frames of reference and the temporal relationships", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the roles of time in \u201cstatic\u201d and \u201cdynamic\u201d GISystems", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Surface & Field Analysis", "children": [{"name": "Core Concepts in Geostatistics", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Deterministic Interpolation Models", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast interpolation by inverse distance weighting, bi-cubic spline fitting, and kriging", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how surfaces can be interpolated using splines", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design an algorithm that interpolates irregular point elevation data onto a regular grid", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between trend surface analysis and deterministic spatial interpolation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the pitfalls of using secondary data that has been generated using interpolations (e.g., Level 1 USGS DEMs)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Estimate a value between two known values using linear interpolation (e.g., spot elevations, population between census years)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the elevation values in a digital elevation model (DEM) are derived by interpolation from irregular arrays of spot elevations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why different interpolation algorithms produce different results and suggest ways by which these can be evaluated in the context of a specific problem", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the spatial concepts that are assumed in different interpolation algorithms", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Implement a trend surface analysis using either the supplied function in a GIS or a regression function from any standard statistical package", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline algorithms to produce repeatable contour-type lines from point datasets using proximity polygons, spatial averages, or inverse distance weighting", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Gridding, Interpolation, and Contouring", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Intervisibility", "children": [{"name": "Define \u201cintervisibility\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the sources and impact of errors that affect intervisibility analyses", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline an algorithm to determine the viewshed (area visible) from specific locations on surfaces specified by DEMs", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Perform siting analyses using specified visibility, slope, and other surface related constraints", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Inverse Distance Weighting", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Kriging Interpolation", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast block-kriging with areal interpolation using proportional area weighting", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the relationship between the semi-variogram and kriging", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how block-kriging and its variants can be used to combine data sets with different spatial resolution (support)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the concept of the kriging variance, and describe some of its shortcomings", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why it is important to have a good model of the semi-variogram in kriging", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why kriging is more suitable as an interpolation method in some applications than others", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the basic kriging equations in their matrix formulation", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Modeling Surfaces", "children": [{"name": "Design an algorithm that calculates slope and aspect from a triangulated irregular network (TIN) model", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how slope and aspect can be represented as the vector field given by the first derivative of height", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why the properties of spatial continuity are characteristic of spatial surfaces", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why zero slopes are indicative of surface specific points such as peaks, pits, and passes, and list the conditions necessary for each", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List the likely sources of error in slope and aspect maps derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) and state the circumstances under which these can be very severe", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline a number of different methods for calculating slope from a DEM", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline how higher order derivatives of height can be interpreted", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Polynomial Functions", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Radial Basis & Spline Functions", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Surface Geometry", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Triangulation", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Watersheds & Drainage", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}]}, {"name": "Cartography and Visualization", "children": [{"name": "Data Considerations:", "children": [{"name": "Metadata, Quality, & Uncertainty", "children": [{"name": "Compare the decisions made using a map with a reliability overlay from those made using a map pair separating data and reliability, both drawn from the same dataset", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique the assumption that maps can or should be \u201caccurate\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe a scenario in which possible errors in a map may impact subsequent decision making, such as a land use decision based on a soils map", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the uncertainty inherent in a map", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Raster Formats & Sources", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the file formats suited to presentation of maps on the Web to those suited to print publication in high resolution contexts.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique typographic integrity in export formats with respect to resolution and anti-aliasing (e.g., some file export processes break type into letters degrading searchability, font processing, and reliability of Raster Image Processing).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design the same map for CMYK publication in a book and RGB presentation on a high-DPI mobile device.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate among the various raster map outputs (JPEG, GIF, TIFF) and various vector formats (PDF, SVG) on image quality and file size at high and low resolutions.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Vector Formats & Sources", "children": [{"name": "Assess the data quality of a source dataset for appropriateness for a given mapping task, including an evaluation of the data resolution, extent, currency or date of compilation, and level of generalization in the attribute classification.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast two vector data formats for use in a web/mobile map.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Convert a dataset from one format to another using two different conversion tools and describe the differences between the processes.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a map that combines three or more vector data sources.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between georelational and object-based data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the main characteristics of vector data formats", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List the most common vector data formats.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "History & Trends:", "children": [{"name": "Cartography & Art", "children": [{"name": "Identify the main historical markers in the relationships between art and cartography", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the political motivations of map art, evaluating its impact on contemporary issues, such as colonialism, cultural identities and globalization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the multiple relationships that exist between art and cartography", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Cartography & Education", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Cartography & Power", "children": [{"name": "Create two visualizations of the same area \u2013 one meant to be used for advertising in a tourist brochure and one meant to analyze public health and safety concerns.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Deconstruct a map of an area you know well to find silences, blindspots, and moments of contradiction that reveal larger power structures .", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how all maps are produced within relations of power and knowledge. Describe how all maps also express specific relations of power and knowledge.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and critique a map created through surveillant approaches to map making. Identify and critique a map created through sousveillant or participatory approaches.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and critique a map using one of the approaches to understanding the power of maps from the entry.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify how different methods of data classification for a single dataset can produce different visualizations that will influence users differently.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand how decisions in the design of a map, and the underlying data from which a map draws, affect what users can know from the map", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Cartography & Science", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast cartographic developments in various countries and world regions such as Switzerland, France, China, the Middle East, and Greece", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how compilation, production, and distribution methods used in map-making have evolved", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how symbolization methods used in map-making have evolved", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the contributions by Robinson, Jenks, Raisz, and others to U.S. academic cartography", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the influence of some cartographers of the 16th and 17th centuries (Mercator, Ortelius, Jansson, Homann and others)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the perspectives of Brian Harley and others on the political motivation for the development of certain kinds of maps", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the relationship between the history of exploration and the development of a more accurate map of the world", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the Swiss influence on map design and production, highlighting Imhof\u2019s contributions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how Bertin has influenced trends in cartographic symbolization", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how technological changes have affected cartographic design and production", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the impact of advances in visualization methods on the evolution of cartography", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the development of some of the major map projections (e.g., Mercator, Gnomonic, Robinson)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Cartography & Technology", "children": [{"name": "Discuss the impact that mapping on the Web via applications such as Google Earth have had on the practice of cartography", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the advantages and limitations of various technological approaches to mapping", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how emerging technologies in related fields (e.g., the stereoplotter, aerial and satellite imagery, GPS and LiDAR, the World Wide Web, immersive and virtual environments) have advanced cartography and visualization methods", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how MacEachren\u2019s Cartography-cubed (C3) concept can be used to understand the evolving role of cartography and visualization", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how software innovations such as Synagraphic Mapping System (SYMAP), Surfer, and automated contouring methods have affected the design of maps", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select new technologies in related fields that have the most potential for use in cartography and visualization", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Interactive Design Techniques:", "children": [{"name": "Animations", "children": [{"name": "Explain the concept of chronology as it relates to visualization (that data can be collected over time and then animated).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify common types of story maps and explain how each is used to display information.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize types of animation (e.g., spatial movement, time series and data extrusion).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design products that lead the viewer through a web interface calling attention to new information along the way.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Integrate graphics, pictures, and text with a map to produce a more complete product that conveys more information than a traditional map.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Basemaps", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Big Data Visualization", "children": [{"name": "Critique a big data visualization by how well it overcame computational, visual, and ethical challenges", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the characteristics of big data and the differences between \u2018small\u2019 data and big data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop a visualization for the exploration and analysis of big data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate how visualization may be employed to generate new knowledge from a (big) dataset", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how visualization of geographic big data can be used in two different modes: for visual communication and visual thinking.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Geovisual\u00a0Analytics", "children": [{"name": "Describe the evolution of geovisual analytics as a sub-field in GIScience and its linkages to fields outside of Geography.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design and implement a geovisual analytics system using a user-centered design approach.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the key characteristics of geovisual analytics.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Propose and justify potential problem contexts for the application of geovisual analytics.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Geovisualization", "children": [{"name": "Identify the characteristics of geovisualization as a process, and relate these characteristics to modern day mapping systems and map use", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand how geovisualization is defined, differentiate between the different ways in which the term geovisualization is used", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the relevant abilities, skills, and literacy in successfully working with geovisualization environments", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use a geovisualization application to explore a geospatial dataset. Note the geographic insights you find and hypotheses worth pursuing with additional analysis and visualization", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Mobile Maps\u00a0& Responsive Design", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the relative advantages and limitations of mobile apps versus responsive web maps.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the core concepts of responsive web design as they apply to cartography and visualization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the technological enablements and constraints that make mobile a unique design context for cartography and visualization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a responsive web map that works on both mobile and non-mobile devices.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate a mobile map by emerging mobile-first representation and interaction design conventions.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Usability Engineering & Evaluation", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast different kinds of evaluation methods for cartography and visualization (e.g., qualitative versus quantitative, formative versus summative studies).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the differences between usability, utility, and user needs as applied to cartography and visualization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design and implement a series of evaluations to (iteratively) evaluate the usability of (geospatial) products.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine which methods you can use in a mixed method setting to derive user needs and characteristics for an interactive mapping project.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the usability of an interactive map or visualization according to how the representation and interface features support user stated needs.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Schedule a user-centered design process for acquiring feedback from target users throughout design and development.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the basics of usability engineering approaches.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "User Interface and User Experience (UI/UX) Design", "children": [{"name": "Deconstruct an interactive map into its basic interaction primitives.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe a user need for the following interaction operators: panning, zooming, overview reexpression, filtering, detail retrieval, etc.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe traditional and emerging use cases for interactivity in cartography and visualization (e.g., exploration, analytics, presentation).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design an interactive map suitable for a given set of user needs.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate an interactive map design by UI/UX design recommendations (e.g., affordances/feedback, interface complexity, interface styles, design heuristics).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Walkthrough the stages of interaction using different interface controls in an interactive map and identify potential breakdowns and solutions.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Virtual & Immersive Environments", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the relative advantages of different immersive display systems used for cartographic visualization (e.g., CAVEs, GeoWalls)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the nature and use of virtual environments, such as Google Earth", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the extent to which a GeoWall or CAVE does or does not enhance understanding of spatial data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the virtual and immersive environments become increasingly more complex as we move from the relatively non-immersive VRML desktop environment to a stereoscopic display (e.g., a GeoWall) to a more fully immersive CAVE", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how various data formats and software and hardware environments support immersive visualization", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Web Mapping", "children": [{"name": "Critique the usability of existing web maps, including visual design choices, user interface, and interaction affordances and feedbacks.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design, construct, and publish an interactive web map.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine a web map's intended purpose and assess its use of visual hierarchy and interaction based on that purpose.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain client-server network architecture.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a tiled map mashup is created.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Format the styling, text, layout, image resolution, and file type of a static map so that it can be included in a well-designed web page.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify examples of static, animated, and interactive web maps.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the sources of data, representation, and animation or interaction in an example web map and the roles played by each.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Publish a web map service or web map tile service.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use a geospatial web service in a map or GIS project.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Map Design Fundamentals:", "children": [{"name": "Color Theory", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast different color models by their purposes and gamuts.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique a map based on the real-world and cross-cultural connotations evoked by the color selections on maps.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a map taking into account the range of factors that should be considered in selecting colors.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the perceptual basis for color.\u2022Understand: Select colors appropriate for map readers with color limitations.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select a color scheme (e.g., qualitative, sequential, diverging) that is appropriate for a given map purpose and variable.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Design and Aesthetics", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the stylistic elements of different pastiche map styles (e.g., realism, minimalism, cartooning) by form, color, type, and texture.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Deconstruct of a map\u2019s stylistic choices regarding form, color, type, and texture.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define cartographic design, differentiating four different usages of the word.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between the words style and aesthetic.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Modify the style of a map to mimic another style (pastiche) regarding form, color, type, and texture.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Map Production and Management", "children": [{"name": "Create a project plan for a map, from planning to closing.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the importance of the audience and the intention at the beginning of any project.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate a completed map identifying each of the \u201cPlanning\u201d phases and how effectively the goals were achieved.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Walkthrough the \u201cPlanning\u201d steps for a project that you have completed recently. Identify where better planning could have improved execution of your project.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Map Projections", "children": [{"name": "Compare multiple map projections to explain the difference in distortion patterns, and how the maps would be suited for different analysis or visualization purposes.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe at least one technique for visualizing distortion (e.g.,  Tissot\u2019s indicatrices, or continuous distortion surfaces) and use it to visualize distortion.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the geometric properties of the globe that may be distorted in the map projection process.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a thematic map that uses a map projection appropriate to the theme and map purpose.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and describe the distortion pattern in a specific map projection using a common visualization method (e.g., Tissot\u2019s indicatrices) or distortion surface.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Scale & Generalization", "children": [{"name": "Apply appropriate generalization operators to change the display of map data to a smaller scale.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a generalized dataset for mapping at 1:1,000,000 from topographic data compiled for 1:24,000 mapping.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between model generalization and cartographic generalization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the limitations of current technological approaches to generalization for mapping purposes.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why the reduction of map scale sometimes results in the need for mapped features to be reduced in size and moved.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify mapping tasks that require each of the following: smoothing, aggregation, simplification, and displacement.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand why generalization is necessary and ubiquitous in cartography and GIS.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Statistical Mapping\u00a0(Enumeration, Normalization, Classification)", "children": [{"name": "Apply various techniques for normalizing data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how different classification schemes produce very different maps from a single set of interval- or ratio-level data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss advantages and disadvantages of various data classification methods for choropleth mapping, including equal interval, quantiles, mean-standard deviation, natural breaks, and \u201coptimal\u201d methods", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Write algorithms to perform equal interval, quantiles, mean-standard deviation, natural breaks, and \u201coptimal\u201d classification for choropleth mapping", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Symbolization & the Visual Variables", "children": [{"name": "Deconstruct and critique the symbol-referent relationship of a given map symbol.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the variables used in the symbolization of map data for visual, tactile, haptic, auditory, and dynamic displays.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a map with symbols that appropriately represent a given dataset and produces an effective visual hierarchy.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design symbols that appropriately relate spatial dimension of mapped features to the level of measurement of the attribute information being mapped.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the effectiveness of a map\u2019s symbology based on the underlying nature of the data and the visual variables used to represent those data.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Typography", "children": [{"name": "Adjust label properties to create an appropriate label hierarchy.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique a typeface for a given map, analyzing what is appropriate and/or inappropriate about it.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define the terms typeface and label.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between the components of a font: typeface, weight, compression, and posture.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how to label features having indeterminate boundaries (e.g., canyons, oceans).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between typeface properties (microaesthetics) and label properties (visual variables).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify personalities of typefaces, and the microaesthetics that contribute to them.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Implement techniques to improve typeface and label legibility, and to disambiguate labels.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Modify typographic visual variables to graphically represent the type and attributes of geographic feature.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Visual Hierarchy & Layout", "children": [{"name": "Apply one or more grouping or gestalt principles to achieve appropriate figure-ground for map elements.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique the layout of several maps in terms of layout, balance, legibility, clarity, visual contrast, figure-ground organization, and hierarchal organization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe methods for creating an intellectual and visual hierarchy in a map.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe methods for layout (horizontal arrangement) of elements in a map.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Prepare different map layouts using the same map components (main map area, inset maps, titles, legends, scale bars, north arrows, grids, and graticule) to produce effective compartmentalized and fluid map layouts.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Prepare different maps using the same map components to produce maps with different purposes and distinctive intellectual and visual hierarchies.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "3d representation", "children": [{"name": "Stereo Imaging", "children": [{"name": "Define stereoscopic visualization", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how advanced math principles apply to stereoscopic visualization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline how basic optical principles (e.g., aperture size, focal length etc.) play a role in the stereoscopic visualization of remote sensed data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define parallax.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List the various parallax concepts (e.g., parallax difference, Y parallax, etc.) and their purpose.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize what relief displacement is and the different types of displacements that occur.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define Digital Elevation Model (DEM).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how a DEM is made.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define Digital Terrain Model (DTM)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define Digital Surface Model (DSM)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare/contrast the various stereoscopic visualization methods.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish which stereoscopic visualization method should be used for a given set of data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discern the most appropriate way to turn data into a three-dimensional (3D) rendering or visualization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define Structure from motion (SfM)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Specify methods on how to derive three-dimensional (3D) information from images taken from different perspectives.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define three-dimensional (3D) rendering.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of current three-dimensional (3D) rendering techniques to develop more accurate, efficient techniques.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design methods of creating stereoscopic Digital Elevation Models (DEM).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the steps taken to perform basic digital image processing.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "anaglyph vs. polarization, hologram, model", "children": [{"name": "Explain basic concepts of 3D representation (such as depth, perception, perspective and aspect).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize purpose of 3D visualization and when it is appropriate to use.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize understanding of 3D representation delivery methods (such as digital display, static display and video).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize how contour lines can be used to interpret three dimensional (3D) objects.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize why understanding terrain is importance when using or developing a map.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the modes of visualizing terrain-related natural and social phenomena.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between graphic design principles that add perspective to static products to transform them in 3D products.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create 3D elements from data that is not inherently 3D (e.g., numerical attributes) to emphasize information.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Map Design Techniques:", "children": [{"name": "Cartograms", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the advantages and limitations of non-contiguous, contiguous, graphical/Demers/Dorling, and mosaic cartograms.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique examples of different types of cartograms by their relative success at communicating information.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the different purposes that cartograms serve in relation to other thematic mapping techniques.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a range of cartograms to suit particular needs.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Common Thematic Maps", "children": [{"name": "Choose suitable mapping methods for each attribute of a given type of feature in a GIS (e.g., roads with various attributes such as surface type, traffic flow, number of lanes, direction such as one-way)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create maps using each of the following methods: choropleth, dasymetric, proportioned symbol, graduated symbol, isoline, dot, cartogram, and flow", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create well-designed legends using the appropriate conventions for the following methods: choropleth, dasymetric, proportioned symbol, graduated symbol, isoline, dot, cartogram, and flow", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the design considerations for each of the following methods: choropleth, dasymetric, proportioned symbol, graduated symbol, isoline, dot, cartogram, and flow map", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the strengths and limitations of each of the following methods: choropleth, dasymetric, proportioned symbol, graduated symbol, isoline, dot, cartogram, and flow map", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why choropleth maps should (almost) never be used for mapping count data and suggest alternative methods for mapping count data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select base information suited to providing a frame of reference for thematic map symbols (e.g., network of major roads and state boundaries underlying national population map)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Flow Maps", "children": [{"name": "Critique examples of different types of flow maps by their relative success at communicating information.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the different purposes that flow maps serve in relation to other thematic mapping techniques.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a flow map to suit particular needs.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify appropriate symbolization choices given the phenomenon being represented.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize and describe the distinction between different types of flow maps used in cartography and other fields.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Map Icon Design", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the types of icons used in map design", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a map icon library with a coherent aesthetic style, denoting their referents, which can be modified using other visual variables to encode additional information.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique a map icon library based on the culturally negotiated meanings imbued in the signs. Consider who or what may be excluded from the library.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define pictorial, associative, and abstract as these terms relate to icon design", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between mimetic and abstract icons", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Illustrate how the visual variables are employed effectively in map icon design", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the challenges and tools for designing map icons that challenge power structures", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Multivariate Mapping", "children": [{"name": "Choose suitable visual dimensions to appropriately represent their multiple variables.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Consider variations upon, or alternatives to, bivariate and multivariate mapping.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create maps that encode multiple variables into map symbolization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe categories, and specific methods, of bivariate and multivariate mapping.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design effective and concise legends for bivariate and multivariate maps.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the relative merits of bivariate and multivariate cartography for their topic and audience.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the nature of relationships between phenomena in a bivariate choropleth map.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify interesting relationships uniquely revealed by their bivariate or multivariate representation.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Narrative & Storytelling", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Participatory Cartography", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Representing Uncertainty", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast different techniques for representing uncertainty in maps (e.g., the use of static vs. dynamic approaches)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe potential types of uncertainty in a given geospatial dataset", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design uncertainty representations for different types of uncertainty, spatial dimensions, and user tasks", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate uncertainty representation techniques by their suitability for representing different types of uncertainty (e.g., intrinsic vs. extrinsic, adjacent vs. coincident, static vs. dynamic)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatio-Temporal Representation", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the relative advantages and limitations four ways to represent spatiotemporal information: single static maps, multiple static maps, single dynamic maps, and multiple dynamic maps.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique the design of a map depicting spatiotemporal information, providing alternative design solutions.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Deconstruct an animated map by the manner that time is conceptualized (universal, cyclical, etc.) and type of change it depicts (i.e., existential, locational, attribute).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how a map depicting spatiotemporal information reveals patterns not evident in map showing only spatial information.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Make the following maps depicting spatiotemporal information: a dance map, a change map, small multiples, an animated map.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Provide an example on how each of the dynamic visual variables can be used to encode spatiotemporal information.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Terrain Representation", "children": [{"name": "Apply various hypsometric tinting schemes to an elevation layer in GIS, and combine this with a relief shading layer using transparency or a similar approach. Discuss how relief shading changes the hypsometric color scheme.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare the elevation values of a number of nearby and widely separated points on a DEM, and see how shaded relief values correspond to these differences.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique examples of terrain representation based on their relative pros and cons.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Derive values of slope and aspect from a contour map or from point elevation values.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a stylized terrain map from a digital elevation model (DEM).", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Map Use:", "children": [{"name": "Map Analysis", "children": [{"name": "Analyze spatial patterns of selected point, line, and area feature arrangements on maps", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Calculate slope using a topographic map and a DEM", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Calculate the planimetric and actual road distances between two locations on a topographic map", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast the manual measurement of the areas of polygons on a map printed from a GIS with those calculated by the computer and discuss the implications these variations in measurement might have on map use", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a profile of a cross section through a terrain using a topographic map and a digital elevation model (DEM)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe maps that can be used to find direction, distance, or position, plan routes, calculate area or volume, or describe shape", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the differences between azimuths, bearings, and other systems for indicating directions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine feature counts of point, line, and area features on maps", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how maps can be used in determining an optimal route or facility selection", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how maps can be used in terrain analysis (e.g., elevation determination, surface profiles, slope, viewsheds, and gradient)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the types of distortion indicated by projection metadata on a map will affect map measurements", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the differences between true north, magnetic north, and grid north directional references", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Measure point-feature movement and point-feature diffusion on maps", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Plan an orienteering tour of a specific length that traverses slopes of an appropriate steepness and crosses streams in places that can be forded based on a topographic map", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Map Critique", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Map Interpretation", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the interpretation of landscape, geomorphic features, and human settlement types shown on a series of topographic maps from several different countries", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Hypothesize about geographic processes by synthesizing the patterns found on one or more thematic maps or data visualizations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the landforms represented by specific patterns in contours on a topographic map", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Match features on a map to corresponding features in the world", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Map Reading", "children": [{"name": "Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using conventional symbols (e.g., blue=water, green=vegetation, Swiss cross=a hospital) on a map", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Execute a well designed legend that facilitates map reading", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how memory limitations effect map reading tasks", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the anatomy of the eye and its visual sensor cells affect how one sees maps in terms of attention, acuity, focus, and color", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Find specified features on a topographic map (e.g., gravel pit, mine entrance, well, land grant)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Match map labels to the corresponding features", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Match the symbols on a map to the corresponding explanations in the legend", "value": "1"}]}]}]}, {"name": "Computing Platforms", "children": [{"name": "Computing Approaches:", "children": [{"name": "Grid Computing", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "High Performance Computing and GIS", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "High Throughput Computing and GIS", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Origins of Computing & GIS&T: a Computer Systems Perspective", "children": [{"name": "Distinguish the main differences between the mainframe and minicomputer epochs of GIST.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the reason for the rise of reduced instruction set computer (RISC) processors.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the workings of batch processing using punched cards.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Origins of Computing & GIS&T: a Perspective on the Role of Peripheral Devices", "children": [{"name": "Describe the basic operation of a CRT display.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the rationale for and development of device independence.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a frame buffer works.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a storage tube display works.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how line printers were used to produce gray-tone maps.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how sequential storage relates to geographical space.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the basic operation of a pen plotter.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the main types of data capture devices used in the era under consideration.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Pervasive/Ubiquitous Computing", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Science Gateways", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Computing Infrastructures:", "children": [{"name": "Cyberinfrastructure", "children": [{"name": "Assess the importance and roles of cyberinfrastructure to science and engineering", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the conceptual foundations of cyberGIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the history of cyberinfrastructure", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Graphics Processing Units", "children": [{"name": "Define Graphics Processing Units for general-purpose computation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe hardware architecture and software frameworks for GPU-enabled acceleration.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the evaluation of acceleration performance of GPUs for general-purpose computation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss fundamental in using thread-based parallelism to harness massively parallel computing power in GPUs.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the types of spatial problems that can be accelerated using GPUs.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Mobile Devices", "children": [{"name": "Understand and describe the contextual, technological, and financial considerations required for making a mobile app for geographic information collection.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand and describe the core concepts related to mobile devices as they apply to computing infrastructure as a whole.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand what technological advancements have taken place that have made mobile devices important and relevant for GIS&T.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "The Cloud", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Examples and Applications:", "children": [{"name": "Amazon Web Services", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Apache Spark", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "ArcGIS Online", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "eScience", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Google Earth Engine", "children": [{"name": "Demonstrate how to access the GEE platform and how to pull in a dataset for analysis", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine if a use case is appropriate for scaling in the GEE", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the advantages of cloud-based vs. desktop-based geospatial analysis", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between serving data and analysis on the web/cloud", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the relationship between Features and ImageCollections", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Jupyter Notebooks", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Networks and Services", "children": [{"name": "Internet of Things", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Location-based Services", "children": [{"name": "Define Location-Based Services, Compare LBS, and other GIS applications.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate the key tasks of data modeling in LBS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe key positioning technologies for outdoor and indoor environments.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the challenges of privacy in LBS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Examine various application fields and investigate the potentials of LBS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explore possible presentation forms for communicating relevant information to the users in LBS and discuss their pros and cons.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Name the key components of Location-Based Services.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Social Media Analytics", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast two geospatial applications that can leverage social media data from the perspectives of techniques, tools, and approaches to process and mine social media data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define social media, social media analytics, natural language processing and text mining.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the general workflow of social media analytics for geospatial applications.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the techniques (e.g., text preprocessing and NLP) that can help computers analyze, understand, and derive meaning from human language.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss common geovisualization methods (e.g., graphs and maps) and tools for mapping and visualizing different components of the social media data (e.g., geo-tags, temporal information, and users).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss spatial/spatiotemporal analysis and data mining algorithms and methods that can be used to reveal meaningful information and patterns from social media data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the file and database systems (e.g., NoSQL databases) can be leveraged to manage and manipulate social media data.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Social Networks", "children": [{"name": "Describe the role of internships, professional certification, software certifications, and accreditation in relation to GIS&T positions and qualifications.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the role of academic programs in GIS&T including certificates and degree programs.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify standard occupational codes that are relevant to GIS&T.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify types of GIS&T positions and their qualifications and explain why it has been difficult for many agencies and organizations to define positions and roles for GIS&T professionals.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Web Services", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Software Systems:", "children": [{"name": "Artificial Intelligence Tools and Platforms for GIS", "children": [{"name": "Describe a hypothesis space that includes searches for optimality of solutions within that space", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe artificial intelligence methods that may apply to GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe computational intelligence methods that may apply to GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify the potential for machine learning to expand performance of specialized geospatial analysis functions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify artificial intelligence tools that may be useful for GIS&T", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Enterprise GIS", "children": [{"name": "Define Enterprise GIS in an generalized manner without reference to a specific enabling technologies.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate the importance of iteratively evolving a given Enterprise GIS implementation over time.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the value-adding points of Enterprise GIS in an organizational setting.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between a system and a process definition of Enterprise GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Express the importance of organizational context to the implementation and operation of an Enterprise GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the current implementation patterns of Enterprise GIS, based on present trends and best practices in IT.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Geospatial Technology Transfer Opportunities", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Software Systems", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the primary sources of geospatial software, including major and minor commercial vendors and open-source options", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe non-spatial software that can be used in geospatial applications, such as databases, Web services, and programming environments", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the major geospatial software architectures available currently, including desktop GIS, server-based, Internet, and component-based custom applications", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate software options that meet functionality needs for a given task or enterprise", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify software options that meet functionality needs for a given task or enterprise", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List the major functionality needed from off-the-shelf software based on a requirements report", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Database Management Systems (DBMS)", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial MapReduce", "children": [{"name": "Characterize the limitations of HDFS for the storage and processing of spatial data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the MapReduce implementation of the range query operation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between the MapReduce programming paradigm and the MapReduce framework.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between the traditional procedural programming and the MapReduce programming paradigm.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the purpose of the duplicate avoidance technique in the spatial join operation.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Web GIS", "children": [{"name": "Critically discuss some societal effects stemming from the web-enabled shift of spatial data production from experts to laypersons (i.e., the rise of \u201cneogeography\u201d).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how web services enable the sharing of maps and GIS operations in an online environment.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Given a set of requirements, propose appropriate system architectures for web GIS, including the software and hardware used for the data server, GIS server, web server, and client apps.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List strategies that web GIS administrators can take to improve the speed and capacity of their systems.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize and compare various security precautions that web GIS system administrators can take to protect access to sensitive data or algorithms.", "value": "1"}]}]}]}, {"name": "Data Capture", "children": [{"name": "Data Coordinating Organizations", "children": [{"name": "Federal Agencies & National Organizations and Programs", "children": [{"name": "Assess the current status of Gore\u2019s \u201cdigital earth\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the data programs provided by organizations such as The National Map, GeoSpatial One Stop, and National Integrated Land System", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of GeoSpatial One Stop", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of governmental entities such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as they related to support of professionals and organizations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of international organizations such as Association of Geographic Information Laboratories for Europe (AGILE) and the European GIS Education Seminar (EUGISES)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the Nation Integrated Land System (NILS)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the National Academies of Science Mapping Science Committee", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), Inc.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the USGS and its National Map vision", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of University Consortium of Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) and the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the political, cultural, economic, and geographic characteristics of various countries that influence their adoption and use of GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify National Science Foundation (NSF) programs that support GIS&T research and education", "value": "1"}, {"name": "involved in GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the principle concepts and goals of the \u201cdigital earth\u201d vision articulated in 1998 by Vice President Al Gore", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "International Organizations & Programs", "children": [{"name": "Assess the current status of Gore\u2019s \u201cdigital earth\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the data programs provided by organizations such as The National Map, GeoSpatial One Stop, and National Integrated Land System", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of GeoSpatial One Stop", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of governmental entities such as the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as they related to support of professionals and organizations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of international organizations such as Association of Geographic Information Laboratories for Europe (AGILE) and the European GIS Education Seminar (EUGISES)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the Federal Geographic Data Committee (FGDC)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the Nation Integrated Land System (NILS)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the National Academies of Science Mapping Science Committee", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), Inc.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of the USGS and its National Map vision", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of University Consortium of Geographic Information Science (UCGIS) and the National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (NCGIA)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the political, cultural, economic, and geographic characteristics of various countries that influence their adoption and use of GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify National Science Foundation (NSF) programs that support GIS&T research and education", "value": "1"}, {"name": "involved in GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the principle concepts and goals of the \u201cdigital earth\u201d vision articulated in 1998 by Vice President Al Gore", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Data Sharing Among Organizations", "children": [{"name": "Describe methods used by organizations to facilitate data sharing", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the barriers to information sharing", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the rationale for and against sharing data among organizations", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "State & Regional Coordinating Bodies", "children": [{"name": "Describe how state GIS councils can be used in enterprise GIS&T implementation processes", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine if your state has a Geospatial Information Office (GIO) and discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of a GIO", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how informal and formal regional bodies (e.g., Metro GIS) can help support GIS&T in an organization", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of National States Geographic Information Council (NSGIC)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the functions, mission, history, constituencies, and activities of your state GIS Council and related formal and informal bodies", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Digital Data Sources & Capture Methods", "children": [{"name": "Aerial Photography", "children": [{"name": "Calculate heights and areas of objects and distances between objects shown in a vertical aerial image", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Calculate the nominal scale of a vertical aerial image", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the elements of image interpretation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Produce a map of land use/land cover classes using a vertical aerial image", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use photo interpretation keys to interpret features on aerial photographs", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Ground or Street-Level Imagery", "children": [{"name": "Compare the paid driver vs. crowdsourcing models of obtaining street-level imagery.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critically evaluate the relationship of street level imagery with the people and landscapes depicted in the photographs, especially related to issues of privacy and surveillance.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the evolution of street-level imagery platforms leading up to the typical set of features offered today.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the technical challenges and business benefits associated with launching and maintaining a street level imagery platform.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Historical (Paper) Maps", "children": [{"name": "Demonstrate the georeferencing process with a digital historical map.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the georeferencing process including the techniques and transformations necessary for the use of historical maps", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the advantages in using historical maps in a GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain, with examples of case studies, how diachronic and multilayer analysis in GIS using historical maps can be useful in a geo-historical study of the landscape.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Obtain historical maps in digital form and prepare them for georeferencing.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Plan the acquisition of historical maps both online and in archives, libraries and other repositories.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Mobile Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Social Media Platforms", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Text as a GIS Data Source", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Field Data Collection", "children": [{"name": "Field Data Capture Technologies", "children": [{"name": "Considering the measurement framework applied to moving object tracking, identify which of the dimensions of location, attribute, and time is fixed, which is controlled, and which is measured", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe a real or hypothetical application of a sensor network in field data collection", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe an application of hand-held computing or personal digital assistants (PDAs) for field data collection", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the advantage of real-time kinematic GPS in field data collection", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the measurement framework that applies to moving object tracking", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline a combination of positioning techniques that can be used to support location-based services in a given environment", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Sampling: Size Selection, Sample Types, Intervals", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "U.S", "children": [{"name": "Describe the contents of the MAF/TIGER system", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the difference between political and statistical geography", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe valid approaches for mitigating the problems associated with making comparisons of Census data over geographies and over time", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between decennial data and survey data from the Census Bureau", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why making comparisons of Census data across geographies or across time can be problematic", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Link Census demographic data to the appropriate TIGER geography within GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Retrieve relevant census data from the Census website", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI)", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Land Surveying and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)", "children": [{"name": "Global Navigation Satellite Systems", "children": [{"name": "Discuss the relationship of GPS to the Global Satellite Navigation System", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the role of GPS in location-based services (LBS)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between horizontal and vertical accuracies when using coarse acquisition codes/standard positioning service (C-codes) and precision acquisition codes/precise positioning service (P-codes)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain \u201cselective availability,\u201d why it was discontinued in 2000, and what alternatives are available to the U.S. Department of Defense", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how GPS receivers calculate coordinate data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the relationship of the U.S. Global Positioning System with comparable systems sponsored by Russia and the European Union and the Global Navigation Satellite System", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the relevance of the concept of trilateration to both GPS positioning and control surveying", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List, define, and rank the sources of error associated with GPS positioning", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Perform differential correction of GPS data using reference data from a CORS station", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Specify the features of a GPS receiver that is able to achieve geometric accuracies on the order of centimeters without post-processing", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Land records", "children": [{"name": "Distinguish between GIS, LIS, and CAD/CAM in the context of land records management", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between topological fidelity and geometric accuracy in the context of a plat map", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the difference in accuracy requirements for deeds systems versus registration systems", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify and compare deed descriptions in terms of how accurately they convey the geometry of a parcel", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Professional Land Surveying", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast two types of equipment that a surveyor uses. Explain why each is useful for particular tasks.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe why surveying plays a central role in free markets.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain connections between surveying and GIS.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Processing Remotely-Sensed Data", "children": [{"name": "Algorithms and processing", "children": [{"name": "Calculate a set of filtered reflectance values for a given array of reflectance values and a digital image filtering algorithm", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare pixel-based image classification methods with segmentation techniques", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe a situation in which filtered data are more useful than the original unfiltered data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe an application of hyperspectral image data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the sequence of tasks involved in the geometric correction of the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Global Land Dataset", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate supervised classification from unsupervised classification", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how to enhance contrast of reflectance values clustered within a narrow band of wavelengths", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Perform a manual unsupervised classification given a two-dimensional array of reflectance values and ranges of reflectance values associated with a given number of land cover categories", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Produce pseudocode for common unsupervised classification algorithms, including chain method, ISODATA method, and clustering", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Ground verification and accuracy assessment", "children": [{"name": "Evaluate the thematic accuracy of a given soils map", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how U.S. Geological Survey scientists and contractors assess the accuracy of the National Land Cover Dataset", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Image Interpretation: Aerial Photography & Satellites", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spectral Properties of Terrestrial Surfaces", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Stereoscopy and\u00a0orthoimagery", "children": [{"name": "Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of photogrammetric methods and LiDAR for production of terrain elevation data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the relevance of the concept \u201cparallax\u201d in stereoscopic aerial imagery", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the sequence of tasks involved in generating an orthoimage from a vertical aerial photograph", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Specify the technical components of an aerotriangulation system", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Vector data extraction", "children": [{"name": "Describe the source data, instrumentation, and workflow involved in extracting vector data (features and elevations) from analog and digital stereoimagery", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss future prospects for automated feature extraction from aerial imagery", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the extent to which vector data extraction from aerial stereoimagery has been automated", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Remote Sensing Platforms & Sensors", "children": [{"name": "Hyperspectral Imagery", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Landsat", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "LiDAR", "children": [{"name": "Describe the science and math behind LiDAR technology.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe two means of visualizing LiDAR.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the derivatives of LiDAR: slope, aspect, and contour and discuss their strengths and limitations.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the information that each LiDAR data point contains.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Mission planning", "children": [{"name": "Plan an aerial imagery mission in response to a given request for proposals and map of a study area, taking into consideration vertical and horizontal control, atmospheric conditions, time of year, and time of day", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Nature of multispectral image data", "children": [{"name": "Describe the basic data format of a multispectral image in terms of pixels, rasters, and DN values.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the concept of a spectral band in the context of multispectral imagery.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between panchromatic, multispectral and hyperspectral imagery.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the four aspects of scale in the context of remote sensing:  spatial scale, spectral scale, radiometric scale, and temporal scale, and differentiate between scale as a measure of grain and extent.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain what a spectral reflectance curve is, and why it is central to remote sensing image interpretation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify major factors that determine image brightness variations in a scene, and explain the role of each factor.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Radar, Sonar, and Echolocation", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Remote Sensing Platforms overview", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast different types of remote sensing platforms.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast Sun-synchronous satellite orbits to geostationary orbits.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast Thematic Mapper (TM) with Enhanced Thematic Mapper (ETM+).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the SPOT satellites and discuss the varying sensors (what they do and their resolution) on each of the SPOT satellites.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between the Landsat missions, and discuss the varying sensors (what they do and their resolution) on each of the Landsat satellites.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the benefits of using different types of orbits for different types of tasks.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the different uses of satellite remote sensing.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the history of aerial imagery.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify some Earth Resource Satellites, what type of sensors they carry (including the sensor resolution), and the applications of the satellites.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List some commercial small satellites and their applications.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Thermal Imagery", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)", "children": [{"name": "Acquire knowledge of how UAS technology is applied in geospatial research.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define UAS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe a common data workflow for UAS-collected aerial imagery.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how to execute a successful UAS data capture mission.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List commonly used sensors for capturing remote sensed data via UAS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the predominant UAS platform types.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the requirements for legal operation of UAS for data collection purposes.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the societal issues surrounding UAS data capture.", "value": "1"}]}]}]}, {"name": "Data Management", "children": [{"name": "Georeferencing Systems", "children": [{"name": "Approximating the Earth's Shape with Geoids", "children": [{"name": "Explain how geoids are modeled", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the concept of an equipotential gravity surface (i.e., a geoid)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the role that the U.S. National Geodetic Survey plays in maintaining and developing geoid models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why gravity varies over the Earth\u2019s surface", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Geographic Coordinate Systems", "children": [{"name": "Calculate the latitude and longitude coordinates of a given location on the map using the coordinate grid ticks in the collar of a topographic map and the appropriate interpolation formula", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Calculate the uncertainty of a ground position defined by latitude and longitude coordinates specified in decimal degrees to a given number of decimal places", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between various latitude definitions (e.g., geocentric, geodetic, astronomic latitudes)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the angular measurements represented by latitude and longitude coordinates", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Locate on a globe the positions represented by latitude and longitude coordinates", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Mathematically express the relationship between Cartesian coordinates and polar coordinates", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use GIS software and base data encoded as geographic coordinates to geocode a list of address-referenced locations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Write an algorithm that converts geographic coordinates from decimal degrees (DD) to degrees, minutes, seconds (DMS) format", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Georegistration", "children": [{"name": "Differentiate rectification and orthorectification", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the role and selection criteria for \u201cground control points\u201d (GCPs) in the georegistration of aerial imagery", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and explain an equation used to perform image-to-image registration", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and explain an equation used to perform image-to-map registration", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use GIS software to transform a given dataset to a specified coordinate system, projection, and datum", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Horizontal Datums", "children": [{"name": "Define \u201chorizontal datum\u201d in terms of the relationship between a coordinate system and an approximation of the Earth\u2019s surface", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the limitations of a Molodenski transformation and in what circumstances a higher parameter transformation such as Helmert may be appropriate", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine the impact of a datum transformation from NAD 27 to NAD 83 for a given location using a conversion routine maintained by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss appropriate applications of the various datum transformation options", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between NAD 27 and NAD 83 in terms of ellipsoid parameters", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference in coordinate specifications for the same position when referenced to NAD 27 and NAD 83", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the methodology employed by the U.S. National Geodetic Survey to transform control points from NAD 27 to NAD 83", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the rationale for updating NAD 27 to NAD 83", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why all GPS data are originally referenced to the WGS 84 datum", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify which datum transformation options are available and unavailable in a GIS software package", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the historical development of horizontal datums", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Perform a Molodenski transformation manually", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use GIS software to perform a datum transformation", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Linear Referencing", "children": [{"name": "Define linear referencing", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe practical examples of analysis with linear referencing", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify applications of linear referencing", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the process of implementing linear referencing", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Map Projections", "children": [{"name": "Compare multiple map projections to explain the difference in distortion patterns, and how the maps would be suited for different analysis or visualization purposes.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe at least one technique for visualizing distortion (e.g.,  Tissot\u2019s indicatrices, or continuous distortion surfaces) and use it to visualize distortion.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the geometric properties of the globe that may be distorted in the map projection process.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a thematic map that uses a map projection appropriate to the theme and map purpose.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and describe the distortion pattern in a specific map projection using a common visualization method (e.g., Tissot\u2019s indicatrices) or distortion surface.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Planar Coordinate Systems", "children": [{"name": "Associate SPC coordinates and zone specifications with corresponding positions on a U.S. map or globe", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Associate UTM coordinates and zone specifications with corresponding position on a world map or globe", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Critique the U.S. Geological Survey\u2019s choice of UTM as the standard coordinate system for the U.S. National Map", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the characteristics of the \u201cnational grids\u201d of countries other than the U.S.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate the characteristics and uses of the UTM coordinate system from the Military Grid Reference System (MGRS) and the World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the magnitude and cause of error associated with SPC coordinates", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the magnitude and cause of error associated with UTM coordinates", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain what State Plane Coordinates system (SPC) eastings and northings represent", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain what Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) eastings and northings represent", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why plane coordinates are sometimes preferable to geographic coordinates", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the map projection(s) upon which SPC coordinate systems are based, and explain the relationship between the projection(s) and the coordinate system grids", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the map projection(s) upon which UTM coordinate systems are based, and explain the relationship between the projection(s) and the coordinate system grid", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recommend the most appropriate plane coordinate system for applications at different spatial extents and justify the recommendation", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Tesselated Referencing Systems", "children": [{"name": "Describe the octahedral quarternary triangulated mesh georeferencing system proposed by Dutton", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the advantages of hierarchical coordinates relative to geographic and plane coordinate systems", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the concept \u201cquadtree\u201d", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Vertical Datums", "children": [{"name": "Differentiate between NAVD 29 and NAVD 88", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a vertical datum is established", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Illustrate the difference between a vertical datum and a geoid", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Illustrate the relationship among the concepts ellipsoidal (or geodetic) height, geoidal height, and orthometric elevation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the historical development of vertical datums", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Spatial Data Infrastructures", "children": [{"name": "Content Standards", "children": [{"name": "Define \u201cthesaurus\u201d as it pertains to geospatial metadata", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe a domain ontology or vocabulary (i.e., land use classification systems, surveyor codes, data dictionaries, place names, or benthic habitat classification system)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how a domain ontology or vocabulary facilitates data sharing", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe some of the profiles created for the Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata (CSDGM)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the primary focus of the following content standards: FGDC, Dublin Core Metadata Initiative, and ISO 19115", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between a content standard and a profile", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between a controlled vocabulary and an ontology", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Data Warehouses", "children": [{"name": "Describe the functions that gazetteers support", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between a data warehouse and a database", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate the retrieval mechanisms of data warehouses and databases", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the appropriate use of a data warehouse versus a database", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Metadata", "children": [{"name": "Compose data integrity statements for a geostatistical or spatial analysis to be included in graphic output", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define \u201cmetadata\u201d in the context of the geospatial data set", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the ways in which metadata increases the value of geospatial data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why metadata production should be integrated into the data production and database development workflows, rather than treated as an ancillary activity", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Formulate metadata for a geostatistical analysis that would be released to an experienced audience", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Formulate metadata for a graphic output that would be distributed to the general public", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify software tools available to support metadata creation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Interpret the elements of an existing metadata document", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the elements of the U.S. geospatial metadata standard", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use a metadata utility to create a geospatial metadata document for a digital database you created", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Common Data Dictionary", "children": [{"name": "Identify how terminology is defined in the common data dictionary and explain how definitions are disseminated.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize what information and attributes make up a common data dictionary.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List the differing principle between entities and attributes.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) guidelines and their impact on common data dictionaries.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize the importance of definitions, naming conventions, and values with regard to establishing a common data dictionary.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop a design process to establish dictionary element descriptions.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Ontology for Geospatial Semantic Interoperability", "children": [{"name": "Define and describe the concepts of ontology, ontological languages, and ontological queries", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the concepts of geospatial semantic interoperability", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Introduce issues for geospatial semantic interoperability and challenges for geospatial semantic interoperability using ontologies", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Present the challenges of building ontologies", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Data Infrastructures", "children": [{"name": "Define metadata, and describe the types of information that may be included in metadata.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define spatial data infrastructure.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the main functions of geoportals.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the major components of a typical SDI.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the role of standards in ensuring the quality of metadata.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate text-based search and map-based search.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List some of the widely-recognized SDIs.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "U.S", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Query Processing", "children": [{"name": "Complex Queries", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Optimal I/O Algorithms", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Joins", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Representations of Spatial Objects", "children": [{"name": "Fields in Space and Time", "children": [{"name": "Define a field in terms of properties, space, and time", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate various sources of fields, such as substance properties (e.g., temperature), artificial constructs (e.g., population density), and fields of potential or influence (e.g., gravity)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the field view\u2019s description of \u201cobjects\u201d as conceptual discretizations of continuous patterns", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Formalize the notion of field using mathematical functions and calculus", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify applications and phenomena that are not adequately modeled by the field view", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify examples of discrete and continuous change found in spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal fields", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the influences of scale on the perception and meaning of fields", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Relate the notion of field in GIS to the mathematical notions of scalar and vector fields", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Fuzzy Models", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Genealogical Relationships, Linkage, and Inheritance", "children": [{"name": "Describe the genealogy (as identity-based change or temporal relationships) of particular geographic phenomena", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe ways in which a geographic entity can be created from one or more others", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine whether it is important to represent the genealogy of entities for a particular application", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the effects of temporal scale on the modeling of genealogical structures", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Geospatial Data Conflation", "children": [{"name": "Compare conflation with spatial join, image fusion and other related operations for data integration.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define the concept of conflation and what kind of context it is used.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the basic types of conflation problems.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between manual and automatic conflation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Implement basic conflation operator using buffer analysis and overlay operation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the cardinality of match relation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the different criteria used for conflating geospatial features.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Modeling 3D Entities", "children": [{"name": "Differentiate between 21/2-D representations and true 3-D models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how 3-D models can be extended to additional dimensions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how octatrees are the 3-D extension of quadtrees", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how voxels and stack-unit maps that show the topography of a series of geologic layers might be considered 3-D extensions of field and vector representations respectively", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difficulties in creating true 3-D objects in a vector or raster format", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the use of multi-patching to represent 3-D objects", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify GIS application domains in which true 3-D models of natural phenomena are necessary", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Illustrate the use of Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) to model landscapes in 3-D", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Network Models", "children": [{"name": "Create an adjacency table from a sample network", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create an incidence matrix from a sample network", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define the following terms pertaining to a network: Loops, multiple edges, the degree of a vertex, walk, trail, path, cycle, fundamental cycle", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how a network is a connected set of edges and vertices", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how attributes of networks can be used to represent cost, time, distance, or many other measures", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how the star (or forward star) data structure, which is often employed when digitally storing network information, violates relational normal form, but allows for much faster search and retrieval in network databases", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss some of the difficulties of applying the standard process-pattern concept to lines and networks", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a graph (network) may be directed or undirected", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a graph can be written as an adjacency matrix and how this can be used to calculate topological shortest paths in the graph", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List definitions of networks that apply to specific applications or industries", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Raster Data Models", "children": [{"name": "Describe the advantages and disadvantages of the raster data model compared to other GIS data models.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the mixed pixel problem and approaches to attenuate it.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Learn the key components of the raster data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the common types of raster file formats.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spaghetti Models", "children": [{"name": "Describe how geometric primitives are implemented in the spaghetti model as independent objects without topology", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the spaghetti data model embodies an object-based view of the world", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the conditions under which the spaghetti model is useful", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify a widely-used example of the spaghetti model (e.g., AutoCAD DWF, ESRI shapefile)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Write a program to read and write a vector data file using a common published format", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Standardization & Exchange Specifications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Topological Models", "children": [{"name": "Define terms related to topology (e.g., adjacency, connectivity, overlap, intersect, logical consistency)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how a topological structure can be represented in a relational database structure", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the integrity constraints of integrated topological models (e.g., POLYVRT)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the historical roots of the Census Bureau\u2019s creation of GBF/DIME as the foundation for the development of topological data structures", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the role of graph theory in topological structures", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the positive and negative impacts of the shift from integrated topological models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify the concept of planar enforcement (e.g., TIN triangles)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the advantages and disadvantages of topological data models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why integrated topological models have lost favor in commercial GIS software", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Illustrate a topological relation", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Triangulated Irregular Network Models", "children": [{"name": "Construct a TIN manually from a set of spot elevations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Delineate a set of break lines that improve the accuracy of a TIN", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate the use of the TIN model for different statistical surfaces (e.g., terrain elevation, population density, disease incidence) in a GIS software application", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how to generate a unique TIN solution using Delaunay triangulation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the architecture of the TIN model", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the conditions under which a TIN might be more practical than GRID", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Vector Data Models", "children": [{"name": "Describe a Freeman-Huffman chain code", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the relationship between the GBF/DIME and TIGER structures, the rationale for their design, and their intended primary uses, paying particular attention to the role of graph theory in establishing the difference between GBF/DIME and TIGER files", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the relationship of Freeman-Huffman chain codes to the raster model", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of POLYVRT", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the impact of early prototype data models (e.g., POLYVRT and GBF/DIME) on contemporary vector formats", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain what makes POLYVRT a hierarchical vector data model", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Illustrate the GBF/DIME data model", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Spatial Access Methods", "children": [{"name": "Data-driven structures: R-trees and cost models", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Modeling Semi-Structured Spatial Data", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Modeling Unstructured Spatial Data", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Space-driven Structures: Grid, linear quadtree, and z-ordering tree files", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Indexing", "children": [{"name": "Compare and discuss the relative performance of different spatial indices.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define the concept of a spatial index and what kind of spatial operations it is related to.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how different data structures works for spatial queries and spatial join.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the basic category of spatial index and name some common data structures of spatial databases.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Implement point query or window query algorithms that retrieve geospatial data using basic index structures", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand how to build spatial indexes in both commercial and open-source databases and be aware of what the strategies they use.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Retrieving Data", "children": [{"name": "Distinguish between data sharing and data delivery.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why it is important for the creator of data to also maintain the data and list the implications it could have if the creator is not the maintainer.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between the archiving and tiered approaches to storing data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the techniques of using metadata to retrieve data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discern how REpresentational State Transfer (RESTful) services are utilized for accessing and retrieving data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate current methods of retrieving data and determine how automation can be used to expedite the process.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate current techniques for classifying needs for access and determine how artificial intelligence can be used to expedite the process.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Spatial Data Quality", "children": [{"name": "Error-based Uncertainty", "children": [{"name": "Define uncertainty-related terms, such as error, accuracy, uncertainty, precision, stochastic, probabilistic, deterministic, and random", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe a stochastic error model for a natural phenomenon", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate uncertainty in geospatial situations from vagueness", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the causes of uncertainty in geospatial data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the familiar concepts of geographic objects and fields affect the conceptualization of uncertainty", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize expressions of uncertainty in language", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the degree to which the importance of uncertainty depends on scale and application", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Mathematical Models of Vagueness: Fuzzy and Rough sets", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the relative merits of fuzzy sets, rough sets, and other models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create appropriate membership functions to model vague phenomena", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between fuzzy set membership and probabilistic set membership", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the problems inherent in fuzzy sets", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Modeling Uncertainty", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Data Uncertainty", "children": [{"name": "Define spatial data uncertainty, quality, accuracy, error, and geo-semantic uncertainty.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe major methods to evaluate geo-semantic uncertainty.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe major methods to evaluate positional and attribute uncertainty.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss possible methods to evaluate uncertainty of crowd-sourced geographic data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the importance of spatial data uncertainty.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Vagueness", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the meanings of related terms such as vague, fuzzy, imprecise, indefinite, indiscrete, unclear, and ambiguous", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the cognitive processes that tend to create vagueness", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate applications in which vagueness is an acceptable trait from those in which it is unacceptable", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between the following concepts: vagueness and ambiguity, well defined and poorly defined objects and fields, and discord and non-specificity", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the role that system complexity, dynamic processes, and subjectivity play in the creation of vague phenomena and concepts", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate vagueness in the locations, time, attributes, and other aspects of geographic phenomena", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the hedges used in language to convey vagueness", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the degree to which vagueness depends on scale", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Spatial Databases", "children": [{"name": "Conceptual Data Models", "children": [{"name": "Characterize the entity, attribute, and relationship components of a conceptual data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define conceptual data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the purpose of a conceptual data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the relationship between an application-centric conceptual data model and a enterprise-wide conceptual data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop (Sketch) a conceptual data model using an entity-relationship diagram.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how a conceptual data model characterizes information requirements for an application.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between use cases and conceptual data models; describe how they can work together.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Database Administration", "children": [{"name": "Describe effective methods to get stakeholders to create, adopt, or develop and maintain metadata for shared datasets", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how using standards can affect implementation of a GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how validation and verification processes can be used to maintain database integrity", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize how data access processes can be a factor in development of an enterprise GIS implementation", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Extensions of the Relational DBMS", "children": [{"name": "Describe extensions of the relational model designed to represent geospatial and other semistructured data, such as stored procedures, Binary Large Objects (BLOBs), nested tables, abstract data types, and spatial data types", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe standards efforts relating to relational extensions, such as SQL:1999 and SQL-MM", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the adequacy of contemporary proprietary database schemes to manage geospatial data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the degree to which an available object-relational database management system approximates a true object-oriented paradigm", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why early attempts to store geographic data in standard relational tables failed", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Logical Data Models", "children": [{"name": "Define logical data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how activity diagrams can supplement logical data models to further characterize logical data organization in a logical data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how an application-centric logical data model differs from an enterprise-wide logical data model, and how logical data schema integration can support development of an enterprise-wide data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the purpose of a logical data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop the basics of a logical data model diagram.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between a data warehouse and a federated database in support of applications for an enterprise-wide database environment.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate logical data model approaches.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "NoSQL\u00a0Databases", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the major differences between NoSQL and relational databases.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the four types of store models NoSQL databases.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the advantages in using NoSQL database to store spatial data, especially big spatial data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the meaning behind the name NoSQL database.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Object-Oriented DBMSs", "children": [{"name": "Defend or refute the notion that the Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a form of object-oriented database", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the basic elements of the object-oriented paradigm, such as inheritance, encapsulation, methods, and composition", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between object-oriented programming and object-oriented databases", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of object-oriented databases compared to relational databases, focusing on representational power, data entry, storage efficiency, and query performance", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the degree to which the object-oriented paradigm does or does not approximate cognitive structures", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the principle of inheritance can be implemented using an object-oriented programming approach", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the properties of object orientation allows for combining and generalizing objects", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Implement a GIS database design in an off-the-shelf, object-oriented database", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Physical Data Models", "children": [{"name": "Characterize data types and indexing for physical data models.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define physical data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how a physical data model differs from a logical data model in terms of software implementation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the purpose of a physical data model.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop a physical data model diagram.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate physical data models based on their logical data model approaches.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List some of the most popular DBMS software that can be used for geospatial implementation.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Problems with Large Spatial Databases", "children": [{"name": "Describe difficulties in dealing with large spatial databases, especially those arising from spatial heterogeneity. Describe some of the problems of large spatial datasets from social media.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe emerging geocomputation techniques for geospatial big data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the basic types of geospatial big data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the statistical limitations of large spatial databases.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how to recognize contaminated data in large datasets.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and explain primary methods for structuring and modeling geospatial big data.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Database Management Systems", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Topological Relationships", "children": [{"name": "Define various terms used to describe topological relationships, such as disjoint, overlap, within, and intersect", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe geographic phenomena in terms of their topological relationships in space and time to other phenomena", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List the possible topological relationships between entities in space (e.g., 9-intersection) and time", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the contributions of topology (the branch of mathematics) to the study of geographic relationships", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use methods that analyze topological relationships", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Use of Relational DBMSs", "children": [{"name": "Create an SQL query that extracts data from related tables", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define the basic terms used in relational database management systems (e.g., tuple, relation, foreign key, SQL, relational join)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how search and relational join operations provide results for a typical GIS query and other simple operations using the relational DBMS within a GIS software application", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the entity-relationship diagram approach to data modeling", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the problems associated with failure to follow the first and second normal forms (including data confusion, redundancy, and retrieval difficulties)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the efficiency and costs of normalization", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how entity-relationship diagrams are translated into relational tables", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the advantage of the relational model over earlier database structures including spreadsheets", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Schema Design/Creation", "children": [{"name": "Characterize how the purpose of data influences which schema design will be used and how the data is created.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Analyze the different types of user feedback that can be provided on schema design.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how schemas are created and why schemas are useful when managing data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List the different types of schema designs and explain their uses.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how GIS software is used to view existing schemas and how to create new schemas.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how different data modeling tools are utilized to design and create schemas.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate current methods of designing and creating schemas and determine how automation can be used to expediate the process.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate current methods for using templates to design and create schemas to develop more effective templates.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop techniques of using data modeling tools to manage the design and creation of schemas.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the utilization of a schema in geospatial databases.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Categorize the different principles for simple and complex geodatabase schemas.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Categorize geodatabase schemas (e.g., ESRI, Hexagon, Intergraph, etc.) and understand the advantages and disadvantages or each.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Establish how to develop schemas that are simple yet fulfill requirements (principle of parsimony).", "value": "1"}]}]}]}, {"name": "Domain Applications", "children": [{"name": "Agriculture", "children": [{"name": "Agriculture", "children": [{"name": "Differentiate the uses of GIS&T in agriculture a smallholder/developing world setting, versus large-scale agriculture in high income countries.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the role that \u201cknowledge brokers\u201d have in facilitating the use of GIS&T in agriculture.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify three sources of uncertainty in GIS&T data for agriculture and how these sources of uncertainty might interact with uncertainty widely present in agricultural systems.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Map an information chain from data collection to service delivery for GIS&T in agriculture.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Propose a sustainable business model built around a geoinformation application or service oriented to supporting either large scale or smallholder agriculture.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Archaeology", "children": [{"name": "Archaeology", "children": [{"name": "Describe the advantages and limitations of the different GIS&T tools.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the three primary applications of GIS&T for archaeology", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how environmental factors influence remote sensing tools.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and describe GIS&T tools commonly used in archaeological research", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Architecture", "children": [{"name": "Architecture", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Arms/Battle/War", "children": [{"name": "Arms/Battle/War", "children": [{"name": "Describe the role of and techniques used for remote sensing in arms monitoring", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the role of and techniques used for remote sensing in battle planning", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the role of and techniques used for remote sensing in anti-terror planning", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Civil Engineering", "children": [{"name": "Civil Engineering", "children": [{"name": "Explain and describe the common areas of research at the intersection of GIS&T and Civil Engineering.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the use of GIS&T in the common sub-disciplines of the Civil Engineering profession.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Commercial Business", "children": [{"name": "Commercial Business", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Conservation", "children": [{"name": "Conservation", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Criminal Justice / Law Enforcement", "children": [{"name": "Criminal Justice / Law Enforcement", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Digital Humanities", "children": [{"name": "Digital Humanities", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Earth Science Research", "children": [{"name": "Earth Science Research", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Economic Development", "children": [{"name": "Economic Development", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Ecosystem Science & Management", "children": [{"name": "Ecosystem Science & Management", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Education", "children": [{"name": "Education", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the \u201cfirst\u201d and \u201csecond\u201d phases of GIS&T education.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the curricular, research, and administrative roles that GIS plays in higher education.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how GIS educational has mirrored advances in computing and digital technologies, and the role of the Internet.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the origins of GIS&T education in formal learning environments.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Emergency Response", "children": [{"name": "Emergency Response", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Energy Development", "children": [{"name": "Energy Development", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Environmental Science & Management", "children": [{"name": "Environmental Science & Management", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Epidemiology", "children": [{"name": "Epidemiology", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the features of descriptive vs. analytic epidemiologic studies.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe research advances relevant to the use of GIS in epidemiology.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss issues and research challenges in epidemiologic studies using GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the implications of geographic data availability in epidemiology.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the importance of GIS in epidemiology.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how GIS has been used in exposure assessment and exposure modeling.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Facilities Management", "children": [{"name": "Facilities Management", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Forestry", "children": [{"name": "Forestry", "children": [{"name": "Create a functional, multi-table database with proper primary and foreign keys and relevant attributes, e.g., inventory and harvest tables that may be joined to stand tables.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create accurate point, line, and polygon feature data using GNSS alone, from field data collection, through data transfer, quality control, conversion, projection, and attribute creation. Moreover, the student should be able to explain the primary factors that affect accuracy, including satellite constellation configuration and PDOP, multi-system receivers, point averaging, signal interception, and multi-path errors, and how these may be avoided or their impacts minimized to achieve high accuracies.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create and implement all workflows for field data collection, from developing field spatial and attribute data needs, designing and creating electronic field forms with pick lists and error trapping as appropriate, through upload, collection, download, quality control, intermediate processing, and integration into office spatial databases.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate basic skills in digital cartography, via the production of hardcopy and digital maps with appropriate layout and information.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design a system for creating a given target spatial data layer, including end user needs assessment, geographic and attribute data characteristic and accuracy specifications, collection, quality control, and processing protocols, workflows, accuracy assessment and documentation, and metadata development.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Digitize features from high-resolution (sub-meter or better) digital color infrared aerial images, and identify the regionally important stand types and non-forest vegetation and landcover types.  Apply basic and intermediate vector editing techniques, including point and stream-mode digitizing, polygon auto-completion, selecting, clipping, and merging polygons, and splining and smoothing. The students can create topologically correct vector line and polygon layers, enforcing completeness and planarity as necessary in the data they create, and perform basic attribute table creation and manipulation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate spatial data processing workflows to verify each meets the specific information needs common in forest resource management.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the primary Cartesian coordinate systems used in their region of interest, and the difference and projection from geographic to Cartesian systems. Estimate surface distances between points in either type of system.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify, download, prepare, and interpret public data sources relevant to forestry, including USDA Agricultural Research Service National Aerial Imagery Program aerial photographs, NRCS SSURGO soils data, USGS digital elevation data, USDA National Agricultural Service Crop Data Layer data, USFWS National Wetlands Inventory data, and USGS National Hydrography Dataset streams, rivers, and lakes data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Integrate basic, short distance plane surveying with GNSS to calculate coordinate locations, and establish points, lines, and polygons, and calculate areas. Demonstrate proficiency in basic angle measurements using handheld, staff, tripod, or electronic compass, and distance measurement with a chain, tape, or laser rangefinder.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand, explain, and perform adjacency and proximity analysis, for example, identify all lands within 100 feet of perennial streams, or all forest stands adjacent to existing forest stands less than five years old.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand, explain, and perform spatial and table selection, e.g., select all vegetation patches that are entirely underlain by erodible soils, or select all forest stands older than 80 years and more than 2000 feet from a road.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Geodesign", "children": [{"name": "Geodesign", "children": [{"name": "Define geodesign and describe how it contributes to GIS&T.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the four essential groups of people that are needed for a collaborative geodesign project.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the opportunities that might be possible in land planning and design practices through deploying the geodesign process.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Geospatial Intelligence & National Security", "children": [{"name": "Geospatial Intelligence & National Security", "children": [{"name": "Appraise the intelligence tradecraft process", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Assess sensors used for GEOINT data collection", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare different categories of GEOINT products and uses", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Contrast professional GEOINT certification programs", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate similarities and differences between government, industry, and academic definitions of Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explore intelligence domains within the United States national security enterprise", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Humanitarian Mapping", "children": [{"name": "Humanitarian Mapping", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Hydrology and Hydraulics", "children": [{"name": "Hydrology and Hydraulics", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Insurance", "children": [{"name": "Insurance", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Land Administration", "children": [{"name": "Land Administration", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Landscape Architecture", "children": [{"name": "Landscape Architecture", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Landscape Ecology", "children": [{"name": "Landscape Ecology", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Local Governmen", "children": [{"name": "Local Governmen", "children": [{"name": "Describe useful skills students should learn in higher education that would translate well to a career in local government GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how GIS makes local governments more efficient.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize why and how GIS is used in local government.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Marine Science", "children": [{"name": "Marine Science", "children": [{"name": "Develop recommendations and practical solutions to help bridge the gap between ocean science/management and GIS, including increase integration of ocean data and improved analytical tools", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Expand the reach of scientific ocean data to broader user communities, such as for decision support, coastal and marine spatial planning (CMSP; including the science of CMSP)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify, understand, and help overcome the barriers to use of scientific oceanographic data by GIS users, as well as increase the use of GIS tools by ocean science and resource management users.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Improve communication between marine GIS practitioners and developers, particularly for science applications. This applies to both open source and proprietary systems", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Marketing", "children": [{"name": "Marketing", "children": [{"name": "Describe how big data, continuous data tracking and streaming, the Internet of things (IoT) and SoLoMo marketing have enhanced enterprise knowledge of current and potential customers. Explain how location analytics tools have contributed to these technologies.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how marketing managers use marketing research, market segmentation and consumer profiling to identify and exploit market opportunities. Explain how location analytics resources support these analytical processes.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how the role of the GIS professional in supporting enterprise marketing efforts has expanded.  Explain how the enabling technologies and location analytics resources described here have enabled that expansion.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the enabling technologies that have accelerated the adoption of GIS in marketing and explain their impact.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the core marketing planning processes, identify GIS applications for each and describe the contribution of those applications,", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and describe three specialized areas in marketing in which GIS resources are useful.  Explain the application of location analytics tools in each.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Natural Resource Management", "children": [{"name": "Natural Resource Management", "children": [{"name": "Compare the spatial datasets of land cover and elevation as inputs for natural resource management.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how natural resource management is inherently spatial and benefits from the use of GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how landscape analysis is found across many natural resource management applications.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List at least four natural resource areas that benefit from the use of GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the hydrology commands used in GIS that help to analyze data for watershed management.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Public Health", "children": [{"name": "Public Health", "children": [{"name": "Describe what public health issues GIS have been applied to.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why GIS is demanded in public health.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Investigate the frontiers of the applications in public health that are being pushed by the development of GIS.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Public Policy", "children": [{"name": "Public Policy", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Real Estate", "children": [{"name": "Real Estate", "children": [{"name": "Define and describe the set of knowledge and skills that a Real Estate GIS Specialist is likely to require.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how GIS and related digital geospatial technologies have influenced the workflows of a real estate appraiser.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why \u201clocation, location, location\u201d would be a key tenet of the real estate business.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Recreation Planning & Management", "children": [{"name": "Recreation Planning & Management", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Retail Business", "children": [{"name": "Retail Business", "children": [{"name": "Classify the different metrics that can be used to measure or quantify \u201cattractiveness\u201d for a retailer.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast data-driven rings differ with simple rings accounting for their suitability in different settings.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the appropriate context for using simple rings, and identify the limitations and how issues like population density or income changes be accounted for.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between drive-time rings and network partitions, including their utility for retail settings. .", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the concept of Census geographies, demography, and the origins of market segmentation, and the role that plays in retail GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the factors which influence site selection, such as available land or AADT\u2019s (Annual Average Daily Trips).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Examine how location relates to customer behavior, and how this might differ in an urban versus a suburban or rural setting.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how Drive-Time Rings account for physical barriers and the relative importance of road speeds.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how Thiessen Polygons account for physical barriers and how they can be used in retail settings.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify additional tools that can be incorporated along with the Huff Model to get a more accurate trader area and/or to take into consideration of physical travel barriers.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and describe the limitations of drive-time rings in different settings and how GIS manages these.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify data sources that can be integrated into network partition models.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify sources of data used for analysis within retail GIS and describe how the data are integrated.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Retail sales are a function of market characteristics (Jones, 1990), and important characteristics include customers' income, location, demographics and lifestyle (the latter two are often combined into the term \"psychographics\"). Explain the role of each of these characteristics plays when a retailer considers a location.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Review the limitations of the Huff model in its pure form.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Telecommunications", "children": [{"name": "Telecommunications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Urban & Regional Planning", "children": [{"name": "Urban & Regional Planning", "children": [{"name": "Apply cartographic principles to create maps which effectively convey information to diverse stakeholders.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a collaborative process which incorporates GIS&T for an urban plan by applying tools and methods of planning support systems or Geodesign.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a raster analysis method to determine suitable locations for a particular planned facility.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe traditional and big data sources of spatial information about cities, and describe their strengths and weaknesses.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the strengths and weaknesses of indices for describing or explaining the urban environment.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Utilities", "children": [{"name": "Utilities", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Water Resources", "children": [{"name": "Water Resources", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "weather forecasting", "children": [{"name": "weather forecasting", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}]}, {"name": "Foundational Concepts", "children": [{"name": "Basic Measures", "children": [{"name": "Adjacency and Connectivity", "children": [{"name": "Calculate various measures of adjacency in a polygon dataset", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a matrix describing the pattern of adjacency in a set of planar enforced polygons", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how adjacency and connectivity can be recorded in matrices", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe real world applications where adjacency and connectivity are a critical component of analysis", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the nine-intersection model for spatial relationships", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List different ways connectivity can be determined in a raster and in a polygon dataset", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Area and Region", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the opportunities and pitfalls of using regions to aggregate geographic information (e.g., census data)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Delineate regions using properties, spatial relationships, and geospatial technologies", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how the area of a region calculated from a raster data set will vary by resolution and orientation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate among different types of regions, including functional, cultural, physical, administrative, and others", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify regions found at different scales", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how variations in the calculation of area may have real world implications, such as calculating density", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the nature of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the relationship between regions and categories", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why general-purpose regions rarely exist", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the kinds of phenomena commonly found at the boundaries of regions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List reasons why the area of a polygon calculated in a GIS might not be the same as the real world object it describes", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline an algorithm to find the area of a polygon using the coordinates of its vertices", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use established analysis methods that are based on the concept of region (e.g., landscape ecology)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Distance, Length, and Direction", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast how direction is determined and stated in raster and vector data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compute the mean of directional data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define \u201cdirection\u201d and its measurement in different angular measures", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe operations that can be performed on qualitative representations of direction", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe several different measures of distance between two points (e.g., Euclidean, Manhattan, network distance, spherical)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Estimate the fractal dimension of a sinuous line", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain any differences in the measured direction between two places when the data are presented in a GIS in different projections", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how different measures of distance can be used to calculate the spatial weights matrix", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how fractal dimension can be used in practical applications of GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the differences in the calculated distance between the same two places when data used are in different projections", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why estimating the fractal dimension of a sinuous line has important implications for the measurement of its length", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the implications of differences in distance calculations on real world applications of GIS, such as routing and determining boundary lengths and service areas", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Geometric Primitives", "children": [{"name": "Critique the assumptions that are made in representing the world as points, lines, and polygons", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the data models used to encode coordinates as points, lines, or polygons", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the correspondence between geographic phenomena and the shapes used to represent them", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the three fundamental dimensionalities used to represent points, lines, and areas", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Interrogating Geographic Information", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Proximity & Distance Decay", "children": [{"name": "Describe real world applications where distance decay is an appropriate representation of the strength of spatial relationships (e.g., shopping behavior, property values)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe real world applications where distance decay would not be an appropriate representation of the strength of spatial relationships (e.g., distance education, commuting, telecommunications)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a semi-variogram describes the distance decay in dependence between data values", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the rationale for using different forms of distance decay functions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the geometry implicit in classical \u201cgravity\u201d models of distance decay", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Plot typical forms for distance decay functions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Write a program to create a matrix of pair-wise distances among a set of points", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Write typical forms for distance decay functions", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Resolution", "children": [{"name": "Define fractals", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define resolution and its linkage to the broader concept of scale", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate the use of fractals as a technique to mitigate resolution effects", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how resolution can affect study findings and interpretations in environmental health risk assessment", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how resolution can affect study findings and interpretations in environmental change detection", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Set Theory", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast basic set theory and basic arithmetic.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast logic and set theory", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Conjecture where else you might wish to see set theory used in GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe set theory", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe where you already know that set theory is used in existing GIS software", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Shape", "children": [{"name": "Be familiar with a number of numerical shape descriptors, and appreciate that no one such descriptor can provide complete information about a shape.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate understanding of a number of different types of shape surrogate by computing them for some simple examples and interpreting the results.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate understanding of moment-based approaches to shape by computing low-order moments for some simple examples.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe ways in which the shape of a geographical entity can affect other characteristics of that entity.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine the degree of similarity between shapes using a number of standard measures.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Autocorrelation", "children": [{"name": "Define spatial autocorrelation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate the principles of spatial autocorrelation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Enumerate past, contemporaty, and still-to-be-researched properties of spatial autocorrelation.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify examples of spatial autocorrelation.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Queries", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast attribute query and spatial query", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Construct a query statement to search for a specific spatial or temporal relationship", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Construct a spatial query to extract all point objects that fall within a polygon", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate the syntactic structure of spatial and temporal operators in SQL", "value": "1"}, {"name": "State questions that can be solved by selecting features based on location or spatial relationships", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Structured Query Language (SQL) and Attribute Queries", "children": [{"name": "Create an SQL query to retrieve elements from a GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define basic terms of query processing (e.g., SQL, primary and foreign keys, table join)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate the basic syntactic structure of SQL", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the basic logic of SQL syntax", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Cognitive", "children": [{"name": "From Concepts to Data", "children": [{"name": "Define the following terms: data, information, knowledge, and wisdom", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the limitations of various information stores for representing geographic information, including the mind, computers, graphics, and text", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Transform a conceptual model of information for a particular task into a data model", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Learning from Experience", "children": [{"name": "Discuss the evolution of isolated GIS projects to enterprise GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate case studies of past GISs to identify factors leading to success and failure", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how knowledge of the history of the development of enterprise GIS can aid in an implementation process", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Perceptions and Cognition of Geographic Phenomena", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the symbolic and connectionist theories of human cognition and memory and their ability to model various cases", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast theories of spatial knowledge acquisition (e.g., Marr on vision, Piaget on childhood, Golledge on wayfinding)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the differences between real phenomena, conceptual models, and GIS data representations thereof", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the role of metaphors and image schema in our understanding of geographic phenomena and geographic tasks", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explore the contribution of linguistics to the study of spatial cognition and the role of natural language in the conceptualization of geographic phenomena", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Place and Landscape", "children": [{"name": "Define the notions of cultural landscape and physical landscape", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the elements of a sense of place or landscape that are difficult or impossible to adequately represent in GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate among elements of the meaning of a place that can or cannot be easily represented using geospatial technologies", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between space and place", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the differences in how various parties think or feel differently about a place being modeled", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the concept of place encompasses more than just location", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select a place or landscape with personal meaning and discuss its importance", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "The Power of Maps", "children": [{"name": "Construct two maps about a conflict or war producing one supportive of each side\u2019s viewpoint", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Deconstruct the silences (feature omissions) on a map of a personally well known area", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate how different methods of data classification for a single dataset can produce maps that will be interpreted very differently by the user", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how maps such as topographic maps are produced within certain relations of power and knowledge", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how the choices used in the design of a road map will influence the experience visitors may have of the area", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify maps that illustrate the provocative, propagandistic, political, and persuasive nature of maps and geospatial data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how legal issues impact the design and content of such special purpose maps as subdivision plans, nautical charts, and cadastral maps", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Domains of Geographic Information", "children": [{"name": "Events and Processes", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Networks Defined", "children": [{"name": "Create a data set with network attributes and topology", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define different interpretations of cost in various routing applications", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define the following terms pertaining to a network: vertex, edges, nodes, links, loops, parallel edges, route, walk, path, circuit, cycle, the degree of a node, diameter.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe networks that apply to specific applications or industries", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Properties", "children": [{"name": "Characterize the domains of attributes in a GIS, including continuous and discrete, qualitative and quantitative, absolute and relative", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast the theory that properties are fundamental (and objects are human simplifications of patterns thereof) with the theory that objects are fundamental (and properties are attributes thereof)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define Stevens\u2019 four levels of measurement (i.e., nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe particular geographic phenomena in terms of attributes", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine the proper uses of attributes based on their domains", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop alternative forms of representations for situations in which attributes do not adequately capture meaning", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Formalize attribute values and domains in terms of set theory", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize attribute domains that do not fit well into Stevens\u2019 four levels of measurement such as cycles, indexes, and hierarchies", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize situations and phenomena in the landscape which cannot be adequately represented by formal attributes, such as aesthetics", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Relationships between Space and Time", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the characteristics of spatial and temporal dimensions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe different types of movement and change", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss common prepositions and adjectives (in any particular language) that signify either spatial or temporal relations but are used for both kinds, such as \u201cafter\u201d or \u201clonger\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify various types of geographic interactions in space and time", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the physical notions of velocity and acceleration which are fundamentally about movement across space through time", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Scale and Generalization", "children": [{"name": "Apply appropriate generalization operators to change the display of map data to a smaller scale.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a generalized dataset for mapping at 1:1,000,000 from topographic data compiled for 1:24,000 mapping.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between model generalization and cartographic generalization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the limitations of current technological approaches to generalization for mapping purposes.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why the reduction of map scale sometimes results in the need for mapped features to be reduced in size and moved.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify mapping tasks that require each of the following: smoothing, aggregation, simplification, and displacement.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand why generalization is necessary and ubiquitous in cartography and GIS.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Space", "children": [{"name": "Define the four basic dimensions or shapes used to describe spatial objects (i.e., points, lines, regions, volumes)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop methods for representing non-cartesian models of space in GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between absolute and relative descriptions of location", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between common-sense, Cartesian/metric, relational, relativistic, phenomenological, social constructivist, and other theories of the nature of space", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the use of cartesian/metric space as a basis for GIS and related technologies", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the contributions that different perspectives on the nature of space bring to an understanding of geographic phenomenon", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Justify the discrepancies between the nature of locations in the real world and representations thereof (e.g., towns as points)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select appropriate spatial metaphors and models of phenomena to be represented in GIS", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Time", "children": [{"name": "Choose appropriate representations of time based on the behavior type of a dynamic system (among static, oscillating, chaotic and stochastic).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast discrete, continuous, and spacetime perspectives of time to model dynamics in geographical phenomena and human-environment interactions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare different temporal resolutions of spatio-temporal data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate awareness of current advance in collecting, managing and analyzing spatio-temporal data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how calendar time, clock time, and world time is defined and measured", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between phenomenological and mathematical theories of the nature of time", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify ordinal, linear, cyclical frames of reference and the temporal relationships", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the roles of time in \u201cstatic\u201d and \u201cdynamic\u201d GISystems", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Origins", "children": [{"name": "Academic Developments of GIS&T", "children": [{"name": "Discuss the contributions of early academic centers of GIS&T research and development (e.g., Harvard Laboratory for Computer Graphics, UK Experimental Cartography Unit)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the role that the Quantitative Revolution in geography played in the development of GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the key academic disciplines that contributed to the development of GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the major shifts in research foci during the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Private Sector Origins", "children": [{"name": "Describe the contributions of McHarg and other practitioners in developing geographic analysis methods later incorporated into GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the influence of evolving computer hardware and of private sector hardware firms such as IBM on the emerging GIS software industry", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate the dominant industries using geospatial technologies during the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the emergence of the GIS software industry in terms of technology evolution and markets served by firms such as ESRI, Intergraph, and ERDAS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the correspondence between advances in hardware and operating system technology and changes in GIS software", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify some of the key commercial activities that provided an impetus for the development of GIS&T", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Public Sector Origins", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the initiatives of various countries to move their national mapping activities to geospatial data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the mechanical and computerized technologies used by civilian and military mapping agencies between World War II and the advent of GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the role of NASA and the Landsat program in promoting development of digital image processing and raster GIS systems", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the role of the U.S. Census Bureau in contributing to the development of the U.S. geospatial industry", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the role of the U.S. Geological Survey in contributing to the development of the U.S. geospatial industry", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the federalization of land management in Canada led to the development of the Canadian Geographic Information System in the 1960s", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify some of the key federal agencies and programs that provided the impetus for the development of GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Trace the history of the relationship between the intelligence community and the geospatial industry", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Philosophical", "children": [{"name": "Epistemology", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast epistemology and ontology", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe epistemology in the context of geographic information science & technologies", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how some epistemologies differ from others", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Metaphysics and Ontology", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the ability of different theories to explain various situations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define common theories on what is \u201creal,\u201d such as realism, idealism, relativism, and experiential realism", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the influences of particular worldviews (including one\u2019s own) on GIS practices", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the ontological assumptions underlying the work of colleagues", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Justify the metaphysical theories with which you agree", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the commonalities of philosophical viewpoints and appreciate differences to enable work with diverse colleagues", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Philosophical Perspectives", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the kinds of questions various philosophies ask, the methodologies they use, the answers they offer, and their applicability to different phenomena", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Defend or refute the statement, \u201cAll data are theory-laden\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define common philosophical theories that have influenced geography and science, such as logical positivism, Marxism, phenomenology, feminism, and critical theory", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe a brief history of major philosophical movements relating to the nature of space, time, geographic phenomena and human interaction with it", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the influences of one\u2019s own philosophical views and assumptions on GIS&T practices", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the philosophical views and assumptions underlying the work of colleagues", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Social", "children": [{"name": "Openness", "children": [{"name": "Define Openness.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the activities and importance of at least 3 Openness initiatives or activities in the area of GIS&T.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the importance and implications in GIS&T of at least 3 benefits of Openness in the following areas: Open Data; Free and Open Source Software; and Open Standards.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify at least 5 and explain at least 3 concerns, myths, or barriers to Openness in the areas of Open Data, Free and Open Source Software, and Open Standards.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify at least 5 fields or activities in which the principles of Openness are applied.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List at least 5 benefits of Openness in each of the following areas: Open Data; Free and Open Source Software; and Open Standards.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Research and present a benefit of Openness in GIS&T that is debated, questioned, or that has been highlighted as requiring more research.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Uncertainty", "children": [{"name": "Definitions within a Conceptual Model of Uncertainty", "children": [{"name": "Describe a stochastic error model for a natural phenomenon", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between the following concepts: vagueness and ambiguity, well defined and poorly defined objects, and fields or discord and non-specificity", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the familiar concepts of geographic objects and fields affect the conceptualization of uncertainty", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Error", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast how systematic errors and random errors affect measurement of distance", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the causes of at least five different types of errors (e.g., positional, attribute, temporal, logical inconsistency, and incompleteness)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Problems of Scale and Zoning", "children": [{"name": "Define the ecological fallacy.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define the modifiable areal unit problem (MAUP) and describe its effects on mapping and statistical analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe approaches for addressing problems of scale and zoning, including data disaggregation, ecological inference, and multi-scale analysis.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how punctiform and continuous spatial data may be represented by exhaustively partitioning regions into sets of non-overlapping spatial units.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the issue of scale and zoning in different spatial partitioning schemes.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Thematic Accuracy", "children": [{"name": "Describe the component measures and the utility of a misclassification matrix", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the different measurement levels on which thematic accuracy is based", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how measures of spatial autocorrelation may be used to evaluate thematic accuracy", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the distinction between thematic accuracy, geometric accuracy, and topological fidelity", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the SDTS and ISO TC211 standards for thematic accuracy", "value": "1"}]}]}]}, {"name": "GIS&T and Society", "children": [{"name": "Cognitive and Social Foundations", "children": [{"name": "Alternative Representations", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Common-sense Geographies", "children": [{"name": "Collaborate with non-GIS experts who use GIS to design applications that match commonsense understanding to an appropriate degree", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate applications that can make use of common-sense principles of geography from those that should not", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Effectively communicate the design, procedures, and results of GIS projects to non-GIS audiences (clients, managers, general public)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the impact of geospatial technologies (e.g., Google Earth) that allow non-geospatial professionals to create, distribute, and map geographic information", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify common-sense views of geographic phenomena that sharply contrast with established theories and technologies of geographic information", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Cultural Influences", "children": [{"name": "Collaborate effectively with colleagues of differing social backgrounds in developing balanced GIS applications", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the ways in which the elements of culture (e.g., language, religion, education, traditions) may influence the understanding and use of geographic information", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the impact of one\u2019s social background on one\u2019s own geographic worldview and perceptions and how it influences one\u2019s use of GIS", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Political Influences", "children": [{"name": "Evaluate the influences of political actions, especially the allocation of territory, on human perceptions of space and place", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate the influences of political ideologies (e.g., Marxism, Capitalism, conservative/liberal) on the understanding of geographic information", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize the constraints that political forces place on geospatial applications in public and private sectors", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Critical Perspectives", "children": [{"name": "Balancing Data Access, Security, and Privacy", "children": [{"name": "Assess the effect of restricting data in the context of the availability of alternate sources of data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify areas where post-9/11 changes in policies have restricted or expanded data access", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Epistemological Critiques", "children": [{"name": "Define epistemology and differentiate it from ontology.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss why the crux of human geographers\u2019 objections to the role and presence of GIS in geography were epistemological in substance.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and describe three prongs of epistemological critiques of GIS as they were advanced in the 1990s through the 2000s.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and explain how GIScientists understand knowledge production in GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Present GIScience scholars\u2019 and theorists\u2019 responses to external critiques of GIS.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Equity and Social Justice Best Practices", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Feminist Critiques\u00a0of GIS", "children": [{"name": "Defend or refute the contention that the masculinist culture of computer work in general, and GIS work in particular, perpetuates gender inequality in GIS&T education and training and occupational segregation in the GIS&T workforce", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the potential role of agency (individual action) in resisting dominant practices and in using GIS&T in ways that are consistent with feminist epistemologies and politics", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the argument that GIS and remote sensing foster a \u201cdisembodied\u201d way of knowing the world", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "GIS & Critical Ethics", "children": [{"name": "Distinguish between a core concept in troublesome knowledge, and a peripheral concept.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish normative ethics from critical ethics.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how Foucault\u2019s power-knowledge informs critical ethics.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the \u201cthreshold concept\u201d and give an example.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the main principle of critical ethics.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify \u201ctroublesome knowledge\u201d and be able to create an example relevant to mapping and GIS.\nDistinguish between a core concept in troublesome knowledge, and a peripheral concept.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Social Critiques", "children": [{"name": "Defend or refute the contention that critical studies have an identifiable influence on the development of the information society in general and GIScience in particular", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the use of GIS from a political ecology point of view (e.g., consider the use of GIS for resource identification, conservation, and allocation by an NGO in Sub-Saharan Africa)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the production, maintenance, and use of geospatial data by a government agency or private firm from the perspectives of a taxpayer, a community organization, and a member of a minority group", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how a tax assessor\u2019s office adoption of GIS&T may affect power relations within a community", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the argument that GIS is \u201csocially constructed\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the argument that, throughout history, maps have been used to depict social relations", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "GI as Property", "children": [{"name": "Enforcing Control of GI", "children": [{"name": "Describe defenses against various claims of copyright infringement", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss ways in which copyright infringements may be remedied", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the concept of \u201cfair use\u201d with regard to geospatial information", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify types of copyright infringement", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Geopiracy", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Mechanisms of Control of GI", "children": [{"name": "Describe advantages and disadvantages of \u201copen\u201d alternatives to copyright protection, such as the Creative Commons", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate geospatial information from other works protected under copyright law", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish among the various intellectual property rights, including copyright, patent, trademark, business methods, and other rights", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how databases may be protected under U.S. copyright law", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how maps may be protected under U.S. copyright law", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the intellectual property protection clause of a contract that a local government uses to license geospatial data to a community group", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Property Regimes", "children": [{"name": "Argue for and against the treatment of geospatial information as a commodity", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast the consequences of different national policies about rights to geospatia data in terms of the real costs of spatial data, their coverage, accuracy, uncertainty, reliability, validity, and maintenance", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast the U.S. federal government\u2019s policy regarding rights to geospatial data with similar policies in other countries", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe organizations\u2019 and governments\u2019 incentives to treat geospatial information as property", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the legal concept \u201cproperty regime\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline arguments for and against the notion of information as a public good", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Data Encryption", "children": [{"name": "Summarize the principles of data encryption (e.g., obfuscation, encryption methods, public key vs. private key, etc.).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate between a public key and private key encryption and why each method is used.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List some of the different commercially available data encryption tools and explain their uses.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize common policies that dictate how data encryption is used.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize which restrictions apply when exporting encryption tools internationally.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize when reverse proxies should and should not be used when encrypting data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Characterize when Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) technology should and should not be used when encrypting data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine when it is and is not appropriate to encrypt a JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) Web Token (JWT).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Evaluate current methods of encrypting data and determine how cryptography can be used to improve these methods.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine how geo-blocking can be used to improve current data encryption techniques.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Governance and Agency", "children": [{"name": "Aggregation of Spatial Entities\u00a0with spatial focus on redistricting", "children": [{"name": "Demonstrate how changing the geometry of regions changes the data values (e.g., voting patterns before and after redistricting", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate the relationship between district size (resolution/support) and patterns in aggregate data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the potential pitfalls of using regions to aggregate geographic information (e.g., census data) Know the definition and origins of the term gerrymandering.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the nature and causes of the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem (MAUP)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the two modifiable areal unit effects that can occur during the districting process.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Balancing Security & Open Access to Geospatial Data", "children": [{"name": "Discuss the way that a legal regime balances the need for security of geospatial data with the desire for open access", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Citizen Science with GIS&T", "children": [{"name": "Define Citizen Science, Crowdsourcing, Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI), Gamification and Hackathon", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate an understanding of models of participation (contractual projects, contributory projects, collaborative projects, co-created projects, collegial contributions) (Shirk et al., 2012).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe some methods of encouraging and sustaining engagement in Citizen Science projects using GIS&T (gamification, crowdsourcing initiatives, mapping parties, hackathons)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the five elements of the Framework for citizen science projects (inputs, activities, outputs, outcomes, impacts) (Shirk et al., 2012).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss different types of Citizen Science activities (passive sensing, volunteer computing, volunteer thinking, environmental and ecological observation, participatory sensing, community/civic science) and potential motivations (intrinsic and extrinsic motives) participants may have to engage with projects", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss some positive (increased interest in science, innovations in GIS&T) and negative aspects (digital divide issues, purposeful misinformation) that may affect people when using GIS&T in Citizen Science projects", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the benefits (greater participation rates, increased external validity, decreased loss of follow-up, increased individual and community capacity) and drawbacks (selection bias, decreased randomization, unrepresentative groups) for community involvement in community-based participatory research", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss ways of handling potential data quality issues associated with data collected through GIS&T on Citizen Science projects (moderation, checking data) and the value of collected data (increased awareness and support, scales of possible data collection)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Codes of Ethics for Geospatial Professionals", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the ethical guidelines promoted by the GIS Certification Institute (GISCI) and the American Society for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing (ASPRS)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the sanctions imposed by ASPRS and GISCI on individuals whose professional actions violate the codes of ethics", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how one or more obligations in the GIS Code of Ethics may conflict with organizations\u2019 proprietary interests", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Propose a resolution to a conflict between an obligation in the GIS Code of Ethics and organizations\u2019 proprietary interests", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Implications of Distributed GIS&T", "children": [{"name": "Describe how inter-organization GIS portals may impact or influence issues related to social equity, privacy and data access", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the advantages and disadvantages to an organization in using GIS portal information from other organizations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how distributed GIS&T may affect the nature of organizations and relationships among institutions", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Suggest the possible societal and ethical implications of distributed GIS&T", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Marginal Societies", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Professional & Practical Ethics of GIS&T", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast professional and practical (\u201cinternalist\u201d) perspectives and critical (\u201cexternalist\u201d) perspectives on the ethics of GIS&T.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate ethical creativity by posing multiple possible solutions to an ethical challenge. Resist the temptation to reduce such challenges to simplistic dilemmas.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate the ability to reason about an ethical challenge in the professional practice of GIS by methodically analyzing an ethics case study.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify provisions of the GIS Code of Ethics that are relevant to particular ethical challenges, especially provisions that appear to be contrary.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Public Participation GIS", "children": [{"name": "Critique the assertion that public participation GIS promotes democracy", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss advantages and disadvantages of six models of GIS availability, including communitybased GIS, university-community partnerships, GIS facilities in universities and public libraries, \u201cMap rooms,\u201d Internet map servers, and neighborhood GIS centers.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how community organizations\u2019 use of geospatial technologies can alter existing community power relations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how geospatial technologies can assist community organizations at each rung of the ladder of public participation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the challenge of representing within current GIS software local knowledge that is neither easily mapped nor verified", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why some community organizations may encounter more difficulty than others in acquiring geospatial data from public and private organizations", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Spatial Decision Support", "children": [{"name": "Characterize the role of GIS as a generator for SDSS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define \u201cspatial decision support system\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the scope and importance of spatial decision-making in society", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate decision problems by their complexity, scope, nature of decision-makers, and spatiality", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the role of descriptive and normative models in spatial decision support", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Law, Regulation, and Policy", "children": [{"name": "Contract Law", "children": [{"name": "Differentiate \u201ccontracts for service\u201d from \u201ccontracts of service\u201d", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss potential legal problems associated with licensing geospatial information", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the liability implications associated with contracts", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Legal Mechanisms for Sharing Geospatial Info", "children": [{"name": "Describe contracts, licenses, and other mechanisms for sharing geospatial data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the terms of a licensing agreement with a local engineering consulting firm that a manager of a county government GIS office would employ if charged to recoup revenue through sale and licensure of county data", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Liability", "children": [{"name": "Describe cases of liability claims associated with misuse of geospatial information, erroneous information, and loss of proprietary interests", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe strategies for managing liability risk, including disclaimers and data quality standards", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the nature of tort law generally and nuisance law specifically", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate among contract liability, tort liability, and statutory liability", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Location Privacy", "children": [{"name": "Define location privacy.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe ways to protect location privacy.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how spatial data, GPS-enabled devices such as smartphones, the Internet of Things (geolocated objects that provide their location), and the Software as a Service (SaaS) GIS model have combined to bring society to its current high concern about location privacy.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss societal benefits and potential societal harm from the use of individuals\u2019 location information.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the types of location privacy.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Draw connections between location privacy and GIS&T.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Situate location privacy within general privacy.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use activity based on individuals\u2019 location information, such as adding data to a crowdsourced map or using map showing social media postings on specific topics.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "The Legal Regime", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the relationship of the geospatial profession and the U.S. legal regime with similar relationships in other countries", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss ways in which the geospatial profession is regulated under the U.S. legal regime", "value": "1"}]}]}]}, {"name": "Knowledge Economy", "children": [{"name": "Coordinating Organizations", "children": [{"name": "Agency, organizational, and individual perspectives", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Data sharing among public and private agencies, organizations, and individuals", "children": [{"name": "Describe a situation in which politics interferes with data sharing and exchange", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe formal and informal arrangements that promote geospatial data sharing (e.g., FGDC, ESDI, memoranda of agreements, informal access arrangements, targeted funding support)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Multi-Organizaional GIS Coordination", "children": [{"name": "Describe how state GIS councils can be used in enterprise GIS&T implementation processes", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Determine if your state has a Geospatial Information Office (GIO) and discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of a GIO", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss how informal and formal regional bodies (e.g., Metro GIS) can help support GIS&T in an organization", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the mission, history, constituencies, and activities of National States Geographic Information Council (NSGIC)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the functions, mission, history, constituencies, and activities of your state GIS Council and related formal and informal bodies", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Publications", "children": [{"name": "Describe the leading academic journals serving the GIS&T community", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop a bibliography of scholarly and professional articles and/or books that are relevant to a particular GIS&T project", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select and describe the leading trade journals serving the GIS&T community", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select association and for-profit journals that are useful to entities managing enterprise GISs", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "The Geospatial Community", "children": [{"name": "Describe possible benefits to an organization by participating in a given society that is related to GIS&T", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the value or effect of participation in societies, conferences, and informal communities to entities managing enterprise GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify conferences that are related to GIS&T", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "The Geospatial\u00a0Industry", "children": [{"name": "Assess the involvement of non-GIS companies (e.g., Microsoft, Google) in the geospatial industry", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the U.S. geospatial industry including vendors, software, hardware and data", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe three applications of geospatial technology for different workforce domains (e.g., first responders, forestry, water resource management, facilities management)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain why software products sold by U.S. companies may predominate in foreign markets, including Europe and Australia", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Value of Geospatial Professional Organizations", "children": [{"name": "Choose suitable visual dimensions to appropriately represent their multiple variables.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Consider variations upon, or alternatives to, bivariate and multivariate mapping.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create maps that encode multiple variables into map symbolization.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe categories, and specific methods, of bivariate and multivariate mapping.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Design effective and concise legends for bivariate and multivariate maps.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the relative merits of bivariate and multivariate cartography for their topic and audience.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the nature of relationships between phenomena in a bivariate choropleth map.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify interesting relationships uniquely revealed by their bivariate or multivariate representation.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Design & Implementation of GIS&T", "children": [{"name": "Application User Assessment", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Budgeting for GIS Management", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Feasibility Analysis", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Managing GIS Operations & Infrastructure", "children": [{"name": "Calculate the estimated schedule required to carry out all of the implementation steps for an enterprise GIS of a given size", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the components of a needs assessment for an enterprise GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Exemplify each component of a needs assessment for an enterprise GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Indicate the possible justifications that can be used to implement an enterprise GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List some of the topics that should be addressed in a justification for implementing an enterprise GIS (e.g., return on investment, workflow, knowledge sharing)", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Problem Definition", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Requirements Analysis", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Strategic Planning for GIS Design", "children": [{"name": "Categorize strategies for creating a schedule for the design and implementation of a GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a proposal to justify the funding necessary for the design process of a GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe project management tools and techniques to manage the design process", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the methods for collaborating effectively with a variety of people in a design team", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how and why to use Gantt and PERT charts to track scheduling and progress", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify and describe the people (roles) necessary to effectively design a GIS", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Systems Modeling for Effective GIS Management", "children": [{"name": "Describe how a system management focus can ensure well balanced GIS capability development and effective operational practices", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how a system model can be used to design, implement, operate, maintain, assess, and manage a GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how system design and management concepts can support effective GIS operation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how to articulate GIS design and operational needs to internal technical support staff", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "The Process of GIS&T Design", "children": [{"name": "Analyze past cases to identify best practices of design and implementation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Compare and contrast the relative merits of the use-case driven and architecture-centric design processes", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the major approaches to the design of geospatial systems", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "User Support", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "GIS Operations", "children": [{"name": "Capital: Facilities and Equipment", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Funding", "children": [{"name": "Analyze previous attempts at funding to identify successful and unsuccessful techniques", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create proposals and presentations to secure funding", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify potential sources of funding (internal and external) for a project or enterprise GIS", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Implementation Planning", "children": [{"name": "Create a budget for the resources needed to implement the system", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Create a schedule for the implementation of a geospatial system based on a complete design", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss pros and cons of different implementation strategies (e.g., spiral development versus waterfall development) given the needs of a particular system", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the importance of planning for implementation as opposed to \u201cwinging it\u201d", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Organizational Models for GIS Management", "children": [{"name": "Characterize general organizational models as a starting point to describe GIS program management models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define \u201cGIS Management\u201d as a basis for examining organizational models for GIS programs", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the strengths and weaknesses of different management practices and GIS program governance through the lens of Organization Models", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify the main types of organizational models for GIS program management with examples of how they are implemented in different types of organizations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the structure and missions of different types of organizations which manage GIS programs", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "GIS&T Benefits and Costs", "children": [{"name": "Data Costs", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Economics & the Role of Information", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Measuring Costs", "children": [{"name": "Describe some non-fiduciary barriers to GIS implementation", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the saying \u201cdeveloping data is the largest single cost of implementing GIS\u201d could be true for an organization that is already collecting data as part of its regular operations", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline sources of additional costs associated with development of an enterprise GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline the categories of costs that an organization should anticipate as it plans to design and implement a GIS", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize what the literature suggests as means for overcoming some of the non-fiduciary barriers to GIS implementation", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Models of Benefits", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Valuing and Measuring Benefits", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the evaluation of benefits at different scales (e.g., national, regional/state, local)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the potential benefits of geospatial information in terms of efficiency, effectiveness, and equity", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between operational, organizational, and societal activities that rely upon geospatial information", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how cost-benefit analyses can be manipulated", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify practical problems in defining and measuring the value of geospatial information in land or other business decisions", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "GIS&T Workforce", "children": [{"name": "Competence in GIS&T Knowledge Work", "children": [{"name": "Discuss the evolution of GIS knowledge work in an age of increasingly capable machines.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how the DeSeCo program\u2019s three categories of individual competencies \u2013 the ability to use tools, the ability to interact win heterogeneous groups, and the ability to act autonomously \u2013 relate to professional practice in the geospatial field.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the relationship of major geospatial professions to the three industry sectors of the U.S. Department of Labor\u2019s Geospatial Technology Competency Model (GTCM).", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Self-assess your competencies relative to the Geospatial Technology Competency Model.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "GIS&T Education and Training", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the \u201cfirst\u201d and \u201csecond\u201d phases of GIS&T education.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the curricular, research, and administrative roles that GIS plays in higher education.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain how GIS educational has mirrored advances in computing and digital technologies, and the role of the Internet.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Summarize the origins of GIS&T education in formal learning environments.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "GIS&T Positions and Qualifications", "children": [{"name": "Describe the role of internships, professional certification, software certifications, and accreditation in relation to GIS&T positions and qualifications.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the role of academic programs in GIS&T including certificates and degree programs.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify standard occupational codes that are relevant to GIS&T.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify types of GIS&T positions and their qualifications and explain why it has been difficult for many agencies and organizations to define positions and roles for GIS&T professionals.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "GIS&T Workforce Development", "children": [{"name": "Describe issues that may hinder implementation and continued successful operation of a GIS if effective methods of staff development are not included in the process", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline methods (programs or processes) that provide effective staff development opportunities for GIS&T", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Incorporating GIS&T into existing job classifications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Labor and Management", "children": [{"name": "Recognize importance of interacting with others in a friendly, courteous, and tactful manner that demonstrates respect for individual and cultural differences and the attitudes and feelings of others", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Accurately recall professional geospatial lexicon", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize importance of working cooperatively and collaboratively with others to achieve goals through sharing or integrating ideas, knowledge, skills, information, support, resources, responsibility, and recognition", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Choose to respond by interacting with others in a friendly, courteous, and tactful manner that demonstrates respect for individual and cultural differences and the attitudes and feelings of others", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Accurately use professional geospatial lexicon,", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Select and apply correct use of terms for management of geospatial production, e.g., AGILE, waterfall, etc.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Carry out work cooperatively and collaboratively with others to achieve goals through sharing or integrating ideas, knowledge, skills, information, support, resources, responsibility, and recognition", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Choose to facilitate agreements that involve sharing or exchanging resources across industry or security domains to promote mutual goals and interest", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Respond by persuading others to change their points of view or behavior without losing support (or accepting the opposing views of others)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Apply conflict resolution to disagreements", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use professional networks to carry out cooperative partnerships that help attain goals", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Arrange to establish mentor-prot\u00e9g\u00e9 relationships, as appropriate", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Professional Certification", "children": [{"name": "Explain the differences between professional certification, accreditation, and licensure.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Name the key organizations who provide professional certification in GIS.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Social, Political, and Cultural Issues", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}]}, {"name": "Programming and Development", "children": [{"name": "Algorithm Design/Algorithmic Approaches", "children": [{"name": "GIS and Parallel Programming", "children": [{"name": "Compare measuring parallel performance using execution time versus speedup", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the benefits of parallel programming", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Differentiate memory models used in parallel programming", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use Amdahl's Law to calculate theoretical speedup", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Linear Programming and GIS", "children": [{"name": "Describe the fundamental components of a Linear Program", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the limitations of solving Linear Programs in the context of Geographic Information Systems", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between an optimal and a heuristic approach to solving linear programs", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the basics of how Linear Programming works", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Recognize that integrating GIS and linear programming solution software can expand the number and kind of spatial optimization problems that can be addressed", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Machine Learning Programming for GIS", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Natural Language Processing in GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Object-oriented Programming in GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Real Tme Programming in GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Application Development", "children": [{"name": "Commercialization of GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "Define commercial GIS application and how it may be licensed.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Distinguish between and give examples of (1) B2B and B2C GIS applications and (2) horizontal and vertical GIS applications.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Give examples of skills and areas of expertise needed to bring a commercial product from idea to launch and why they are important.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Identify questions that can evaluate the viability of a commercial GIS application.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Outline key tasks involved in identifying a possible commercial GIS application, developing it and marketing it.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Design, Development, Testing, and Deployment of GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Licensing of GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Software Requirements for GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Verification & Validation of GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Development Tools", "children": [{"name": "Computer-Aided Software Engineering (CASE) Tools", "children": [{"name": "Evaluate available CASE tools for their appropriateness for a given development task", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Use CASE tools to design geospatial software", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Development Environments for Geospatial Applications", "children": [{"name": "Compare and contrast the relative merits of available environments for geospatial applications, including desktop software scripting (e.g., VBA), graphical modeling tools, geospatial components in standard environments, and \u201cfrom-scratch\u201d development in standard environments", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Develop a geospatial application using the most appropriate environment", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "GIS APIs", "children": [{"name": "Describe the roles of APIs in distributed GIS applications", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Setup the appropriate GIS API(s) to develop GIS applications", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Understand the landscape of GIS and related APIs", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Software Frameworks for GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "SpatialMPI: Message Passage Interface for GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "Define Message Passing Interface (MPI)", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Define spatial data types, communication and union operation using MPI", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Parallelize range query using MPI", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Partition spatial data using MPI", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Visual Programming for GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Platform Specific Programming", "children": [{"name": "GIS and GPU Programming", "children": [{"name": "Describe the major GPU programming paradigms.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the functions of the stages in the rendering pipeline", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Discuss the types of problems encountered in GIS and its related disciplines that could benefit most from GPU computing", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the major differences between graphics and GPGPU programming", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Programming of GIS Web Services", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Programming of Mobile GIS Applications", "children": [{"name": "Describe or summarize the concepts and characteristics of mobile GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain different types of mobile GIS.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the challenges and potential solutions of mobile GIS development from the perspectives of spatial functions, user interface design, and system performance.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the general architecture of mobile GIS, and the functions of each component.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "List the application domains of mobile GIS and describe the key functions offered by mobile GIS for each domain.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Web GIS Programming", "children": [{"name": "Define and illustrate the purpose of web GIS programming, such as how to use it to build or extend GIS software functionality.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Demonstrate familiarity with different web and server computer languages commonly used in Web GIS application development.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the benefits and challenges of developing web GIS applications using different software technologies and system architectures.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Provide an example of a programming approach to address a particular web GIS programming problem.", "value": "1"}]}]}, {"name": "Programming Languages & Libraries", "children": [{"name": "GDAL", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Javascript for GIS", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "PySAL\u00a0and Spatial Statistics Libraries", "children": [{"name": "", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "Python for GIS", "children": [{"name": "Demonstrate familiarity with the current Python GIS Programming Stack.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe the role of programming in GIScience.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the different Python GIS development modes.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "R for Geospatial Analysis & Mapping", "children": [{"name": "Demonstrate familiarity with the most common R packages to perform geospatial work.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Describe how spatial objects are conceptualized in R.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the pros and cons of using R as a GIS.", "value": "1"}]}, {"name": "SQL Languages for GIS", "children": [{"name": "Describe how to automate the calculation of derived data.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the difference between declarative and procedural programming languages.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Explain the use of views in spatial data management.", "value": "1"}, {"name": "Plan and implement typical spatial analyses in SQL.", "value": "1"}]}]}]}]}