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<h1 id="seo-header">Express:轻量化的Web开发框架</h1>
<div class="markdown-body">
<h1 id="Express：轻量化的Web开发框架学习笔记"><a href="#Express：轻量化的Web开发框架学习笔记" class="headerlink" title="Express：轻量化的Web开发框架学习笔记"></a>Express：轻量化的Web开发框架学习笔记</h1><h2 id="Vol1-安装和使用Express"><a href="#Vol1-安装和使用Express" class="headerlink" title="Vol1.安装和使用Express"></a>Vol1.安装和使用Express</h2><h3 id="1-1-安装Express"><a href="#1-1-安装Express" class="headerlink" title="1.1 安装Express"></a>1.1 安装Express</h3><figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs shell"><span class="hljs-meta prompt_">$ </span><span class="language-bash">npm install -g express-generator</span><br>//在nodejs下安装Express<br>express ${targetProjectName}<br>//创建Express项目<br>npm install<br>//在项目文件夹内安装依赖<br>npm start<br>//启动项目，于http://localhost:3000<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-2-项目结构"><a href="#1-2-项目结构" class="headerlink" title="1.2 项目结构"></a>1.2 项目结构</h3><h4 id="Express默认应用中文件及其作用"><a href="#Express默认应用中文件及其作用" class="headerlink" title="Express默认应用中文件及其作用"></a>Express默认应用中文件及其作用</h4><table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>目录名/文件名</th>
<th>类型</th>
<th>作用</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>bin</td>
<td>目录</td>
<td>服务器脚本默认目录</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>bin/<a target="_blank" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="http://www.js/">www.js</a></td>
<td>文件</td>
<td>服务器默认脚本，即启动服务脚本</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>node_modules</td>
<td>目录</td>
<td>依赖包安装目录，用于存放依赖包</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>public</td>
<td>目录</td>
<td>静态资源目录，用于存放静态资源</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>routes</td>
<td>目录</td>
<td>路由目录，用于存放路由文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>routes/index.js</td>
<td>文件</td>
<td>首页路由文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>routes/users.js</td>
<td>文件</td>
<td>用户路由文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>views</td>
<td>目录</td>
<td>页面目录，用于存放页面文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>views/error.jade</td>
<td>文件</td>
<td>错误页面</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>views/index.jade</td>
<td>文件</td>
<td>首页</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>views/layout.jade</td>
<td>文件</td>
<td>页面共用布局</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>app.js</td>
<td>文件</td>
<td>应用主文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>package.json</td>
<td>文件</td>
<td>项目配置文件</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>package-lock.json</td>
<td>文件</td>
<td>锁定的项目配置文件</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<h3 id="1-3-Express路由"><a href="#1-3-Express路由" class="headerlink" title="1.3 Express路由"></a>1.3 Express路由</h3><h4 id="1-3-1-GET请求"><a href="#1-3-1-GET请求" class="headerlink" title="1.3.1 GET请求"></a>1.3.1 GET请求</h4><p>route/index.js路由文件，即首页路由文件，是一个GET请求路由，格式如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js"><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> express = <span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'express'</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">//引入</span><br><span class="hljs-keyword">var</span> router = express.<span class="hljs-title class_">Router</span>() <span class="hljs-comment">//引入Express路由对象</span><br><br><span class="hljs-comment">//首页路由</span><br><br>router.<span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">req,res,next</span>){<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'index'</span>,{<span class="hljs-attr">title</span>:<span class="hljs-string">'Express'</span>});<br>});<br>moudule.<span class="hljs-property">exports</span> = router<br><span class="hljs-comment">//导出路由</span><br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-3-2-自定义路由"><a href="#1-3-2-自定义路由" class="headerlink" title="1.3.2 自定义路由"></a>1.3.2 自定义路由</h4><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js"><span class="hljs-comment">//定义一个GET请求‘/world’的路由，执行方法</span><br>router.<span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/world'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> (<span class="hljs-params">req, res, next</span>) {<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'index'</span>,{<span class="hljs-attr">title</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'Hello World!'</span>});<br>})<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-3-3-其他请求方式的路由"><a href="#1-3-3-其他请求方式的路由" class="headerlink" title="1.3.3 其他请求方式的路由"></a>1.3.3 其他请求方式的路由</h4><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js"><span class="hljs-comment">//router.post()</span><br><span class="hljs-comment">//router.put()</span><br><span class="hljs-comment">//router.delete()</span><br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-3-4-路由匹配规则"><a href="#1-3-4-路由匹配规则" class="headerlink" title="1.3.4 路由匹配规则"></a>1.3.4 路由匹配规则</h4><p><strong>模糊匹配符</strong></p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>符号</th>
<th>含义</th>
<th>效果</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>+</td>
<td>紧接着前一个字母重复</td>
<td>we+st ->weest weeest</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>(element)?</td>
<td>括号内元素缺失</td>
<td>w(es)?t ->wt</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>*</td>
<td>两端之间插入任意元素</td>
<td>we * st ->we123st</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>同时支持了正则表达式，<a target="_blank" rel="external nofollow noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.runoob.com/regexp/regexp-tutorial.html">正则表达式 – 教程 | 菜鸟教程</a></p>
<h4 id="1-3-5-中间件"><a href="#1-3-5-中间件" class="headerlink" title="1.3.5 中间件"></a>1.3.5 中间件</h4><p>在项目开发过程中，有时需要使用共同的方法来完成请求，为了提高效率，可以将这些共同的方法单独提出来，即中间件。</p>
<p>当前端使用GET方法请求根路径的时候，会进入第二个参数function中，这个路由处理方法就是Express中的中间件。</p>
<p>在Express中，中间件会被传入三个形参。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>参数顺序</th>
<th>形参名</th>
<th>描述</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody><tr>
<td>1</td>
<td>req</td>
<td>请求数据对象Request</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>2</td>
<td>res</td>
<td>返回数据对象Response</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>3</td>
<td>next</td>
<td>下一步函数</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p>例如，实现验证功能，可以在路由处理方法前再加一个方法</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">router.<span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/car'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">req,res,next</span>){<br> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'这里是中间件'</span>);<br> <span class="hljs-title function_">next</span>();<br>},<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">req,res,next</span>){<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">send</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'这里是返回'</span>);<br>});<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h3 id="1-4-Express页面"><a href="#1-4-Express页面" class="headerlink" title="1.4 Express页面"></a>1.4 Express页面</h3><h4 id="1-4-1-更换模板引擎"><a href="#1-4-1-更换模板引擎" class="headerlink" title="1.4.1 更换模板引擎"></a>1.4.1 更换模板引擎</h4><p>Express的默认引擎是jade，为了便于开发，可以换成更简洁的art-template。</p>
<p>安装依赖</p>
<figure class="highlight shell"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs shell">npm install -S art-template<br>npm install -S express-art-template<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>修改项目根目录下的<code>app.js</code>，切换模板引擎。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">app.<span class="hljs-title function_">set</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'view engine'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'jade'</span>);<br><span class="hljs-comment">//原</span><br>app.<span class="hljs-title function_">engine</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'.html'</span>,<span class="hljs-built_in">require</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'express-art-template'</span>));<br>app.<span class="hljs-title function_">set</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'view engine'</span>,<span class="hljs-string">'html'</span>)<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-4-2-渲染数据到页面上"><a href="#1-4-2-渲染数据到页面上" class="headerlink" title="1.4.2 渲染数据到页面上"></a>1.4.2 渲染数据到页面上</h4><p>在Express中将数据渲染到页面上的方法是Response对象的render方法，例如：</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">router.<span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/'</span>, <span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">req, res, next</span>) {<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'index'</span>, { <span class="hljs-attr">title</span>: <span class="hljs-string">'hello'</span>});<br>});<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这段代码向index.html传入了一个键值对{ title: ‘hello’}，在html界面可以使用双花括号来接收字段：</p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs html"><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span>This is the value of title variable: {{ title }}<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span><br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-4-3-条件渲染"><a href="#1-4-3-条件渲染" class="headerlink" title="1.4.3 条件渲染"></a>1.4.3 条件渲染</h4><h5 id="1-基本条件渲染"><a href="#1-基本条件渲染" class="headerlink" title="1.基本条件渲染"></a>1.基本条件渲染</h5><p><em>Vue.js:在想我的事情？</em></p>
<figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs html"><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span>This is the value of title variable: {{ title }}<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span><br>{{if age < 30}}<br><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span>今年{{ age }}岁了，还没到30岁生日，加油！<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span><br>{{/if}}<br>{{if age > 30}}<br><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span>今年{{ age }}岁了，30岁生日已经过了<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span><br>{{/if}}<br><br><br>//格式为{{if CONDITION}} <span class="hljs-tag"></></span> {{/if}}<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h5 id="2-嵌套条件渲染"><a href="#2-嵌套条件渲染" class="headerlink" title="2.嵌套条件渲染"></a>2.嵌套条件渲染</h5><p>同理，略。</p>
<h4 id="1-4-4-渲染循环"><a href="#1-4-4-渲染循环" class="headerlink" title="1.4.4 渲染循环"></a>1.4.4 渲染循环</h4><h5 id="基本渲染循环"><a href="#基本渲染循环" class="headerlink" title="基本渲染循环"></a>基本渲染循环</h5><figure class="highlight html"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs html"><span class="hljs-comment"><!-- index.html --></span><br><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">h2</span>></span>循环渲染<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">h2</span>></span><br>{{each list as item}}<br><span class="hljs-tag"><<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span>数据id{{item.id}}，内容{{item.content}}<span class="hljs-tag"></<span class="hljs-name">p</span>></span><br>{{/each}}<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在art-template中,循环渲染的固定写法是<code>{{each LIST as ITEM}}</code></p>
<h3 id="1-5-请求对象Request"><a href="#1-5-请求对象Request" class="headerlink" title="1.5 请求对象Request"></a>1.5 请求对象Request</h3><h4 id="1-5-1-Request-url属性"><a href="#1-5-1-Request-url属性" class="headerlink" title="1.5.1 Request.url属性"></a>1.5.1 Request.url属性</h4><p>Request.url属性可以获得请求地址。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">#./routes/index.<span class="hljs-property">js</span><br>router.<span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/abcd'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> (<span class="hljs-params">req, res, next</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(req.<span class="hljs-property">url</span>);<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'index'</span>,{<span class="hljs-attr">title</span>:<span class="hljs-string">'Express'</span>})<br>})<br><br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-5-2-Request-query属性"><a href="#1-5-2-Request-query属性" class="headerlink" title="1.5.2 Request.query属性"></a>1.5.2 Request.query属性</h4><p>Request.query常用来获取GET请求参数，它是一个对象，包含路由中每个查询字符串参数的属性。<strong>只能获得GET请求方式</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">router.<span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/book'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> (<span class="hljs-params">req, res, next</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(req.<span class="hljs-property">query</span>);<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'index'</span>,{<span class="hljs-attr">title</span>:<span class="hljs-string">'Express'</span>});<br>})<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-5-3-Request-body属性"><a href="#1-5-3-Request-body属性" class="headerlink" title="1.5.3 Request.body属性"></a>1.5.3 Request.body属性</h4><p>Express将POST请求参数封装在了Request.body对象中，以键值对形式存在。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">router.<span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/abc'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span> (<span class="hljs-params">req, res, next</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-variable language_">console</span>.<span class="hljs-title function_">log</span>(req.<span class="hljs-property">body</span>);<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'index'</span>,{<span class="hljs-attr">title</span>:<span class="hljs-string">'Express'</span>});<br>})<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h4 id="1-5-4-Request-params属性"><a href="#1-5-4-Request-params属性" class="headerlink" title="1.5.4 Request.params属性"></a>1.5.4 Request.params属性</h4><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">router.<span class="hljs-title function_">get</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/book/:id'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">req,res,next</span>){<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">send</span>(req.<span class="hljs-property">params</span>)<br> <span class="hljs-comment">// 此时返回{id:2}</span><br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'index'</span>,{<span class="hljs-attr">title</span>:<span class="hljs-string">'Express'</span>});<br>})<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Express通过URL传入的参数存到了Request.params属性，同时也是一个对象，可以获取自定义URL的任意一个参数。</p>
<h4 id="1-5-5-Request-headers属性"><a href="#1-5-5-Request-headers属性" class="headerlink" title="1.5.5 Request.headers属性"></a>1.5.5 Request.headers属性</h4><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">router.<span class="hljs-title function_">post</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/abc'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">req,res,next</span>){<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">send</span>(req.<span class="hljs-property">headers</span>);<br>})<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Express也可以获取到请求头的数据，存在Request.header中。</p>
<h4 id="1-5-6-Request-cookies属性"><a href="#1-5-6-Request-cookies属性" class="headerlink" title="1.5.6 Request.cookies属性"></a>1.5.6 Request.cookies属性</h4><figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">router.<span class="hljs-title function_">post</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'/abc'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">req,res,next</span>){<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">send</span>(req.<span class="hljs-property">cookies</span>);<br>})<br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>Express提供了简单的获取客户端cookies的方式，并以对象方式储存。</p>
<h3 id="1-6-返回对象Response"><a href="#1-6-返回对象Response" class="headerlink" title="1.6 返回对象Response"></a>1.6 返回对象Response</h3><h4 id="1-6-1-Response-render-方法"><a href="#1-6-1-Response-render-方法" class="headerlink" title="1.6.1 Response.render()方法"></a>1.6.1 Response.render()方法</h4><p><code>Response.render(#view:String,locals:Object,callback:Function)</code></p>
<p><strong>#view:</strong> 必选项，页面文件，用于渲染的文件路径。</p>
<p><strong>locals:</strong> 属性定义页面的局部变量。</p>
<p><strong>callback:</strong> 回调函数，返回困难的错误和呈现的字符串，但不执行自动响应。发生错误时在<code>next(err)</code>中内部调用。</p>
<figure class="highlight js"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><code class="hljs js">res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'index'</span>) <span class="hljs-comment">//渲染一个页面文件到客户端</span><br><br><br>res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'index'</span>,<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">err,html</span>){<br> res.<span class="hljs-title function_">send</span>(html);<br> <span class="hljs-comment">//回调函数，明确指定发送的HTML字符串</span><br>})<br><br>res.<span class="hljs-title function_">render</span>(<span class="hljs-string">'user'</span>,{<span class="hljs-attr">name</span>:<span class="hljs-string">'Tobi'</span>},<span class="hljs-keyword">function</span>(<span class="hljs-params">err,html</span>))<br><span class="hljs-comment">//渲染完毕的回调函数</span><br><br></code></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
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<div>Express:轻量化的Web开发框架</div>
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