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+# WebGPU procedural buildings in A‑Frame — MVP
+
+Investigation for [issue #1763](https://github.com/3DStreet/3dstreet/issues/1763): can we render
+mrdoob's procedural skyscrapers — which use **WebGPU‑only TSL node shaders** — inside
+A‑Frame / 3DStreet? This doubles as the most demanding possible smoke‑test of **WebGPU in
+A‑Frame**, since the buildings won't render at all unless A‑Frame is actually driving a
+`WebGPURenderer`.
+
+**TL;DR: yes, it works.** A‑Frame master will instantiate a real `WebGPURenderer` with no
+patching, and mrdoob's `SkyscraperGenerator` + TSL material run unmodified inside an A‑Frame
+component. Try it: **`/webgpu-buildings.html`** (served by the dev server at the repo root).
+
+---
+
+## How it works
+
+Three facts line up to make this a ~120‑line standalone page with **no changes to A‑Frame or
+the 3DStreet bundle**:
+
+1. **A‑Frame's ESM build externalizes three.** `aframe-master.module.min.js` contains exactly
+   one bare import: `import * as THREE from 'three'`. So an **importmap** entry for `three`
+   completely controls which three.js A‑Frame uses.
+
+2. **A‑Frame master already auto‑detects WebGPU.** Its `a-scene` picks a renderer with:
+
+   ```js
+   var rendererImpl = ['WebGLRenderer', 'WebGPURenderer'].find(x => THREE[x]);
+   renderer = new THREE[rendererImpl](rendererConfig);
+   ```
+
+3. **`three.webgpu.js` exports `WebGPURenderer` but not `WebGLRenderer`.** (The only mentions of
+   `WebGLRenderer` in that bundle are in doc‑comments.) So when we point the importmap's `three`
+   at `three.webgpu.js`, `THREE.WebGLRenderer` is `undefined`, the `.find()` lands on
+   `'WebGPURenderer'`, and **A‑Frame instantiates WebGPU on its own.**
+
+The importmap maps all four three specifiers to one pinned three.js commit so A‑Frame and the
+mrdoob generators share a single THREE instance:
+
+```json
+{
+  "three":         ".../build/three.webgpu.js",
+  "three/webgpu":  ".../build/three.webgpu.js",
+  "three/tsl":     ".../build/three.tsl.js",
+  "three/addons/": ".../examples/jsm/"
+}
+```
+
+The building itself is wrapped as an ordinary A‑Frame component. `SkyscraperGenerator.build()`
+returns a single `THREE.Mesh` already carrying the TSL `MeshStandardNodeMaterial`, so the
+component just does `this.el.setObject3D('mesh', building)`:
+
+```js
+AFRAME.registerComponent('webgpu-skyscraper', {
+  schema: { seed: {default: 7}, height: {default: 100}, /* … */ },
+  init() {
+    const baseColor = uniform(new THREE.Color(pickBuildingColor(this.data.seed)));
+    const material  = createSkyscraperMaterial(baseColor);
+    const generator = new SkyscraperGenerator({ seed, totalHeight, footprint, … }, material);
+    this.el.setObject3D('mesh', generator.build());
+  }
+});
+```
+
+### Pinned versions
+
+| Dependency | Pin | Why |
+|---|---|---|
+| A‑Frame ESM build | `aframevr/aframe@6a054e8` (`aframe-master.module.min.js`) | Same master commit 3DStreet already ships in `index.html`; WebGPU‑aware `a-scene`. |
+| three.js (webgpu + tsl + jsm) | `mrdoob/three.js@6ee0a42` | First commit carrying the `SkyscraperGenerator` / `CityGenerator` city example. Reports `THREE.REVISION === "186dev"`, matching A‑Frame master's three. |
+
+Both are loaded from `cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/...` in the browser.
+
+---
+
+## What was verified
+
+The page was assembled into a local mirror and driven headless (Chromium + Playwright) so the
+integration could be checked without a CDN round‑trip. Confirmed:
+
+- `scene.renderer.constructor.name === "WebGPURenderer"` and `isWebGPURenderer === true` — **A‑Frame
+  created a WebGPU renderer automatically**, no monkeypatching.
+- `scene.renderer.backend.isWebGPUBackend === true` — a **real WebGPU backend** (not the WebGL
+  fallback), `navigator.gpu` present.
+- `SkyscraperGenerator` + `createSkyscraperMaterial` ran inside the A‑Frame component and produced
+  geometry (**~35,000 triangles** across three procedurally‑seeded towers).
+- With the caveat below bridged, the A‑Frame render loop ran with **no errors**.
+
+The page reports all of this live in an on‑screen HUD (`navigator.gpu`, renderer class, active
+backend, three revision) so the same checks are visible in a real browser.
+
+---
+
+## Caveats / rough edges
+
+These are the things to expect when pushing this past an MVP — none are blockers.
+
+1. **Bleeding‑edge WebGPU APIs vs. browser version.** three `r186dev` emits a
+   `swizzle` field on `GPUTextureViewDescriptor` (the new `texture-component-swizzle` feature).
+   Browsers/GPU stacks that predate it throw
+   `Failed to read the 'swizzle' property … not of type 'GPUTextureComponentSwizzle'`. Use a
+   current Chrome/Edge. If you see this, the three build is ahead of the browser — pin three a bit
+   older or update the browser. (In the headless harness, the bundled Chromium was too old; the
+   field was nulled out **locally only**, never in the shipped page, to confirm the rest of the
+   pipeline paints.)
+
+2. **Async renderer init.** `WebGPURenderer` needs `await renderer.init()`, but A‑Frame master's
+   `setupRenderer()` doesn't await it — it just calls `setAnimationLoop`. In practice WebGPURenderer
+   self‑initializes on the first frame, so the loop recovers after a frame or two. The page also
+   calls `await scene.renderer.init()` in the `loaded` handler before baking the IBL. A first‑class
+   integration should teach A‑Frame to await init before `renderStarted`.
+
+3. **Headless capture.** WebGPU swapchain compositing into a headless screenshot, and offscreen
+   pixel‑readback under SwiftShader, were both unreliable in the sandbox (blank captures, Dawn
+   "device lost"). This is a headless‑GPU limitation, not a rendering bug — verification relied on
+   the renderer/backend/geometry assertions above. Visual confirmation should be done in a real
+   browser.
+
+4. **Lighting/IBL.** The mrdoob example dresses the towers with a physical `SkyMesh` + PMREM IBL +
+   a directional sun. The MVP uses A‑Frame lights plus a neutral `RoomEnvironment` PMREM so the PBR
+   glass isn't flat. Expect to port the sky/sun rig for the "at sunset" look.
+
+---
+
+## Path to real 3DStreet integration
+
+The MVP proves feasibility as a standalone page. Folding it into the editor is a larger effort
+because 3DStreet's webpack bundle currently externalizes `three` to the **global `window.THREE`**
+(the WebGL build A‑Frame ships in `index.html`), not to a WebGPU build. Rough sequence:
+
+1. **Renderer swap.** Load A‑Frame's ESM build + a `three.webgpu.js` importmap in `index.html`
+   (replacing the UMD `aframe-master.min.js` script tag) so the whole app runs on `WebGPURenderer`.
+   This is the high‑risk step — every custom component, the Spark splat library, Mapbox/3D‑Tiles,
+   and `screentock` need to survive on WebGPU. Gate it behind a flag/URL param.
+2. **Await init.** Ensure WebGPU init completes before the first render (patch A‑Frame or delay
+   `renderStarted`).
+3. **Generators as a component.** Promote `webgpu-skyscraper` (and a `webgpu-city` wrapping
+   `CityGenerator`) into `src/aframe-components/`, vendoring or importing the mrdoob `jsm`
+   generators. Wire parameters (seed, height, footprint) into the editor properties panel.
+4. **Streetmix alignment.** `CityGenerator` exposes its block layout; align generated towers to the
+   3DStreet street grid / building lots.
+
+A safer near‑term option is a **hybrid**: keep the editor on WebGL and offer the WebGPU city as an
+opt‑in standalone viewer (this page), until A‑Frame's WebGPU path matures.
+
+## Files
+
+- `webgpu-buildings.html` — the MVP (repo root; open `/webgpu-buildings.html` on the dev server).
+- `docs/webgpu-buildings-mvp.md` — this document.
diff --git a/webgpu-buildings.html b/webgpu-buildings.html
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index 000000000..205abaaf8
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+++ b/webgpu-buildings.html
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+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html lang="en">
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <title>3DStreet · WebGPU Buildings MVP</title>
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no" />
+    <style>
+      html, body { margin: 0; height: 100%; background: #0b0d12; font-family: ui-monospace, Menlo, Consolas, monospace; }
+      #hud {
+        position: fixed; top: 12px; left: 12px; z-index: 10;
+        background: rgba(8, 10, 16, 0.78); color: #e7ecf3;
+        padding: 12px 14px; border-radius: 8px; font-size: 12px; line-height: 1.5;
+        max-width: 360px; border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,0.08); backdrop-filter: blur(4px);
+      }
+      #hud h1 { font-size: 13px; margin: 0 0 6px; letter-spacing: 0.02em; }
+      #hud .ok { color: #5fe39a; }
+      #hud .bad { color: #ff7a7a; }
+      #hud .warn { color: #ffd166; }
+      #hud .dim { color: #8b95a7; }
+      #hud code { color: #9ec1ff; }
+    </style>
+
+    <!--
+      Importmap is the whole trick (issue #1763).
+
+      A-Frame's ESM build (`aframe-master.module.min.js`) has exactly ONE external
+      import: `import * as THREE from 'three'`. So whatever we map `three` to becomes
+      the THREE that A-Frame's renderer, geometry, and component code all use.
+
+      We point it at three.js's `three.webgpu.js` bundle. That bundle exports
+      `WebGPURenderer` and does NOT export the legacy `WebGLRenderer`. A-Frame master's
+      a-scene picks its renderer with:
+
+          ['WebGLRenderer', 'WebGPURenderer'].find(x => THREE[x])
+
+      Since THREE.WebGLRenderer is now undefined, A-Frame instantiates
+      THREE.WebGPURenderer automatically — no monkeypatching of A-Frame required.
+
+      All four specifiers resolve to the SAME pinned three.js commit so the mrdoob
+      city generators (three/webgpu + three/tsl) and A-Frame share one THREE instance.
+    -->
+    <script type="importmap">
+      {
+        "imports": {
+          "three": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/mrdoob/three.js@6ee0a4228d78ecb4200d6494ceabd3413541d68a/build/three.webgpu.js",
+          "three/webgpu": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/mrdoob/three.js@6ee0a4228d78ecb4200d6494ceabd3413541d68a/build/three.webgpu.js",
+          "three/tsl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/mrdoob/three.js@6ee0a4228d78ecb4200d6494ceabd3413541d68a/build/three.tsl.js",
+          "three/addons/": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/mrdoob/three.js@6ee0a4228d78ecb4200d6494ceabd3413541d68a/examples/jsm/"
+        }
+      }
+    </script>
+  </head>
+
+  <body>
+    <div id="hud">
+      <h1>WebGPU buildings in A-Frame — MVP</h1>
+      <div id="hud-lines"><span class="dim">booting…</span></div>
+    </div>
+
+    <script type="module">
+      // 1) Pull in the WebGPU build of three (gives us WebGPURenderer + the TSL node system).
+      import * as THREE from 'three/webgpu';
+
+      // 2) Import A-Frame's ESM build. Its bare `import ... from 'three'` resolves through
+      //    the importmap above to the SAME three.webgpu.js — so AFRAME and THREE agree.
+      await import('https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/gh/aframevr/aframe@6a054e85953bbcc71854bcd64f9abde0897be649/dist/aframe-master.module.min.js');
+
+      // 3) The mrdoob procedural skyscraper generator + its TSL material (issue #1763).
+      const { uniform } = await import('three/tsl');
+      const { SkyscraperGenerator, createSkyscraperMaterial, pickBuildingColor } =
+        await import('three/addons/generators/city/SkyscraperGenerator.js');
+
+      const hud = document.getElementById('hud-lines');
+      function setHud(lines) { hud.innerHTML = lines.join('<br/>'); }
+
+      // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      // A-Frame component: wraps one mrdoob SkyscraperGenerator mesh as an entity.
+      // The generator returns a single THREE.Mesh that already carries the WebGPU
+      // (TSL) node material, so we just hang it off the entity's object3D.
+      // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      AFRAME.registerComponent('webgpu-skyscraper', {
+        schema: {
+          seed: { default: 7 },
+          height: { default: 100 },
+          width: { default: 34 },
+          depth: { default: 28 },
+          floorHeight: { default: 4 },
+          bayWidth: { default: 2.6 },
+          chamfer: { default: 5 },
+          setback: { default: 1.5 }
+        },
+        init() {
+          const d = this.data;
+
+          // One flat masonry colour per building, exposed as a TSL uniform so the
+          // shared material code can recolour without recompiling (mrdoob pattern).
+          const baseColor = uniform(new THREE.Color(pickBuildingColor(d.seed)));
+          const material = createSkyscraperMaterial(baseColor);
+
+          const generator = new SkyscraperGenerator({
+            seed: d.seed,
+            totalHeight: d.height,
+            footprint: { width: d.width, depth: d.depth },
+            floorHeight: d.floorHeight,
+            bayWidth: d.bayWidth,
+            chamferWidth: d.chamfer,
+            setbackDepth: d.setback
+          }, material);
+
+          const building = generator.build();
+          building.castShadow = true;
+          building.receiveShadow = true;
+          this.el.setObject3D('mesh', building);
+        },
+        remove() {
+          const mesh = this.el.getObject3D('mesh');
+          if (mesh) { mesh.geometry?.dispose?.(); this.el.removeObject3D('mesh'); }
+        }
+      });
+
+      // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      // Build the scene in JS (after registering the component) so A-Frame never
+      // tries to init an entity whose component isn't defined yet.
+      // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+      const scene = document.createElement('a-scene');
+      // ACES + exposure to match the mrdoob look; A-Frame maps these onto the renderer.
+      scene.setAttribute('renderer', 'antialias: true; colorManagement: true; toneMapping: ACESFilmic; exposure: 0.7');
+      scene.setAttribute('background', 'color: #aec6df');
+      scene.setAttribute('shadow', 'type: pcfsoft');
+
+      scene.innerHTML = `
+        <a-entity light="type: ambient; color: #bcd2ef; intensity: 0.6"></a-entity>
+        <a-entity
+          light="type: directional; color: #fff4e8; intensity: 3; castShadow: true;
+                 shadowMapWidth: 2048; shadowMapHeight: 2048;
+                 shadowCameraLeft: -200; shadowCameraRight: 200;
+                 shadowCameraTop: 200; shadowCameraBottom: -200;
+                 shadowCameraFar: 1000"
+          position="120 180 90"></a-entity>
+
+        <!-- three mrdoob towers, each its own procedural seed -->
+        <a-entity webgpu-skyscraper="seed: 7;  height: 120; width: 34; depth: 28" position="0 0 0"></a-entity>
+        <a-entity webgpu-skyscraper="seed: 23; height: 84;  width: 26; depth: 30" position="-70 0 -30"></a-entity>
+        <a-entity webgpu-skyscraper="seed: 51; height: 150; width: 30; depth: 24" position="78 0 -55"></a-entity>
+
+        <a-plane rotation="-90 0 0" width="2000" height="2000" color="#5d6b78"
+                 shadow="receive: true" position="0 0 0"></a-plane>
+
+        <a-entity id="rig" position="150 75 200">
+          <a-camera fov="45" wasd-controls="fly: true; acceleration: 200" look-controls>
+          </a-camera>
+        </a-entity>
+      `;
+      document.body.appendChild(scene);
+
+      // Aim the camera at the towers.
+      scene.addEventListener('loaded', async () => {
+        const cam = scene.querySelector('a-camera');
+        cam.object3D.lookAt(new THREE.Vector3(0, 55, 0));
+
+        const renderer = scene.renderer;
+
+        // A-Frame master does not await renderer.init(); WebGPURenderer self-inits on
+        // the first frame, but we await it explicitly here before baking the IBL.
+        try { if (renderer.init) await renderer.init(); } catch (e) { /* WebGL backend fallback */ }
+
+        // A neutral image-based environment so the PBR/TSL glass has something to
+        // reflect (otherwise the standard-node material reads flat).
+        try {
+          const { RoomEnvironment } = await import('three/addons/environments/RoomEnvironment.js');
+          const pmrem = new THREE.PMREMGenerator(renderer);
+          scene.object3D.environment = pmrem.fromScene(new RoomEnvironment(), 0.04).texture;
+          scene.object3D.environmentIntensity = 0.35;
+        } catch (e) { console.warn('IBL skipped:', e); }
+
+        reportStatus(renderer);
+      });
+
+      function reportStatus(renderer) {
+        const hasGPU = !!navigator.gpu;
+        const isWebGPU = !!renderer?.isWebGPURenderer;
+        const backend = renderer?.backend;
+        const onWebGPUBackend = !!backend?.isWebGPUBackend;
+        const backendName = backend ? (onWebGPUBackend ? 'WebGPUBackend' : 'WebGLBackend (fallback)') : 'unknown';
+
+        setHud([
+          `navigator.gpu: <span class="${hasGPU ? 'ok' : 'bad'}">${hasGPU ? 'available' : 'missing'}</span>`,
+          `A-Frame renderer: <span class="${isWebGPU ? 'ok' : 'bad'}">${renderer?.constructor?.name || '—'}</span>`,
+          `active backend: <span class="${onWebGPUBackend ? 'ok' : 'warn'}">${backendName}</span>`,
+          `three: <code>r${THREE.REVISION}</code> · towers: <span class="ok">3 procedural</span>`,
+          `<span class="dim">WASD + drag to fly. Shader: mrdoob SkyscraperGenerator (TSL).</span>`
+        ]);
+      }
+
+      window.addEventListener('error', (e) => {
+        setHud([`<span class="bad">Error:</span> ${e.message}`,
+                `<span class="dim">See console for the full stack.</span>`]);
+      });
+    </script>
+  </body>
+</html>