From 91e7fa3ffa793ac683170e817346475837d81b7e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JPJC Date: Fri, 24 Sep 2021 17:36:59 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 1/3] Updated README.md to add github information. Removed github information from Installing Linux guide. --- 1. Installing Linux.md | 12 ----------- README.md | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++-- 2 files changed, 47 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-) diff --git a/1. Installing Linux.md b/1. Installing Linux.md index 064fa98..5547275 100644 --- a/1. Installing Linux.md +++ b/1. Installing Linux.md @@ -2,18 +2,6 @@ **This is part 1 of a 5 part series going through the installation and application of Linux and the robotic operating system(ROS). These documents were created by Toluwani Soboyejo, Abdu-Allah Awad and Jessica Paterson. If you find mistakes in the documents please let us know so changes can be made.** -# Using GitHub -You may notice that this series of guides are being hosted on GitHub. GitHub is a web-based version-control and collaboration platform for software developers. This allows us to create a space for all of the necessary documents, images and information while giving you (our readers) quick and easy access to all of that information **(for free)**. - -**Key functions:** -* You will notice that there is a series of 3 parrallel lines in the top left corner of the box this document is in. Press this to easily navigate through the document to the sections you need. -* if you are on a computer simply click on the clipboard to the right of the code box, after hovering over it, to copy the contents. This will be handy in the next parts of this guide. -* other than the above there isn't much more that can be explained simply in this document, so instead here are 3 links that will help you understand and use GitHub easily. **It is not necessary to go through these to understand the guide, but the links are here to give you a better understanding of Git and GitHub if you need it.** - * Firstly, [Github's "Github guide"](https://guides.github.com/activities/hello-world/). This will give a good idea of what Github is about, and how to use it. - * [Microsoft intro to Git](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/modules/intro-to-git/) This is a guide for git made by microsoft. - * [Git youtube tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVRQoVRzMIY) This video has timestamps and a basic overview of the main aspects of Git to know. - - # Installing Linux In this guide we will be going through how to install and run Linux Ubuntu 18.04 in 3 ways. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index 94f7f12..f81ff9e 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,2 +1,47 @@ -# ROS_Beginner_Teaching_Materials -This is a 5 part series of guides to help you install and use linux and the Robotic operating system(ROS). By going through each guide in order, you should get a good overview of using both Linux and ROS. If you find any errors please let us know. +# ROS Beginner Teaching Materials +This is a 5 part series of guides to help you install and use Linux and the Robotic +operating system(ROS). By going through each guide in order, you should get a good +overview of using both Linux and ROS. These documents were created by Toluwani Soboyejo, +Abdu-Allah Awad and Jessica Paterson. If you find any errors please let us know. + +**Disclaimer: These guides contain links to external websites. Whilst all efforts have +been made to ensure the websites are safe and up-to-date, the authors of these guides are +not responsible for their content.** + +# Using GitHub +GitHub is a web-based version-control and collaboration platform for software developers. +This allows us to create a space for all of the necessary documents, images and +information while giving you (our readers) quick and easy access to all of that +information **(for free)**. + +We assume that users of the guide have no prior knowledge of Linux, ROS or even +Git/Github. With this in mind here is some basic information about GitHub that may help +you out when using these guides. + +**Key functions:** +* You will notice that there is a series of 3 parallel lines in the top left corner of + the box this document is in, (right next to where it says README.md). + Press this to easily navigate through the document to the sections you need. + +* These guides feature code blocks for you to copy and paste your Linux terminal. + An easy way to do so on Github is to hover over the code block. On the right-hand side a + clipboard symbol will appear, clicking on this will copy the contents to your clipboard. + You can test this on the code block below. + +``` + Copy me. +``` + +Other than the above there isn't much more that can be explained simply in this +document, so instead here are 3 links that will help you understand and use GitHub +easily. **It is not necessary to go through these to understand the guide, but the links +are here to give you a better understanding of Git and GitHub if you need it.** + + * Firstly, [Github's "Github guide"](https://guides.github.com/activities/hello-world/). + This will give a good idea of what Github is about, and how to use it. + * [Microsoft intro to Git](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/learn/modules/intro-to-git/) + This is a guide for git made by Microsoft. + * [Git youtube tutorial](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVRQoVRzMIY) + This video has timestamps and a basic overview of the main aspects of Git to know. + + From a8d314098db18823c2f29cccce5c1a4f80a31b20 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JPJC Date: Fri, 24 Sep 2021 17:59:06 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 2/3] Added information about Ubuntu iso downloads. Added information about which iso to download AMD64/i386. Provided link to 64-bit and 32-bit (Ubuntu Mate) downloads. Recommended Ubuntu Mate as Canonical do not provide 32-bit download. Gave warning that Mate looks different to regular Ubuntu. --- 1. Installing Linux.md | 84 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------- 1 file changed, 63 insertions(+), 21 deletions(-) diff --git a/1. Installing Linux.md b/1. Installing Linux.md index 5547275..31b9457 100644 --- a/1. Installing Linux.md +++ b/1. Installing Linux.md @@ -1,20 +1,39 @@ -*Disclaimer: Many links to external sites, such as youtube and other online guides, will be used. These were not created by the creators of this guide.* +*Disclaimer: Many links to external sites, such as YouTube and other online guides, will be used. These were not created by the creators of this guide.* -**This is part 1 of a 5 part series going through the installation and application of Linux and the robotic operating system(ROS). These documents were created by Toluwani Soboyejo, Abdu-Allah Awad and Jessica Paterson. If you find mistakes in the documents please let us know so changes can be made.** +**This is part 1 of a 5 part series going through the installation and application of +Linux and the robotic operating system (ROS). These documents were created by Toluwani Soboyejo, Abdu-Allah Awad and Jessica Paterson. If you find mistakes in the documents please let us know so changes can be made.** # Installing Linux In this guide we will be going through how to install and run Linux Ubuntu 18.04 in 3 ways. -1) Via **dual boot** on your Personal computer(PC) - this is where you would install the Linux operating system(OS), such that it runs the Linux OS as well as your own OS. You can switch between the operating systems at reboot. -2) Via **full installation** on your PC - this is where you would install the Linux OS as the **only** operating system running on your PC. **Warning: this will wipe out all exiting OS, programs, files etc...** -3) Via a **virtual machine(VM)** running on your PC - here you would download VM software that emulates the Linux environment. You can also download VM's that have both Linux and the Robotic operating system(ROS) installed. +1) Via **dual boot** on your Personal computer (PC) - this is where you install the +Linux operating system (OS), such that it runs the Linux OS as well as your own Windows +Installation. You can switch between the operating systems at reboot. -On the surface this may seem like an easy task but there are a lot of issues that you may face along the way. We will highlight some of the issues we encountered and offer solutions, so you dont have to go through the stress that unknown errors bring. Further help will be provided at the end of this guide to make using the installed linux an easy process. **p.s. Ubuntu 18.04 is required to run ROS melodic, So be careful not to install the shiny new version of Ubuntu as you will have issues running ROS melodic.** +2) Via **full installation** on your PC - this is where you install the Linux OS as the +**only** operating system running on your PC. **Warning: this will wipe out all exiting +OS, programs, files etc...** -## Options 1 & 2 (Installation via dual boot / Full installation) -**It is advisable to make backup copies of all of your important files before proceeding with the download and installation of Linux OS. This could be done by creating a system restore point (search google for instructions) or by saving important files onto a USB, Google drive, or another form of your choosing.** +3) Via a **virtual machine (VM)** running on your PC - here you download software that +emulates the Linux environment. You can also download VM's that have both Linux and the +Robotic operating system (ROS) pre-installed although that is not provided by this guide. + +On the surface this may seem like an easy task but there are a lot of issues that you may +face along the way. We will highlight some of the issues we encountered and offer +solutions, so you don't have to go through the stress that unknown errors bring. Further +help will be provided at the end of this guide to make using the installed Linux an easy +process. **p.s. Ubuntu 18.04 is required to run ROS melodic, So be careful not to install +the shiny new version of Ubuntu, as you will have issues running ROS melodic.** -To use either of these methosd you will need: +## Options 1 & 2 (Installation via dual boot / Full installation) +**It is advisable to make backup copies of all of your important files before proceeding +with the download and installation of Linux OS. If you intend to dual boot you could +accidentally wipe/corrupt your Windows installation so make sure you save your files +onto a USB hard drive, Google drive, or another form of your choosing. It is possible to +clone your entire Windows installation onto an external drive, but that is beyond the scope of +this guide.** + +To use either of these methods you will need: 1) Your PC. 2) A USB stick with a minimum storage of 4 GB (Check on USB or through PC). 3) A bootable software, we personally recommend **Rufus** - follow this [Rufus install](https://rufus.ie/en/) link and select the latest stable version to download. @@ -22,9 +41,28 @@ To use either of these methosd you will need: ![Rufus_download](Linux_guide_pics/Rufus_download.PNG) ### Preparing the bootable USB Stick -To use the USB as a medium to install linux, the USB must first be made bootable. This process is described below. **Warning:** The contents of your USB will be deleted, so make sure it is empty or you have a backup of it's content. -1. Download Ubuntu 18.04 **desktop image** by clicking the following link: http://releases.ubuntu.com/18.04/ and selecting the appropriate **desktop version** for your PC. This will download a **.iso file** onto your PC. +To use the USB as a medium to install Linux, the USB must first be made bootable. This process is described below. + +**Warning:** The contents of your USB will be deleted, so make sure it is empty or you have a backup of it's content. + +1. Download Ubuntu 18.04 **desktop image**: + * For 64-bit computers go to http://releases.ubuntu.com/18.04/ and download the + ubuntu-18.04.6-desktop-amd64.iso aka the 64-bit PC (AMD64) desktop image. + *AMD in this context does not refer to your processor manufacturer, so even if + you have an Intel processor, you still require the AMD64 image.* + ![Ubuntu_desktop_image](Linux_guide_pics/Ubuntu_desktop_image.PNG) + + * For 32-bit PCs go to https://cdimage.ubuntu.com/ubuntu-mate/releases/18.04/release/ + and download the ubuntu-mate-18.04.5-desktop-i386.iso aka 32-bit PC (i386) desktop + image. *This image is for any 32-bit processor, Intel or AMD.* Ubuntu Mate is + identical to Ubuntu in all the ways that matter but it looks very different to the + screenshots of Ubuntu you will find in this guide. + + If you are not sure whether you have a 32-bit or 64-bit machine please search how to + check this in your version of Windows. On Windows 10 this information can be found by + clicking the Start button -> Settings (Gear Icon above the power icon) -> System -> About + 2. Plug in your USB drive and open the Rufus software 3. Make sure that the following is selected for each section: * Under **Device**, select your **USB drive**. @@ -38,25 +76,29 @@ To use the USB as a medium to install linux, the USB must first be made bootable Once completed, you will have a bootable USB drive that you can use to run and install Linux. - ### Booting from the USB To install the Linux operating system, you will need to have the USB drive plugged in while booting up the PC. You will also need to know which key to press to enter the Boot Menu. Once the computer has begun to start up you will need to click that key like your life depends on it. These keys are usually either **F1**, **F2**, **F10**, **F12** or **Del**. If you don't know the key you may be able to find out by googling **BIOS key for [*input your computer model*]**. Or just try each of the ones we mentioned at least once. If your PC isn't taking you to the Boot Menu even though you are pressing the correct keys - this could be due to your PC starting up too quickly. Here are a few methods to get around this: -1) Firstly, the easiest method is to click **restart** (on the desktop start menu) while holding the **shift key**. This will take you to a menu entitled **Choose an option** where you will need to press **Troubleshoot** > **Advanced options** > **UEFI Firmware Settings** and proceed to restart. This will automatically reboot the system into the BIOS/ UEFI. This is the first tip described in this video: https://youtu.be/yPLvBo5UCv0 - *thankfully u only need to watch the first minute*. +1) Firstly, the easiest method is to click **restart** (on the desktop start menu) while +holding the **shift key**. This will take you to a menu entitled **Choose an option** +where you will need to press **Troubleshoot** > **Advanced options** > **UEFI Firmware +Settings** and proceed to restart. This will automatically reboot the system into the +BIOS/ UEFI. This is the first tip described in this video: https://youtu.be/yPLvBo5UCv0 - +*thankfully you only need to watch the first minute*. ![Choose_option](Linux_guide_pics/Choose_option.png) -3) Alternatively, if u wish to try frantically pressing a key again, you can stop "fast start-up" by navigating to your **control panel** then selecting **Hardware and Sound** > **Power Options**, then press **"choose what the power buttons do"** (located on the left section of the window), this will take you to the **System Settings**. Finally, click the **Change settings that are currently unavailable**, uncheck the **Turn on fast start-up** and click **save changes**. This should give you an opportunity to press the relevant keys to enter the Boot Menu. +3) Alternatively, if you wish to try frantically pressing a key again, you can stop "fast start-up" by navigating to your **control panel** then selecting **Hardware and Sound** > **Power Options**, then press **"choose what the power buttons do"** (located on the left section of the window), this will take you to the **System Settings**. Finally, click the **Change settings that are currently unavailable**, uncheck the **Turn on fast start-up** and click **save changes**. This should give you an opportunity to press the relevant keys to enter the Boot Menu. ![Settings](Linux_guide_pics/Settings.PNG) -5) If the above two methods have not solved the issue then the PC can be forced to go to the menu described in the first method by turning the PC off completely through holding the **power button** until loss of power. Then turn on and off again once it begins to load until the computer begins to run a **recovery process**. usually after repeating the process 3 times. **Warning: This is a last resort and it could be done a lot easier by using the first method**. +5) If the above two methods have not solved the issue then the PC can be forced to go to the menu described in the first method by turning the PC off completely through holding the **power button** until loss of power. Then turn on and off again once it begins to load until the computer begins to run a **recovery process**. Usually after repeating the process 3 times. **Warning: This is a last resort and it could be done a lot easier by using the first method**. 6) For those still struggling here is another video to help reach the BIOS: https://youtu.be/IMr5-mEbhTs. -Once you've found yourself at the Boot Menu(in the BIOS) you will either need to move the **Boot from USB drive** to the **top of the list**, or select **USB drive**. +Once you've found yourself at the Boot Menu (in the BIOS) you will either need to move the **Boot from USB drive** to the **top of the list**, or select **USB drive**. -If the install for linux doesn't appear and the computer still runs windows, you can temporarily disable the **windows boot manager** in the BIOS, then try again. +If the install for Linux doesn't appear and the computer still runs Windows, you can temporarily disable the **Windows boot manager** in the BIOS, then try again. ### Linux Install Once your PC has booted from the USB drive, you will see a purple GNU which you can use to select to boot Ubuntu. @@ -64,7 +106,7 @@ Once your PC has booted from the USB drive, you will see a purple GNU which you You will be given the option to either run Linux without installation, or to install Linux. Selecting install Linux will take you to the installation guide. You can then pick to install Linux alongside your OS or to erase your disk and install Linux (this will wipe out your current OS along with any files you have such that the only thing is Linux). ![Ubuntu_choice](Linux_guide_pics/Ubuntu_choice.png) -**Warning:** We recommend choosing whether to run linux alongside your OS, or to erase the disk, before picking an option, as it will be extremely difficult to change your mind after the process is done. You have been warned!! +**Warning:** We recommend choosing whether to run Linux alongside your OS, or to erase the disk, before picking an option, as it will be extremely difficult to change your mind after the process is done. You have been warned!! ### Common Issues **Wi-fi not connecting:** you may find that, following installation, Ubuntu doesn't want to connect to the internet. A few solutions to this include: @@ -87,7 +129,7 @@ repo](Installing%20VirtualBox.md). We **strongly** recommend not using VirtualBo are new to virtual machines and have a choice, as it can be more challenging to correctly set up.* 1) Download **Ubuntu 18.04 desktop image** by clicking the following link: http://releases.ubuntu.com/18.04/ and selecting the appropriate desktop version for your PC. This will download a .iso file onto your PC. -2) Download **VMware Workstation Player** from the following link: https://www.vmware.com/uk/products/workstation-player.html p.s. You want to download the suitable one for your current OS. For example the **windows VM** for a **windows OS**. +2) Download **VMware Workstation Player** from the following link: https://www.vmware.com/uk/products/workstation-player.html p.s. You want to download the suitable one for your current OS. For example the **Windows VM** for a **Windows OS**. ![VM_download_1](Linux_guide_pics/VM_download_1.PNG) 4) Run VMware and, once it has loaded, select **Create a New Virtual Machine**. 5) Select **Installer disc image file (iso)** and browse for the Ubuntu desktop image then click **Next**. @@ -98,13 +140,13 @@ You may find that the virtual disk keeps crashing due to a few issues * Not enough space on hard drive - remedied by freeing up space on your hard drive * You have an anti virus software installed that is conflicted with VMware - remedied by changing the anti virus software * You haven't enabled virtualisation in your Bios settings (common if you have a new computer) - reboot computer and press either the *F1*, *F2*, *F4* *Delete* or the *Esc* keys. -* Too slow? - you may find that navigating the basic Linux interface is slow, this is often due to a lack of available RAM. You can attempt to allocate the VM more RAM by pressing **"Edit virtual machine settings"** in the VM menu (_shown in the first image below_). You will then be greeted with a slider (_shown in the second image below_) that will allow you to change the amount of allocated RAM. **However, be aware that the available RAM is limited and other processes on the computer may slow down if too much RAM is allocated to the VM.** This issue may also be due to having other processes running in the background, so you can also try closing all other windows and applications to improve speed. +* Too slow? - you may find that navigating the basic Linux interface is slow, this is often due to a lack of available RAM. You can attempt to allocate the VM more RAM by pressing **"Edit virtual machine settings"** in the VM menu (_shown in the first image below_). You will then be greeted with a slider (_shown in the second image below_) that will allow you to change the amount of allocated RAM. **However, be aware that the available RAM is limited and other processes on the computer may slow down if too much RAM is allocated to the VM.** This issue may also be due to having other processes running in the background, so you can also try closing all other Windows and applications to improve speed. ![VM_RAM](Linux_guide_pics/VM_RAM.PNG) ![RAM](Linux_guide_pics/RAM.PNG) # Linux Cheat Sheet -Upon installing Linux it may seem daunting to navigate your way around, but worry not we have provided a few handy tips, directions and advice to get you accustomed to linux as quickly as possible. +Upon installing Linux it may seem daunting to navigate your way around, but worry not we have provided a few handy tips, directions and advice to get you accustomed to Linux as quickly as possible. ## Keyboard shortcuts As some may not have used Linux before we have prepared a few important key shortcuts that may come in handy: From 23d8ea4086be3ce242400cd7ccca76f9f797a37f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: JPJSea Date: Mon, 27 Sep 2021 18:12:19 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 3/3] Added some notes about virtualisation in the BIOS in both VirtualBox guide and installing Linux. Reordered some sections and added some additional information based on feedback given re. dpkg lock and some other things which where in guide but poorly placed for people to spot. Gave some information for Intel Mac users about virtual machines. --- 1. Installing Linux.md | 141 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++----------- Installing VirtualBox.md | 7 +- 2 files changed, 109 insertions(+), 39 deletions(-) diff --git a/1. Installing Linux.md b/1. Installing Linux.md index 31b9457..cde9915 100644 --- a/1. Installing Linux.md +++ b/1. Installing Linux.md @@ -77,56 +77,68 @@ To use the USB as a medium to install Linux, the USB must first be made bootable Once completed, you will have a bootable USB drive that you can use to run and install Linux. ### Booting from the USB -To install the Linux operating system, you will need to have the USB drive plugged in while booting up the PC. You will also need to know which key to press to enter the Boot Menu. Once the computer has begun to start up you will need to click that key like your life depends on it. +To install the Ubuntu operating system, you will need to have the USB drive plugged in +while booting up the PC. You will also need to know which key to press to enter the Boot +Menu. Once the computer has begun to start up you will need to click that key like your +life depends on it. -These keys are usually either **F1**, **F2**, **F10**, **F12** or **Del**. If you don't know the key you may be able to find out by googling **BIOS key for [*input your computer model*]**. Or just try each of the ones we mentioned at least once. - -If your PC isn't taking you to the Boot Menu even though you are pressing the correct keys - this could be due to your PC starting up too quickly. Here are a few methods to get around this: -1) Firstly, the easiest method is to click **restart** (on the desktop start menu) while -holding the **shift key**. This will take you to a menu entitled **Choose an option** -where you will need to press **Troubleshoot** > **Advanced options** > **UEFI Firmware -Settings** and proceed to restart. This will automatically reboot the system into the -BIOS/ UEFI. This is the first tip described in this video: https://youtu.be/yPLvBo5UCv0 - -*thankfully you only need to watch the first minute*. - - ![Choose_option](Linux_guide_pics/Choose_option.png) - -3) Alternatively, if you wish to try frantically pressing a key again, you can stop "fast start-up" by navigating to your **control panel** then selecting **Hardware and Sound** > **Power Options**, then press **"choose what the power buttons do"** (located on the left section of the window), this will take you to the **System Settings**. Finally, click the **Change settings that are currently unavailable**, uncheck the **Turn on fast start-up** and click **save changes**. This should give you an opportunity to press the relevant keys to enter the Boot Menu. -![Settings](Linux_guide_pics/Settings.PNG) -5) If the above two methods have not solved the issue then the PC can be forced to go to the menu described in the first method by turning the PC off completely through holding the **power button** until loss of power. Then turn on and off again once it begins to load until the computer begins to run a **recovery process**. Usually after repeating the process 3 times. **Warning: This is a last resort and it could be done a lot easier by using the first method**. -6) For those still struggling here is another video to help reach the BIOS: https://youtu.be/IMr5-mEbhTs. +Please refer to the [How to access your BIOS/Boot +menu](#How-to-access-your-BIOS/Boot-menu) section for details on how to access your +BIOS/Boot Menu. Once you've found yourself at the Boot Menu (in the BIOS) you will either need to move the **Boot from USB drive** to the **top of the list**, or select **USB drive**. If the install for Linux doesn't appear and the computer still runs Windows, you can temporarily disable the **Windows boot manager** in the BIOS, then try again. +**Note:** It is a good idea to make a note of which BIOS settings you have altered or take +a photo of your screen with your phone before you start changing things, so you undo anything later. + ### Linux Install Once your PC has booted from the USB drive, you will see a purple GNU which you can use to select to boot Ubuntu. You will be given the option to either run Linux without installation, or to install Linux. Selecting install Linux will take you to the installation guide. You can then pick to install Linux alongside your OS or to erase your disk and install Linux (this will wipe out your current OS along with any files you have such that the only thing is Linux). ![Ubuntu_choice](Linux_guide_pics/Ubuntu_choice.png) -**Warning:** We recommend choosing whether to run Linux alongside your OS, or to erase the disk, before picking an option, as it will be extremely difficult to change your mind after the process is done. You have been warned!! +**Warning:** We recommend thinking carefully about whether to run Linux alongside your OS (dual boot), or to erase the disk (erase Windows and all your files), before picking an option, as it will be extremely difficult to change your mind after the process is done. You have been warned!! -### Common Issues -**Wi-fi not connecting:** you may find that, following installation, Ubuntu doesn't want to connect to the internet. A few solutions to this include: - -1) Simply restarting the computer - this could work if your Linux recognises other networks but fails to connect to them. -2) Connecting the PC to your internet via a wired connection and downloading updates - once connected, open the terminal (by hitting Ctrl+Alt+T) and type into the terminal -``` -sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -``` -* reboot the Linux. -* You may encounter an error stating: **"unable to acquire the dpkg frontend lock (/var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend), is another process using it?"**. If this error depicted comes up there are a few possible options to try, this link goes through each of them: https://itsfoss.com/could-not-get-lock-error/. Though it is likely you will just need to wait a while for background updates to complete. +Once you have been through the install process and installed Ubuntu please go to +[Some important things to know once Ubuntu is Installed](#Some-important-things-to-know-once-Ubuntu-is-Installed) ## Installation via virtual machine -If preparing a bootable disk and running it on your PC is too much of a hassle, then you could, alternatively, run Linux via a virtualisation on your PC. To do this, you will need to download a virtual machine such as **VMware**. +If preparing a bootable disk and running it on your PC is too much of a hassle, then you +could, alternatively, run Linux via a virtualisation on your PC. To do this, you will need +to download a virtual machine such as **VMware**. + +Intel Mac users. Instructions are given below for VMWare Player, if you are on an Intel +Mac you should be able to use [VMWare Fusion](https://www.vmware.com/products/fusion.html) +or VirtualBox. Instructions are provided for VirtualBox installation (please read the Note +about VirtualBox below for the link to the guide and for some further information), which +should be the same whether you are on Mac or Windows, but they have only been tested on +Windows and Linux host machines. + +Regardless of the software you use to run your VM, you need to **make sure virtualisation is +enabled in your BIOS** otherwise you will receive errors which reference either Intel® +Virtualization Technology VT-x (for Intel processors) or AMD-V (AMD processors). If you +have an Intel Mac you do not have to do this, it should be enabled by default. + +Please refer to the [How to access your BIOS/Boot +menu](#How-to-access-your-BIOS/Boot-menu) section for details on how to access your +BIOS. + +Which menu you have to access to turn virtualisation on differs greatly from manufacturer to +manufacturer. The best thing to do is to use the search engine of your choice to look up +"* virtualisation enable BIOS*". Here is an [external +link](https://2nwiki.2n.cz/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=75202968) with a pretty +comprehensive list of PC manufacturers and a description of how to enable virtualisation. *Note: if you are unable to use VMWare because you use an IT managed PC/Laptop and have to use VirtualBox, follow the [**Installing VirtualBox guide** in this repo](Installing%20VirtualBox.md). We **strongly** recommend not using VirtualBox if you -are new to virtual machines and have a choice, as it can be more challenging to correctly set up.* +are new to virtual machines and have a choice, as it can be more challenging to correctly +set up. Once you're done with the VirtualBox guide please return here, to read the +[Some important things to know once Ubuntu is +Installed](#Some-important-things-to-know-once-Ubuntu-is-Installed) section* 1) Download **Ubuntu 18.04 desktop image** by clicking the following link: http://releases.ubuntu.com/18.04/ and selecting the appropriate desktop version for your PC. This will download a .iso file onto your PC. 2) Download **VMware Workstation Player** from the following link: https://www.vmware.com/uk/products/workstation-player.html p.s. You want to download the suitable one for your current OS. For example the **Windows VM** for a **Windows OS**. @@ -139,20 +151,33 @@ are new to virtual machines and have a choice, as it can be more challenging to You may find that the virtual disk keeps crashing due to a few issues * Not enough space on hard drive - remedied by freeing up space on your hard drive * You have an anti virus software installed that is conflicted with VMware - remedied by changing the anti virus software -* You haven't enabled virtualisation in your Bios settings (common if you have a new computer) - reboot computer and press either the *F1*, *F2*, *F4* *Delete* or the *Esc* keys. * Too slow? - you may find that navigating the basic Linux interface is slow, this is often due to a lack of available RAM. You can attempt to allocate the VM more RAM by pressing **"Edit virtual machine settings"** in the VM menu (_shown in the first image below_). You will then be greeted with a slider (_shown in the second image below_) that will allow you to change the amount of allocated RAM. **However, be aware that the available RAM is limited and other processes on the computer may slow down if too much RAM is allocated to the VM.** This issue may also be due to having other processes running in the background, so you can also try closing all other Windows and applications to improve speed. ![VM_RAM](Linux_guide_pics/VM_RAM.PNG) ![RAM](Linux_guide_pics/RAM.PNG) -# Linux Cheat Sheet -Upon installing Linux it may seem daunting to navigate your way around, but worry not we have provided a few handy tips, directions and advice to get you accustomed to Linux as quickly as possible. +## Some important things to know once Ubuntu is Installed -## Keyboard shortcuts -As some may not have used Linux before we have prepared a few important key shortcuts that may come in handy: -* **ctrl-alt-T** : open terminal (can also left click in desktop) -* **ctrl-shift-V**: paste in the terminal -* There is also a list of all the keyboard shortcuts for linux located at **Settings** > **Devices** > **Keyboard**. +These are some important things to note and some commonly encounter issues that people +have once they install Ubuntu. Please at least skim read the heading so that if/when they +happen to you, you won't be alarmed! If you encounter any other issues that you think +could be added to this guide please let us know. + +### Do not upgrade to a newer version of Ubuntu +Usually Ubuntu will tell you that you have installed an old version of Ubuntu and ask if +you would like to upgrade to a newer version. Click No, obviously you don't want to do that +because you want to use ROS Melodic! + +### Problems using sudo apt update +You may encounter an error stating: **"unable to acquire the dpkg frontend lock +(/var/lib/dpkg/lock-frontend), is another process using it?"**. This means that the OS +is currently searching for updates, so you can't use your package manager. The solution +is to wait a while and let it finish. If it seems like it is taking an unreasonable amount +of time you can try restarting. + +Similarly, a Software update pop-up may appear and ask you to +update using the graphical user interface rather than the terminal, just close this +because you will be updating using the command line later in the guide. ## Keyboard layout Sometimes after installing linux you may find that certain keys are in a differnt position to what you are used to. This may be because the linux you have installed is using a different keyboard layout. @@ -169,6 +194,46 @@ In the case that you have special characters in your password and are unable to **US English keyboard:** ![US_keyboard](Linux_guide_pics/US_keyboard.PNG) +### Wifi doesn't work + +If you installed Ubuntu as a dual boot or main OS you may find that your **Wi-fi is not connecting**. +A few solutions to this include: + +1) Simply restarting the computer - this could work if your Linux recognises other networks but fails to connect to them. +2) Connecting the PC to your internet via a wired connection and downloading updates - once connected, open the terminal (by hitting Ctrl+Alt+T) and type into the terminal +``` +sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade +``` +* Reboot Ubuntu. + +## How to access your BIOS/Boot menu +These keys are usually either **F1**, **F2**, **F10**, **F12** or **Del**. If you don't know the key you may be able to find out by googling **BIOS key for [*input your computer model*]**. Or just try each of the ones we mentioned at least once. + +If your PC isn't taking you to the Boot Menu even though you are pressing the correct keys - this could be due to your PC starting up too quickly. Here are a few methods to get around this: +1) Firstly, the easiest method is to click **restart** (on the desktop start menu) while +holding the **shift key**. This will take you to a menu entitled **Choose an option** +where you will need to press **Troubleshoot** > **Advanced options** > **UEFI Firmware +Settings** and proceed to restart. This will automatically reboot the system into the +BIOS/ UEFI. This is the first tip described in this video: https://youtu.be/yPLvBo5UCv0 - +*thankfully you only need to watch the first minute*. + + ![Choose_option](Linux_guide_pics/Choose_option.png) + +3) Alternatively, if you wish to try frantically pressing a key again, you can stop "fast start-up" by navigating to your **control panel** then selecting **Hardware and Sound** > **Power Options**, then press **"choose what the power buttons do"** (located on the left section of the window), this will take you to the **System Settings**. Finally, click the **Change settings that are currently unavailable**, uncheck the **Turn on fast start-up** and click **save changes**. This should give you an opportunity to press the relevant keys to enter the Boot Menu. +![Settings](Linux_guide_pics/Settings.PNG) +5) If the above two methods have not solved the issue then the PC can be forced to go to the menu described in the first method by turning the PC off completely through holding the **power button** until loss of power. Then turn on and off again once it begins to load until the computer begins to run a **recovery process**. Usually after repeating the process 3 times. **Warning: This is a last resort and it could be done a lot easier by using the first method**. +6) For those still struggling here is another video to help reach the BIOS: https://youtu.be/IMr5-mEbhTs. + +# Linux Cheat Sheet +Upon installing Linux it may seem daunting to navigate your way around, but worry not we have provided a few handy tips, directions and advice to get you accustomed to Linux as quickly as possible. + +## Keyboard shortcuts +As some may not have used Linux before we have prepared a few important key shortcuts that may come in handy: +* **ctrl-alt-T** : open terminal (can also left click in desktop) +* **ctrl-shift-V**: paste in the terminal +* There is also a list of all the keyboard shortcuts for linux located at **Settings** > **Devices** > **Keyboard**. + + # Glossary **BIOS - Basic Input/Output System**: the BIOS (pronounced bye-oss) is a ROM chip found on motherboards that allows you to access and set up your computer system at the most basic level. diff --git a/Installing VirtualBox.md b/Installing VirtualBox.md index 8a0efb2..3f3c4af 100644 --- a/Installing VirtualBox.md +++ b/Installing VirtualBox.md @@ -8,7 +8,12 @@ This is a guide for anyone who has to run an Ubuntu Virtual Machine (VM)) in [VirtualBox](https://www.virtualbox.org/). It is recommended that if you have a choice of which virtual machine to use, that you use VMPlayer (Windows, Linux) or VMFusion (Mac *Intel only*). Instructions on how to use -VMPlayer can be found in [1. Installing Linux](1.%20Installing%20Linux.md) +VMPlayer can be found in [1. Installing Linux](1.%20Installing%20Linux.md). + +Also please +make sure that you have **enabled virtualisation in your BIOS**. Guidance on how to do so can +be found in [1. Installing Linux](1.%20Installing%20Linux.md). If you have an Intel Mac +you can ignore this. ## Download and Install VirtualBox